Computer Fundamentals and Program Techniques: Victoria University of Bangladesh

. . . . . . . . . .
Victoria University of Bangladesh
Assignment 02
Computer Fundamentals And Program Techniques . . . . . . . . . .
Submitted To
Shahed Anwar Assistant Proffessor Department of CSE DU
Submitted By:
Samia Akhtar Sultana BBA (2nd semester) 14th Batch ID: 110814411
Date of Submission:
05.11.08
. . . . . . . . . . Introduction:
Wireless phone standards are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. It is like a family. There is great-granddad who's which is pre-dates cellular, grandma and grandpa analog cellular, mom and dad digital cellular, 3G wireless just starting to make a place for itself in the world, and the new baby on the way, 4G. People usually refer to different generations of mobile phone technology by using the acronym NG, where N is the number of the generation.
1G The first generation 1G, appeared in the 1980s. Almost every industrialized country devloped its own signal, so there were many different standards for this technology. Standards mean technologys specifications that are usually developed by companies.
Features: 1G used analog radio signals, so the quality of the signal was quite poor. They were not compatible, which means that a device that would work for one standard would not work for another. 1G let users place their own calls and continue their conversations seamlessly as they moved from cell to cell. Each phone call uses separate radio frequencies or channels.
2G The generation following analog mobile was 2G, and it is still in use. Following 2G is 2.5G. The term is not official but was created for technologies that enhance 2G without reaching the capacity of 3G technologies (envisioned as 384 kbps mobile and 2 Mbps stationary). Features: The main difference to 1G is that the radio signals are now digital instead of analog. Under the 2G name, standards can be divided in two categories according to how signals are mixed: TDMA-based (for Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA-based (for Code Division Multiple Access). The main standards in that category are GPRS (with a data rate of 56 Kbps) and EDGE (180 Kpbs) for GSM, and CDMA2000. 1xRTT (144 Kbps) for CDMAone. They mainly increase the quality of service, and include data services that enable some data transmission such as sending pictures and connecting to information services (like GPRS and WAP, Wireless Application Protocol, a platform for mobile information services).
3G 3G technology has been developed and is ready, already deployed in some cases. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) tried to develop a unique global 3G standard, however without complete success. Rather it took the main standards that were developed and put them under one name: IMT-2000. 3G is being deployed unequally around the world, some countries have already fully rolled it out while others are still rolling it out or are planning to in the near future. There are three part of the world that we can consider when talking about 3G deployments: the US, Europe and Asia.
4G The next generation, 4G, is still in its early development. It is not even clearly defined yet, even though its objectives are identified: to provide a high quality and fully secure indoor and outdoor wireless technology with data rates between 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps, providing all types of services at an affordable cost. In the meantime, there are pre-4G technologies that are being developed, like HSOPA, an evolution of UMTS, being developed by the LTE (Long Term Evolution) project.
Comparison between the different mobile technology generations 2G 2.5G 3G 4G Definition Digital mobile phone Enhancement of Enhance the Ultimate mobile technology, ability to 2G, includes the technology to be phone technology transmit voice ability to transmit able to transmit with broadband wirelessly data as well as data faster over capacity voice the mobile phone network Objectives To have a clear Same as 2G plus be Be able to make Be able to use all communication as able to send and use of media media seamlessly, long as one wishes to receive media technology on a with perfect quality and being able to through the mobile cell phone with a move without having phone network good quality (like drop calls having access to Internet or TV) Data rates Up to 180kbps Up to 7.2Mbps Target 100 Mbps (theoretical) to 1 Gbps
Wi Fi Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that allows a connection between devices and let them communicate and exchange data. Several standards have been developed by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) under the name of Wi-Fi; the original is 802.11, developed in 1997. The basics of Wi-Fi is that an access point, or AP, broadcasts its SSID (Service Set Identifier) that identifies the Wi-Fi network it. Any device that wishes to connect has to search for Wi-Fi and once it found one with a signal strong enough it can ask to connect to the AP, the device may be asked to enter a password to connect to the AP. Wi-Fi networks use the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, and the latest standard, g, permits a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s over a theoretical range of 35 meters. The next generation of Wi-FI standard, 802.11n, which is presently available only as a draft, can reach a theoretical range of 70 meters (practically probably closer to half that) and have a data rate of 74 Mbit/s. WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless technology that allows, like WiFi but with some substantial differences. WiMAX is not exactly the technology in itself, it includes two main standards developed by the IEEE, one for fixed applications: 802.16d-2004 and one for mobile applications: 802.16e-2005. Fixed applications include broadband internet access, a substitute of T1 and E1 for businesses (which are wired transmitting technologies, T1 have a data rate of 1.544Mbit/s and E1 2.048 Mbit/s) , voice over IP, TV over IP, etc. WiMAX can solve the problem of the last mile by allowing a wireless connection for the multiple applications mentioned above to subscribers within nearly 6 miles of a Base Station (BS). Mobile applications include cell phones and mobile data services, such as TV on a cell phone. Data may be transmitted by devices moving up to 70 miles per hours. The standard frequencies used for WiMAX range from 2 to 66 GHz. As for performance, the theoretical limit is 70Mbps, however practically it ranges from 500kbps to 2Mbps depending on the conditions of use.
Conclusion The wireless world is changing at a fast pace: with 3G technologies, the deployment of WiMAX the proliferation of Wi-Fi hot spots, mobility and connectivity have invaded our lives. Companies have to upgrade their network and find ways to increase data rates and quality of service to stay competitive and increase their market share. Countries are competing to maintain the lead on new technologies. The public is getting used to media everywhere and is starting to expect it on mobile device as well. However there are not that many technologies to choose from when a company wants to upgrade its network even though the 3G market is expanding.
Reference: 3. http://t1rex.blogspot.com/2005/03/1g-2g-3g-4g.html 4. http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid40_gci10780 79,00.html 3

Computer Fundamentals and Program Techniques: Victoria University of Bangladesh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Computer Fundamentals and Program Techniques: Victoria University of Bangladesh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Computer Fundamentals and Program Techniques: Victoria University of Bangladesh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

. . . . . . . . . .

Victoria University of Bangladesh

Computer Fundamentals And Program Techniques . . . . . . . . . .

You might also like