financial terms and ratios

business financial terms and ratios definitions

These financial terms definitions are for the most commonly used UK financial terms and ratios. They are based on UK Company Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account, and Cashflow Statement conventions. Certain financial terms often mean different things to different organizations depending on their own particular accounting policies. Financial terms will have slightly different interpretations in different countries. So as a general rule for all non-financial business people, if in doubt, ask for an explanation from the person or organization responsible for producing the figures and using the terms - you may be the only one to ask, but you certainly will not be the only one wodering what it all means. Don't be intimidated by financial terminology or confusing figures and methodology. Always ask for clarification, and you will find that most financial managers and accountants are very happy to explain. The business dictionary contains many other business terms and definitions. Sales related terms are in the glossary in the sales training section.

acid test
A stern measure of a company's ability to pay its short term debts, in that stock is excluded from asset value. (liquid assets/current liabilities) Also referred to as the Quick Ratio.

assets
Anything owned by the company having a monetary value; eg, 'fixed' assets like buildings, plant and machinery, vehicles (these are not assets if rentedand not owned) and potentially including intangibles like trade marks and brand names, and 'current' assets, such as stock, debtors and cash.

asset turnover

Measure of operational efficiency - shows how much revenue is produced per of assets available to the business. (sales revenue/total assets less current liabilities)

balance sheet
The Balance Sheet is one of the three essential measurement reports for the performance and health of a company along with the Profit and Loss Account and the Cashflow Statement. The Balance Sheet is a 'snapshot' in time of who owns what in the company, and what assets and debts represent the value of the company. (It can only ever nbe a snapshot because the picture is always changing.) The Balance Sheet is where to look for information about shortterm and long-term debts, gearing (the ratio of debt to equity), reserves, stock values (materials and finsished goods), capital assets, cash on hand, along with the value of shareholders' funds. The term 'balance sheet' is derived from the simple purpose of detailing where the money came from, and where it is now. The balance sheet equation is fundamentally: (where the money came from) Capital + Liabilities = Assets (where the money is now). Hence the term 'double entry' - for every change on one side of the balance sheet, so there must be a corresponding change on the other side - it must always balance. The Balance Sheet does not show how much profit the company is making (the P&L does this), although pervious years' retained profits will add to the company's reserves, which are shown in the balance sheet.

budget
In a financial planning context the word 'budget' (as a noun) strictly speaking means an amount of money that is planned to spend on a particularly activity or resource, usually over a trading year, although budgets apply to shorter and longer periods. An overall organizational plan therefore contains the budgets within it for all the different departments and costs held by them. The verb 'to budget' means to calculate and set a budget, although in a looser context it also means to be careful with money and find reductions (effectively by setting a lower budgeted level of expenditure). The word budget is also more loosely used by many people to mean the whole plan. In which context a budget means the same as a plan. For example in the UK the Government's annual plan is called 'The Budget'. A 'forecast' in certain contexts means the same as a budget - either a planned individual

activity/resource cost, or a whole business/ corporate/organizational plan. A 'forecast' more commonly (and precisely in my view) means a prediction of performance - costs and/or revenues, or other data such as headcount, % performance, etc., especially when the 'forecast' is made during the trading period, and normally after the plan or 'budget' has been approved. In simple terms: budget = plan or a cost element within a plan; forecast = updated budget or plan. The verb forms are also used, meaning the act of calculating the budget or forecast.

capital employed
The value of all resources available to the company, typically comprising share capital, retained profits and reserves, long-term loans and deferred taxation. Viewed from the other side of the balance sheet, capital employed comprises fixed assets, investments and the net investment in working capital (current assets less current liabilities). In other words: the total long-term funds invested in or lent to the business and used by it in carrying out its operations.

cashflow
The movement of cash in and out of a business from day-to-day direct trading and other non-trading or indirect effects, such as capital expenditure, tax and dividend payments.

cashflow statement
One of the three essential reporting and measurement systems for any company. The cashflow statement provides a third perspective alongside the Profit and Loss account and Balance Sheet. The Cashflow statement shows the movement and availability of cash through and to the business over a given period, certainly for a trading year, and often also monthly and cumulatively. The availability of cash in a company that is necessary to meet payments to suppliers, staff and other creditors is essential for any business to survive, and so the reliable forecasting and reporting of cash movement and availability is crucial.

cost of debt ratio (average cost of debt ratio)

Despite the different variations used for this term (cost of debt, cost of debt ratio, average cost of debt ratio, etc) the term normally and simply refers to the interest expense over a given period as a percentage of the average outstanding debt over the same period, ie., cost of interest divided by average outstanding debt.

cost of goods sold (COGS)

The directly attributable costs of products or services sold, (usually materials, labour, and direct production costs). Sales less COGS = gross profit. Effetively the same as cost of sales (COS) see below for fuller explanation.

cost of sales (COS)

Commonly arrived at via the formula: opening stock + stock purchased closing stock. Cost of sales is the value, at cost, of the goods or services sold during the period in question, usually the financial year, as shown in a Profit and Loss Account (P&L). In all accounts, particularly the P&L (trading account) it's important that costs are attributed reliably to the relevant revenues, or the report is distorted and potentially meaningless. To use simply the total value of stock purchases during the period in question would not produce the correct and relevant figure, as some product sold was already held in stock before the period began, and some product bought during the period remains unsold at the end of it. Some stock held before the period often remains unsold at the end of it too. The formula is the most logical way of calculating the value at cost of all goods sold, irrespective of when the stock was purchased. The value of the stock attributable to the sales in the period (cost of sales) is the total of what we started with in stock (opening stock), and what we purchased (stock purchases), minus what stock we have left over at the end of the period (closing stock).

current assets
Cash and anything that is expected to be converted into cash within twelve months of the balance sheet date.

current ratio

The relationship between current assets and current liabilities, indicating the liquidity of a business, ie its ability to meet its short-term obligations. Also referred to as the Liquidity Ratio.

current liabilities
Money owed by the business that is generally due for payment within 12 months of balance sheet date. Examples: creditors, bank overdraft, taxation.

depreciation
The apportionment of cost of a (usually large) capital item over an agreed period, (based on life expectancy or obsolescence), for example, a piece of equipment costing 10k having a life of five years might be depreciated over five years at a cost of 2k per year. (In which case the P&L would show a depreciation cost of 2k per year; the balance sheet would show an asset value of 8k at the end of year one, reducing by 2k per year; and the cashflow statement would show all 10k being used to pay for it in year one.)

dividend
A dividend is a payment made per share, to a company's shareholders by a company, based on the profits of the year, but not necessarily all of the profits, arrived at by the directors and voted at the company's annual general meeting. A company can choose to pay a dividend from reserves following a loss-making year, and conversely a company can choose to pay no dividend after a profit-making year, depending on what is believed to be in the best interests of the company. Keeping shareholders happy and committed to their investment is always an issue in deciding dividend payments. Along with the increase in value of a stock or share, the annual dividend provides the shareholder with a return on the shareholding investment.

earnings before..
There are several 'Earnings Before..' ratios and acronyms: EBT = Earnings Before Taxes; EBIT = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes; EBIAT = Earnings Before Interest after Taxes; EBITD = Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation; and EBITDA = Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization. (Earnings = operating and non-operating profits (eg

interest, dividends received from other investments). Depreciation is the noncash charge to the balance sheet which is made in writing off an asset over a period. Amortisation is the payment of a loan in instalments.

fixed assets
Assets held for use by the business rather than for sale or conversion into cash, eg, fixtures and fittings, equipment, buildings.

fixed cost
A cost which does not vary with changing sales or production volumes, eg, building lease costs, permanent staff wages, rates, depreciation of capital items.

FOB - 'free on board'

The FOB (Free On Board) abbreviation is an import/export term relating to the point at which responsibility for goods passes from seller (exporter) to buyer (importer). It's in this listing because it's commonly misunderstood and also has potentially significant financial implications. FOB meant originally (and depending on the context stills generally means) that the seller is liable for the goods and is responsible for all costs of transport, insurance, etc., until and including the goods being loaded at the (nominated FOB) port. An importing buyer would typically ask for the FOB price, (which is now now often linked to a port name, eg., FOB Hamburg or FOB Vancouver), knowing that this price is 'free' or inclusive of all costs and liabilities of getting the goods from the seller to the port and on board the craft or vessel. Logically FOB also meant and still means that the seller is liable for any loss or damage up to the point that the goods are loaded onto the vessel at the FOB port, and that thereafter the buyer assumes responsibility for the goods and the costs of transport and the liability. From the seller's point of view an FOB price must therefore include/recover his costs of transport from factory or warehouse, insurance and loading, because the seller is unable to charge these costs as extras once the FOB price has been stated. The FOB expression originates particularly from the meaning that the buyer is free of liability and costs of transport up to the point that the goods are loaded on board the ship. In modern times FOB also applies to freight for export by aircraft from airports. In recent years the term has come to be used in slightly different ways, even

to the extent that other interpretations are placed on the acronym, most commonly 'Freight On Board', which is technically incorrect. While technically incorrect also, terms such as 'FOB Destination' have entered into common use, meaning that the insurance liability and costs of transportation and responsibility for the goods are the seller's until the goods are delivered to the buyer's stipulated delivery destination. If in doubt ask exactly what the other person means by FOB because the applications have broadened. While liability and responsibility for goods passes from seller to buyer at the point that goods are agreed to be FOB, the FOB principle does not correlate to payment terms, which is a matter for separate negotiation. FOB is a mechanism for agreeing price and transport responsibility, not for agreeing payment terms. In summary: FOB (Free On Board), used alone, originally meant that the transportation cost and liability for exported goods was with the seller until the goods were loaded onto the ship (at the port of exportation); nowadays FOB (Free On Board or the distorted interpretation 'Freight On Board') has a wider usage - the principle is the same, ie., seller has liability for goods, insurance and costs of transport until the goods are loaded (or delivered), but the point at which goods are 'FOB' is no longer likely to be just the port of export - it can be any place that it suits the buyer to stipulate. So, if you are an exporter, beware of buyers stipulating 'FOB destination' - it means the exporter is liable for the goods and pays transport costs up until delivery to the customer.

forecast
See 'budget' above.

gearing
The ratio of debt to equity, usually the relationship between long-term borrowings and shareholders' funds.

goodwill
Any surplus money paid to acquire a company that exceeds its net tangible assets value.

gross profit

Sales less cost of goods or services sold. Also referred to as gross profit margin, or gross profit, and often abbreviated to simply 'margin'. See also 'net profit'.

initial public offering (ipo)

An Initial Public Offering (IPO being the Stock Exchange and corporate acronym) is the first sale of privately owned equity (stock or shares) in a company via the issue of shares to the public and other investing institutions. In other words an IPO is the first sale of stock by a private company to the public. IPOs typically involve small, young companies raising capital to finance growth. For investors IPO's can risky as it is difficult to predict the value of the stock (shares) when they open for trading. An IPO is effectively 'going public' or 'taking a company public'.

letters of credit
These mechanisms are used by exporters and importers, and usually provided by the importing company's bank to the exporter to safeguard the contractual expectations and particularly financial exposure of the exporter of the goods or services. (Also called 'export letters of credit, and 'import letters of credit'.) When an exporter agrees to supply a customer in another country, the exporter needs to know that the goods will be paid for. The common system, which has been in use for many years, is for the customer's bank to issue a 'letter of credit' at the request of the buyer, to the seller. The letter of credit essentially guarantees that the bank will pay the seller's invoice (using the customer's money of course) provided the goods or services are supplied in accordance with the terms stipulated in the letter, which should obviously reflect the agreement between the seller and buyer. This gives the supplier an assurance that their invoice will be paid, beyond any other assurances or contracts made with the customer. Letters of credit are often complex documents that require careful drafting to protect the interests of buyer and seller. The customer's bank charges a fee to issue a letter of credit, and the customer pays this cost. The seller should also approve the wording of the buyer's letter of credit, and often should seek professional advice and guarantees to this effect from their own financial services provider.

In short, a letter of credit is a guarantee from the issuing bank's to the seller that if compliant documents are presented by the seller to the buyer's bank, then the buyer's bank will pay the seller the amount due. The 'compliance' of the seller's documentation covers not only the goods or services supplied, but also the timescales involved, method for, format of and place at which the documents are presented. It is common for exporters to experience delays in obtaining payment against letters of credit because they have either failed to understand the terms within the letter of credit, failed to meet the terms, or both. It is important therefore for sellers to understand all aspects of letters of credit and to ensure letters of credit are properly drafted, checked, approved and their conditions met. It is also important for sellers to use appropriate professional services to validate the authenticity of any unknown bank issuing a letter of credit.

letters of guarantee
There are many types of letters of guarantee. These types of letters of guarantee are concerned with providing safeguards to buyers that suppliers will meet their obligations or vice-versa, and are issued by the supplier's or customer's bank depending on which party seeks the guarantee. While a letter of credit essentially guarantees payment to the exporter, a letter of guarantee provides safeguard that other aspects of the supplier's or customer's obligations will be met. The supplier's or customer's bank is effectively giving a direct guarantee on behalf of the supplier or customer that the supplier's or customer's obligations will be met, and in the event of the supplier's or customer's failure to meet obligations to the other party then the bank undertakes the responsibility for those obligations. Typical obligations covered by letters of guarantee are concerned with:

Tender Guarantees (Bid Bonds) - whereby the bank assures the buyer that the supplier will not refuse a contract if awarded. Performance Guarantee - This guarantees that the goods or services are delivered in accordance with contract terms and timescales. Advance Payment Guarantee - This guarantees that any advance payment received by the supplier will be used by the supplier in accordance with the terms of contract between seller and buyer.

There are other types of letters of guarantee, including obligations concerning customs and tax, etc, and as with letters of credit, these are complex

documents with extremely serious implications. For this reasons suppliers and customers alike must check and obtain necessary validation of any issued letters of guarantee.

liabilities
General term for what the business owes. Liabilities are long-term loans of the type used to finance the business and short-term debts or money owing as a result of trading activities to date . Long term liabilities, along with Share Capital and Reserves make up one side of the balance sheet equation showing where the money came from. The other side of the balance sheet will show Current Liabilities along with various Assets, showing where the money is now.

liquidity ratio
Indicates the company's ability to pay its short term debts, by measuring the relationship between current assets (ie those which can be turned into cash) against the short-term debt value. (current assets/current liabilities) Also referred to as the Current Ratio.

net assets (also called total net assets)

Total assets (fixed and current) less current liabilities and long-term liabilities that have not been capitalised (eg, short-term loans).

net current assets

Current Assets less Current Liabilities.

net present value (npv)

NPV is a significant measurement in business investment decisions. NPV is essentially a measurement of all future cashflow (revenues minus costs, also referred to as net benefits) that will be derived from a particular investment (whether in the form of a project, a new product line, a proposition, or an entire business), minus the cost of the investment. Logically if a proposition has a positive NPV then it is profitable and is worthy of consideration. If negative then it's unprofitable and should not be pursued. While there are

many other factors besides a positive NPV which influence investment decisions; NPV provides a consistent method of comparing propositions and investment opportunities from a simple capital/investment/profit perspective. There are different and complex ways to construct NPV formulae, largely due to the interpretation of the 'discount rate' used in the calculations to enable future values to be shown as a present value. Corporations generally develop their own rules for NPV calculations, including discount rate. NPV is not easy to understand for non-financial people - wikipedia seems to provide a good detailed explanation if you need one.

net profit
Net profit can mean different things so it always needs clarifying. Net strictly means 'after all deductions' (as opposed to just certain deductions used to arrive at a gross profit or margin). Net profit normally refers to profit after deduction of all operating expenses, notably after deduction of fixed costs or fixed overheads. This contrasts with the term 'gross profit' which normally refers to the difference between sales and direct cost of product or service sold (also referred to as gross margin or gross profit margin) and certainly before the deduction of operating costs or overheads. Net profit normally refers to the profit figure before deduction of corporation tax, in which case the term is often extended to 'net profit before tax' or PBT.

opening/closing stock
See explanation under Cost of Sales.

p/e ratio (price per earnings)

The P/E ratio is an important indicator as to how the investing market views the health, performance, prospects and investment risk of a public company listed on a stock exchange (a listed company). The P/E ratio is also a highly complex concept - it's a guide to use alongside other indicators, not an absolute measure to rely on by itself. The P/E ratio is arrived at by dividing the stock or share price by the earnings per share (profit after tax and interest divided by the number of ordinary shares in issue). As earnings per share are a yearly total, the P/E ratio is also an expression of how many years it will take for earnings to cover the stock price investment. P/E ratios are best viewed over time so that they can be seen as a trend. A steadily

increasing P/E ratio is seen by the investors as increasingly speculative (high risk) because it takes longer for earnings to cover the stock price. Obviously whenever the stock price changes, so does the P/E ratio. More meaningful P/E analysis is conducted by looking at earnings over a period of several years. P/E ratios should also be compared over time, with other company's P/E ratios in the same market sector, and with the market as a whole. Step by step, to calculate the P/E ratio: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Establish total profit after tax and interest for the past year. Divide this by the number of shares issued. This gives you the earnings per share. Divide the price of the stock or share by the earnings per share. This gives the Price/Earnings or P/E ratio.

profit and loss account (P&L)

One of the three principal business reporting and measuring tools (along with the balance sheet and cashflow statement). The P&L is essentially a trading account for a period, usually a year, but also can be monthly and cumulative. It shows profit performance, which often has little to do with cash, stocks and assets (which must be viewed from a separate perspective using balance sheet and cashflow statement). The P&L typically shows sales revenues, cost of sales/cost of goods sold, generally a gross profit margin (sometimes called 'contribution'), fixed overheads and or operating expenses, and then a profit before tax figure (PBT). A fully detailed P&L can be highly complex, but only because of all the weird and wonderful policies and conventions that the company employs. Basically the P&L shows how well the company has performed in its trading activities.

overhead
An expense that cannot be attributed to any one single part of the company's activities.

quick ratio
Same as the Acid Test. The relationship between current assets readily convertible into cash (usually current assets less stock) and current liabilities. A sterner test of liquidity.

reserves
The accumulated and retained difference between profits and losses year on year since the company's formation.

restricted funds
These are funds used by an organisation that are restricted or earmarked by a donor for a specific purpose, which can be extremely specific or quite broad, eg., endowment or pensions investment; research (in the case of donations to a charity or research organisation); or a particular project with agreed terms of reference and outputs such as to meet the criteria or terms of the donation or award or grant. The source of restricted funds can be from government, foundations and trusts, grant-awarding bodies, philanthropic organisations, private donations, bequests from wills, etc. The practical implication is that restricted funds are ring-fenced and must not be used for any other than their designated purpose, which may also entail specific reporting and timescales, with which the organisation using the funds must comply. A glaring example of misuse of restricted funds would be when Maxwell spent Mirror Group pension funds on Mirror Group development.

return on capital employed (ROCE)

A fundamental financial performance measure. A percentage figure representing profit before interest against the money that is invested in the business. (profit before interest and tax, divided by capital employed, x 100 to produce percentage figure.)

return on investment
Another fundamental financial and business performance measure. This term means different things to different people (often depending on perspective and what is actually being judged) so it's important to clarify understanding if interpretation has serious implications. Many business managers and owners use the term in a general sense as a means of assessing the merit of an investment or business decision. 'Return' generally means profit before tax, but clarify this with the person using the term - profit depends on various circumstances, not least the accounting conventions used in the business. In this sense most CEO's and business owners regard ROI as the ultimate

measure of any business or any business proposition, after all it's what most business is aimed at producing - maximum return on investment, otherise you might as well put your money in a bank savings account. Strictly speaking Return On Investment is defined as: Profits derived as a proportion of and directly attributable to cost or 'book value' of an asset, liability or activity, net of depreciation. In simple terms this the profit made from an investment. The 'investment' could be the value of a whole business (in which case the value is generally regarded as the company's total assets minus intangible assets, such as goodwill, trademarks, etc and liabilities, such as debt. N.B. A company's book value might be higher or lower than its market value); or the investment could relate to a part of a business, a new product, a new factory, a new piece of plant, or any activity or asset with a cost attached to it. The main point is that the term seeks to define the profit made from a business investment or business decision. Bear in mind that costs and profits can be ongoing and accumulating for several years, which needs to be taken into account when arriving at the correct figures.

share capital
The balance sheet nominal value paid into the company by shareholders at the time(s) shares were issued.

shareholders' funds
A measure of the shareholders' total interest in the company represented by the total share capital plus reserves.

t/t (telegraphic transfer)

Interntional banking payment method: a telegraphic transfer payment, commonly used/required for import/export trade, between a bank and an overseas party enabling transfer of local or foreign currency by telegraph, cable or telex. Also called a cable transfer. The terminology dates from times when such communications were literally 'wired' - before wireless communications technology.

variable cost
A cost which varies with sales or operational volumes, eg materials, fuel, commission payments.

working capital
Current assets less current liabilities, representing the required investment, continually circulating, to finance stock, debtors, and work in progress.

The glossary above attempts to cover the main terms used in business. There are of course many other terms and ratios not listed here. If you can't find what you're looking for here try the excellentCampbell R. Harvey's Hypertextual Finance Glossary, or the related book:

dictionary of money and investing: the essential a-to-z guide to the language of the new market - g morgenson and c r harvey
Based on Campbell Harvey's excellent financial terms website glossary, this New York Times book is an excellent and inexpensive guide to financial and investing terms. Written in the USA the dictionary is perfectly relevant to the UK and Europe too and represents fantastic value for money, especially as a used book. This is not a link to a bookseller. Use your own preferred book supplier.

A-Z-Dictionaries.com - Directory of Dictionaries

Accounting Glossary

Back to Glossaries H

Accountants are the financial gatekeepers of the world. They prepare and analyze financial reports that fu current information for businesses, government agencies, and other organizations. This involves precise b keeping of all transactions of the Business or entity for which an account needs to be maintained. Other t plain book keeping it need accounting systems that can churn out the details and information from the da kept by the book keepers. The accounting profession offers many employment opportunities in broad area such as auditing, financial, tax and management accounting. The field of accounting offers stimulating an challenging work that is constantly evolving. Because accounting professionals spend considerable time analyzing the operations of a business, accounting is often referred to as the language of business. We provide some good glossaries for you to check out and we have a list of terms in the end as well.

Accounting Terminology Guide - The New York State Society of CPAs (NYSSCPA) General Commi

on Public Relations has prepared this glossary as an educational tool for journalists who report on and interpret financial information. Glossary of Accounting terms - Used by the California department of finance. Concise list of Accounting related Dictionaries, Journals and books PDF version of accounting terms for you to Print and use offline Managerial Accounting Glossary - A glossary of terms that focus on the changing role of Manag Accounting in a dynamic business environment. Accounting Words by InvestorWords.com Glossary of Accounting Terms

Accounting Terms:

ACCESS - Physical accessibility, as well as the provision of appropriate accommodations to ensure use of programs by persons with disabilities.

ACCOUNT - A fiscal and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of general ledger codes in which cash and other financial resources, together with all related liabilities and residual equities or balances, and changes therein, are rec and segregated for the purpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with spe regulations, restrictions, or limitations. For reporting purposes, the state identifies certain accounts as major funds, a administratively combines all remaining accounts into roll-up funds. Refer to MAJOR FUND, and ROLL-UP FUND.

ACCOUNT CODE - The three-character alpha/numeric code assigned by the Office of Financial Management (OFM) t identify each account. Refer to ACCOUNT.

ACCOUNTING PERIOD - Any period of time designated for which financial statements are prepared. Refer to FISCA PERIOD.

ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES - All procedures that discover, identify, record, classify, maintain, and summarize fina information to either produce financial reports or to provide internal control. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM - The methods and records established to identify, assemble, analyze, classify, record, and report the states transactions and to maintain accountability for its assets and liabilities.

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE - Amounts owed to private persons or organizations for goods and/or services received by th

state. Accounts Payable does not include amounts due to other agencies, funds, or other governments. Refer to DUE

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Amounts due from private persons or organizations for goods, and/or services furnished the state. Accounts Receivable does not include amounts due from other agencies, funds, or other governments. Ref DUE FROM.

ACCRETED VALUE - A valuation basis for certain investments and debt instruments that reports on the balance she only that portion of their face value that reflects principal and interest accrued to date.

ACCRUAL BASIS - The basis of accounting whereby revenues are recognized when earned and measurable regardle when collected; and expenses are recorded on a matching basis when incurred. All proprietary and fiduciary funds us accrual basis of accounting. ACCRUE - To record revenues and expenditures/expenses when they meet the recognition criteria of the fund type involved regardless of when the cash activity occurs.

ACCRUED EXPENDITURES/EXPENSES - Expenses or expenditures that meet the appropriate recognition criteria o fund type involved but have not been paid. Accrued expenditures are expected to be paid in a subsequent accounting period. Refer to ACCRUAL BASIS and ACCRUE.

ACCRUED LIABILITIES - Liabilities reflecting the obligation to pay for goods or services that have been incurred or received but not paid for by the end of the accounting period.

ACCRUED REVENUES - Revenues that meet the appropriate recognition criteria of the fund type involved, but are n realized during the accounting period. Refer to ACCRUAL BASIS, ACCRUE, and MODIFIED ACCRUAL BASIS.

ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION - A contra-asset valuation account used to record the accumulation of periodic cre made to reflect the expiration of the estimated useful life of capital assets.

ACTUARIAL BASIS - A basis used in computing the amount of contributions to be made periodically to a fund or ac so that the total contributions plus the compounded earnings thereon will equal the required payments to be made o the fund or account. A Pension Trust Fund for a public employee retirement system is an example of a fund concerne with actuarial basis data. ADA - An acronym for the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

ADMINISTERING AGENCY - An agency designated by the Office of Financial Management to provide general overs of financial accounting activity. An administering agency is also responsible for the cash management of the funds it administers. ADVANTAGEOUS - Direct non-financial, work-related benefits accruing to the state. AFRS - Refer to AGENCY FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEM.

AGENCY - Every state agency, office, board, commission, department, state institution, or state institution of higher education, which includes all state universities, regional universities, The Evergreen State College, and community an technical colleges.

AGENCY CODE - The four character numeric code assigned by the Office of Financial Management to designate the distinct operational units of state government. Agency codes are used for the identification of state agencies. Agencie

to use only the code assigned to their agency unless specified elsewhere in this manual. Refer to AGENCY.

AGENCY FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEM (AFRS) - The statewide accounting system maintained by the Office o Financial Management. AFRS is the state of Washington's official accounting system.

AGENCY FUNDS - Agency funds are used to account for the assets held by the state as an agent for individuals, pri organizations, and other governments. Agency funds are purely custodial in nature. Refer to FIDUCIARY FUNDS.

ALLOCATE - To divide a lump-sum appropriation into parts that are designated for expenditure by specific governm units and/or for specific purposes, activities, or objects. Refer to ALLOCATION.

ALLOCATION - A part of a lump-sum appropriation that is designated for expenditure by specific governmental unit and/or for specific purposes, activities, or objects. Refer to EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY.

ALLOTMENT - An agency's plan of estimated expenditures, revenues, cash disbursements, and cash receipts for eac month of the biennium.

ALLOWABLE MOVING COSTS - Except as noted in Subsection 60.20.20 and within certain limitations, allowable m costs include the costs associated with moving household goods, personal effects, and property used in a dwelling, a normal equipment and supplies used to maintain a dwelling from a residence to a new station within the state. Refer HOUSEHOLD GOODS and Chapter 60. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION - Refer to ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION. ALLOWANCE FOR UNCOLLECTIBLES - A contra-asset valuation account used to indicate the portion of accounts receivable that is estimated to be uncollectible.

AMORTIZATION - The gradual reduction or liquidation of an amount over a period of time according to a specified schedule (such as, the retirement of a debt by serial payments to the creditor or in a sinking fund) either by a direct credit, or debit; or through the use of a valuation account.

AMORTIZED COST - The par value of the investment increased or decreased by any unamortized premium or disco

AMOUNT AVAILABLE IN DEBT SERVICE FUNDS - An "other debit" general ledger code used in the General LongObligations Subsidiary Account that designates the amount of assets available in debt service funds for the retiremen outstanding general obligation debt.

AMOUNT TO BE PROVIDED FOR RETIREMENT OF LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS - An other debit general ledge code used in the General Long-Term Obligations Subsidiary Account that represents the amount to be provided from taxes or other general revenues to retire outstanding general long-term obligations debt.

ANCILLARY COSTS - Costs that are directly attributable to asset acquisition, such as freight and transportation cos site preparation costs, and professional fees, that are necessary to place a capital asset into its intended state of operation. Ancillary costs are capitalized as part of the cost of a capital asset. For an investment, ancillary costs inclu legal fees and commissions and are included as part of the cost of the investment.

ANNUITY - A series of equal money payments made or received at equal intervals over a designated period of time. APPRAISAL - (1) The act of appraising. (2) The estimated value resulting from such action. Refer to APPRAISE.

APPRAISE - To make an estimate of value of an asset, for example an investment or capital asset, particularly of th

value of property.

APPROPRIATION - A legislative authorization for an agency to make expenditures for specific purposes from design resources available or estimated to be available during a specified time period. APPROPRIATION CODE - Refer to EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY CODE.

APPROVING MANAGER - An individual within an agency who is responsible for designating purchase card custodian and establishing purchase card limits within the organization.

ART COLLECTION - An individual work of art or group of items of original artwork such as paintings, sculptures, craftwork or other materials commonly identified as a work of art. Art collections that are considered inexhaustible a meet certain criteria are not required to be capitalized. Agencies meeting the criteria for not capitalizing a collection the option of capitalizing art collections as non-depreciable capital assets. Art collections that are exhaustible (such a those whose useful lives are diminished by display or educational/research applications) are to be capitalized and depreciated.

ASSETS - A probable future economic benefit obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transac or events. These economic resources can be tangible or intangible.

AUDIT - A systematic collection of the sufficient, competent evidential matter needed to attest to the fairness of management's assertions in the financial statements or to evaluate whether management has efficiently and effectiv carried out its responsibilities. The auditor obtains this evidential matter through inspection, observation, inquiries, a confirmations with third parties. Refer to COMPLIANCE AUDIT, CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN, FINANCIAL AUDIT, PERFORMANCE AUDIT, AND SINGLE AUDIT.

AUTHORIZED TRAVEL PERIOD - That period of time when the traveler is in authorized travel status away from the official station and official residence. Refer to OFFICIAL STATION, OFFICIAL RESIDENCE, and TRAVELER.

AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE (ACH) - A nationwide payment and collection system that provides for electronic distribution and settlement of funds. Although the term Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) is technically more inclusive t the term ACH, the term EFT is often used synonymously with ACH..

AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM) - Computer controlled terminals located at a bank branch or other location which enable a customer to perform basic banking activities (such as, withdrawals, deposits, or transferring funds) a they would through a bank teller. BALANCE SHEET - A financial statement that discloses the assets, liabilities, and equities of an entity at a specified in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

BASIS OF ACCOUNTING - This refers to the methodology and timing of when revenues and expenditures or expen are recognized in the accounts and reported in the financial statements. Refer to ACCRUAL BASIS, MODIFIED ACCRU BASIS and CASH BASIS.

BETTERMENT - An addition made to, or change made in, a capital asset, other than maintenance, that is anticipate prolong its expected useful life or to increase its capacity, efficiency, or quality of output. BIENNIUM - A 24-month fiscal period. In Washington, the biennium extends from July 1 of odd numbered years to June 30 of odd numbered years.

BLOCK GRANT - A federal grant that consolidates, for a broad purpose, funding previously awarded for a wide rang

activities.

BOND - A debt instrument issued through a formal legal procedure and secured either by the pledge of specific prop or revenues or by the general credit of the state.

BOND DISCOUNT - The excess of the face value of a bond over the price for which it is acquired or sold resulting fr disparity between the market rate of interest and the stated rate of interest on the bonds, also referred to as origina issue discount (OID). In governmental funds, bond discount associated with a bond sale is reported as an other finan use. BOND ISSUE - A reference indicating the particular classification or quantity of bonds issued at a given time.

BOND PREMIUM - The excess of the price for which a bond is acquired or sold over its face value resulting from a disparity between the market rate of interest and the stated rate of interest on the bonds, also referred to as origina issue premium (OIP). In governmental funds, bond premium associated with a bond sale is reported as another finan source.

BOND REDEMPTION - The regaining of possession of bonds formerly issued by payment of amount due to the hold

BONDS PAYABLE - The face value of bonds issued and unpaid. In the case of zero-coupon bonds, however, only th accreted value of the bond is reported as bonds payable on the balance sheet.

BOOK VALUE - The net amount at which an asset or asset group appears on the books of account, as distinguished its market or intrinsic value. In the case of assets subject to reduction by valuation allowances, book value refers to or stated value less the appropriate allowance.

BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY - Books of original entry are a record in which the various transactions are initially a formally recorded and serve as the direct source of postings to ledgers (e.g. payroll register).

BUDGET - A plan of financial operation embodying an estimate of proposed expenditures for a given period of time a the proposed means of financing them. BUDGETARY ACCOUNTS - Accounts used to enter the adopted budget into the general ledger as part of the management control technique of formal budgetary integration.

BUDGETARY CONTROL - The control or management of a governmental unit in accordance with an approved budg the purpose of keeping expenditures within the limitations of available appropriations and available revenues. BUDGETED ACCOUNTS - Accounts that are subject to the appropriation and/or allotment process. Refer to APPROPRIATION and ALLOTMENT.

BUILDINGS - Permanent structures owned or held by the state. The cost of buildings includes both acquisition costs (historical cost, ancillary costs, and, for proprietary and trust funds, net interest during construction) and capital improvement costs (betterments). Buildings include not only structures in the form of office buildings, storage quarte or other facilities, but also associated items such as loading docks, heating and air-conditioning equipment, refrigera equipment, and all other property permanently attached to or forming an integral part of the structure. Buildings can capitalized as a single unit, or by individual component. Buildings do not include furniture, fixtures, or other equipme which are not integral parts of the building. Refer to BETTERMENT.

BUSINESS-TYPE ACTIVITIES - Reported in the government-wide financial statements. Financed in whole or in par fees charged to external parties for goods or services that are usually reported in enterprise funds. Refer to

GOVERNMENT-WIDE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

CAPITAL ASSETS - Assets that meet the state's capitalization policy such as land, improvements to land, easement buildings, leasehold improvements, vehicles, machinery, equipment, works of art and historical treasures, infrastruct and all other tangible or intangible assets that are used in state operations and that have initial useful lives extendin beyond one year. Capital assets do not include depletable resources such as minerals or timber. CAPITAL BUDGET - The portion of a budget, or a separate budget, devoted to proposed additions to capital assets the means of financing those additions. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE - Refer to CAPITAL OUTLAYS.

CAPITAL GRANTS - Grants that are restricted for the acquisition, construction, or renovation of capital assets assoc with a specific program. Refer to GRANTS and OPERATING GRANTS

CAPITAL OUTLAYS - A budgetary or financial reporting term to indicate the expenditures for the acquisition of, add to, or major repair of capital assets intended to benefit future periods. Expenditures may be from either Operating or Capital sources, and may be either capitalized or not capitalized. CAPITAL PROJECTS FUNDS - Capital projects funds are used to account for the acquisition and/or construction of capital facilities (other than those financed by proprietary funds and trust funds). Refer to GOVERMENTAL FUNDS.

CAPITALIZATION POLICY - The criteria used to determine which capital outlays should be reported as capital asse the state's financial statements.

CARD CUSTODIAN - An individual who is assigned responsibility of purchase card security and issuance of cards to authorized users.

CARD CUSTODIAN STATEMENT - A zero balance due statement, listing all transactions during the billing period, th sent to the purchase card custodian by the purchase card provider.

CASH BASIS - A basis for accounting whereby revenues are recorded only when received and expenses are recorde only when paid without regard to the period in which they were earned or incurred. CASH DISCOUNT - An allowance received or given if payment is completed within a stated period of time. Refer to TRADE DISCOUNT. CASH DISBURSEMENTS - Cash disbursements are any moneys (e.g., checks, cash, warrants, credit or debit card amounts, and EFTs (Electronic Fund Transfers) paid by the state during a period regardless of when the related obligations are incurred.

CASH EQUIVALENT - Short-term, highly liquid investments that are both (1) readily convertible to known amounts cash and (2) so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in inte rates. Generally only investments with original maturities of three months or less meet this definition.

CASH RECEIPTS - Cash receipts are any moneys (e.g., checks, cash, warrants, credit or debit card amounts, or EFT received by the state during a period regardless of when the moneys are earned. CASH/INVESTMENTS WITH ESCROW AGENT - An asset account reflecting deposits with escrow agents.

CATEGORICAL GRANTS - Federal grants that are awarded for specific limited purposes. CENTRAL TRAVEL ACCOUNT - Terminology used by the credit card company for a "ghost billing account." CHANGE ACCOUNTS - Accounts used solely for making change in across-the-counter cash transactions. Refer to IMPREST ACCOUNT.

CERTIFICATE OF PARTICIPATION (COP) A debt financing program administered by the Office of the State Treasurer. A COP is an instrument evidencing a pro rata share in a specific pledged revenue stream, usually lease payments by the issuer that are subject to annual appropriation. The certificate generally entitles the holder to recei share, or participation, in the lease payments from a particular project. The lease payments are passed through the to the certificate holders. The lessor typically assigns the lease and lease payments to a trustee, which then distribut the lease payments to the certificate holders.

CHECK - A written order on a bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to a named person, out of money o deposit to the credit of the maker. A check differs from a warrant in that the latter is not necessarily payable on dem and may not be negotiable. It also differs from a voucher in that the latter is not an order to pay. Refer to WARRANT

CHECK REGISTER - The document used to record pertinent details relating to expenditure/expense vouchers and co for each check issued. CHILD CARE FACILITY - Space used by a child care provider to provide child care services for state government employees.

CHILD CARE PROVIDER An entity that is, or commits to becoming, licensed to operate a Washington State day c facility, an entity that regularly provides care for children for periods of less than twenty-four hours.

CLEARANCE PATTERN - The proportion of the total amount disbursed that is debited against the state's bank accou each day after the disbursements.

CLEARING ACCOUNT - An account used to accumulate total charges or credits so that they can be distributed later among the accounts to which they are allocable or so that the net differences can be transferred to the proper accou CLIENT - For travel regulation purposes, a person or entity that is entitled to receive agency services.

CLIENT SERVICES - Services provided directly to agency clients including, but not limited to, medical and dental services, employment and training programs, residential care, and subsidized housing. Clients are considered to be t individuals who the agency has statutory responsibility to serve, protect, or oversee.

COFFEE AND LIGHT REFRESHMENTS - For state purposes, coffee encompasses any non-alcoholic beverage, such tea, soft drinks, juice, or milk. For state purposes, a light refreshment is an edible item that may be served between meals, for examples, doughnuts, sweet rolls, and pieces of fruit or cheese. COLLECTIONS - Refer to LIBRARY RESERVE COLLECTIONS, MUSEUM AND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS, and ART COLLECTIONS./P> COMMERCIAL LODGING FACILITY - A business, non-profit, or governmental entity that provides lodging accommodations for a fee.

COMMODITY CLASS CODE - The code assigned to an inventoriable capital asset that correlates to a descriptive titl

COMMON CARRIER - A person or company that transports passengers or goods for a fee.

COMMUTER RIDE-SHARING - A car pool or van pool arrangement whereby a fixed group, not exceeding fifteen pe including passengers and driver, is transported between their residences or other designated place, and their places employment, educational, or other institutions, in a single daily round trip where the driver is also on the way to or f the place of employment, educational, or other institution. COMMUTE - Travel between the official residence and other domicile of a state officer or employee and their official station or other place of work. Refer to OFFICIAL RESIDENCE and OFFICIAL STATION. COMPENSATORY TIME - Time worked by certain state employees that, if not used for paid time off, results in compensation to be cashed out in accordance with regulations or agency policy.

COMPETITIVE SOLICITATION - A documented formal process providing an equal and open opportunity to qualifie parties and culminating in a selection based on criteria which may include such factors as the consultant's fees or cos ability, capacity, experience, reputation, responsiveness to time limitations, responsiveness to solicitation requireme quality of previous performance, and compliance with statutes and rules relating to contracts or services. COMPLIANCE AUDIT - An examination leading to the expression of an opinion on the audited governmental unit's compliance with the various finance-related legal and contractual provisions. Refer to AUDIT. COMPONENT UNIT - A unit legally separate from the state but financially accountable to the state, or have a relationship with the state such that exclusion would cause the states financial statements to be misleading or incomplete.

COMPOSITE METHOD - A method used to calculate depreciation expense that groups similar assets (such as library resources) or dissimilar assets of the same class (such as all roads and bridges in a park) using the same depreciatio rate. Refer to DEPRECIATION.

COMPREHENSIVE ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT (CAFR) - The official annual financial report of the state encompassing all funds and component units of the state. It includes an introductory section, management's discuss and analysis (MD&A), basic financial statements, required supplementary information other than MD&A, combining a individual fund statements, schedules, and a statistical section.

CONSTRUCTION IN PROGRESS - A general ledger account that reflects the cost of construction work undertaken o capital projects, but not completed as of the end of the accounting period.

CONSULTANT - An independent individual or entity contracting with an agency to perform a personal service or ren an opinion or recommendation according to the consultant's methods and without being subject to the control of the agency except as to the result of the work. The agency monitors progress under the contract and authorizes paymen

CONSUMABLE INVENTORIES - Supplies consumed in the course of an agency's operations; or incidental items hel resale.

CONSUMPTION METHOD - The method under which inventories are recorded as an expenditure/expense when use Refer to PURCHASES METHOD.

CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST - A breakfast generally consists of juice, bread, and a hot beverage (typically coffee or Fruit is sometimes included as part of the price or as a priced option.

CONTINENTAL USA - As used in this manual, all areas in the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia.

CONTINGENT LIABILITY - Items which may become liabilities as a result of conditions undetermined at a given da such as guarantees, pending law suits, judgments under appeal, unsettled disputed claims, unfilled purchase orders, uncompleted contracts.

CONTRACTS PAYABLE - Amounts due on contracts for public improvements on work done for a governmental unit to be recorded as Contracts Payable. Amounts withheld from that which is due the contractor and are intended to se a guarantee on the contracts are to be recorded separately as retainage payable. Refer to RETAINAGE PAYABLE.

CONTROL ACCOUNT - An account in the general ledger in which the aggregate of all debit and credit postings to a number of related accounts (called the subsidiary accounts) are recorded. For example, the Accounts Receivable acc is a control account supported by the aggregate of the individual customer subsidiary accounts. Refer to GENERAL LEDGER and SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNTS. CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN - An agency response to audit findings that documents how deficiencies are to be corrected, how improvements are to be made, or demonstrates that audit findings are invalid or do not warrant any subsequent action. Refer to AUDIT.

COST ACCOUNTING - That method of accounting which provides for accumulating and recording of all the elements cost incurred to accomplish a purpose, to carry on an activity or operation, or to complete a unit of work or a specific COST-BASED MEASURE - Value of investment that is based on the cost of the investment.

COST RECORDS - All ledgers, supporting records, schedules, reports, invoices, vouchers, and other records and documents reflecting the cost of projects, jobs, production centers, processes, operations, products, or services, or t cost of any of the component parts thereof. CREDIT CARD - A card entitling the holder to buy services or goods on credit.

CURRENT ASSETS - Resources that are available, or can readily be made available, to meet the cost of operations o pay current liabilities.

CURRENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES MEASUREMENT FOCUS - Measurement focus used by governmental funds th accounts for the near-term (current) inflows, outflows, and balances of expendable (spendable) financial resources. R to MEASUREMENT FOCUS.

CURRENT LIABILITIES - Those obligations which are payable within one year from current assets or current resou CUT-OFF DATE - A selected date whereby transactions generally are stopped to provide for closing of the books of accounts for a given period, or for audit purposes. DEBIT CARD - A card that draws funds directly from a deposit account.

DEBT - An obligation resulting from the borrowing of money or from the purchase of goods and services. Debts of th state include bonds, accounts payable, and other liabilities. Refer to BONDS PAYABLE, ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, LIABILIT LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS and GENERAL LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS.

DEBT SERVICE FUNDS - Debt service funds are used to account for the accumulation of resources for, and the pay of, general long-term obligation principal and interest. Refer to GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS.

DEFERRED CHARGES - An asset account reflecting costs which are not chargeable to the accounting period in which but are recorded as assets until amortized. An example is discount on bonds issued. Deferred charges differ from pre expenses in that deferred charges usually extend over a long period of time (more than five years) and are not a reg recurring cost of operation. Refer to PREPAID EXPENSES.

DEFERRED REVENUES - Deferred revenues are amounts for which asset recognition criteria have been met, but for which revenue recognition criteria for the fund type have not been met.

DEFICIT - (1) The excess of the liabilities and reserves of a fund over its assets. (2) The excess of expenditures ove revenues during an accounting period or, in the case of proprietary funds, the excess of expenses over revenues dur an accounting period.

DEPOSIT - Money or securities held in a bank or other financial institution. In the context of required note disclosur deposits include cash and near cash items placed on account with a financial institution or fiscal agent. Some deposit (e.g., checking accounts) are subject to withdrawal upon demand without notice or penalty (demand deposits) and o (e.g., certificates of deposit) can only be withdrawn without penalty upon completion of a fixed period (time deposits

DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL ASSETS - Capital assets that are depreciated because they are exhaustible in that their us lives diminish over time. Exceptions to this include infrastructure assets reported using the modified approach to depreciation. Refer to DEPRECIATION and MODIFIED APPROACH TO DEPRECIATION.

DEPRECIATION - The portion of the cost of a capital asset representing the expiration in the useful life of the capita asset attributable to wear and tear, deterioration, action of the physical elements, inadequacy, and obsolescence wh charged off during a particular period. In accounting for depreciation, the cost of a capital asset, less any salvage va prorated over the estimated useful life of such an asset. Refer to COMPOSITE METHOD and STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD

DESIGNATED FINANCE OFFICE - The office designated by the agency to receive the official purchase card statem and, in most instances, make payment against the official statement.

DESIGNATED UNRESERVED FUND BALANCE - Management's intended use of available expendable financial reso in governmental funds reflecting actual plans approved by the government's senior management. Expressed another designations reflect a government's self-imposed limitations on the use of otherwise available expendable financial resources in governmental funds. DIRECT COSTS - Costs that include direct materials and labor. Refer to DIRECT EXPENSES.

DIRECT EXPENSES - Expenses which are charged directly as a part of the cost of a product or service, or of a department or operating unit, as distinguished from overhead and other indirect costs which must be prorated amon several products or services, departments, or operating units.

DISBURSEMENT - Payment by cash, warrant, check, journal voucher, EFT, or any other technological payment met approved by OFM.

DISCLOSURE FORMS - The state Disclosure Forms application is an electronic way of capturing the detail data for various aspects of an agency's activities. Each of the disclosure forms covers a specific activity or area of information is not readily available from the data collected in the state's Agency Financial Reporting System (AFRS). Agencies complete these forms at fiscal year end.

DISPOSAL AUTHORIZATION - The policies and processes established by the Division of Commodity Redistribution Department of General Administration or the Department of Information Services, as applicable, by which an agency authorized to dispose of a specific asset or as provided by specific statutory authority.

DISPOSAL DATE - With proper approval, the date that an agency officially disposes of or relinquishes responsibility an asset. DISPUTED ITEM - An item in question or lacking agreement by parties involved, such as an item appearing on a purchase card custodian statement that the card custodian disagrees with.

DIVISION OR COST CENTER CODE - A code assigned by an agency to further identify its organizational structure. DONATED ASSETS - Assets acquired by gift, donation, or payment of a nominal sum, which is not reflective of the assets' true market value. DONATED INVENTORIES - Food or other items held for future distribution.

DONATED LEAVE - The dollar value of the hours of leave a donor donates through the Shared Leave Program. Refe SHARED LEAVE.

DOUBLE ENTRY BOOKKEEPING - A system of record keeping which requires two entries to the records (a debit an credit) for every accounting event. DRAWDOWN - Process whereby a state requests and receives federal funds. DRY CHARTER - This is an agency contract for rental of an aircraft that provides a "state pilot" or a state employee the pilot.

DUE FROM FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - An asset account reflecting amounts due to the state from the federal government. These amounts may represent grants-in-aid, shared revenues, loans, and/or charges for services rende by the state for the federal government.

DUE FROM OTHER AGENCIES - An asset account reflecting amounts billed or otherwise due for materials or servic rendered by one Washington state agency to another Washington state agency.

DUE FROM OTHER FUNDS - An asset account reflecting amounts owed to a particular fund by another fund in the s agency for goods sold or services rendered. This account includes only short-term obligations on open account and n non-current portions of long-term loans.

DUE FROM OTHER GOVERNMENTS - An asset account reflecting amounts due to the state from another governme (e.g., county or municipality). These amounts may represent grants-in-aid, shared revenues, loans, and charges for services rendered by the state for another governmental entity.

DUE TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - A liability account reflecting amounts owed by the state to the federal governm

DUE TO OTHER AGENCIES - A liability account reflecting amounts owed by one Washington state agency to anothe Washington state agency.

DUE TO OTHER FUNDS - A liability account reflecting amounts owed by a particular fund to another fund in the sam agency. These amounts include only short-term obligations on open account. DUE TO OTHER GOVERNMENTS - A liability account reflecting amounts owed by the state to another government county or municipality). ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY - An application is economically feasible when, over a reasonable period of time, the

application's cumulative benefits outweigh or are equivalent to the application's cumulative costs. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY (EFS) - A cost/benefit analysis of a state agencys proposed electronic payment and/or disbursement project that should demonstrate the economic feasibility (net benefit) of the proposed project. to Section 40.40.

ECONOMIC RESOURCES MEASUREMENT FOCUS - Considers all of the assets available for the purpose of providin goods and services and reports all inflows, outflows, and balances affecting or reflecting an entitys net assets. The economic resources measurement focus is used for proprietary and fiduciary funds, as well as for government-wide financial reporting. Refer to MEASUREMENT FOCUS. ECONOMICAL - Direct financial, work-related costs that occur at the least cost to the state and which the state is responsible to pay.

EFFECTIVE INTEREST RATE - The rate of earning on a bond investment based on the actual price paid for the bon coupon rate, the maturity date and the length of time between interest dates, in contrast with the nominal interest r

ELECTRONIC BENEFIT TRANSFER (EBT) - The electronic transfer of government benefit funds to individuals throu the use of automated card technology, automated teller machines (ATM) and point of sale (POS) terminals.

ELECTRONIC CHECK - An electronic version or representation of a paper check. The account holder writes an e-che using a computer or other type of electronic device and transmits the e-check to the payee electronically. Like paper checks, e-checks are signed by the payer and endorsed by the payee. Rather than handwritten or machine-stamped signatures, however, e-checks are affixed with digital signatures. The payee deposits the e-check, receives credit, an payees bank clears the e-check to the paying bank. The paying bank validates the e-check and then charges the che writers account for the check. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE/E-COMMERCE - The commercial transaction of services in an electronic format.

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) - A computer-to-computer exchange of information that is both comput readable and computer-processable. ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) - Data processing by means of high-speed electronic equipment.

ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER (EFT) - Any transfer of funds, other than a transaction originated by check, draft, similar paper instrument, which is initiated through an electronic terminal, telephone instrument, or computer or ma tape to authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. EMERGENCY - A set of unforeseen circumstances beyond the control of an agency that either: (a) presents a real, immediate threat to the proper performance of essential functions; or (b) may result in material loss or damage to property, bodily injury, or loss of life if immediate action is not taken.

EMINENT DOMAIN - The power of a government to acquire private property for public purposes. It is frequently us obtain real property that cannot be purchased from owners in a voluntary transaction. Where the power of eminent domain is exercised, owners are compensated by the state in an amount determined by the courts. ENCUMBRANCE - A reservation of an expenditure authority for an obligation in the form of purchase orders or cont An encumbrance represents a commitment. It is not an expenditure. ENDOWMENT - Refer to PERMANENT FUNDS.

ENTERPRISE FUNDS - Used to account for any activity for which a fee is charged to external users for goods or ser Activities are required to be reported as enterprise funds, in the context of the activity's principal revenue sources, if one of the following criteria is met: a) the activity is financed with debt that is secured solely by pledge of the net revenues from fees and charges of the activity; 2) laws or regulations require that the activity's costs of providing services, including capital costs (such as depreciation or debt service), be recovered with fees and charges, rather th with taxes or similar revenues. Refer to PROPRIETARY FUNDS. ENTITLEMENT - A service or grant that, under federal law, must be provided to all eligible applicants. ENTITY - The basic unit upon which accounting and/or financial reporting activities are focused. ENTRY - The record of a financial transaction in the appropriate books of account.

EQUIPMENT - Tangible property other than land, buildings, improvements other than buildings, or infrastructure, w is used in operations and with a useful life of more than one year. Examples are furnishings, equipment, and softwar Equipment may be attached to a structure for purposes of securing the item, but unless it is permanently attached to an integral part of, the building or structure, it is to be classified as equipment and not buildings.

EQUITY INVESTMENTS - Equity investments include, but are not limited to, any instruments representing ownersh shares in an enterprise (e.g., common, preferred, and other capital stock).

EQUITY TRANSFERS - Nonrecurring or nonroutine transfers of equity between funds. An example of an equity tran is the transfer of residual equity from a discontinued fund. Refer to INTERFUND TRANSFERS.

ESTIMATED REVENUE - This is a budgetary term that identifies revenues expected to be received or accrued durin given period.

EVIDENCE OF COMPETITION - Documentation demonstrating that an agency has solicited responses from multipl firms in selecting a consultant. EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS - Transaction in which each party receives and gives up essentially equal values. EXCHANGE-LIKE TRANSACTIONS - Transaction in which there is an identifiable exchange between the state and another party, but the values exchanged may not be quite equal or the direct benefits of the exchange may not be exclusively for the parties to the exchange. EXHAUSTIBLE CAPITAL ASSETS - Refer to DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL ASSETS and MODIFIED APPROACH TO DEPRECIATION.

EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY - Permission for agencies to disburse moneys or accrue liabilities during specific fiscal periods, up to specified amounts, from specific accounts. Authority is provided by the Legislature through appropriat or inclusion of nonappropriated account moneys in the legislative budget; by the executive through allocations, appr of unanticipated receipts, or across-the-board spending reductions.

EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY CODE - The three-character code assigned by the Office of Financial Management (OF identify each legislative or executive authorization to incur expenditures. Agencies are to use only those expenditure authority codes that have been authorized in writing by OFM. The assigned codes are valid only for the biennium for they are established. Refer to EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY, APPROPRIATION, UNANTICIPATED RECEIPT, and ALLOCAT

EXPENDITURES - Decreases in net current financial resources. Expenditures include disbursements and accruals of

current period. Expenditures do not include encumbrances.

EXPENSES - Decreases in net total assets. Expenses represent the cost of operations incurred during the current pe regardless of the timing of the related disbursements.

FACE VALUE - As applied to securities, this term designates the amount of an insurer's liability stated in the security document.

FAIR VALUE - The amount that could reasonably be expected to be received for an investment in a current sale bet a willing buyer and a willing seller. For publicly traded securities, this is the price at which the security is currently be traded on a national market. For investment instruments that are not publicly traded, this is the appraised value adju for cash flows to or from the investment.

FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE - Assistance that nonfederal entities receive or administer in the form of grant loans, loan guarantees, property (including donated surplus property), cooperative agreements, interest subsidies, insurance, food commodities, direct appropriations, or other assistance. It does not include amounts received for provision of vendor services to federal agencies or reimbursements for services rendered directly to individuals. FIDELITY BOND - A written promise to indemnify against losses from theft, embezzlement, defalcation, and misappropriation of public moneys by government officers and employees. Refer to SURETY BOND.

FIDUCIARY FUNDS - Fiduciary funds are used to account for assets held by the state in a trustee capacity, or as an agent for others and that cannot be used to support the state's own programs. There are four types of fiduciary fund private-purpose, pension (and other employee benefit), and investment trust funds, and agency funds. Refer to PRIV PURPOSE TRUST FUNDS, PENSION (AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT) TRUST FUNDS, INVESTMENT TRUST FUNDS, a AGENCY FUNDS.

FIELD ORDER (A17-A, A17-1A) - A document used by agencies to order, encumber, liquidate, and authorize paym for local purchases. This form is used when an agency has general or specific authority to make the purchase or whe item being purchased falls within the statewide contracts.

FINAL AMENDED BUDGET - The original budget adjusted by all reserves, transfers, allocations, supplemental appropriations, and other legally authorized legislative and executive changes applicable to the fiscal year, whenever signed into law or otherwise legally authorized. FINANCIAL AUDIT - An audit made by an independent external auditor for the purpose of issuing an audit opinion the fair presentation of the financial statements of the state in conformity with GAAP. Refer to AUDIT.

FIRST-IN, FIRST-OUT (FIFO) - An inventory valuation method, which allocates cost on the assumption that goods consumed or sold in the order that they were acquired.

FISCAL PERIOD - Any period at the end of which a governmental unit determines its financial position and the resu its operations. Refer to ACCOUNTING PERIOD.

FISCAL YEAR - In Washington State, a 12-month period extending from July 1 of one calendar year to June 30 of th next calendar year. FIXED ASSETS - Refer to CAPITAL ASSETS.

FIXED INCOME INVESTMENTS - Fixed income investments consist of those non-equity assets (e.g., bonds) where earnings are derived from interest that is a fixed percentage of the asset's par, stated, or face value. These may incl

investments purchased at a discount that do not have coupon payments.

FIXTURES - Attachments to buildings, which are not intended to be removed, and which cannot be removed withou damage to the buildings. Those fixtures with useful lives presumed to be as long as that of the building itself are considered a part of the building; all others are classified as equipment. FOOD STAMPS - For financial reporting purposes, the dollar value of food stamps on hand for future distribution. FOREIGN TRAVEL - Travel in all areas of the world outside of the United States of America and its possessions. FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT (FTE) - Equivalent of 2088 hours of work in a fiscal year.

FUNCTION - A group of related activities aimed at accomplishing a major service or regulatory program for which a government is responsible. FUNCTION AND PROGRAM CODES - Codes assigned by an agency with the concurrence of the Office of Financial Management to identify an agency's functional areas and the various major activities within an agency. Refer to FUNCTION and PROGRAM. FUND - For state purposes, a fund is referred to as an account. Refer to ACCOUNT.

FUND BALANCE - In governmental funds, this is the difference between fund assets and fund liabilities. Governmen fund balances should be segregated into reserved and unreserved amounts. Refer to RESERVED FUND BALANCE and UNRESERVED FUND BALANCE.

FUND CAPITAL ASSET - Capital assets recorded in proprietary and trust funds and used in the production of the go or services provided or sold. Depreciation on fund capital assets is charged as an expense of the fund.

FUND EQUITY - The difference between a fund's assets and liabilities. In governmental funds, it is referred to as fun balance. In proprietary funds, it is referred to as net assets. Refer to FUND BALANCE and NET ASSETS.

FUND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Financial statements presented for the state's governmental, proprietary and fiduciary funds. They display information about major funds individually and nonmajor funds in the aggregate for governmental and enterprise funds. Fiduciary statements include financial statements for fiduciary funds. Each of the three fund categories is reported using the measurement focus and basis of accounting required for that category. R to GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS, PROPRIETARY FUNDS, and FIDUCIARY FUNDS.

FUND LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS - Fund long-term obligations are directly related to and payable from proprietar trust funds and are recorded in such funds. They are generally not expected to be paid within the next twelve month Fund long-term obligations may be backed by a lien on a specific fund asset or by the full faith and credit of the state

FUND TYPE (GAAP)- One of 11 classifications into which all individual accounts can be categorized. Governmental f types include the general fund, special revenue funds, debt service funds, capital projects funds, and permanent fund Proprietary fund types include enterprise funds and internal service funds. Fiduciary fund types include pension (and employee benefit) trust funds, investment trust funds, private-purpose trust funds, and agency funds.

FUNDING TECHNIQUE - Procedures to minimize the time between the transfer of funds from the federal governme and the payment of funds for program purposes by the state. FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT - Refer to EQUIPMENT.

GAAP - Refer to GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES. GAAS - Refer to GENERALLY ACCEPTED AUDITING STANDARDS. GAGAS - Refer to GENERALLY ACCEPTED GOVERNMENT AUDITING STANDARDS.

GENERAL CAPITAL ASSETS - Used in operations of governmental funds that are not assets of any fund, but of the government as a whole. Most often, general capital assets are acquired through the expenditure of the financial reso of governmental funds. General capital assets include all capital assets not accounted for in proprietary funds. The st accounts for general capital assets in the General Capital Assets Subsidiary Account and reports them in the governm activities column in the government-wide financial statement of net assets. GENERAL CAPITAL ASSETS SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNT - A record keeping mechanism that provides a basis for accountability and control over the state's general capital assets.

GENERAL FUND - The general fund is used to account for the financial activities of the general government not requ to be accounted for in another account. Refer to GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS. GENERAL JOURNAL - The journal in which all entries not recorded in special journals are recorded.

GENERAL LEDGER - A ledger containing the accounts in which are recorded, in detail or in summary, all transaction the state. Refer to CONTROL ACCOUNT and SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNTS.

GENERAL LEDGER CODE - The four-character numeric codes assigned by the Office of Financial Management to ide the titles of those accounts that classify, in summary form, all financial transactions of the state.

GENERAL LEDGER TRIAL BALANCE - Shows both the debit and credit general ledger balances for an account or re group of accounts at the close of an accounting period.

GENERAL LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS - All long-term indebtedness of the state that is not classified as a fund obligation is accounted for as general long-term obligations. General long-term obligations are secured by the genera credit and revenue raising capacity of the state and will not be paid by expending available resources as of the end o current fiscal year. The state accounts for general long-term obligations in the General Long-Term Obligations Subsid Account and reports them in the governmental activities column in the Government-wide Financial Statement of Net Assets.

GENERAL LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNT - A record keeping mechanism that provides a ba for accountability and control over the state's long-term obligations other than those accounted for in proprietary and fiduciary funds.

GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS - Statewide bond issues that are secured by an unconditional pledge of the full fai credit and taxing power of the state.

GENERAL REVENUES - Revenues that are not matched to specific program expenses are required to be reported as general revenues.

GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES (GAAP) These are the uniform minimum standards for fina accounting and reporting. They govern the form and content of the financial statements of an entity. GAAP encompa conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time. They includ only broad guidelines of general application, but also detailed practices and procedures. The primary authoritative bo

on the application of GAAP to state and local governments is the Governmental Accounting Standards Board.

GENERALLY ACCEPTED AUDITING STANDARDS (GAAS) These are the standards established by the AICPA for conduct and reporting of financial audits. There are 10 basic GAAS, classed into three broad categories: general standards, standards of fieldwork and standards of reporting. The GAAS set forth the objectives of the audit and esta measures that can be applied to judge the quality of its performance.

GENERALLY ACCEPTED GOVERNMENT AUDITING STANDARDS (GAGAS) These standards are for the conduc reporting of both financial and performance audits in the public sector. The basic GAGAS standards are classed into t broad categories: general standards, fieldwork standards, and reporting standards.

GHOST BILLING ACCOUNT - A cardless billing program offered by many charge card and credit card companies th designed to primarily accommodate airline ticket purchases. GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING - The composite activity of analyzing, recording, summarizing, reporting, and interpreting the financial transactions of a governmental entity.

GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES - Activities generally financed through taxes, intergovernmental revenues, and othe nonexchange revenues. These activities are usually reported in governmental funds and internal service funds. Refer GOVERNMENT-WIDE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

GOVERNMENTAL EXTERNAL INVESTMENT POOL - An arrangement that commingles (pools) the moneys of more one legally separate entity and invests, on the participants' behalf, in an investment portfolio; one or more of the participants not being part of the sponsor's reporting entity. The sponsoring government reports the external investm pool in an Investment Trust Fund. Refer to INVESTMENT TRUST FUNDS.

GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS - Governmental funds are used to account for most typical governmental functions focusi the acquisition, use, and balances of a state's expendable financial resources and the related current liabilities. The accounting for governmental funds has a budget orientation using the current financial resources measurement focus the modified accrual basis of accounting. There are five types of governmental funds: General, Special Revenue, Deb Service, Capital Projects, and Permanent Funds. Refer to GENERAL FUND, SPECIAL REVENUE FUNDS, DEBT SERVICE FUNDS, CAPITAL PROJECTS FUNDS, and PERMANENT FUNDS.

GOVERNMENT-WIDE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Financial statements that incorporate all of the state's governm and business-type activities, as well as its nonfiduciary component units. There are two basic government-wide finan statements: the Statement of Net Assets and the Statement of Activities. Both basic government-wide financial statements are presented using the economic resources measurement focus and the accrual basis of accounting. Ref BUSINESS-TYPE ACTIVITIES and GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES.

GRANTS - Awards of financial assistance, including cooperative agreements, in the form of money, or property in lie money, to an eligible grantee. The term does not include technical assistance which provides services instead of mon or other forms of assistance such as revenue sharing, loans, loan guarantees, interest subsidies, insurance or direct appropriations. Also, the term does not include assistance, such as fellowship or other lump sum awards, which the grantee is not required to account for. Refer to CAPITAL GRANTS and OPERATING GRANTS.

GUARANTEED RIDE HOME - Provision of an assured ride home for commuters participating in a commute trip redu program who are not able to use their normal commute mode because of personal emergencies (Chapter 43.01 RCW HIGH COST LOCATIONS - Continental USA - Specific cities or areas within the continental USA as displayed in Subsection 10.90.10. Refer to CONTINENTAL USA.

HIGH COST LOCATIONS - Noncontinental USA and Foreign Travel - Specific cities or areas within the nonconti

USA and foreign nations or localities throughout the world as contained in Subsection 10.90.10. Refer to NONCONTINENTAL USA. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS - Refer to MUSEUM AND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. HOSTING ACTIVITIES - Social rather than governmental business events, such as lobbying.

HOUSEHOLD GOODS - All household goods, personal effects and property used in a dwelling, and normal equipmen supplies used to maintain the dwelling.

IMPREST ACCOUNT - An account into which a fixed amount of money is placed for the purpose of making change o minor disbursements. As disbursements are made, a voucher is completed to record the date, amount, nature, and purpose of the disbursement. At periodic intervals, or when the money is completely expended, a report with substantiating vouchers is prepared and the account is replenished for the exact amount of the disbursements, and appropriate general ledger accounts are charged. The total of cash and the substantiating vouchers should always eq the total fixed amount of money set aside in the imprest account. Refer to CHANGE ACCOUNTS and PETTY CASH.

IMPROVEMENTS OTHER THAN BUILDINGS - Capital assets that reflect the cost of permanent improvements othe than buildings which add value to land such as fences and retaining walls.

INCIDENTAL EXPENSES - Fees and tips given to porters, baggage carriers, hotel and restuarant staff, flight attend and others for personal services performed. This is not a miscellaneous expense. An allowance for incidental expense included within the daily subsistence rates for the area of travel.

INCOME STATEMENT - Refer to OPERATING STATEMENT; STATEMENT OF REVENUES, EXPENDITURES AND CHANG FUND BALANCE; and STATEMENT OF REVENUES, EXPENSES, AND CHANGES IN FUND NET ASSETS OR FUND EQUITY

INDEPENDENT AUDIT - An audit performed by an independent auditor. Refer to FINANCIAL AUDIT, PERFORMANCE AUDIT, and INTERNAL AUDIT. INDIRECT CHARGES - Refer to OVERHEAD. INDIRECT COSTS - Costs that cannot be directly charged to an activity (e.g. depreciation and other administrative support costs). INEXHAUSTIBLE CAPITAL ASSETS - Refer to NON-DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL ASSETS. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RELATED EQUIPMENT - Includes capitalized and non-capitalized assets such as equipment, software and products used in processing information, office automation and telecommunications.

INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS - Long lived capital assets that normally are stationary in nature and normally can be preserved for a significantly greater number of years than most capital assets. Examples of infrastructure assets incl roads, sidewalks, bridges, tunnels, drainage systems, water and sewer systems, dams, and lighting systems. With th exception of the state highway system and emergency airfields operated by the Department of Transportation, which the modified approach to depreciation, infrastructure assets are to be depreciated.

IN-STATE TRAVEL - Travel within the state of Washington. However, with respect to the requirement for prior authorization of out-of-state travel in Subsection 10.10.50, travel to counties and/or cities in the states of Idaho and Oregon that are contiguous to the border between Washington-Idaho or Washington-Oregon shall not be considered of-state.

INTEGRAL PART OF THE MEETING - An activity within a meeting that is essential to the completeness of the mee

INTEREST PAYABLE - A liability account reflecting the amount of interest owed by the state. In governmental fund interest is to be recognized as an expenditure in the accounting period in which it becomes due and payable and the liability is to be recorded as interest payable at that time. In proprietary and trust funds, interest payable is recorded accrues, regardless of when payment is actually due. INTEREST RECEIVABLE - An asset account reflecting the amount of interest due to the state. INTERFUND ACCOUNTS - Accounts in which activity between funds are reflected. Refer to INTERFUND ACTIVITY.

INTERFUND ACTIVITY - Activity between funds of the state, including blended component units. Interfund activitie divided into two broad categories: reciprocal and nonreciprocal. Reciprocal interfund activity is comprised of interfund loans and interfund services provided and used. Nonreciprocal interfund activity is comprised of interfund transfers a interfund reimbursements. Refer to INTERFUND LOANS, INTERFUND SERVICES PROVIDED AND USED, INTERFUND TRANSFERS AND INTERFUND REIMBURSEMENTS. INTERFUND LOANS - Loans made by one fund to another with a requirement for repayment. Refer to INTERFUND ACTIVITY.

INTERFUND REIMBURSEMENTS - Repayments from the funds responsible for particular expenditures or expenses the funds that initially paid for them. Refer to INTERFUND ACTIVITY.

INTERFUND SERVICES PROVIDED AND USED - Sales and purchases of goods and services between funds for a p approximating their external exchange value. Refer to INTERFUND ACTIVITY. INTERFUND TRANSFERS - Nonreciprocal transfers made without a requirement for repayment. Refer to EQUITY TRANSFERS, OPERATING TRANSFERS, and INTERFUND ACTIVITY.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVENUES - Revenues from other governments in the form of grants, entitlements, share revenues, or payments in lieu of taxes.

INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENT - A financial statement prepared before the end of the current fiscal period and covering only financial transactions during the period to date.

INTERNAL AUDIT - An appraisal activity conducted by auditors working for and within an organization of the divers operations and controls within the organization to determine whether prescribed policies and procedures are followed established standards are met, resources are used efficiently and economically, and the organization's objectives are being achieved.

INTERNAL CONTROL - A management process for keeping an entity (agency, board, commission, department, divi institution, or program) on course in achieving its organizational objectives. A management control system, including comprehensive internal controls, should provide reasonable assurance that entity objectives are being met.

INTERNAL CONTROL FRAMEWORK- An integrated set of policies and procedures designed to assist management achieve its goals and objectives. To be truly comprehensive, a government's internal control framework must (a) pro a favorable control environment, (b) provide for the continuing assessment of risk, (c) provide for the design, implementation, and maintenance of effective control-related policies and procedures, (d) provide for the effective control-related policies and procedures, (d) provide for the effective communication of information, and (e) provide f the ongoing monitoring of the effectiveness of control-related policies and procedures as well as the resolution of pot problems identified by controls.

INTERNAL SERVICE FUNDS - Internal service funds are used to report activities that provide goods or services to funds, departments or agencies of the state on a cost reimbursement basis. Internal service funds are used where th state is the predominant participant in the activity.

INVENTORY CONTROL POINT - A specific location, area, building, inventory type, etc., as defined in writing by the agency inventory officer where consumable inventories are aggregated for distribution, valuation, and/or reporting threshold purposes.

INVESTMENT IN CAPITAL ASSETS, NET OF RELATED DEBT - One of the three components of net assets reporte government-wide and proprietary fund financial statements. It is comprised of capital assets, including restricted cap assets, net of accumulated depreciation and reduced by the outstanding balances of any bonds, mortgages, notes, o other borrowings that are attributable to the acquisition, construction, or improvement of capital assets of the state.

INVESTMENT TRUST FUNDS - Fiduciary funds used by the sponsor to report the external portion of investment po Refer to FIDUCIARY FUNDS. INVESTMENTS - Securities, real estate and other instruments held for the production of income or profit.

INVOICE - A document submitted by a vendor, showing the character, quantity, price, terms, nature of delivery, an other particulars of goods delivered or of services rendered.

INVOICE VOUCHER (A19-1A) - A form used by agencies to substantiate and authorize payment when a purchase or field order is not involved and where vendor invoices are not employed. The invoice voucher is to be signed by the vendor on the space provided.

ISSUANCE COSTS - Fees associated with the issuance of debt that may be withheld from the proceeds or paid sepa including underwriter's fees and bond counsel fees. In governmental funds, issuance costs are reported as expenditu

JOURNAL VOUCHER (A7-A) - A form used to generate EFT payments through the Office of the State Treasurer. It also be used to transfer funds between agencies and between funds within treasury and/or treasury trust accounts, a record accruals and other adjustments to account balances.

JUDGMENT - An amount to be paid or collected by the state as the result of a court decision, including a condemnat award in payment for private property taken for public use.

LAST-IN, FIRST-OUT (LIFO) - An inventory valuation method that allocates cost on the assumption that the last u acquired are the first units consumed or sold.

LEASEHOLD - The right to the use of real estate by virtue of a lease, usually for a specified term of years, for which consideration is paid. LEASE-PURCHASE AGREEMENTS - Contractual agreements which are termed "leases," but in substance they are purchase contracts.

LEDGER - A group of accounts in which are recorded the financial transactions of the state. Refer to GENERAL LEDG and SUBSIDIARY LEDGER. LEGAL OPINION - (1) The opinion of an official authorized to render it (e.g., attorney general). (2) In the case of governmental bonds, the opinion of a specialized bond attorney as to the legality of a bond issue.

LIABILITIES Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits, arising from present obligations of a particular entity

transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events. The term not include encumbrances.

LIBRARY RESERVE COLLECTIONS - Items of historical or literary significance, such as documents, maps, photos, original books. Library reserve collections that are considered inexhaustible and meet certain criteria are not required be capitalized. Agencies meeting the criteria for not capitalizing library reserves have the option of capitalizing them non-depreciable capital assets. Library reserve collections that are exhaustible (such as those whose useful lives are diminished by display or educational/research applications) are to be capitalized and depreciated.

LIBRARY RESOURCES - Exhaustible items used for reference or lending such as books, periodicals, and microfilm t have a useful life greater than one year. Library resources are capitalized, depreciated and controlled by a recognize cataloging system. LIMITED OBLIGATION BONDS - These bonds, while backed by the full faith and credit of the state, are payable primarily from dedicated revenues of the states motor vehicle fuel excise tax and other miscellaneous dedicated revenues. LIQUIDATION - Payment of debt, cancellation of encumbrance, or conversion into cash.

LOANS RECEIVABLE - An asset account reflecting amounts that have been loaned to individuals or organizations external to the state, including notes taken as security for such loans. Loans to other governments should be recorde and reported separately.

LOCAL AIRPORT - The airport that offers commercial air service that is closest to the point from which travel begin most situations it would be the airport closest to the traveler's residence. For out-of-state destinations, the closest a that provides direct out-of-state flights may be considered the local airport for this purpose.

LOCAL FUNDS/ACCOUNTS - Accounts under the control of an agency with cash on deposit in a local bank account requiring the signature of agency officials on a check for disbursement. Some local funds are on deposit with the Sta Treasurer as a matter of convenience or statutory requirement. LOCATION CODE - The identification code of the county in which the fixed asset is located.

LOCK BOX AND AUTOMATED REMITTANCE ADVICE SERVICES - A post office box opened in the name of a depo but accessed and serviced by a remittance processor. Banks and other non-bank processors offer lock box services t process incoming mail and prepare the states deposits at a time of day and in a manner that accelerates the availab of funds to the state.

LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS - Those obligations expected to mature at some future date and therefore not expecte be liquidated with currently existing resources or current assets. The long-term liabilities of specific enterprise, intern service, and trust funds are to be accounted for through those funds. All other unmatured general long-term liabilitie to be accounted for in the General Long-Term Obligations Subsidiary Account . MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT - Refer to EQUIPMENT.

MAJOR FUND - A governmental or enterprise account reported as a separate column in the basic fund financial statements. The General Fund is always a major fund. Otherwise, major funds are those accounts with revenues, expenditures/expenses, assets, or liabilities (excluding extraordinary items) that are at least 10 percent of correspon totals for all governmental and enterprise accounts for the same item.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (MD& A) - A component of Required Supplementary Information introduces the basic financial statements and provides an analytical overview of the state's financial activities. In the

state's CAFR, the MD&A precedes the basic financial statements. Refer to REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION MANUFACTURER - The name of either the manufacturer or the commonly accepted trade name.

MEASUREMENT FOCUS - The accounting convention which determines: (1) which assets and which liabilities are included on the governmental unit's balance sheet; and (2) whether its operating statement presents "financial flow" information (revenue and expenditures) or "capital maintenance" information (revenues and expenses). Refer to CURRENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES MEASUREMENT FOCUS and ECONOMIC RESOURCES MEASUREMENT FOCUS.

MERCHANDISE INVENTORIES - Merchandise held for resale to other agencies, other governmental units, or the p

MID PERIOD TRANSFER - Occurs when an employee transfers to a new agency in the middle of a pay period other the 1st working day after the end of pay cycle.

MODIFIED ACCRUAL BASIS - The basis of accounting under which expenditures, whether paid or unpaid, are form recognized when incurred against the account, but revenues are recognized only when they become both measurable available to finance expenditures of the current accounting period. All governmental funds use the modified accrual b of accounting.

MODIFIED APPROACH TO DEPRECIATION - A method of accounting whereby capital assets that are part of a ne or subsystem of a network, i.e. the state highway system, are not required to be depreciated as long as certain requirements are met. Requirements include managing the eligible assets in an asset management system and documenting that these assets are being preserved approximately at or above a condition level established and discl Refer to INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS.

MONEY MARKET INVESTMENTS - A short-term, highly liquid debt security, including commercial paper, banker's acceptances, and U.S. Treasury and agency obligations. (Asset-backed securities, derivatives, and structured notes a not included in this term.) MOTOR VEHICLE - Any vehicle licensed to be operated on the roadway.

MUSEUM AND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS - An individual item or group of items of historical or natural history significance. These items could be located in state museums or in any state agency. They include items such as photographs, negatives, letters, blueprints, antique furniture, historical documents, miscellaneous artifacts, and othe similar items. Museum and historical collections that are considered inexhaustible and meet certain criteria are not required to be capitalized. Agencies meeting the criteria for not capitalizing a collection have the option of capitalizin museum and historical collections as non-depreciable capital assets. Museum and historical collections that are exhaustible (such as those whose useful lives are diminished by display or educational/research applications) are to capitalized and depreciated. NADA VALUE - The average trade-in value shown in the current issue of the NADA Official Used Car Guide, Pacific Northwest edition, published by the National Automobile Dealers Used Car Guide Company. NET ASSETS - The difference between assets and liabilities. Refer to FUND EQUITY. NET BOOK VALUE - Refer to BOOK VALUE.

NET INCOME - A term used in accounting for proprietary funds to designate the excess of total revenues and opera transfers in over total expenses and operating transfers out for an accounting period.

NOMINAL INTEREST RATE - The contractual interest rate shown on the face and in the body of a bond and used to

compute the amount of interest to be paid, in contrast to the effective interest rate.

NONAPPROPRIATED FUNDS - Moneys that can be expended without legislative appropriation. Only funds in accou specifically established in state law as being exempt from appropriation fall into this category. Nonappropriated acco can be either budgeted (and subject to OFM allotment approval) or nonbudgeted. NONBUDGETED ACCOUNTS - Accounts that are not subject to either the appropriation or allotment process.

NONCONTINENTAL USA - As used in this manual, all areas in Alaska, Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, a areas in possession of the United States of America throughout the world.

NON-DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL ASSETS - Capital assets that are inexhaustible or where the useful life does not dim or expire over time, such as land and land improvements. Infrastructure assets reported using the modified approac depreciation are also not depreciated. Refer to MODIFIED APPROACH TO DEPRECIATION.

NONEXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS - A transaction in which a government either gives value (benefit) to another pa without directly receiving equal value in exchange or receives value (benefit) from another party without directly giv equal value in exchange. NONOPERATING EXPENSES - Expenses of a proprietary fund that are not directly related to the fund's principal operations. NONOPERATING INCOME (LOSS) - In a proprietary fund, the net difference between nonoperating revenues and nonoperating expenses. Refer to NONOPERATING REVENUES and NONOPERATING EXPENSES.

NONOPERATING REVENUES - Proprietary fund revenues that are incidental to, or by-products of, the fund's princi operations.

NONRECIPROCAL INTERFUND ACTIVITY - Transactions that are nonexchange in nature. Nonreciprocal interfund activity includes interfund transfers and interfund reimbursements. NONREVENUE - Collections of amounts that do not represent revenue, such as recoveries of current appropriation expenditures.

NON-STATE FACILITY - A facility, barrier-free or non-barrier-free, owned and/or operated by an entity other than state agency, including private for-profit organizations, not-for-profit organizations, and other public entities such as cities, counties, and junior or special taxing districts.

NORMAL RETURN NIGHT - That night of travel on which it was anticipated prior to the trip, that the traveler would return either to the official duty station or official residence after the completion of official state business.

NOTES PAYABLE - A liability account reflecting amounts owed by the state from an unconditional written promise to a certain sum of money upon demand or at a fixed or determinable time.

NOTES RECEIVABLE - An asset account reflecting amounts owing to the state from an unconditional written promis pay a certain sum of money on demand or at a fixed or determinable time.

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - The summary of significant accounting policies and other disclosures required for a fair presentation of the financial statements of the governmental unit in conformity with generally acce accounting principles (GAAP) which are in addition to and not included on the face of the financial statements themse

The notes to the financial statements are an integral part of the financial statements.

OBJECT OF EXPENDITURE - As used in expenditure classification, this term applies to the character of the article purchased or the service obtained (rather than the purpose for which the article or service was purchased or obtaine Examples are salaries and employee benefits.

OBJECT/SUB-OBJECT OF EXPENDITURE CODE - The two character alpha code assigned by the Office of Financia Management to identify expenditures/expenses according to the character of the goods or services involved. Refer to OBJECT OF EXPENDITURE and SUBOBJECT.

OFFICIAL RESIDENCE - The city, town, or other location where a state official or employee maintains a residence t used as their primary domicile. Determinations by the agency head or authorized designee regarding a state official o employee's official residence are to be based on items such as voter registration, ownership, or long-term rental of a personal residence, and the permanent address carried in the state official or employee's personnel or other file.

OFFICIAL STATE BUSINESS - Activities performed by an official or state employee, authorized volunteer, or contra work experience program participant, student or employee of another governmental jurisdiction as directed by his or supervisor in order to accomplish state programs or as required by the duties of his or her position or office.

OFFICIAL STATION - The city, town, or other location where the state official or employee's office is located, or the town, or location where the state official or employee's work is performed on a permanent basis. For the purposes of these travel regulations, Olympia, Tumwater and Lacey are considered to be the same official station. A state official employee's official station is to be designated by the agency. It is to be determined by the needs of the agency and n assigned because it is the home or preferred living area of a state official or employee.

OPERATING BUDGET - A plan of current expenditures and the proposed means of financing them. The operating bu is the primary means to ensuring that the financing, acquisition, spending, and service delivery activities of the state controlled. OPERATING EXPENSES - Proprietary fund expenses that are directly related to the fund's principal operations.

OPERATING GRANTS - Grants that support all or a portion of current operating expenses within a certain program. Refer to GRANTS and CAPITAL GRANTS. OPERATING INCOME - The excess of proprietary fund operating revenues over operating expenses.

OPERATING REVENUES - Proprietary fund revenues that are directly related to the fund's principal operations. The consist primarily of user charges for goods and services. OPERATING STATEMENT - The financial statement disclosing the financial results of operations of a governmental during an accounting period in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

OPERATING TRANSFERS - All interfund transfers other than equity transfers, e.g., legally authorized transfers from fund receiving revenue to the fund through which the resources are to be expended. Refer to INTERFUND TRANSFER ORDER NUMBER - The number of the purchasing document used for an acquisition of an asset.

ORGANIZATION OF STATE EMPLOYEES - As relates to contracting for child care services, a group of state employ who affiliate as a non-profit organization under Chapter 24.03 RCW and Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Inter Revenue Code for such purposes or a state employee labor organization.

ORIGINAL BUDGET - The first complete appropriated budget. The original budget may be adjusted by reserves, transfers, allocations, supplemental appropriations, and other legally authorized legislative and executive changes be the beginning of the fiscal year. ORIGINAL ISSUE DISCOUNT (OID) - The amount by which the par value of a security exceeds its public offering at the time it was originally offered to an investor. ORIGINAL ISSUE PREMIUM (OIP) - The amount by which the price paid for a security exceeds the security's par value.

OUT-OF-STATE TRAVEL - Travel anywhere outside the boundaries of the state of Washington is to be coded as out state travel. However, with respect to the requirement for prior authorization of out-of-state travel in Subsection 10.10.50, travel to counties and/or cities in the states of Idaho and Oregon that are contiguous to the border betwee Washington-Idaho or Washington-Oregon shall not be considered out-of-state. OUTSIDE CONSULTANT - An independent contractor providing personal services. OUTSTANDING WARRANT RECORD - A record used to record warrants issued by an agency which are not yet redeemed by the State Treasurer.

OVERHEAD - Those elements of cost necessary in the production of a good or service which are not directly traceab the product or service. Usually these costs relate to objects of expenditure that do not become an integral part of the finished product or service, such as rent, heat, lights, management, and supervision. OWNERSHIP STATUS - An indication as to who is responsible for possible claims against the asset by outside parti e.g., federal government. PARCEL LOCATION IDENTIFIER (FOR LAND ONLY) - The county assessor's parcel number of the land, or other used by the agency to specifically identify the location of the land.

PAR VALUE - In the case of bonds, the amount of principal that must be paid at maturity. Par value is referred to as face value of the security.

PENSION (AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT) TRUST FUNDS - A fiduciary fund type used to report resources tha required to be held in trust for the members and beneficiaries of defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution other post employment benefit plans, or other employee benefit plans. Refer to FIDUCIARY FUNDS. PER DIEM EXPENSES - Daily travel costs covering both lodging expenses and subsistence expenses while in travel status.

PERFORMANCE AUDIT - A systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding the performance of an organization, program, function, or activity. Evaluation is made in terms of its economy and efficie of operations and effectiveness in achieving desired goals. The performance audit function provides an independent review of managements performance and the degree to which actual performance meets pre-stated goals. Refer to AUDIT. PERIODIC INVENTORY - An inventory system whereby the agency performs a physical count of its inventory periodically, at least annually at fiscal year end.

PERMANENT FUNDS - Permanent funds are used to report resources that are legally restricted to the extent that o earnings, and not principal, may be used for the purposes that benefit the state or it's citizens. Permanent funds incl endowments where the funds or property donated to the state are required by contract, agreement or trust instrume

be maintained in tact. Refer to GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS.

PERMANENTLY ASSIGNED VEHICLE - A motor vehicle that has been assigned to a state agency or an individual f period greater than thirty days. PERPETUAL INVENTORY - An inventory system whereby the inventory quantities and values for all purchases and issues are recorded directly in the inventory system as they occur. PERSONAL SERVICE - Professional or technical expertise provided by a consultant to accomplish a specific study, project, task, or other work statement.

PERSONAL SERVICE CONTRACT - An agreement, or any amendment thereto, with a consultant for the rendering personal services to the state which is consistent with state law. Personal service contracts may render services to st agencies, businesses, providers, other contractors, etc. If, however, services are provided directly to agency clients, contracts are classified as client service contracts.

PETTY CASH - A sum of money set aside on an imprest basis. Cash held for making change or paying small obligati when the issuance of a formal voucher and warrant/check would be too expensive and time consuming. Petty cash includes both change and imprest accounts. Refer to IMPREST ACCOUNT. POINT OF SALE - An electronic payment system in a merchant location where consumers pay for retail goods and services, through the use of credit cards or debit cards that directly access and deduct funds from the customers checking account.

POSTING - The process of transferring to a ledger account the data, either detailed or summarized, contained in a b or document of original entry.

PREPAID EXPENSES - Payments made for those supplies and/or services (not inventory) acquired or purchased du an accounting period but not consumed or used at the end of the accounting period.

PRINTING REQUISITION (A21-A) - A form used by agencies to order, encumber, liquidate, and authorize payme goods and services from the Department of Printing.

PRIVATE-PURPOSE TRUST FUNDS - A fiduciary trust fund type used to report all trust arrangements, other than t properly reported in pension trust funds or investment trust funds, under which principal and income benefit individu private organizations, or other governments. The resources held under these arrangements are not available to supp the government's own programs. Refer to FIDUCIARY FUNDS.

PRIVATELY OWNED VEHICLE (POV) - A vehicle privately owned, leased, or borrowed by a state driver for which driver receives or is entitled to receive monetary reimbursement or per diem when the vehicle is used to conduct offi state business. The state driver is responsible to maintain vehicle insurance on the POV in compliance with Washingt mandatory liability insurance requirements as defined in RCW 46.29 and RCW 46.30. Refer to Subsection 12.40.20

PROGRAM - Any of the major activities of an agency expressed as a primary function or organizational unit. Agencie may not alter their program structure without the explicit approval of the legislature and the Office of Financial Management.

PROGRAM CODE - The three character alpha numeric code used to identify the agency functional area and the majo activities within an agency. Generally, program codes are assigned by an agency with the concurrence of the Office o Financial Management. However, there are a limited number of mandatory statewide program codes used to identify special functions.

PROGRAM REVENUE - Term used in connection with the government-wide Statement of Activities. Revenues that d directly from the program itself or from parties outside the state's taxpayers or citizenry, as a whole; they reduce th cost of the function to be financed from the state's general revenues.

PROPRIETARY FUNDS - Proprietary funds are used to account for the state's ongoing organizations and activities t are similar to those often found in the private sector. These funds are considered self-supporting in that the services rendered by them are generally financed through user charges or on a cost reimbursement basis. Proprietary funds u the economic resources measurement focus and the accrual basis of accounting. There are two types of proprietary f enterprise funds and internal service funds. Refer to ENTERPRISE FUNDS and INTERNAL SERVICE FUNDS.

PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYEE - Applicants for the position of director, deputy director, assistant director, state superv or equivalent or higher position, engineers or other personnel having both executive and professional status. In the c of institutions of higher education, prospective employees are limited to applicants being considered for academic positions above the rank of instructor, and professional or administrative employees in supervisory positions. In the of community and technical colleges, such travel expenses may be paid for applicants being considered for full-time faculty positions or administrative employees in supervisory positions.

PUBLIC DEPOSITARY - A national or state chartered commercial bank or trust company, savings bank, or savings association, approved by the Public Deposit Protection Commission (PDPC) as a depositary of public funds. The PDPC maintains a list of public depositaries on the Office of the State Treasurers website at:http://tre.wa.gov/PDPC/pdpc.

PUBLIC FUNDS - Moneys under the control of a treasurer or custodian belonging to, or held for the benefit of, the s or any of its political subdivisions, public corporations, municipal corporations, agencies, courts, boards, commissions committees, including moneys held as trustee, agent or bailee. RCW 39.58.010.

PURCHASE CARD - A credit card issued to a card custodian for the purpose of making authorized purchases on beh the agency.

PURCHASE CARD PROVIDER - An individual, company, firm, or combination thereof with which the state of Washi contracts for purchase card services. PURCHASE CARD TRANSACTION LOG - A record kept by the card custodian that lists purchase card transactions detail.

PURCHASE ORDER (A16, A16-A) - A document that authorizes the delivery of specified merchandise or the rende of certain services. This form is used by agencies to encumber, liquidate, and authorize payment for such purchase requisition requests.

PURCHASE REQUISITION (A15-A) - A form used by agencies to request the Office of State Procurement, Departm of General Administration, to order materials, supplies, and equipment, or to request an amendment of a previous requisition. This form is used when an agency does not have general or specific authority to make the purchase or w the item does not fall within the statewide contracts.

PURCHASED BANKING SERVICES - Standard depository services that a financial institution provides an agency fo demand deposit account such as monthly maintenance charge, credits posted, debits posted, cash deposited/purcha returned items, re-deposited items, basic balance reporting capabilities, and checks deposited. Accounting related services such as "deposit source reporting" are not considered regular purchased banking services and are the responsibility of the state agency requesting this type of service.

PURCHASED SERVICES - Services provided by a vendor to accomplish routine, continuing, and necessary functions Generally, these services meet more ongoing needs of an agency for general support activities.

PURCHASES METHOD - The method under which inventories are recorded as expenditures when acquired. Refer to CONSUMPTION METHOD.

PURCHASING CARD MANAGER - An individual who serves as the administrator of the purchase card program with agency and is responsible for providing training, advice, direction, consultation, and assistance to approving manage and card custodians. PURCHASING DOCUMENTS - Documents approved for use by agencies having local purchasing authority.

QUALIFIED TRAVEL PROVIDER - An internet travel provider, qualified travel agent, or other vendor under contrac with the state to provide travel services to state employees.

REALIZED GAIN OR LOSS - The difference between the net proceeds received and the cost, or amortized cost, or f value of an investment when the investment is sold. RECEIPTS - Refer to CASH RECEIPTS. RECEIVABLES - Amounts due from private persons, businesses, agencies, funds, or governmental units that are expected to be collected in the form of moneys, goods, and/or services. RECEIVING REPORT - PARTIAL DELIVERY (A18, A18-A) - A form used by agencies to document and authorize payment for partial deliveries of goods or services ordered by a single Purchase Order or Field Order.

RECIPROCAL INTERFUND ACTIVITY - Internal counterpart to exchange and exchange-like transactions. Reciproc interfund activity includes interfund loans and interfund services provided and used. Refer to INTERFUND LOANS and INTERFUND SERVICES PROVIDED AND USED.

RECONCILIATION - The process of correlating one set of records with another set of records and/or a physical inve count that involves identifying, explaining, and correcting differences.

RECOVERY OF EXPENDITURE - Those receipts which represent the recovery of current period expenditures and wh are offset against the expenditure account.

REFUND - An amount paid back or credit allowed because of an over-collection or because of the return of merchan

REFUNDING BONDS - Bonds issued to retire bonds already outstanding. In a current refunding, outstanding bonds called or mature within 90 days of the issuance of the refunding bonds. In an advanced refunding, the net proceeds refunding issue are used to purchase U.S. Government securities that are placed in irrevocable trusts with escrow ag to provide for all future debt service payments on the refunded bonds until the bonds are called or mature.

REGISTER - A record for the consecutive entry of events, documents, or transactions, with proper notation of all the required information. The form is designed so that the entries are distributed, summarized, and aggregated for convenient posting to the accounts.

REGULAR WORKPLACE - The location where a state employee or state official normally performs his/her work (exc meeting and conference rooms).

REIMBURSEMENT - (1) Repayments of amounts remitted on behalf of another party. (2) Interfund/Interagency transactions that constitute reimbursement to a fund/agency for expenditures/expenses initially made from it but tha properly apply to another. These transactions are recorded as expenditures/expenses in the reimbursing fund/agenc

as reductions of expenditures/expenses in the fund/agency reimbursed.

RELATED ORGANIZATION - An organization for which the state is not financially accountable even though the prim government appoints a voting majority of the organizations governing board.

RELOCATION AUTHORIZATION (A33) - A form used to authorize moving household goods of employees to a new official residence. The authorization may be for new employees and transferred employees.

REPLACEMENT COST - The amount of cash or other consideration that would be required today to obtain the same or its equivalent.

REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) - A written solicitation document which identifies the agencys need or problem, consultants are invited to submit proposals which outline their solution to the need or problem, their qualifications an experience to provide the services, and their costs or fees.

REQUEST FOR QUALIFICATIONS/QUOTATIONS (RFQQ) - A solicitation document in which the agency describe services needed and invites consultants to provide their qualifications to perform the services and to specify their cos fees.

REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - Required supplementary information consists of schedules, statist data, and other information that the GASB has determined are an essential part of financial reporting and should be presented with, but are not part of, the basic financial statement of a governmental entity. RESERVED FUND BALANCE - Those portions of fund balance that are not appropriated for expenditure or that are legally segregated for a specific future use. Refer to FUND BALANCE.

RESTRICTED ASSETS - Assets whose use is subject to constraints that are either (a) externally imposed by credito (such as through debt covenants), grantors, contributors, or laws or regulations of other governments or (b) impose law through constitutional provisions or enabling legislation.

RESTRICTED NET ASSETS - One of the three components of net assets reported in government-wide and proprieta fund financial statements. Net assets should be restricted when constraints are placed on net asset use either: 1) externally imposed by creditors, grantors, contributors, or laws or regulations of other governments, or 2) imposed b through constitutional provisions or enabling legislation.

RETAINAGE PAYABLE - A liability reflecting amounts due on construction contracts not paid pending final inspectio the project or the lapse of a specified period, or both. The unpaid amount is usually a stated percentage of the contr price. Refer to CONTRACTS PAYABLE. RETIREMENT FUND - Refer to PENSION (AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT) TRUST FUNDS.

REVENUE - In governmental fund type accounts, revenues are increases in net current assets and are recognized in accounting period in which they become measurable and available. In proprietary fund and trust fund type accounts, revenues are increases in net total assets and are recognized in the period in which they are earned and become measurable.

REVENUE BONDS - Bonds whose principal and interest are secured by specific sources of revenue and do not involv pledge of the full faith and credit of the state. Revenue bonds are payable from identified sources of revenue which a generally derived from the assets acquired or constructed with bond proceeds. In addition to a pledge of revenues, s bonds sometimes contain a mortgage on the enterprise fund's property.

REVENUE SOURCE CODE - The four character numeric code assigned by the Office of Financial Management to iden

the origin, or originating categories, from which revenues/receipts are derived.

REVENUE SUB-SOURCE CODE - Optional coding assigned by the agency to identify particular items or item catego within a single major source of revenue source code.

REVOLVING FUND/ACCOUNT - (1) An internal service fund established to carry out a cycle of operations. The am expended from the fund are restored thereto from earnings from operations or by transfers from other funds, so tha always intact. (2) An imprest account into which a fixed amount of money is placed for change-making purposes or m disbursements. Refer to IMPREST ACCOUNT.

ROLL-UP FUND - A roll-up fund is a reporting entity. It is comprised of the various accounts that generally fall withi generic activity/nature of the roll-up funds title.

SALVAGE VALUE - An estimate of the amount that will be realized at the end of the useful life of a depreciable asse SCHEDULES - Refer to SUPPORTING SCHEDULES.

SCIENTIFIC AMORTIZATION METHOD - Under the scientific amortization method, the total discount or premium prorated to interim periods on the basis of a constant rate (as opposed to a constant dollar) to produce a level rate o yield. SECURITIES - Bonds, notes, mortgages, or other forms of negotiable or nonnegotiable instruments.

SEGMENT - A segment is an identifiable activity within an enterprise fund that has one or more bonds or other debt instruments outstanding with a revenue stream pledged in support of that debt and an external party that requires a separate accounting of revenues, expenses, gains, losses, assets and liabilities. SERIAL BONDS - Bonds for which the principal is repaid in periodic installments over the life of the issue.

SHARED LEAVE - The donated leave converted to hours by the receiving agency at the donee's rate of pay. This ma more or less than the literal hours donated depending on the relative salary rates of the respective employees.

SHORT-TERM LIABILITIES - Short-term liabilities are legal obligations of the state that arise upon the receipt of g or services. In governmental fund type accounts, they are payable from current financial resources. In proprietary fu type accounts, short-term liabilities are payable within one year. SINGLE AUDIT - A financial, internal control, and compliance audit of a nonfederal entity administering federal assistance awards including the financial statements of the entity. SMALL AND ATTRACTIVE ASSETS - Assets that do not meet the state's capitalization policy but that an agency considers particularly vulnerable to loss, thus subject to special property control.

SMART CARD - A card that has a pre-determined limit of cash, which is drawn down with every purchase. The smar stores information on a microprocessor or memory chip rather than the magnetic stripe found on stored value and cr cards.

SOLE SOURCE - A consultant providing professional or technical expertise of such a unique nature that the consulta clearly and justifiably the only practical source to provide the service. The justification is to be based on either the uniqueness of the service or sole availability at the location required.

SOURCE DOCUMENT - Document used to initiate an individual accounting transaction.

SPECIAL REVENUE FUNDS - Special revenue funds are used to account for the proceeds of specific revenue source (other than trusts for individuals, private organizations or other governments or for major capital projects) that are l restricted to expenditure for specified purposes. Refer to GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS.

STATE DRIVER - Persons who have been authorized by the agency head or authorized designee to operate a state vehicle used for conducting official state business. They include: state employees, volunteers, students (high school college students that are 18 years of age and have minimum two years of driving experience), Department of Correc inmates (under the control of the Department of Corrections), and contractors (refer to Subsection 12.40.20.b provis for authorizing contractors to operate state vehicles.)

STATE PILOT - A state employee whose fifty percent or more of his or her working time is performing flight connect services and flying an aircraft that is clearly defined as a requirement of his or her job assignment.

STATE VEHICLE - A motor vehicle owned, rented, leased, or otherwise under the possession and control of the Stat rental vehicle is a state vehicle if it is rented by a duly authorized employee at the cost of the State and is solely for official state business. The use of a state vehicle must be authorized by the agency head or authorized designee and only for official state business.

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES - A government-wide financial statement that reports the net (expense) revenue of it individual functions. An objective of using the net (expense) revenue format is to report the relative financial burden each of the reporting government's functions on its taxpayers.

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - A GAAP financial statement for proprietary funds that provides relevant informatio about the cash receipts and cash payments of a government during a period. It categorizes cash activity as resulting operating, noncapital financing, capital financing and investing activities. STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN FIDUCIARY NET ASSETS - The fund financial statement that presents information the changes in net assets for each fiduciary fund.

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS - The financial statement that is the GAAP operating statement for pen and investment trust funds. It presents additions and deductions in net assets held for pension benefits and investm pool participants. It reconciles net assets held at the beginning and end of the financial period, explaining the relatio between the operating statement and the balance sheet.

STATEMENT OF FIDUCIARY NET ASSETS - The fund financial statement that presents information about the asse liabilities, and net assets for each fiduciary fund type.

STATEMENT OF NET ASSETS - A government-wide financial statement that reports the difference between assets a liabilities as net assets, not fund balances or equity. Assets are reported in order of liquidity, or how readily they are expected to be converted to cash and whether restrictions limit the government's ability to use the resources. Liabilit are reported based on their maturity, or when cash is expected to be used to liquidate them. Net assets are displaye three components - invested in capital assets, net of related debt; restricted; and unrestricted.

STATEMENT OF REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND CHANGES IN FUND BALANCE - The financial statement tha the GAAP operating statement for governmental funds. It presents the inflows, outflows, and balances of current fina resources. It reconciles fund balance at the beginning and end of the financial period, explaining the relationship bet the operating statement and the balance sheet.

STATEMENT OF REVENUES, EXPENSES, AND CHANGES IN FUND NET ASSETS OR FUND EQUITY - The financ statement that is the GAAP operating statement for proprietary funds. It distinguishes between operating and

nonoperating revenues and expenses and separately presents revenues from capital contributions and additions to th principal of permanent and term endowments, special and extraordinary items, and transfers. It reconciles fund net assets or fund equity at the beginning and end of the financial period, explaining the relationship between the operat statement and the balance sheet/statement of net assets. STATUTE - A written law enacted by the Legislature and signed by the Governor.

STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD - Under the straight-line method of amortization, the premium or discount is prorated in equal dollar amounts to interim periods between the date of purchase and the maturity. The straight-line method of depreciation allocates the cost of a capital asset systematically over the useful life of the asset by way of the followin formula: (cost less salvage value) divided by estimated useful life in years. Refer to AMORTIZATION and DEPRECIAT STORED VALUE CARD - A card that has a pre-determined limit of cash, which is drawn down with every purchase. card stores information on a magnetic stripe. It is not a credit card. Cardholders can access only the funds that are deposited on the card. These cards can be reloadable or disposable.

SUBOBJECT - A refined breakdown of object of expenditures relating to particular items or item categories. Refer to OBJECT/SUBOJECT OF EXPENDITURE CODE. SUB-PROGRAM - A general term describing specific activities within an agency program.

SUB-PROGRAM CODE - A code assigned by the agency to identify specific activities or organizational units within a single program.

SUBRECIPIENT - A non-federal entity that expends federal awards received from a pass-through entity to carry ou federal program, but does not include an individual that is a beneficiary of such a program. It also excludes vendors receive federal funds in exchange for goods and/or services in the course of normal trade or commerce.

SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNTS - A group of related accounts supporting in detail the balance of a controlling account, us kept in a subsidiary ledger. Refer to SUBSIDIARY LEDGER and CONTROL ACCOUNT.

SUBSIDIARY LEDGER - A group of subsidiary accounts, the sum of the balances of which is equal to the balance of related control account. Refer to GENERAL LEDGER and SUBSIDIARY ACCOUNTS. SUBSISTENCE - Daily travel expenses covering meals, taxes, tips for meals and incidental expenses. SUBSTANTIAL CONTRACT AMENDMENT - Changes to contracts wherein the value of the amendment, singly or cumulatively, exceeds fifty percent of the value of the original contract and/or when the amendments significantly changes the scope of work of the contract or of the original solicitation document. SUB-SUB-OBJECT OF EXPENDITURE CODE - Optional code assigned by an agency to further identify a particular expenditure item within a sub-object of expenditure.

SUITABLE SPACE FOR A CHILD CARE FACILITY - Space that is, or, with an identified financial resource, can be m sufficient to meet licensing requirements as a child care facility. It must be able to set aside exclusively for use as a care facility, including provision for a food preparation area, storage areas sufficient for the program, and restroom a changing facilities. It must be able to be made secure, and must be convenient to the place of employment of the sta employee parents or guardians of children enrolled in the program. SUPPLIES - Assets consumed in the course of an agency's operations.

SUPPORTING SCHEDULES - Financial presentations used: (1) to demonstrate compliance with finance-related lega contractual provisions; (2) to aggregate and present in greater detail information spread throughout the financial statements that can be brought together and shown in greater detail (e.g., cash balances, investments, current and delinquent taxes); (3) to present greater detail information reported in the financial statements (e.g., additional reve sources detail); and (4) to present information not disclosed in the GAAP financial statements.

SURETY BOND - A written promise to pay damages or to indemnify against losses caused by the party or parties na in the document, through nonperformance or through embezzlement defalcation. Surety bonds also include fidelity b covering governmental officials and employees. Refer to FIDELITY BOND.

SUSPENSE ACCOUNT - An account that carries charges or credits temporarily pending the determination of the pro account or accounts to which they are to be posted. It does not appear in financial statements.

TAXES - Compulsory charges levied by a government for the purpose of financing services performed for the commo benefit. TAXES RECEIVABLE - An asset account reflecting the uncollected portion of taxes that have been levied.

TELECOMMUTING - Involves the use of telephones and computers to enable an employee to work at a location oth than their regular workplace. Telecommuting is a Commute Trip Reduction strategy that must be approved by an employees agency.

TEMPORARILY ASSIGNED VEHICLE - A motor vehicle that has been assigned to a state agency or an individual fo period of 30 days or less.

TEMPORARY DUTY STATION - A fixed location where a state official or employee has been temporarily assigned to work for a specific period of time which is less than one year. TERM BONDS - Bonds whose entire principal matures on one date.

TERMINATION BENEFITS - Benefits given to employees when they leave state service either voluntarily (i.e. early retirement) or involuntarily (i.e. reduction in force). Examples of benefits include cash payments, enhancements to defined benefit pension or other postemployment benefit formulas, continued access to health insurance, severance career counseling, and/or outplacement services. TDD - An acronym for Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf.

TRADE DISCOUNT - An allowance, usually varying in percentage with the volume of transactions, made without res to the time when the account is paid. These discounts are commonly considered a reduction of the sales or purchase and not earnings. The term is not to be confused with cash discount. Refer to CASH DISCOUNT.

TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES - Those costs covering a) travel by commercial carriers such as bus, train, ship, an airplane; b) travel by privately owned motor vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, vans, or trucks; c) travel by rental vehicle; d) or some combination of a), b), and/or c).

TRAVEL EXPENSE VOUCHER (A20-A, A20-2A) - Form A20-A, in electronic or paper form, is used by agencies to substantiate and/or authorize payment of travel costs for state employees. In the absence of a vendor relationship, t form can also be used to substantiate and/or authorize payment of travel costs for nonstate employees such as prospective employees; individuals who serve on boards, commissions, councils, committees, and task forces; volun and other individuals who are authorized to receive travel expense reimbursement. When a vendor relationship exist the A20-A is used by nonstate employees to substantiate travel costs, it must be attached to an Invoice Voucher (A1 to authorize payment. Form A20-2A is used only for reimbursing travel expenses of commission members who are

reimbursed on a per diem basis.

TRAVEL EXPENSES - Those costs covering per diem expenses; transportation expenses; meals and/or coffee and li and miscellaneous refreshment business expenses regardless of travel status; and miscellaneous business expenses related to official state travel.

TRAVEL STATUS - The official status of a traveler when the traveler is away from both the official residence and the official station, exclusive of commuting between the travelers official station and official residence, on state-related business. TRAVELER - A person in travel status who is on official state business.

TREASURY FUNDS/ACCOUNTS - Accounts which have cash on deposit in and under the control of the State Treas and are disbursed by means of a warrant. Treasury accounts are subject to appropriation unless specifically exempte

TREASURY TRUST FUNDS/ACCOUNTS - Accounts not required by law to be within the treasury and not subject to appropriation, but placed in the custody of the state treasurer due to certain circumstances.

TRIAL BALANCE - A list of balances of the accounts in a ledger kept by double entry with the debit and credit balan shown in separate columns. TRUST AND AGENCY FUNDS - Refer to FIDUCIARY FUNDS. UNALLOTTED - Appropriation authority not specifically scheduled for expenditure.

UNAMORTIZED DISCOUNTS ON BONDS SOLD - Excess portion of the face value of bonds over the amount receiv from their sale that remains to be amortized over the life of the bonds.

UNAMORTIZED DISCOUNTS ON INVESTMENTS - An asset account used to reflect the excess portion of the face of securities over the amount paid for them that remains to be amortized over the remaining life of such investments UNAMORTIZED PREMIUMS ON BONDS SOLD - Excess portion of proceeds over the face value of the bonds that remains to be amortized over the remaining life of such bonds. Refer to BOND DISCOUNT.

UNAMORTIZED PREMIUMS ON INVESTMENTS - An asset account used to reflect the excess portion of the amou paid for securities over their face value that remains to be amortized over the remaining life of such investments. Re BOND PREMIUM.

UNANTICIPATED RECEIPTS - Money received which has not been appropriated by the Legislature. The Governor h the authority to approve the allotment of such money within the guidelines of the intent in which they were received

UNDERWRITER'S DISCOUNT - The fee an underwriter charges when purchasing bonds or certificates of participati (COPs) for resale to the public. The underwriter assumes the risk of ownership until the bonds are sold.

UNDESIGNATED UNRESERVED FUND BALANCE - Available expendable financial resources in a governmental fun that are neither legally restricted nor the object of tentative management plans. UNEARNED REVENUE - Refer to DEFERRED REVENUES. UNEXPENDED ALLOTMENT - Portion of an allotment not yet expended.

UNEXPENDED APPROPRIATION - Portion of an appropriation not yet expended. UNIFIED BUSINESS IDENTIFIER (UBI) - A standard nine digit sequential number used by all state agencies to uniquely identify a business entity.

UNLIQUIDATED ENCUMBRANCES - Outstanding encumbrances which have not been paid or approved for paymen Refer to ENCUMBRANCE.

UNREALIZED GAIN OR LOSS - Term used in connection with the valuation of investments. It represents the cumu difference between the cost of the investment and its market value prior to its disposition.

UNRESERVED FUND BALANCE - Unreserved fund balance is that portion of governmental fund equity that is neith legally segregated for a specific future use nor unavailable for appropriation. It may be either designated or undesign Designations may be established to indicate tentative plans for financial resource utilization in a future period. Unreserved, undesignated fund balance is available for appropriation. Refer to FUND BALANCE.

UNRESTRICTED NET ASSETS - One of the three components of net assets reported in government-wide and propr fund financial statements. It represents that portion of net assets that is neither restricted nor invested in capital ass (net of related debt). USEFUL LIFE - An estimate of the total time that an asset is usable and in service.

VENDOR'S REMITTANCE ADVICE - A form used to accompany each warrant/check to notify the payee of what is b paid. The vendors remittance advice is to reference the warrant/check number and the invoice number as appropria

VOUCHER - A written document that evidences the propriety of transactions and usually indicates the accounts in w they are to be recorded.

VOUCHER DISTRIBUTION FORM (A19-2, A19-2A) - A form used by agencies to substantiate and authorize paym when a Purchase Order or Field Order is not involved but where vendor invoices are employed.

WARRANT - A payment instrument for each invoice voucher or other evidence of indebtedness validated by the Sta Treasurer for payment. Refer to CHECK.

WARRANT REGISTER (A1) - A form used to record expenditure/expense vouchers and account classifications of ea transaction in detail certified and issued by the State Treasurer. It is also used to summarize the information docume on the detailed warrant register.

WEIGHTED AVERAGE (W.A) - An inventory valuation method which values ending inventory based on the average per unit for the period.

WIRE TRANSFER - A type of electronic fund transfer that guarantees immediate available funds or same day settle The payments are conducted on the Federal Reserve Systems federal wire (Fed Wire) network. Refer to ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER.

ZERO-COUPON GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS - Bonds secured by an unconditional pledge of the full faith, cred taxing power of the state. They are sold at a deep discount without coupons and appreciate to full value at maturity.
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