Topic:

OUTCOME OF WEARING HIGH HEEL SHOES IN YOUNGER GENERATION

Ramza Haque
STUDENT DOW UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES, KARACHI, PAKISTAN [email protected]

Hussain Afzal
STUDENT DOW UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES, KARACHI, PAKISTAN [email protected]

ABSTRACT:
Introduction/ Background:-

High heels increase the heel height ,thus increasing the pressure under the metatarsal head in forefoot, they push the center of mass of the body forward taking the hips and spine out of alignment moreover the altered posture of walking in high heels places excessive forces on the inside of the knee joint. All these factors contribute in causing deleterious pathologic deformities. The studies carried out previously were more focused on the adult population furthermore there isnt much work done to investigate the effect of heels in Pakistan therefore, this was a non-invasive study the purpose of which was to evaluate these complications particularly targeting the medical students of Dow medical college, Karachi.

Procedure: A total of 220 respondents aged between 15 to 25 years were selected as potential respondents meeting the criteria for selection. A convenience based randomized sampling method was adopted, where the participants were required to fill questionnaires and give their demographic details. They were inquired about the presence of any co morbidities which was an essential part of the exclusion criteria. They were also inquired about their usage of high heel shoes, their size, duration and frequency of usage, and if they had been causing any complications such as bunions, heel spur, callosities or pain in soles, calf or back. The data obtained was analyzed through SPSS and the graphs of frequency for all the complications were computed. Results: After analyzing the 220 participants it was found that 7.8% were males while 92.2% were females, and 63% were found to be within 21 to 23 years of age. After the analyses of data for the complications it was found that out of the total participants 26% experience foot swelling, 26% blisters, 22% foot numbness, 17% foot callosities, 4% heel spur , and 5% experience bunions. Conclusion:
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From this study conducted on the students of Dow medical college it was found that wearing high heel shoes is not associated with any significant complications among most of the students.

BACKGROUND:
Even though it causes considerable discomfort, in order to satisfy their fashion needs or to gain a height advantage most of the younger generation ,majorly women dont refrain themselves from wearing high heel shoes. Historically, the first form of high heels started in the 14 th century and since then it is widely known that wearing such footwear can often have deleterious and irreversible biomechanical effects. Many pathologies are associated with wearing high heel shoes mainly in the lower extremity including blisters, callosities, heel spur, bunions (hallux valgus) in the feet which is mainly due to the altered ankle joint axis and altered arch angle, pain in the calf muscle, knee and hip joint , Since the gastrocnemius and the soleus have both been reported to increase their tonic behavior in high-heeled gait. Similarly the spine is also adversely affected resulting in back pain which is mainly due to exaggerated spinal flexion. The postural changes associated with wearing high heels is an another major drawback. The postural changes caused by high heels is an overall increase in stiffness of the kinetic chain, which renders tissues more prone to injury from shock and aberrant force vectors over time. All these factor also increasingly prone a person to trauma, fractures and other injuries. In a study conducted by Theresa H. M. Keegan and Jennifer L. Kelsey27. It was found that high-heeled shoes and shoes with a narrow heel increased the risk of all fractures. In another study done to analyze the altered EMG patterns conducted by Dr. Stephen J. Piazza28, they compared those who wear flat heels to those who were high heel shoes and found out that in high heel gait and standing, many muscles located in the lower extremities and the back are overly worked due to the plantar flexion of the foot. Comparisons in EMG were calculated for the factor of each shoe condition heel versus flat, heel versus bare and bare versus flat, comparison showed the high-heeled condition to be different from both the bare and flat
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conditions with a significant difference of heel versus flat (p = .0.006) and heel versus bare (p = 0.028) indicating that high heel causes over activity of the gastrocnemius muscle. Though most of the studies evaluated the effect of high heels in the adult population but they failed to assess the complications in the younger generation. The purpose of our study is to : Assess the complications caused by wearing high heels in the younger generation particularly targeting the medical students due to their daily strenuous physical activity as demanded by their hectic routine. To determine that if there is any alteration in the extent of complications caused by the varying sizes of heels. To determine the extent of association of these complications with age and family history.

METHODOLOGY:
STUDY TIME PERIOD:
The overall study was completed in 4months from May 2011 to August 2011.

STUDY LOCATION:
The study was carried out among the medical students at DOW MEDICAL COLLEGE, KARACHI.

SAMPLE SIZE:
A sample size of 220 was finalized after considering the previous studies.

STUDY DESIGN:
It was a cross sectional study.
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 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
The data was collected through randomized convenience based sampling metho d

INCLUSION CRITERIA:
People between 15 to 25 years of age both males and females who use shoes with heels of size 1 inch or greater than 1 inch, and who are not suffering previously from any other bone related deformity or disease not related to their usage of high heel shoes.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
People who are below 15years and above 25 years.

DATA COLLECTION:
For the data collection convenience based randomized sampling method was adopted. The participants were required to be within the age limit of 15 to 25 years and without any bone deformity that is not associated with wearing high heel shoes. The potential respondents were given questionnaire in which they were required to give their demographic details including age, height and weight. They were also inquired whether they had been suffering from any previous bone deformity or disease. The participants were inquired about their daily exercise routine and if they had been wearing high heel shoes they were required to give the size of the heels and the duration and frequency of using them. The participants were also asked whether their usage of high heel shoes has lead to complications including pain in the calf, backache, callosities, bunions, heel spur or any trauma and injury. In order to avoid researcher based bias the participants were randomly selected and the researcher was completely blinded prior to the study about the fact that whether the participant was suffering from any of the complications or not.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The data obtained was analyzed through SPSS (Statistical package for the Social sciences).Frequencies were calculated for complications of pain in calf muscle, pain in back, pain in soles, callosities, bunions, and heel spur.
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 ESSENTIAL DEFINATIONS: BUNIONS:

A bunion is when your big toe points toward the second toe. This causes a bump on the outside edge of your toe.

CALLOSITIES:
A piece of skin that has become thickened as a result of repeated contact and friction.

HEEL SPUR:
A heel spur is a bony projection on the sole (plantar) region of the heel bone (als may accompany or result from severe cases of inflammation to the structure called plantar fascia.

BLISTER:
A blister is a small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing chemical exposure or infection.

NUMBNESS:
Partial or total lack of sensation in a part of the body; a symptom of nerve damage or dysfunction.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
At all the stages of study due regard was given to the privacy of all the participants where the consent of each of the participant was an essential component of the criteria for their selection.

RESULTS:
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES:

A total of 220 students from DMC were included in the study. out of them 17(7.8%) were male and 203(92.2%) were females.0.5% of the study group was within the age group of 15-17 years 36.5% within 18-20 years and 63% were within 21-23 years.
Age group Male7.72%(17) Female92.28%(203) Total(220)

15-17 18-20 21-23

0%(o) 0%(o) 100%(17)

2.27%(5) 38.91%(79) 54.04(119)

2.27%(5) 38.91%(79) 61.81%(136)

COMPLICATONS OF WEARING HIGH HEEL: a) PAIN IN SOLE:(graph#1)

b) PAIN IN GREATER TOE:(graph#2)

c) PAIN IN CALF MUSCLE:(graph#3)

PAIN IN BACK:(graph#4)
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COMPLICATIONS OF FOOT:(graph#5)

FAMILY HISTORY OF BUNIONS AND HEEL SPUR:(graph#6)

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DISCUSSION:
COMPLICATONS OF WEARING HIGH HEEL: a) PAIN IN SOLE:
According to the findings the data for the occurrence of pain in soles has been grafted (graph no#1), where it is found to exist always in 27 % (20) of the respondents in age group 18 to 20 years while 39.2%(29) members of the same age group experienced it sometimes. The data collected from those between 21 to 23 years of age shows that here 17.7 %( 22) of the female respondents experience it always while 31.5 %(39) experience it sometimes. In comparison to our study, the study conducted by Alyssa B. Dufour23found that nearly 64 percent of older women who reported hindfoot pain regularly wore high heels or sandals at some point in their lives. The study found no connection between foot pain in men and the shoes they wore, largely because they don't typically wear high heels and spend less time in sandals, the researchers concluded.

b) PAIN IN GREATER TOE:

The occurrence of pain in great toe was found (as explain in graph#2) to exist always in 5.3 %(4) of those in age group 18 to 20 years and 17.3%(13) females of the same age group experience it sometimes. While those between age 21 to 23 years 4.0% (5) experience it always and 16.1%(19) experience it sometimes.

c) PAIN IN CALF MUSCLE:

The complain of pain in the calf muscle was found to be always present in 12%(9) of those in age group 18 to 20 years as shown in (Graph#3) while 36%(27) respondents of the same age group experienced it sometimes. While in the age group of those between 21 to 23 years it was always present in 7.3% (9) of the female participants and 24.4%(30) experienced it sometimes.
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In contrast to our study ,the study conducted by Robert Csapo24, found from the scans of the calf muscles in a group of frequent heel wearers that muscle fibers were, on average, 13% shorter than in those who avoided high heels concluding that they cause over activity of these muscles.

PAIN IN BACK:
The data found regarding backache associated with wearing high heel shoes as shown in Graph#4, shows that 5.4%(4) females of age group 18 to 20 years experience it always while 20.3%(15) experience it sometimes, while the data obtained from those between 21 to 23 years of age shows that 3.2%(4) of the females experience it always while 11.3%(14) experience it sometimes.

COMPLICATIONS OF FOOT:
The data found regarding(as explain in graph#5) COMPLICATIONS OF FOOT associated with wearing high heel shoes shows that age group from 15 to 23 years experience 26% FOOT SWELLING while 22% experience FOOT NUMBNESS 17% experience foot callosities and 4% heel spur and 5% BUNIONS n 26% BLISTERS. In contrast to our study, the study conducted by Robert A Schwart25, he found that, Poorly fitted shoes are the main cause of foot blisters with heat; sweating and maceration of the skin are the predisposing factor. His study comprised of 11 groups out of which 6 groups are of the positive findings.

FAMILY HISTORY OF BUNIONS AND HEEL SPUR:

According to the data found(as explain in graph#6) the occurrence of family history of bunions in bunions positive students is 12.5% and those with negative family history were found to be 87.5% .Also the occurrence of family history of heel spur in heel spur positive students is 100%. In contrast to our study, the study conducted by Coughlin (26) concluded that,

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Magnitude of bunions (hallus vagus) was not associated with Achilles tightness or with increasing age. A family history, female gender and constricting shoes were implicated by 35% of the population sample as the cause of bunion.

CONCLUSIONS:
A study on 220 students of DOW MEDICAL COLLEGE, Karachi was carried out in which 72.1% were found not to be suffered from any complication regarding wearing high heels and this rate was found to be higher than the studies conducted in china. While the finding of complications in students are 27.9%,of which mostly complications occur rarely . so it could be concluded on the basis of these results that high heels are not the main cause of complications of foot.

Competing interests:
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors contributions:
During the whole research the author RA has played a vital role from the suggestion of the concept, designing the format, and data collection and analysis. RA is also responsible for searching the literature, reviewing it, drafting the manuscript and giving a final and important review for its publication. The author HU has significantly contributed to data collection, data analysis, searching literature, contributing to manuscript and data interpretation. The other author appreciate HUs role in reviewing the article for the final publication.

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