DISASTER MANAGEMENT [Question Bank] UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION 2 Marks 1. What is disaster?

Defines Disaster as "any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area"

2. What is natural disaster?

A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, heat wave, or landslide). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience

3. What is manmade disaster?

A man-made disaster results from man-made hazards (threats having an element of human intent, negligence or error, or involving a failure of a man-made system). They differ from natural disasters that result from natural hazards.

4. What are tropical cyclones?

A tropical cyclone is composed of a system of thunderstorms that shows a cyclonic rotation around a central core or eye. A tropical cyclone is a generic term for a storm with an organized system of thunderstorms that are not based on a frontal system.

5. What is hazard?
A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create an emergency situation. A hazard does not exist when it is not happening. A hazardous situation that has come to pass is called an incident. Hazard and vulnerability interact together to create risk.

6. Define Vulnerability?
Vulnerability refers to the inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment. A window of vulnerability (WoV) is a time frame within which defensive measures are reduced, compromised or lacking Types Social vulnerability Military vulnerability

7. Define emergency?
Sudden, unexpected, or impending situation that may cause injury, loss of life, damage to the property, and/or interference with the normal activities of a person or firm and which, therefore, requires immediate attention and remedial action.

8. What is an avalanche?
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An avalanche can be composed of many different kinds of snow depending on the region, temperature and weather. It could be compiled of loosely packed light fluffy snow, which can still be very dangerous even though it may not appear threatening. It could also consist of a thick slab which is an area of tightly packed together snow that separates itself from the surroundings.

9. Define land use planning?

The process by which lands are evaluated and assessed to become a basis for decisions involving land disposition and utilization. This involves studies on the environmental effects of land use and its impact on the community.

10. What is flood?

A form of natural disaster when there is more water than the lakes, rivers, oceans, or ground can hold. Many different types of floods: Named for how often they occur There're 10 years floods, 100 years floods, 500 years floods, Monsoon floods

11. Define mangroves?

A mangrove is a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally exceeding one half metre in height that normally grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coastal environments and estuarine margins. A mangrove is also the tidal habitat comprising such trees and shrubs.

12. Define landslides?

A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability

13. What are the typical effects of deforestation?

Humans have always and probably always will depended on forests to a lesser or greater degree. Trees provide food, shelter from the elements and predators not just to humans but the vast majority of life on land. Unfortunately the forests resources and appeal is its downfall.

14. Define disaster management?

Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Types of disasters Disaster prevention Disaster preparedness

Disaster relief Disaster recovery

15. Define SOP?

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SOPs may be prepared for any function that fire service organizations perform, including administration (hiring, equipment maintenance, building inspections, rehabilitation, etc.) and emergency response operations (fire suppression, medical services, hazardous materials response, etc.). The procedures can be organized and presented in many different ways, depending on the departments needs and preferences.

16. What is biological weapon?

Biological weapons are toxic materials produced from pathogenic organisms (usually microbes) or artificially manufactured toxic substances that are used to intentionally interfere with the biological processes of a host. These substances work to kill or incapacitate the host. Biological weapons may be used to target living organisms such as humans, animals or vegetation. They may also be used to contaminate nonliving substances such as air, water and soil.

17. Mention the types of avalanches?

Types of Avalanches 1. Loose Snow Avalanche 2.Ice Fall Avalanche 3.Cornice Fall Avalanche 4.Slab Avalanche

18. What is chemical weapon?

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and Biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (warfare or weapons). Neither of these falls under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to achieve an objective.

19. What are the types of drought?

Types: 1.Meteorological, 2. Hydrological, 3. Agricultural and 4. Socioeconomic

20. What is drought?

Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate, although many erroneously consider it a rare and random event. It occurs in virtually all areas, whatever their normal climate may be, and the characteristics of a drought may be very different from one region to another. Technically, drought is a temporary condition, even though it may last for long periods of time.
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21. Explain oil fires-well fires?

Oil well fires are the common term for oil or gas wells that have caught on fire and burn. Oil well fires can be the result of human actions, such as accidents or arson, or natural events, such as lightning. They can exist on a small scale, such as an oil field spill catching fire, or on a huge scale, as in geyser-like jets of flames from ignited high pressure wells

22. Explain terrorism.

Terrorism is "the systematic use of cock especially as a means of coercion." There is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism. Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants

23. What are the types of terrorism?

Types of Terrorism State Terrorism Bioterrorism Cyber terrorism Eco terrorism Nuclear terrorism Narco terrorism

24. What is mitigation?

The elimination or reduction of the frequency, magnitude, or severity of exposure to risks, or minimization of the potential impact of a threat or warning.

24. Mention the steps involved in disaster management cycle?

The steps involved in disaster management cycle are Mitigatition Preparedness Response Recovery

25. What is the meaning of warning?

Warning is the cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger)

26. What is Risk assessment?

Risk assessment is a step in a risk management procedure. Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard). Quantitative risk assessment requires calculations of two components of risk (R):, the magnitude of the potential loss (L), and the probability (p) that the loss will occur. In all types of engineering of complex systems sophisticated risk assessments are often made within Safety engineering and Reliability engineering when it concerns threats to life, environment or machine functioning.

27. What is disaster preparedness?

Process of ensuring that an organization (1) has complied with the preventive measures,
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(2) is in a state of readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to property, (3) can provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the disaster, and (4) has the capability and resources to continue to sustain its essential functions without being overwhelmed by the demand placed on them. Preparedness for the first and immediate response is called emergency preparedness

28. What is recovery?

Recovery phase When the immediate needs of the population are met, when all Medical help has arrived and people have settled from the hustle bustle of the event, They begin to enter the next phase, the recovery phase which is the most significant, in terms of long term outcome. It is during this time that the victims actually realize the Impact of disaster

29. What is response?

Response phase This is the period that immediately follows the occurrence of the disaster. In a way, all individuals respond to the disaster, but in their own ways

30. What is rehabilitation?

Rehabilitation is designed to assist you if you are injured or become ill as a result of your service

31. What is risk sharing?

Risk management method in which the cost of the consequences of a risk is distributed among several participants in an enterprise, such as in syndication.

32. What is risk identification?

The first step in risk management is identifying the risks that we will see in our project. These are the things that threaten to stop us from delivering what we have promised on the schedule we promised for the budget we promised. If we were completely certain about everything in the project and how it was going to turn out, we would not have to worry about risk management.

16 Marks

1. E x p l a i n t h e t yp e s o f d i s a s t e r s ? 2. D e s c r i b e t h e d i s a s t e r m a n a g e m e n t c y c l e ? 3. Explain various disaster management schemes offered by government of India? 4. E x p l a i n b a s i c t yp e s o f h a z a r d s ? 5. Discuss about present status of mangroves in India? 6. Discuss the role of India in disaster management? 7. Discuss the role of armed forces and other agencies in disaster management? 8. Explain the various facilities required to tackle any disasters? 9. Describes the features and factors involved in disasters? 10. Write about state and national level disaster management programmers?

11. Write about state and International level disaster management programmers? 12. Write about risk analysis & assessment? 13. Explain the key activities in response phase? 14. Explain the principle of risk partnership? 15. Explain in detail about ISDR? 16. Describe the management plan for various disasters?

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UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN DRR 2Marks 1. What is database? Give examples?

The term "database" may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and may refer to the logical database, to physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other database sub-definitions. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies).

2. What is RDBMS? Give examples?

Relational databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways. An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is selfcontained in a single table. eg: rdms-->oracle,sql server

3. Define MIS?
A management information system (MIS) provides information which is needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: people, technology, and information or decision making. Management information systems are distinct from other information systems in that they are used to analyze operational activities in the organization.

4. Define decision support system?

A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application that analyzes business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. It is an "informational application" (to distinguish it from an "operational application" that collects the data in the course of normal business operation).Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be: Comparative sales figures between one week and the next Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in a context that is described

5. What is Intranets?
Intranet is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an organization. An intranet uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate communication between people or work groups to improve the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization's employees.

6. What is extranets?
An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside, for specific business or educational purposes. In a business-to-business context, an extranet can be viewed as an extension of an organization's intranet that is extended to users outside the organization, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers, in isolation from all other Internet users
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7. What is video teleconferencing?

The ability of businesses to be able to readily communicate with the rest of world (Both inside and outside its industry) plays an integral role in the company's survival & success. As the old saying goes, "the early bird gets the worm." In order for businesses to compete at the highest level, they have to keep themselves on the cutting edge of technological advancement.

8. What is Trigger mechanism?

Trigger Mechanism is a quick response mechanism, which would spontaneously set the vehicle of management into motion on the road to disaster mitigation process.

9. Define remote sensing?

Remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic (EM) wave radiation to acquire information about an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object. In other words, Remote Sensing is the acquisition of information about an object by a recording device that is NOT in physical or intimate contact with the object.

10. Define GIS?

Geographic Information Systems are information systems capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced information. In a more generic sense, GIS is a tool that allows users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations.

11. What is GPS?

The term global positioning system (GPS) is used to refer to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) developed by the United States Department of defence. The proper name is The Navigation System with Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS) however the acronym GPS is typically used.

12. What is knowledge base?

A knowledge base (abbreviated KB) is a special kind of database for knowledge management. A knowledge base provides a means for information to be collected, organised, shared, searched and utilized.

13. What is expert system?

An expert system is a computer program that simulates the judgement and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field. Typically, such a system contains a knowledge base containing accumulated experience and a set of rules for applying the knowledge base to each particular situation that is described to the program.

14. What is scenario analysis?

Scenario analysis is a process of analyzing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes (sometimes called "alternative worlds"). Thus, the scenario analysis, which is a main method of projections, does not try to show one exact picture of the future. Instead, it presents consciously several alternative future developments. Consequently, a scope of possible future outcomes is observable.

15. What are all the software parts in GIS system?

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GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components are A database management system (DBMS) tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools

16. What are all the basic components of remote sensing?

The basic components of remote sensing are 1. Energy Source or Illumination 2. Radiation and the Atmosphere 3. Interaction with the Target 4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor 5. Transmission, Reception, and Processing 6. Interpretation and Analysis

17. Explain data processing in Remote Sensing?

Tracking and data processing in all forms is essential at every stage of a remote sensing project. Increasingly sophisticated processing capabilities have been both driven by remote sensing requirements and a driving force behind the development of remote sensing. In fact, due to the large volume of information and the large number and complexity of steps involved in transforming it, sophisticated data handling capabilities became an absolute necessity for remote sensing long ago. Thus, computer science and engineering have played major roles in remote sensing.

18. Draw the processing steps in GIS operation?

The processing steps in GIS operation are Planning

Mitigation

Preparedness

Response Recovery

19. What is Video-conferencing?

Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or video teleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate

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by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware.

20. Differentiate between remote sensing & GIS?

Remote sensing is the techniques of acquiring raster data (spectral; spatial; physical) from earth or from any spatial (planets, stars, galaxies, etc) body. On the other hand GIS is a computer system that can create, edit, store, analyze, visualize data and particularly reveal relationships among features, their patterns, and trends.

21. How GIS Works?

GIS works on Spatial and Non-spatial Data Spatial data refers to geographic areas or features. Features occupies a location. Non-spatial data has no specific location in space. It can however, have a geographic component and be linked to a geographic location Tabular and attribute data are non-spatial but can be linked to location. Example: In the Portland map, a park is a spatial feature and the associated information about the park name, area, administrative code and type code are non-spatial attributes which are linked to the park by its location.

22. What is GIS Technology?

Geographic information system (GIS) technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, and development planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times in the event of a natural disaster, or a GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection from pollution.

23. What are all the software parts in REMOTE SENSING system? Examples?
Remote Sensing data is processed and analyzed with computer software, known as a remote sensing application. A large number of proprietary and open source applications exist to process remote sensing data. According to an NOAA Sponsored Research by Global Marketing Insights, Inc. the most used applications among Asian academic groups involved in remote sensing are as follows: ERDAS 36% (ERDAS IMAGINE 25% & ERMapper 11%); ESRI 30%; ITT Visual Information Solutions ENVI 17%; MapInfo 17%. Among Western Academic respondents as follows: ESRI 39%, ERDAS IMAGINE 27%, MapInfo 9%, AutoDesk 7%, ITT Visual Information Solutions ENVI 17%. Other important Remote Sensing Software packages include: TNTmips from MicroImages, PCI Geomatica made by PCI Geomatics, the leading remote sensing software package in Canada, IDRISI from Clark Labs, Image Analyst from Intergraph, and RemoteView made by Overwatch Textron Systems. Dragon/ips is one of the oldest remote sensing packages still available, and is in some cases free. Open source remote sensing software includes GRASS GIS, ILWIS, QGIS, OSSIM, Opticks (software) and Orfeo toolbox.

16 Marks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Explain the Application of various technologies in Disaster management? Write the contribution of remote sensing and GIS to disaster risk reduction? Explain in detail about the application of MIS and databases in disaster management? Explain in detail about GIS? Explain in detail about remote sensing? Describes the systems that involved in disaster management? Describe the operation in GIS? Write about the disaster databases?
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9. Explain the application of Intranets & Extranets in disaster management? 10. Write about the GIS technologies? 11. Explain different types of software tools used in Disaster Management?

UNIT III AWARENESS OF RISK REDUCTION 2 Marks 1. What is Trigger Mechanism?

Trigger Mechanism is a quick response mechanism, which would spontaneously set the vehicle of management into motion on the road to disaster mitigation process.

2 . W r i t e t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f T r i g g e r me c h a n i s m?
The Trigger Mechanism requires the disaster managers to: 1. Evolve an effective signal / warning mechanism. 2. Identify activities and their levels. 3. Identify sub-activities under each activity / level of activity. 4. Specify authorities for each level of activity and sub-activity. 5. Determine the response time for each activity. 6. Work out individual plans of each specified authority to achieve the activation as per the response time. 7. Have Quick Response Teams for each specified authority. 8. Have alternative plans and contingency measures. 9. Provide appropriate administrative and financial delegations to make the response mechanism functionally viable. 10. Undergo preparedness drills.

3. Draw the flow chart for trigger mechanism?

4 .Write about disaster risk management programmes? The disaster risk management programmes essentially aims to contribute towards the social
and economic development goals of the National Government and enabling 12 State Governments to minimize losses of development gains from disasters and reduce vulnerability. 5. Write about the disaster risk reduction and its Process involved in it? Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of its 188 Members. WMO, through its

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scientific and technical programmes, its network of Global Meteorological Centres and Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, and the NMHSs, provides scientific and technical services. This includes observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management community, effectively and in a timely fashion.

6 . W h a t i s d i s a s t e r i n f o rm a t i o n n e t w o r k ?
This Knowledge Network is being planned as a "network of networks". It will be a platform to facilitate an interactive dialogue with all government departments, research institutions, universities, community-based organizations and even individuals. The network will act as a digital library service and will facilitate access to global databases and early warning systems in a significant way. The Knowledge Network is designed to give a fillip to technical cooperation among developing countries and to expand international relationships to include exchange of information and transfer of technology. Nana disk-Net will also promote e-training and will have the feature of many languages through translation software.

7. What is disaster awareness?

8. What is NGO?
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations (UN), and is normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are not conventional for-profit business. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization.

9. What is disaster response?

Disaster response is a phase of the disaster management cycle. Its preceding cycles aim to reduce the need for a disaster response, or to avoid it altogether. The level of disaster response depends on a number of factors and particular situation awareness.

10. What is rain fall insurance?

o In developing countries, economic behavior does not always follow patterns set in developed ones. o Rainfall Insurance for the Most Vulnerable
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Farming has always been risky, but in developed nations, farmers use futures contracts, insurance and other financial products to make it through the lean years.

11. Where international assistance required in disasters?

To provide guidelines for planning, achieving and monitoring progress and effectiveness of disaster assistance and transition activities funded by the International Disaster Assistance (IDA) account and other USAID funding which may be designated for this purpose.

12. Write the role of education in risk reduction?

The importance of education in promoting and enabling Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has already been identified by researchers and policy makers. In doing so, there is a renewed focus on disaster risk education in primary and secondary schools. Mainstreaming DRR into school curricula aims to raise awareness and provide a better understanding of disaster management for children, teachers and communities.

13. Write the role of public awareness risk reduction?

The public awareness of the natural and man-made hazards, vulnerabilities, and risk information. It teaches people that earthquakes or tsunamis are not acts of God, and that risks can be minimized in order to live safely. Depending on the severity of a disaster, damage to structures, and the availability of communication facilities, it can be applied at the scene of a disaster as well to help create and/or maintain an effective response and recovery.

14. Draw the example for disaster information network? Disaster information network in the analysis of disaster, Ex: Disaster information network required in drought,

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 16 Marks 1. Explain various programmes of disaster risk management? 2. Explain in detail about Trigger Mechanism? 3. Explain in detail about the constitution of Trigger Mechanism? 4. Describe the disaster information network? 5. How education helps to reduce the risk in Disaster Management? 6. Explain the public awareness in risk reduction? 7. Explain the various Awareness programmes in Disaster Management?

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UNIT-IV DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ON DISASTER 2 Marks 1. What is media?

Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience via communication. The main means of mass communication regarded collectively: "the campaign won media attention".

2. Define epidemics?
Epidemics mean Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same.

3. Define bio-terrorism?
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. For the use of this method in warfare, see biological warfare.

4. What do you mean casualties?

Casualtys means person or thing badly affected by an event or situation: "the building industry has been one of the casualties of the recession". Someone injured or killed or captured or missing in a military engagement

5. What do you mean quick reconstruction technologies?

Ensure quality at all stages of emergency management including prevention, mitigation, relief and reconstruction and make their adoption mandatory. For doing so, universally accepted minimum standards will be adopted. If necessary, the standards would be modified taking into account local conditions and customs.

6. Il lu st ra te t he rol e o f m edi a in di sast ers?

Media have an important role, and a huge responsibility, in providing clear and accurate information to the public during a disaster. In addition to official emergency broadcasts, media relay accounts of: - What happened - Where it happened - Who or what was affected - What is being done - Where it is safe to go

7. How do you manage epidemics?

The effective management of epidemic depends on the co-operation of individual, family, community and the medical fraternity as a whole. The management of epidemic starts with forecasting an ensuing epidemic and getting prepared for it. It is followed by investing the natural history of disease, causative factor and the mode of spread so that control measures can be accordingly initiated. Once the epidemic is under control action should be taken how it can be prevented in future.

8. Draw the strategies for managing the bio-terrorism?

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9. What is the role of space technology in risk reduction?

Space systems from their vantage position have unambiguously demonstrated their capability in providing vital information and services for disaster management. The Earth Observation satellites provide comprehensive, synoptic and multi temporal coverage of large areas in real time and at frequent intervals and 'thus' - have become valuable for continuous monitoring of atmospheric as well as surface parameters related to natural disasters.

10. Depict the uses of social media in disaster management?

When it comes to the use of social media in disasters then this can be split up into 3 purposes:

Advocacy and Fundraising utilizing social media to interact more closely with people donating and influencing public opinion Information Sharing with affected communities reaching out during disasters to the affected community with information about services, threats, etc. Information Management utilizing the social media platforms to collect, process, analyze and disseminate information required for organizations to do their work

12 Marks 1. Critically examine the use of the media in information dissemination? 2. Explain the types of media and their information needs? 3. Analyze the statistical seismology in disaster management? 4. Critically examine the need of quick reconstruction technologies in disaster management? 5. Enumerate the role of media in disasters? 6. Identify the strategies for management of epidemics? 7. Portray the key to sustainable measures in disaster management? UNIT V 2 Marks SEISMICITY
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1. What is Seismology?
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of earthquake effects, such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes (such as explosions).

2. Wh at is App li ed Se ism ol og y? Exam pl es?

A p p l i e d s e i s m o l o g y is seismology from a global scale to a local scale. In particular we specialize in seismic monitoring of mines and underground cavities. For many years we have monitored the seismicity of the North Staffordshire area. We have also worked on monitoring the vibrations from wind farms and their effect on seismically sensitive installations such as the seismic array at Eskdalemuir in Scotland. Eg:

Haiti earthquake (12th January 2010) recorded at Keele

3. Wh at are th e in st ru m e nts of S eism ol ogy?

Seismometers Computerized digital seismic stations Ocean bottom and borehole seismic stations Automation of geophysical monitoring Strainmeters and tiltmeters Gravimeters Magnetomers Digital resistivity variometers Metrology for very broad band seismometers

4. What is seismic graph?

A measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of the ground (as an earthquake). It is often used to mean seismometer, though it is more applicable to the older instruments in which the measuring and recording of ground motion were combined than to modern systems, in which these functions are separated.
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5. What is Seism city? Uses?

It is the frequency or magnitude of earthquake activity in a given area. Global seismicity maps show that the regions where seismicity is the highest correspond with the edges of the tectonic plates. It is used to minimize the risks, most oil explorations now depend on 3D seismic imaging technology from companies such as Seismicity, located in Houston, Texas, for a detailed look at potential drilling sites. Still, imaging complex geological areas is a monumental task, involving terabytes of complex data.

6. What is Epicenter?
Epicenter is properly a geological term identifying the point of the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. No doubt this is why the Usage Panel approves of figurative extensions of its use in dangerous, destructive, or negative contexts. Eighty-two percent of the Panel accepts the sentence If Rushdie were not at the terrifying epicenter of this furor, it is the sort of event he might write about. The Panel is less fond but still accepting of epicenter when it is used to refer to the focal point of neutral or positive events. Sixty-two percent approve of the sentence The indisputable epicenter of Cortina's social life is the Hotel de la Poste, located squarely in the village center.

7. What are Tectonic plates?

In geology, a theory that the Earth's lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle) is divided into a number of large, platelike sections that move as distinct masses. The movement of the plates is believed to result from the presence of large convection cells in the Earth's mantle which allow the rigid plates to move over the relatively plastic asthenosphere.

8. Wh at are th e fa ult s of Earth qu ake?

A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time. During an earthquake, the rock on one side of the fault suddenly slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary angle in between.

9 . What are the effects of surface fault rupture?

An area hundreds of feet wide can be affected, called the zone of deformation, which occurs chiefly on the downthrown side of the main fault and encompasses multiple minor faults, cracks, local tilting, and grabens (downdropped blocks between faults). Buildings in the zone of deformation would be damaged, particularly those straddling the main fault.

1 0 . What can be done to protect homes from earthquakes?

Faults can be avoided by setting homes back a safe distance. Special-study areas have been delineated along faults where geologic studies are recommended to assess the hazard, locate faults, and recommend setbacks. However, the use of special-study areas in land-use ordinances varies by county and city, as does the level of enforcement.

1 1 . How Earthquake is measured?

A seismometer is an instrument that senses the earth's motion; a seismograph combines a seismometer with recording equipment to obtain a permanent record of the motion. From these record scientists can calculate how much energy was released in an earthquake, which is one way to decide its magnitude. Calculations are made from several different seismograms, both close to and far from an earthquake source to determine its magnitude. Calculations from various seismic stations and seismographs should give the same magnitude, with only one magnitude for any given earthquake.
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12. Define Magnitude and Intensity?

Magnitude: The property of relative size or extent (whether large or small) Intensity: The amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation)

13. What are the types of faults in earthquake?

A normal fault is a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block below. A thrust fault is a dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. A strike-slip fault is a fault on which the two blocks slide past one another.

14. Draw the different types of faults in earthquakes?

Normal Fault Reverse Fault

Strike Slip Fault

15. What are the damages caused by Earthquake?

Buildings topple over, killing many people, trapping others and making millions homeless. Bridges, dams, other structures and natural features are also damaged.

16. What is a seismic wave?

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Seismic wave are waves of energy that travel through the earth, and are a result of an earthquake, explosion, or a volcano that imparts low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations.

17. Why do earthquake happen?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks catch on each other. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

18. What is Tsunami?

Tsunami is a very large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption. It is the often destructive, sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake, subsidence, or volcanic eruption. Sometimes incorrectly called a tidal wave

19. What are the effects of tsunamis?

Effects of Tsunamis are as follows: They can destroy lives/drowned loved ones. Wash away properties. Wash away and drowned pets. The sound will make you scared and after it happens you might not be able to sleep well because you might hear the sound of a tsunami at night. You wont have anything to live like: Food, clothes, shelter, beds and blankets.

20. What are the three factors that cause the tsunami?
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes but causes can also include volcanic eruptions, landslides or even a comet hitting the sea.

21. How does the Tsunami develop?

The mountain of water comes back down. This pushes the water that was underneath it outwards. The force of the water moves through the ocean causing an underwater force that travels for hundreds of Kilometers. The force of the water can reach speeds of up to 800kmh as it surges through the ocean. The energy is underwater and is not noticeable on the surface. As this force travels through the ocean it may eventually reach the shore. At this point, the sea becomes shallower. However, the energy in the water is still the same. The imagery is compressed and the water is pushed upwards. This is how the energy is transferred from being underwater into waves on the surface.

21. Name the tsunami warning centres in the world?

The four main warning centers: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Connected Seas Tsunami Warning System
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Disaster Management 2 Marks and 16 Marks

Caribbean Tsunami Warning System.

12 Marks 1. Explain in detail about the Tsunami? 2. Explain in detail about the Earthquakes? 3. How Earthquake is measured and what are all the damages caused by Tsunami? 4. Discuss possible way to mitigate the impact of Earthquakes?

All the Best

Success comes to the person who does today, but what we were thinking about tomorrow - Steve jobs

Disaster Management 2 Marks and 16 Marks

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