Grid PV System
Grid PV System
Grid PV System
ECEN 2060
Grid-Connected PV System
One possible grid-connected PV system architecture DC input
VPV , I PV
PV array IPV + VPV Power electronics converter iac + vac AC utility grid
AC output
v ac (t ) = 2VRMS sin (t ) iac (t ) = 2 I RMS sin (t )
PPV = VPV I PV
Functions of the power electronics converter Operate PV array at the maximum power point (MPP) under all conditions Generate AC output current in phase with the AC utility grid voltage Achieve power conversion efficiency close to 100% P V I converter = ac = RMS RMS PPV VPV I PV Provide energy storage to balance the difference between PPV and pac(t) Desirable features Minimum weight, size, cost High reliability
ECEN2060 2
DC-DC control
DC-AC control
Boost DC-DC converter Set the PV operating point (VPV, IPV) to MPP Efficiently step up VPV to a higher DC voltage VDC Efficiently generate AC output current iac in phase with the AC grid voltage vac
DC-AC inverter Balance the average power delivery from the PV array to the grid, Pac = Ppv * DC-DC * DC-AC Energy storage capacitor C Balance the difference between the instantaneous power pac(t) and the average power
3
The system must be disconnected from the grid if the utility loses power
ECEN2060
DC-DC control
DC-AC control
= IRMSref
The control variable for the DC-AC inverter is the RMS current reference IRMSref The inverter output current iac(t) is controlled so that it is in phase with the grid voltage vac(t) and so that its RMS value equals the reference:
IRMS = IRMSref
One possible current control approach, based on a comparator with hysteresis, has been discussed in class, see Intro to Power Electronics notes
ECEN2060
PV module (I)
199.8
Vpv Ppv
DC-AC scope
v ac Vdc v ac iac iin Duty pin pin, pout pout
1000 Insolation
Insolation
PV1
Boost
Vg
Vout
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Vout
DC-AC inverter
Duty
Insolation
Iout ef f iciency
PV2
Iref Pout
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
PV current
DC-AC Inverter 3.94 Iref Set DC-AC Iref to balance the power, i,e to keep VDC constant
Boost DC-DC
Insolation
PV3
Vpv Vpv
Ppv
Boost efficiency
IRMSref
Product
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Insolation
Average output AC power 1 s PV output power Integrator(pout) 60 fac_out 472.8 Pout 0.9586 Compute efficiency DC-AC Efficiency 493.2 Pin Average input AC power
PV4
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Insolation
PV5
1 s Integrator(pin)
60 fac_in
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Insolation
PV6
Add
Ipv = Iref
ECEN2060
IRMSref = 3.4 A
IRMSref = 4.4 A
IRMSref = 3.94 A
ECEN2060
IRMSref is just right Pac Ppv VDC starts at 200 V and returns to 200 V
Tac = AC line period (1/60 seconds)
6
DC-DC control
+ VDCref compensator
IRMSref
Voltage VDC is sensed and compared to a reference value VDCref (e.g. VDCref = 200 V) The difference VDC VDCref is the error signal for the feedback controller If the error is positive, i.e. if VDC is greater than VDCref, the compensator increses IRMSref If the error is negative, i.e. if VDC is less than VDCref, the compensator decreases IRMSref In steady-state, IRMSref adjusted by the automatic feedback controller is just right so that VDC = VDCref, error signal is zero, and the average power Pac delivered to the AC grid matches the power generated by the PV array Stability, dynamic responses and realizations of feedback controllers are topics beyond the scope of this class. These topics are addressed in Circuits, and more advanced Control and Power Electronics courses
ECEN2060 7
Energy storage
IPV + PV array VPV Boost DC-DC converter Energy-storage capacitor iac + Single-phase DC-AC inverter vac AC utility grid
Pac pac(t)
C VDC
DC-DC control
DC-AC control
vDC
Pac < pac(t), capacitor C is discarged Capacitor C provides energy storage necessary to balance instantaneous power delivered to the grid Magnitude of the resulting voltage ripple VDC at twice the line frequency (2 x 60 = 120 Hz) depends on the average power Pac and capacitance C
ECEN2060 8
vDC
Pac < pac(t), capacitor C is discarged
Energy supplied to the capacitor during the time when Pac > pac(t), i.e. when the capacitor is charged from VDCmin to VDCmax
P EC = Pac cos 2t dt = ac 2 T / 8
ac
Tac / 8
/2
cos d =
/ 2
Pac
This energy must match the change in energy stored on the capacitor:
E C =
VDC max + VDC min 1 1 2 2 CV DC CV = C ( V V ) CVDC VDC max DC min DC max DC min 2 2 2
Pac
Pac CV DC
9
CV DC VDC =
ECEN2060
VDC =
CV DC VDC = C=
Pac
Note that the energy supplied (or absorbed) by the capacitor is relatively small:
EC =
Pac
600 = 1.6 J 2 60
EC =
1 2 CVDC = 4J 2
This example illustrates the need for only relatively small energy storage in a gridconnected system, easily accomplished by a capacitor, in sharp contrast to stand-alone PV systems that require very significant energy storage (e.g. batteries)
ECEN2060 10
DC-DC control
DC-AC control
The objective of the MPP tracking algorithm is to adjust the DC-DC control variable so that the PV array operates at the maximum power point In the example discussed here:
It is assumed that the Boost output voltage Vout = VDC is constant Iref is used as the control variable for the Boost DC-DC converter PV array current ideally tracks the Boost input current reference: IPV = Iref
ECEN2060 11
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vpv [V]
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20
40
60
80
100
120
Vpv [V]
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NO
Change direction
Ipv = Iref
Iref = Iref
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Measure Ppv
YES
NO
Iref = Iref
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Measure Ppv
YES
NO
Iref = Iref
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ECEN 2060 PV array with MPP tracking Boost DC-DC converter 1 time unit = 1 minute 0.9644 200 Vout
Vout Iout Boost DC-DC (averaged) Pout Iref control ef f iciency Iref D
PV module (I)
S1 (time varying) 1000 S1-5 (constant) Select insolation for modules 1-5
Vpv Ppv
Insolation
PV1
Boost efficiency
Pout ef f iciency
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Vpv Vpv
Vg
Insolation
PV2
Boost DC-DC
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Insolation
PV3
MPPT Iref
Iref 1 Iref
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
PV MPP scope
Insolation
PV4
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
Insolation
Insolation 6
PV5
Ipv
PV module (I)
Vpv Ppv
1 s Integrate Ppv
-KkWh (pv)
4.081 Epv
Insolation
PV6
Ipv
Integrate Pout 1 s
ECEN2060
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ECEN2060
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The Future of
Grid-Connected PV Systems
Ipv, Vpv PV Converter PV Ipv, Vpv Converter
Ipv, Vpv
Controller
Ipv, Vpv
Controller
Ipv, Vpv
Controller
Ipv, Vpv
Controller
Ipv, Vpv
Controller
Ipv, Vpv
Controller
Scalable modular power electronics: distributed DC-DC conversion Much improved performance in the presence of module mismatches or partial shading Ongoing projects in the Colorado Power Electronics Lab (CoPEC) at CU ECE Dept led by Prof. Erickson
ECEN2060 20
ECEN2060
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