Uniten Arsepe 08 L2
Uniten Arsepe 08 L2
Uniten Arsepe 08 L2
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING: PRINCIPLES , CRITERIA & METHODS, ISSUES & WAY FORWARD
PRESENTATION OUTLINE Distribution Business & ESI Regulatory Framework- Standards, Codes, Acts & License Performance Standards Design Principles/ Considerations/Criteria Issues & Challenges in Distribution Planning Evolution of Planning Methodologies Summary & Conclusions
ILSAS 2
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3 ILSAS
DG
DG Consumers
Generators
Transmission
G G
Embedded Distribution
Transmission System
Network Operators
Distribution DG System
Grid Code
MV Consumers With DG DG
Distributor Distributor
Distributed Generator
Embedded Distributor
DG
LV Consumers
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ILSAS 6
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7 ILSAS
G
Generation Reliability Standards Transmission System Reliability Standards Transmission Reliability Standards
Sufficient generation capacity and connections to deliver full generation output for normal and Specific contingencies
Criteria for planning, designing and operating of transmission system to meet reliability and power quality standards
Distribution System
DG
Distribution
Embedded Distribution
SYSTEMS
Customers
8 STANDARDS
Criteria for planning, designing and operating of distribution system to meet supply security and power quality standards
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DISTRIBUTION CODE
GRID CODE
Sufficient transmission capacity to meet demand for specified contingencies Meeting standards performance limits
Cover Page
ILSAS 9
First Page
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ILSAS10
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Voltage Regulation (Normal Condition): MV of 6.6/11/22/33kV : 5% of nominal voltage LV of 240V & 415V : +5% & -10% of nominal voltage Voltage Regulation (Contingency Condition): MV : 10% of nominal voltage LV : 10% of nominal voltage
ILSAS13
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Frequency Regulation (Normal Condition): System Frequency : 1% of nominal value of 50Hz Frequency Regulation (Exceptional Circumstances): System Frequency : within 47Hz & 52 Hz
ILSAS14
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LEVEL 1
DESCRIPTION Customer who specially request for the service Selected urban areas, industrial areas, hospitals & places of national importance All areas except for rural areas & any areas or circuit with group peak demand of < 1MW Rural area having total demand < 1MW
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SAIDI =
C d
Where: Ci di n N
i i
(= SAIFI x CAIDI)
i=1
= No of interrupted customers = Restoration time of each interruption event (in min) = No of interruption event = No of customers served
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CAIDI =
C d
i i
Where: = i=1 n Ci = No of interrupted customers Ci di = Restoration time of each interruption event (in min) i= n = No 1 interruption event of
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SAIFI =
C
i=1
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PQ STANDARDS
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Harmonics
Electronic gear (3 rectifier, power regulator, customers capacitive component), welders, arc furnaces, fluorescent ballasts, pc
CB tripping, unexplained fuse operation, capacitor failure, electronic equipment malfunction, flicking lights & telephone interference
26 MFuad
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Flickers
Ferranti effect, Cap bank, cable Generation voltage, load end, long line- voltage violation, sizing, transformer customer equipment length capacitance tap, booster affected Generation Vs load Generation Load (freq unstable) Maintain healthy spinning margin
27 MFuad
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28 LimCY
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SARFIX
SARFIX event frequency of supply interruption, voltage sag & swell under a defined voltage level within short-duration RMS variation events (with duration < 60s) Example: a) SARFI90 = 5 5 events of voltage sag & supply interruption occur below 0.9 p.u. or 90% of nominal voltage. b) SARFI70 = 3 3 events of voltage sag & supply interruption occur below 0.7 p.u. or 70% of nominal voltage. c) SARFI110 = 2 means 2 events of voltage swell occur above 1.1 p.u. or 110% of nominal voltage.
29 LimCY
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LOADING CRITERIA
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LOADING CRITERIA
Feeders Maximum of 50% loading of its rated capacity (for n-1 contingency). Transformer Initial / Optimum loading 60% (Refer LV Planning Guideline) Maximum loading of 90% for 24 hours Operation. Can load higher than 90% for cyclic loading (E.g: 100kVA ONAN Transformer can be loaded to 1420kVA for 2 hours.
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MV NETWORK CONFIGURATION
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33kV
POWER STATION
12 kV
PMU
11kV
PE 415V/240V
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X X
X
B/S
Network Description Parallel feeders supplying bulk customer, 11kV , 22kV or 33kv
X
ON
PM U 2
X X X
X X X X
off
X X
B /S 2
X X X
B /S 1
F ig u re 1 (b ). P a rallel fe e d er w ith n - 2 ele m e nt N etw o rk D e scriptio n 3 fe e de r in to a P P U bu lk custo m e rs sw itch ing statio n 2 fe e de r a re pa ralle l N o rm al S ta te B re ake r 'A ' is in 'O F F' p osition B u s se ction 1 a nd B u s se ction 2 a re 'O N '
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OFF
X X X
X X X X X
A B
X X X
X X X
OFF
Network Description 4 feeder into a PPU or bulk customer switching station 2 feeder are parallel
Normal State Breaker A and B are 'OFF' Bus section 1 and 2 are 'ON'
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Network Description Simple - looped network from one PMU/PPU with n - 1 element
Security Level level 1 not attainable with SCADA/DA Level 3 without SCAD/DA
off
X
Figure 2(a). Looped, configuration from one PMU with n -1 element
PM U 1
o ff
X X
X X
PMU 2
F ig u r e 2 ( b ) . L o o p e d fr o m tw o P M U w ith n - 1 e le m e n t N e tw o r k D e s c r ip tio n L o o p c o n fig u r a tio n fro m tw o P M U / P P U w ith n - 1 e le m e n t N o r m a l S ta te Level 1 not a tta in a b le L e v e l 2 a tta in a b le w ith S C A D A /D A L e v e l 3 w ith o u t S C A D A /D A
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off
X
off
PMU 2
X X
Network Configuration Loop configuration from two PMU / PPU with n - 2 element Normal State Level 2 attainable with SCADA Level 3 attainable without SCADA / DA
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X X
X
F ig u r e 3 ( c ) .R a d ia l C o n fig u r a tio n , n - 0 e le m e n t
N e tw o r k C o n fig u r a tio n s p u r fe e d r fr o m P M U / PPU S e c u r ity L e v e l Level 4 L e v e l 1 ,2 & 3 n o t a tta in a b le
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NETWORK MODELS
Parallel feeders into a For supply schemes to bulk 11kV customer's bulk supply & 33kV customers switching station ( see fig. )
Looped radial feeders with open points and fed by different PMU or PPU source ( see fig.
Network configuration with three (3) feeders into a PPU, SCADA, Sub-station PPU supplied from two and feeder different PMU sources ( see automation fig. )
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n- 1 transformer element Yes n-1 bus-bar element n-2 feeder element Yes Yes
33kV, 22kV and 11kV network for Looped radial feeders with urban areas and industrial estates open points and fed by the with medium load density different PMU sources Application to 33kV sub-systems for supply areas with high demand density and readily available reserve capacity - PMUs & PPUs Highly selective and customized application to LV schemes e.g commercial areas Applicable to 33kV, 22kV & 11kV feeders supplying into remote rural areas with less than 1 MVA Generally LV networks are operated in radial and standby capacity through gen-sets
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No SCADA/DA
n- 1 transformer element Yes n-1 bus-bar element n-1 feeder element n-1 feeder element Level 4 No Yes No
Network configuration with three(3) feeders supplying No SCADA/DA load points namely PPU with two PMU sources Looped LV network with open points No network control or automation
No SCADA/DA
PPU
PMU
FEEDE R L1 L2 SOURCE (n-1) L2 L2
PARALLE L X
Network with (n-1) element ~ Not withstanding loss of PMU, security level 1 & 2 is attainable with SCADA in PPU place
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PPU
DESIRED 33 KV NETWORK 2ND STAGE WITH 2 Network PMUS source with (n-1)
PPU
PMU
PPU
PPU
PMU
PPU
PPU
Security level 1 & 2 is attainable with SCADA in place under (n-1) source contingency
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PMU
PPU
PPU
PMU
planned.
PPU
PPU
PMU
Security level 1 & 2 is attainable with SCADA emplaced under (n-1) source contingency
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PMU
PARALLEL
X PARALLEL
PMU
PPU
PPU
PMU
X PARALLEL
PPU
PPU
X PARALLEL
PMU
PPU
PMU
X
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Design criteria Safe, fast & easy operation No overloading of remaining circuit after single cable outage Feedback for any single outage contingency
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MV overhead insulated cables can be used and strung on the same pole as LV cost effectiveness MV overhead bare line system (33kV in particular) should be equipped with auto-recloser & sectionaliser
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DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION
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requirements for the safety of the public, staff and overall network including equipment items. Isolate faults on the network in a minimum time in order to minimise damages
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Voltage regulation Optimize distribution capacity Reduce losses Can Cap Bank reduce harmonics ?
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VAr MANAGEMENT
Cap Bank sizing/locating - CAPO LV Load profiling (include Amp, Volt, VAr, Pf) Sub-station Pole top Customer end Other advantages of cap bank Points to note with cap bank operation safety maintenance
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New Standard New network structure Security level Configuration Criteria Losses
Yr1
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Yr2
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Plan Load details TNB Specs compliant Date Supply required Expected Demand Yearly Estimated 24hrs load profile Site Visit
Yr Yr0 Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 MDMW 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.7
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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MDMW
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> 25MW
MV 132kV
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D
Plan A B C D E Security Criteria Element (n-1) (n-1) (n-1) (n-2) (n-2)
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LOSSES IN CABLES
% Arus Amp % Loss I^2 Act Loss
Loss= I2R
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 100 400 900 1600 2500 3600 4900 6400 8100 10000
0.0 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.6 2.5 3.6 4.9 6.4 8.1 10.0
Losses
0
% Arus Amp 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Site Location
Electrical Location
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STEP 5: SUPPLY ADEQUACY CHECK, FOR CURRENT SYSTEM, WITHOUT NEW LOAD
Check For 100% Feedback w/out Current Violation ie no Overload Voltage Violation ie no Vdrop <10% I I1
Overload
Vd <-10%
Check Limit Figures 300mmp=330A 240mmp=350A 185mmp=250A 150mmp=280A 120mmp=200A 95mmp=210A 70mmp=140A 9.9kV
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I I1
Voltage Drop
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<100%
<100%
Vd
<10%
Inject new load with maximum MD in final year with load scaling factor considered
Limit Figures 300mmp=330A 240mmp=350A 185mmp=250A 150mmp=280A 120mmp=200A 95mmp=210A 70mmp=140A 9.9kV
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I1
Overload
I I1
Voltage Drop
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<100%
<100%
Vd
<10%
STEP 7: SUPPLY ADEQUACY CHECK, WITH NEW LOAD INJECTION & LOAD SCALING
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Start with load in year 5, if comply, proceed, if not go to year Vd <-10% 4. Find in what year the system complies the standard criteria (I,V). Suggest improvement for future year yr3,yr4,y5 if any.
Load in MW PE2 PE3 PE4 PE5 0.20 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.21 0.16 0.21 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.19 0.25 0.19
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I1
Yr NewPE PE1 Yr0 0.3 0.10 Yr1 0.5 0.10 Yr2 0.9 0.11 Yr3 1.5 0.11 Yr4 2.1 0.12 Yr5 2.7 0.13
Level ResTime System Design L1 5 Sec 2 dedicated parallel Cables, Unit protection, DOC,VCB,SCADA L2 15 Min VCB,SCADA, Unit Protection L3 L4 4 hr 1 day RMU + VCB RMU, H Pole
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and
I1
I1
Check Limit 1st leg A 1st leg B OK/NOK Figures 300mmp=330A 240mmp=350A 200A 198A OK 185mmp=250A 150mmp=280A 120mmp=200A 95mmp=210A 70mmp=140A 9.9kV 11.55kV 10.01kV 10.02kV No
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Overload
<100%
I1
Voltage Drop Over Voltage
<100%
Vd Vover
<10% >5%
OK OK
No
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I1 Vd1
I2 Vd2
Load 50% of feeder Voltage Drop Over Voltage Losses Power Factor
>10.45kV 10.91kV >10.45kV 10.94kV <11.55kV <11.55kV lowest 1.0 2.30% 0.89
2.30% 0.89
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Increase load 4%-5% each year (based on load forecast) Test for steady state and contingency Find in what year, the system max Propose system improvement for that year
Steady State Growth Total Total Loss Power % Load(MW) Loss(kW) % O/Load Vd<-10% O/Load Vd<-10% O/Load Vd<-5% Factor 2.52 50.400 2.0 No No No No No No 0.85 0 2.62 52.416 2.0 No No No No No No 0.86 4 2.73 54.513 2.5 No No No No No No 0.86 4 2.83 56.693 2.6 No No No No No No 0.89 5 2.95 58.961 2.7 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes 0.76 5 3.07 61.319 2.7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 0.71 5 Contingency 1st legA 1st legB
This system can withstand load growth until Yr3. System improvement is required in Yr4, by laying 240mmp 11kV 1200m from PPU A to PE5.
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Yr1 2.62 4
Yr0 No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yr1 No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Yr2 2.73 4
Yr2 No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Yr3 2.83 5
Yr3 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yr4 2.95 5
Yr4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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2.52 0
Test Ia>50% Ib>50% Steady state I o/load Vd<-5% pf <0.85 Ia>50% Ib>50% Contingency I o/load A Vd<-10% pf <0.85 Ia>50% Ib>50% Contingency I o/load B Vd<-10% pf <0.85
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DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY
PLANNING
TO
UNDERSTAND CYLCE
EQUIPMENT COST OF
PERFORMANCE,
EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS.
INVESTMENT ANALYSIS TO PROVIDE DEAL WITH PERFORMANCE, COST AND RISK ASSESSMENT SO NEED FOR SUPPORTIVE METHODOLOGIES.
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DG CONNECTIONS
LOAD FORECASTING
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RISK-BASED PLANNING
RELIABILITY-BASED PLANNING
DISTRIBUTION
PLANNERS
TO
DEVELOP
&
APPLY
RELIABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT, LIFE CYCLE COSTING FOR ASSET DEVELOPMENT AND REPLACEMENT DECISIONS.
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PLANNING & DESIGN CRITERIA REMAINS UNCHANGED BUT STILL LINGERING ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE DEALT WITH PLANNERS ARISING FROM ENHANCED ROLES & DELIVERABLES.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHODS RISK ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMIZATION TOOLS FOLLOWING IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGTRATED UTILITY IT APPLICATIONS ( GIS-BASED NETWORK MGT SYSTEM, OMS, CBM, SCADA ETC)
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THANK YOU!
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