The Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus - Greenwell, William, 1820-1918
The Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus - Greenwell, William, 1820-1918
The Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus - Greenwell, William, 1820-1918
W.
GREENWELL
Bg
WILLIAM GEEENWELL,
F.RS., F.S.A.,
M.A., D.C.L.,
LONDON
61,
W.C.
RUE DE LOUVOIR,
1887.
PARIS.
5126961
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION. Purpose of the essay Previous accounts of staters Position of Cyzicus
Oldest settlers there Argonauts in connection with Cyzicus Colonized from Miletus Historical account of the state
Keligious origin of coinage Authentication of the cut rency Divinities worshipped at Cyzicus
.
2 3
3
5 5
6 7 8
Cybele, Apollo, Artemis, Persephone, Dionysus of as a Importance Cyzicus trading community No early gold or silver currency iheie Phocaic the Monetary standard, Electrum, the metal used for the coinage of Cyzicus its nature
:
.....
. . . .
;
and composition Electrum an artificial and not a natural alloy Did it pass as current for gold ? Monetary value of the Cyzicene s-tdter
. . .
Sea during the fifth century B.C. Source of supply of gold for the coinage .First issue of staters, apparently a single one Second i>sue, one of long continuance and variety Name of the city not (bund on staters Types on the coinage Representations of gods on the staters Other suhjects, such as heroes, &<. Coin subjects, sometimes adopted frm the coins of other states L;irge and varied number of types on the coinage Magisterial devices and not the badge of the state, the principal subject on the statei s More than one type issued in the course of a year Period of time during wl;ich the staters were issued Principal issue commt need about B.C. 500
.
........
.
.
...
. .
22 22 23 23 26 27
29 30 oO
Classification of staters in respect of date Time when the staters ceased to be issued Art at Cyzicus
artistic wealth Skill of C'yzicene die-engravers . Shown in vhe power of adapting subject to space Subjects derivt d from groups mi friezes, &c.
.31 .32
32 34 35 36 37
3rt
... ......
.
.
.....41
. .
.
39
1685313
IV
CONTENTS.
PAOK
TABLE OF DENOMINATIONS SEPARATE ACCOUNT OF EACH TYPE . Type of earliest stater Types connected with gods, &c.
.
.
.
'
. .
.
.
.
.
.
..
Zeus Poseidon
.
...
.
Derneter
Apollo Artemis
Pallas
. .
. .
..
5-5
Gaia
Cet-rops
Aphrodite
Hermes
Dionysus
Scylla
......... ...........
.
60 CO 63 64
66 66 73 73 74 76 77 78 82
.6-5
River
God
Nike
Eleutheria.
..../-.
.
.
Perseus
Warriors
...........
.
.86
Harpy
Sphinx Lion Chimaera
Bull
;
....
.
.
Horse Ass
Bam
Goat Bour
.
.112 .112
'.
...
.
.
.
...
.
113 114
117
Dog
Eagle Fish
.115
Griffin
.
,
.
.
.119
,
.
Prow
Helmet Lyre
...........
121
.124
125 125
IT
is
not
my
coinage of Cyzicus to enter upon a history of the state in any of its relations, except so far as it may afford an elucidation of my more immediate subject. The purpose of
the essay is to bring together as complete a list as is possible of all the electrum coins issued by Cyzicus during the long period of their emission, together with a repro-
duction by the autotype process of each type. It is hoped that this in itself will be of service to numismatists and
others interested in Hellenic art
and
its
development.
No
numerous
made
whose catalogue, on account of the scarcity of types then known, was necessarily a very imperfect one. I have long felt that until a detailed, and to a very large extent an
exhaustive account was given, it was impossible that this most valuable and extensive series of coin-types could be presented to numismatic science with any prospect of
being adequately studied. In the hope, therefore, that I may be able to supply these important materials for
study and research to those desirous of becoming acquainted with the marvellous series of the Cyzicenes,
I have prepared this account of them, the result of
much
labour, but not undertaken without quite corresponding The work lays claim to be little more than pleasure.
CYZICUS.
also
sought to
illustrative
make
lenic
it
mythology and
various cults,
by some
matter in connection with the different types. Of this remarkable and large series of coins, Eckhel, as
I shall have occasion to mention again, knew nothing. The first account of them was given by Sestini in his
Stateri antichi, published in 1817,
staters
very correctly. The next account is one by M. Charles Lenormant, Essai sur les Stateres de Cyzique, in the first-
series of the
Revue Numismatique, in
by
his son
Lenormant,
of that periodical.
given an account of the coins of Cyzicus in Dictionnaire des Antiquites of Daremberg and Saglio. Though I am unable to agree with these eminent authors in some of
their views, I feel myself
for
to
them
much
information and
Numismatic Chronicle,
"
many suggestions. Head have appeared in the new series, vols. xvi. and xvii.,
Two most
a recent find of Staters of Cyzicus," and " Additional Notes," &c., the latter being accompanied by a letter
On
from M. Six containing many valuable remarks on some of the staters described in Mr. Head's first paper. Several
scattered notices of one or
more
Imhoof-Blumer, and Herr Lobbecke It remains to mention Marquardt's very complete work, Cyzicus und sein Gebiet, published in 1836. Though a small
given
in various serials.
by De Koehne, Mr.
Borrell, Dr.
epace only is devoted to the electrum coinage the time he wrote not many staters, &c., were
indeed at
known
on
CYZICUS.
full account,
other subjects connected with the state he gives a very and I am indebted to him for much of the
material I have used in this essay. The pleasing task is left me of expressing my deep obligation to the keepers of the various public collections
noticed in the following account of the different coins, and to the private collectors who have most freely placed their
coins at
my
it is
Room
Museum
impossible for
me
to fully express
my
grati-
and untiring way in which they have received me in my numerous visits to that splendid
tude, for the courteous
collection,
and
for
The
site of
position of Cyzicus
It shows us how the a great trading community. the Hellenic race of instinctively selected places genius suitable for colonization, and which afforded scope for the
development of that spirit of commercial enterprise, which, existing at the time of our earliest acquaintance with that
people, has continued with
many vicissitudes
to our
own
The town was placed on the neck of a promontory which projected into the Propontis (Sea of Marmora), on the northern coast of Mysia, about the middle of the
day.
Seas,
and had
the opposite coast of Thrace, but of the wider traffic with the various towns on the shores of the two important seas
between which
it
was planted.
have been
seated on the skirts of the
The
Doliones,
who were
Mysian
CYZ1CUS.
This
people had probably relations with the Hellenic stock, but had affinity also with the Phrygians. They in this way
became influenced by the religious culture and civilisation of the more eastern branches of the great Hellenic family,
which extended
itself
and
we
are told, were settled in the plain of the river ^Esepus, a kindred people, differing little either in habits or lan-
guage from the earlier occupants. To these were added Phrygians from Thrace, and the whole population became so intermixed and fused that neither the autochthons nor
the later immigrants can be separated the one from the It is due, probably, to there not having been any other.
very distinctive difference between the several elements of the population that the inhabitants became one, and to
some extent a homogeneous people. The next occupation was by Pelasgi from Thessaly, driven out thence by the
^Eolians,
and who
had been
dis-
Acpossessed of Magnesia by Cretheus, son of ^Eolus. cording to Conon, the author of the Anyy^o-eis, their
leader was
Cyzicus, son of Apollo, or, as was otherwise said, of ^Eneus and ^Enete, daughter of a Thracian king, Eusorus. Cyzicus was married to Cleite, of daughter Merops, king of Percote ; but according to another account he died unmarried, though about to take
to wife Larissa, daughter of the Thessalian Piasus.
These
genealogical stories appear to corroborate the Thessalian Conon origin of the Pelasgi who occupied Cyzicus.
further relates that Cyzicus had no successor, and that the Tyrrheni (Pelasgi) took possession of the Cyzicene
Chersonnese, subjugating the earlier Thessalians. Still #mong the mist of mythical events we next come across
CYZICUS.
way
to Colchis.
On
landing at
Cyzicus they were kindly received by the inhabitants, but after leaving and being driven back on the coast during the night, they were mistaken for enemies, and in the
ensuing fight Cyzicus was slain by Jason or Heracles. His death was mourned by the Argonauts as well as by his
own
her
people,
nymphs
memory was called Cleite. During the stay of the Argonauts Hera instigated the giants, who dwelt on
Mount Dindymus
close
by Cyzicus,
to destroy Heracles.
When
rocks
ships,
Jason and the Argonauts were reconnoitring on the mountain, Briareus and his brother giants threw
down upon
Heracles,
who was
left in
charge of the
river
and endeavoured
to close the
mouth of the
Rhyndacus. into an island called Besbicus, and the giants were slain by the arrows of Heracles and his companions. Before
leaving the place the Argonauts besought Dindymene for a favourable voyage, and are reported to have erected a
temple to Rhea-Cybele, which existed there in after years, together with an image of the goddess, made of the wood
of the vine, and like the Artemis at Ephesus and Dionysus
looked
As might be of Naxos, no doubt a primitive agalma. for, some of the coin-types have reference to Jason
and other heroes
of the Argonautic
later times,
myth.
Passing onwards to
we
arrive at
what may
be considered the historical origin of the city, in the advent of a colony from Miletus, actuated, it is said, by
an oracle from Apollo. This apparently took place, though Accorddifferent dates are given, in 01. vi. 1, B.C. 756.
ing to an inscription of
tribes
Roman
into
CYZICUS.
Athenian origin, coming from the Asiatic settlement of Miletus. 1 Another colony is said to have come from.
Megara, about a century later, in B.C. 675. From this time until the extension of the Lydian kingdom under
Gyges, nothing appears to be known of Cyzicus. It came to some extent under the Lydian power when that was
carried up to the Hellespont, including the whole of the north of Mysia and almost all the coast from Adramyteum to the Pthyndacus. Though it may be disputed to what
extent
the
Lydian
it
king
is
exercised
that
authority
in
the
first
time of Gyges,
invasion of Ionia,
clear
all
Croesus,
by
his
the Greeks tributary. On the overthrow of the Lydian empire by Cyrus in B.C. 546, and the succeeding conquest of Miletus and other
made
Greek
cities in
Persian rule,
Asia Minor, Cyzicus became subject to and remained in that condition until B.C. 477,
the supremacy of that empire over the Hellenic Minor was overthrown. Cyzicus then came, more or less, under Athenian hegemony. It revolted
cities
when
of Asia
the defeat of the Spartans there, again brought under the influence of Athens, whose power was farther strengthened
by the
total defeat at
fell
Mindarus, who
Athenians,
B.C.
B.C.
in the battle,
410.
The
rule of
Athens continued up
fleet,
to
Spartan
and
broke up the thalassocracy of Athens. Sparta then became predominant, and remained so until B.C. 394, when Conon
and Pharnabazus defeated Peisander, and slew him in the Freedom was then restored to the battle off Cnidus.
1
Caylus, torn,
ii.,
PI.
6062.
CYZICUS.
various Greek towns of Asia which had been under Spartan authority, and this they retained up to B.C. 387, when,
by the provisions of the peace negotiated by Antalcidas, they again submitted to Persia. In this condition Cyzicus remained till, in B.C. 364, it once more came under
Athenian hegemony,
for after the defeat of to
Athens
towns regained their freedom. From this time until B.C. 334, when Alexander conquered Asia Minor, Cyzicus
was a
free
state.
It is unnecessary
is
tainly ceased before then. The inner polity of an Hellenic state cannot be discon-
it.
The
state
was supposed
to
have
its
origin in
deities
of the Hellenic Olympus, or to be the offspring of the prompting or leadership of a god or of some other being in close relationship to him. Its medium of exchange in
the shape of money was, therefore, in one sense an outcome of its religion, and received its authentication from
a religious sanction.
so
its
According to Dr. Ernst Curtius, an influence had the religion of the state upon great that it issued from the temples, and was coinage,
was the vo/utoym of the god therein worshipped rather than of the civic community, if, indeed, in 'early times The temples the god and the state can be separated. and on account of the were, bequests, and from offerings
other sources, the great receptacles of property, the banks in fact of the time, and were therefore under the most
favourable
circumstances for becoming the issuers of somewhat money, and to profit by the transaction. similar position was occupied by the great religious houses
CYZICUS.
by
offer-
ings made
and
for masses,
were
through the possession of money to become lenders of it, and so in the end, by obtaining mortgages
enabled
upon land, to become its owners. The authentication of the currency being, therefore, a religious privilege, whether the money was issued from the
temple treasuries or from the mint of the state, the designs on the coins, which were the tokens of its being of a certain
weight and quality, were symbols associated in one way or another with the deity whose temples were within the
limits of the state.
stituted the
The symbol,
arms of the
therefore,
which con-
badge or
connected.
whom the symbol was To give a single well-known example, the coins of Athens, from the earliest to the latest period of
independence, bore on one face the head of Athena, and on the other the owl and olive- spray, both so intimately connected with her. The coin-types, therefore, of
a Greek state usually bear upon them the impress of the In the case of Cyzicus, howreligious cults of the state.
its
ever, the coin-types do not appear to have been selected with the same rigid adherence to local worship as in most
Hellenic cities, though the practice had still a certain and even considerable influence upon the coinage. It will be
desirable, therefore, to give a short account of the various cults which, as we learn from historical relation, prevailed
at Cyzicus.
city was provided with a large number of temples, witnessing to the skill of its architects, who were renowned Cicero (Pro lege Manilla) tells us throughout Greece.
The
CY7.ICUS.
cities in
Greek world, and according to Strabo, it rivalled the first Asia in size and beauty. 2 Among its buildings
the temples ranked as the most beautiful, and in them were honoured nearly the whole of the gods and goddesses of the Hellenic Pantheon. It is not impossible that the
large and wide connection which Cyzicus had with the trading communities of various countries may have been
the means of introducing some of their cults into the state, and that as she derived many of her coin-types from the currency of other
their peculiar gods
cities, so
she
may
also
have adopted
and worship.
the divinities worshipped at Cyzicus, one of the most popular was Cybele, the Magna Mater of Phrygia,
Among
who ultimately became merged in the Hellenic E-hea, the mother of the gods, herself probably of Oriental origin. Her worship was introduced at an early period from
Phrygia, and she was
known
at Cyzicus
Dindyinene, from the mountain Dindymus, in Phrygia, which had its counterpart in another Dindymus close by
She also appears under the name Lobrina, from Cyzicus. the mountain Lobrinion, and Placiana, from a town,
Placia,
tells
where she had a shrine, near Cyzicus. A legend us that her worship was brought into Mysia and the
Troad by Dardanus. The worship of Rhea appears to have been carried into the Troad and the district about
Mount Ida
to be the country
an equally early period, and Mysia seems where the two myths, the Phrygian and Hellenic, became united in one. In intimate association with Cybele is Atys, the shepat
its
verdure
is
a fitting
emblem
of the vivifying
Book
xii. p.
71.
10
CYZICUS.
whom Atys may perhaps be appears to occupy much the same position in regard to Cybele as Alexander-Paris does to Aphrodite, who again, in her Oriental aspect as Astarte, comes
He
as
Atys does
with Adonis.
especially associated
with mountains, where her images, many of them unhewn stones, probably aerolites, were most frequently placed,
as the great goddess of the wild,
is usually accompanied the lion. She is in a car drawn by lions, by represented or seated on a throne with a lion on each side. 3 She
usually wears the turreted crown, and the pine-tree was sacred to her. Herodotus relates that when Anacharsis
visited the city, there
was a great
4
feast held at
Cyzicus in
honour of
this goddess.
Apollo and his sister Artemis are also prominent deities at Cyzicus and as the father of Cyzicus, no god might seem to have greater claims than Apollo for worship at a
;
city founded
by his son. In his capacity, also, of apx 1??""1? 5 of the colony from the Ionian city Miletus, Apollo Didymseus was regarded as a second founder of the state. 5 The
connection between Cyzicus and Miletus, through the god, appears to have been long maintained, for in the time
of Prusias II
to
(B.C.
180
149),
at
temple
of
Apollo
in Cyzicene territory,
'A/<ratos,
and
at Adrastia, as
'E/c/Wt'os
and
he had an
The
3 In her temple at Cyzicus, under the name Dindymene, there was a marble statue of the goddess between two lions held by her. Zosimus II. 81. 4 Herod, iv. 76. Clem. Alex. 1715, ed. Potter, vol. i. p. 20.
5 '
Aristides, vol.
i.
p.
388, &c.
(Dindorf, 1829.)
vol.
ii.
CYZICUS.
11
Hyperborean Apollo naturally has an intimate relation with the city, through the gold which, brought from the
regions guarded by his griffins, so abundantly supplied the mint of Cyzicus.
The worship of Artemis may have been brought from Miletus together with that of Apollo, her brother. feast was held in her honour, and gifts were made to
her by the people of Cyzicus, at her temple at Munychia, from which she had one of her names. 7 As Ai//,ei/oo-K07roe,
the harbour-guardian, she was especially and appropriately reverenced at so important a sea-port as Cyzicus. 8 She
worshipped in Cyzicene territory as ep/^ata, at hot on the river .ZEsepus. 9 springs Persephone, equally with Cybele, was worshipped at
also
was
Cyzicus with peculiar cults and usages. According to 10 Appian, the city was given to her by Zeus as a marriagegift, and in consequence she was honoured there above all
other gods, and a black cow was sacrificed to her, possibly as the wife of Hades, the god of the lower regions,
the abode of darkness.
sesses
Appian
tells
picturesque interest. city by Mithradates, the people were reduced to such straits that they were unable to provide a suitable cow to
sacrifice to
much
of flour as a substitute.
Persephone they therefore prepared one made And now a marvellous event
;
took place
a black
hostile fleet
ficed.
and placed herself in front of the altar ready to be sacriSo moved was Mithradates by the incident that he
raised the siege, not daring farther to molest a city that
7
Boeckh,
vol.
ii.
No. 3657.
8
9
10
Dianam,
iv., vol.
i.,
vv.
i.
39, 259.
p.
503 (Dindorf).
12
CYZICUS.
was protected by
so powerful a goddess. 11
Cyzicus claimed
but
account in connection with Cyzicus. Nor is anything recorded which enables us to obtain a knowledge of the worship of any of the other gods there, except what
that there was in the city a statue of Dionysus in the form of a bull. The Argonautic expedition is the most important myth
Athenseus
relates,
13
and includes
Heracles and the young king Cyzicus, slain through misadventure by the Argonauts. The latter, as the founder,
is
most intimately associated with the city which bore his name, and there is an inscription which records that a
statue
was dedicated
15
in his honour,
him as KT/o-n/y. 14 Games were held and his tomb is mentioned by Deilochus. 16
to
The importance of Cyzicus as a commercial and trading community began at an early time. Already in the sixth century B.C., if not before, its trade had extended
widely, and it became a place whose alliance was sought It is true that it was for by other and distant states,
not until a later period that its business intercourse with the Euxine was completely developed, by which it was enabled, besides other lucrative commodities, to draw a
large supply of
on very favourable conditions, from the rich metalliferous district through Panticapseum,
gold
11
image of the cow was made of paste, and adds that the
fice
12 13
15
16
was acceptable
xi. p.
476,
A.
"
Muratori, p. 1042,
5.
CYZICUS.
13
In no way
is its
wealth more
clearly evidenced than by the large amount of money which it issued, itself a source of profit by no means
inconsiderable.
This abundance of
money
is
shown not
only by the coins themselves, which still remain so numerous and so varied, but by the accounts we possess from
various sources, of the large
stored,
way
in
which
its staters
were
and how commonly they were in use as a circulatmedium over a wide area. ing Cyzicus does not appear to have had any silver or gold
currency, except a very limited one, during the earlier days of its prosperity indeed gold never, as in the case of the not distant Lampsacus and Abydus, superseded the
;
No silver
and
coin
is
ing
to a
B.C.,
appears to be imposif
so
they had
It is very difficult to ever been systematically issued. account for this; the more valuable currency of electrum
might be
be required,
it
home
the Phocaic. 18
17 A Daric, which has the prow of a ship on the reverse, may possibly have been struck at Cyzicus during the satrapy of Pharnabazus, but it cannot be considered as a coin of Cyzicus
itself.
The Phocaic standard, the stater of which had a maximum weight of 256 grs., appears to have been based on the Babylonic gold standard, the sixtieth of that mina being 260 grs. Head, XHM. Chron. N.S., vol. xv. p. 282.
18
14
CYZICUS.
stater, stater,
The
though
it
grs.,
may
be considered to average as its highest weight 248 grs., the hecta 41 grs., and the twelfth about 20 grs. There
appears to have been a coinage of double staters, but the must have been small and probably quite abnormal, for no such coin has yet been discovered. The evidence
issue
for its existence is contained in the schedule of the Trea-
list for
is
men-
of TCTpafyaxpov xpvarovv of the weight of 500'6 is just the double of a stater of quite full which grs.,
tion
19
made
weight. The metal of which the Cyzicenes are composed is what was called electrum, or white gold, and consists of gold and silver in combination. That used at Cyzicus is of a
Cyme,
Samos, &c., and, though varying to a great extent in that respect, it never approaches the colour of pure gold, such as the gold of the staters classed to Sardes in the time of
Croesus, or of the Darics.
No
as I
am
sible to say
aware, been analysed, and it is therefore imposwhat are the exact proportions of the metals
specific gravity has, about half-a-dozen staters of
The
by which
it
19 Inter. Attica, Kirchhoff, vol. i. pp. 61, 62, Nos. 165, 166, A coin- weight of bronze first published by 170, 171, 173. Caylus and afterwards by Lenormant (Rev. Num. N. S. vol. i. a tunny the inscription AIC, p. 7), has upon it with which latter he expands into Sio-Ta-nypoi'. It weighs 29'90 grain., which, allowing for loss by oxidation, is just the weight of a
KYll
double
stater.
CYZICUS.
15
The following
gold to silver varies very greatly in different specimens. are the exact figures
:
.AT
per cent.
Head
Head
... ......
.
.
52 -2 5 52 39
38-48 38'44
47 '7 5 48
61
61-52 61-56
raised,
on
style)
Amraon on tunny
;
Dionysus recumbent
ther's skin
.27
is
73 M
an
artificial
and
Gold is, however, sometimes found not a natural alloy. has a native which alloy of silver combined with it, and it is quite possible that some of the earlier issues of
electrum coins
For instance, the metal of the early Indian coinage was very probably obtained from the sand of the river Pactolus
Mounts Tmolus or Sipylus. Analysis has shown the proportion of gold to silver in this case to be about three to one. Some of the electrum coins of the
or from the mines of
Asiatic standard, of
referred
to,
Miletus
may
also,
electrum.
be distinguished from silver except by their weight, which shows them to be adjusted to a divisional system other
than that used in the silver coinage of the state to which they belong. These coins can only be the production of an artificial admixture of the two metals, for no gold is
20
p. 33,
For further details see K. B. Hofmann, Num. and F. Hultsch, Zeit.f. Sum., 1884, p. 165.
Zeit., 1884,
16
CYZICUS.
must
possess.
duct and not of natural origin. Gold is not often found in the condition of electrum, and the principal source of supply of that peculiar metal must to a great extent
have been worked out before the large issue of Cyzicenes began. There would therefore be a difficulty in obtaining
a
sufficient
without
manufacturing
is
make
it
of the
quality of the staters would require the addition of silver. The question whether the electrum money was intended
to pass current for gold or not has also
been a subject of
controversy.
If the electrum
staters
by the transaction, as the price paid for the alloyed metal must have been much less than that paid for the pure. They certainly possessed one advantage over gold coins in
the increased hardness gained by the addition of silver, and the consequent saving in wear and tear. That they
were meant
to circulate as coins of
be improbable.
they were current were accustomed people to gold as applied to decorative purposes and for orna-
among whom
during at least a part of the time when the were Cyzicenes among the most important of the coins in use in commerce, other coins of pure gold, such as the Darics, and staters of Lampsacus, were equally circulating
ments.
And
CYZICUS.
17
as trade mediums. People must therefore have been well acquainted with the two metals and quite able to discriminate between them. It must, I think, be regarded as almost a certainty that the electrum coins had a value of
On
the
other hand, they are described in the account of the Surveyors of Public Works at Athens, B.C. 434, as X/)UTOV o-T<m}pes
21 Cyzicene gold staters, and after the same fashion in other public accounts at Athens during the later part of the fifth century. 22 In one instance, in the schedule of
KU&KI/VO/,
0ewj/,
is a question at the time however, that, gather, difficulty. of the retreat of the Ten Thousand, it was estimated higher
of
much
We
B.C.
400 the
soldiers
were promised,
month, what thoy presumably had received previously having been no doubt a Daric. 24 We have, however, more exact information of the value of the Cyzicenes towards the latter part of the fourth cenas increased pay, a Cyzicene a
Demosthenes, in his speech against Phormion, says that the stater of Cyzicus was at that time, about B.C. 335,
tury.
worth twenty-eight silver Attic drachms in Bosphorus, the same value as in B.C. 434 a gold didrachm, weighing
obtained at Athens. 25 They had, perhaps, before the end of the fourth century become deteriorated in value
130
grs.,
21 22
23
24
Inser. Attica, Kirchhoff, vol. i. p. 158, No. 301, seq. L.c. vol. i. p. 79, No. 180, seq. L.c. vol. i. p. 90, No. 199.
Xenophon, Anab.
v. 6,
23 n
vii.
i.
3, 10. p.
160.
18
CYZICVS.
from what they had been at its commencement. In the meanwhile there had entered into commerce the large
issues of the staters of Philip of
places in his
Philippi.
Macedon, coined in various from the kingdom gold of the rich mines of This abundance of coins in the pure metal
would almost necessarily reduce the Cyzicenes to the same value, circulating as the Philips did in the same countries
to a great extent
had a
Whatever the
may
have been during the period when it was being issued, it formed for more than a century, from B.C. 500, the principal currency for trading purposes of the cities
on the
The only shores of the Euxine and of the -ZEgean Seas. other large coins of gold, whether in a pure state or
alloyed with silver, were the electrum staters of Lampsacus and the Darics. Phocaea, Lesbos, and other states,
not easily identified, though issuing numerous coins of electrum, struck, it seems, none of a higher denomination
than
hectse, for
is
no
stater that
places
known. The
or possibly of the seventh, century had long ceased to be used in commerce, and the gold coinage of Lampsacus, Cla-
Nor
currency. That the issue of staters by Cyzicus was very large is shown by the number of coins of various types which are now known, though so few had come to light in the
if the stater of Cyzicus more than ever was anything money of account. But in addition to the coins themselves we have the evidence of
Treasury
lists
at
Athens,
CYZICUS.
19
which show how common was the coin during the fifth century, and how important an element it was in the
commercial dealings of that time.
satirical
remark of Eupolis
in his
comedy
(FIoAtis),
>/8e
KVIKOS
TrXia.
arTaTijpwv, to tell us
the
A large
at Cyzicus with metal for its coinage, and it is not easy to ascertain the source whence, in the earliest period of
it
was obtained.
Gold
is
found
and
it
is
abundance in several parts of Asia Minor, probable that Cyzicus may have obtained some
places.
of the
The
rich mines of
Nor
even
is
impossible that trading relations may have then been established with Panticapseum, though
it
interests
there.
In the
period of the issues of Cyzicenes there can be doubt that the principal source of supply was
the district of the Ural Mountains, the gold of which passed to Cyzicus through the market of Panticapaeum.
The commerce
of the
Euxine had
110
as far
was possible
but even before she lost the hegemony which had for many years been hers, Cyzicus had traded in those
waters,
and
to the
same
it
port.
M. Charles Lenormant
Athens in
Sicily in
B.C.
was only after the defeat of 413, and the victory of Sparta
over her at ^Egospotami in B.C. 405, that the monopoly of the gold from the Urals was lost to Athens and came into
the hands of Cyzicus.
influenced
This opinion
is
to
some extent
by
^.0
CYZICUS.
main
the fourth century, an opinion which I think cannot be maintained. Whether Cyzicus obtained gold
many
It is
years that place was a principal centre of supply. enough to mention that several finds of Cyzicene
staters
to
might be expected, Was of less than its ordinary value at Panticapaeum, from the fact that the stater of
that city was
considerably in excess of the ordinary weight, rising as high as 140 grains. In further proof of the low price of gold there, M. Charles Lenormant (Rev. Num., vol. xx. p. 29) has shown that, whilst in Greece
the proportionate value of gold to silver was as one to ten, at PanticapaBum it was as one to seven. Such a condition
was, therefore, most favourable to Cyzicus, which bought gold there at a price much less than that current in Greece,
go beyond
so favourable a market,
events dur-
ing the later period of the issue of the staters, the greater part of the gold required for her mint from Panticapaeum.
The gold which we suppose Cyzicus obtained through this channel from the Urals has proved, by analysis of the metal from Siberia by M. C. Rose, t'o contain, as a maxi-
mum,
silver
a hundred, a
much
less
undoubtedly
possesses.
There must, therefore, have been made before the staters and
CYZICUS.
21
One
the electrum currency of Cyzicus is that of the types which occur upon its coins. It affords the most valuable
and largest
illustrations
we
This is, however, to some extent modified by the habit at Cyzicus of copying the types of other states, a practice which will be more fully considered
later on.
There
is
no Greek
state
which produced
so
many
upon
city of staters
electrum coinage. The series upon the coins of Abdera doubtless a very extensive and interesting one, but it
short of the
falls
coins of
which I
treat.
[May I be allowed to express a hope that some one will undertake an account of the coins of Abdera. No more
acceptable
work could be
offered to
numismatic science.]
is
Before, however,
them, as far as
possible,
general account of the coins in question. It has been already mentioned that the whole of the
electrum currency of Cyzicus was struck after one standard, the Phocaic, but it is divided into two very distinct
coinages, both in respect of date
earliest
and appearance.
The
one comprised, it appears, a single issue, of which, so far as I know, a single specimen is known. It is the No.
1,
stater
and
differs
from
all
of Cyzicus, not only in the form of the incuse of the reverse, which is most distinct from that of the general
body of the Cyzicenes, but also in the subject of the obverse, which separates itself from the ordinary features
of the
No. 161
perhaps the stater may appear to have something in common with it. Different though it is, there can be no doubt that it is a
staters
in
general,
though
22
CYZICUS.
coin of Cyzicus
grounds
for attributing
the weight and the type afford sufficient it to that state without hesitation.
The type
(r/<n7/Aoi>)
badge or arms
a very
of Cyzicus, the
tunny
fish
(Tn/Xa^vs),
valuable
product
of
the
Propontis,
where
enormous
numbers were captured on their migratory passage, backwards and forwards, between the Euxine and the .-ZEgean
Seas.
This badge and upon the stater in question it is the principal type continued to be placed on the money of Cyzicus, as a subordinate though distinguishing symbol,
during the whole issue of her electrum currency. The second and long-continued coinage of electrum
it,
tunny as a subordinate symbol, has for the principal type on the obverse a large number of very varied subjects.
The
1 B)
the
its resemblance to that apparatus, of mill-sail has very appropriately been given. This incuse, while retaining its general form, varies con-
on account of
name
Tbe two siderably, and markedly in one particular. sunken parts of the mill-sail pattern in many of the coins have a plain surface (1 A), while in others, and they
belong to the later issues, the surface has short raised lines upon it.
is
granulated (1
B),
or
The name
coin,
of the city is not found upon a single electrum and indeed upon one alone (No. 54) is there any in-
all. Though there is nothing in the shape of name by which to class these coins to Cyzicus, the presence of the tunny upon them is sufficient for their
scription at
(phoca) upon certain hectse enables us to give those coins to Phocaea. Upon some of the silver coins, however, the name of the city is to be
Num. 'Cbm
rMMMRJ.
26
fM a CYZICU
i
CYZ1CTS.
23
name
to classify
them according
to
and
to attach
them
to
to the several
;
gods or
myths
states
to
belong
and, secondly, to
from whose coinage they have been copied, or from which, on account of the subject, they appear to have been
Both these inquiries have, to some extent, been adopted. carried out in the separate account of the various coins
;
but
seems desirable to make a more systematic classification than could be made under the head of each type. In connection with the types it is necessary to state that
it
it is
highly probable that the subject upon each stater was also produced upon the smaller denominations of the same
It is impossible, with our present imperfect
issue.
ma-
terial, to
change
are so
many
cases
where
staters
is
only
many
we do
and
not
possess
To commence,
hierarchy To Zeus
:
Olympian
may
2,
eagle, No.
26
27
3, 4,
Rev. Num. N.S., vol. i. p. 7, PI. I. 2. table of all the types, showing in each case the denominations at present known, will be found at the end of the
introduction.
24
CYZICUS.
and possibly the staters with an eagle, Nos. 151 to 153, though No. 151 may be merely a copy, somewhat varied, of a coin of Elis or of Agrigentum, and Nos. 152, 153
may
be symbols of Helios.
certainty Nos. 5 to 8,
9, 10, in
we have
direct copies of
connection with his son Taras, though two Tarentine types. Triton,
No. 11,
may
though he has an
The horse, No. 126, the dolphin, individuality of his own. No. 157, and the pistrix, No. 169, cannot well be separated from Poseidon, though Apollo has a claim to the
and the strange types from No. 158 to No. 168, including the crab, No. 159, and the shell, No. 160, appear to fall into the same category. To Demeter may be attributed Nos. 12 to 15, and the
dolphin
;
stater
same
coins
To Apollo,
as
may
be attributed.
upon Nos. 17 to 21, and the omphalos, god No. 22, and the lyre, No. 172, are both in the closest connection with him. Helios, No. 23, the sun-god, reare found
presents the Oriental side of his attributes, and the head The placed on a disk, No. 77, is possibly one of Helios.
Apollo occurs on Nos. 143 to 150, though these types may originate in coins of Teos, Abdera, or Panticapaeum. The dolphin, No. 157, was sacred to him, but
griffin of
Poseidon has, perhaps, the better claim. Artemis does not occur herself, but she
is
represented
24.
head, Nos.
goddess.
not found, except in representations of her 25 to 29, if all of these are heads of the
30, cannot be one
CYZICUS.
25
may
possibly, if a
Athena
as his protector, naturally fall into the Pallas subjects, which may also include
Aristogeiton,
inseparable.
No.
76,
since
Pallas
and
Aphrodite is certainly represented, and accompanied by Eros on No. 34, and, somewhat doubtfully, in the head,
No. 33.
there is only the head, No. 35, though the Nos. 133, 134, may have its place on the coins in goat, connection with him, Dionysus, however, having as good
a claim.
Of Hermes
No other of the Olympian deities appear on the electrum coins of Cyzicus, but the Great Mother, though only appearing in one instance, No. 55, in her own person, and once again through the head of Atys, No. 56, is
very fully represented by the
it is
it is
Nos. 103 to 117, though quite possible that in many, if not in all of these types, not in connection with Cybele that the lion occurs.
lion,
the gods of a lower rank, Dionysus is by far the most frequently found on the coinage of Cyzicus. He
Among
head of Pan, No. 40, the No. and 46, centaur, satyrs, in one or other aspect, on Nos. 41 to 44, and a satyric mask, No. 45, and a bi-
and his
rites
we have
the
The ass, No. 129, probably belongs No. 142, was sacred to Bassareus, the fox,
Lydian Dionysus.
be represented, though it is very doubtthe fore ful, through part of the cock on No. 155 and the cock's head on No. 156.
Asclepius
may
26
CYZICUS.
on No. 49
distinctly Scylla.
River gods occur in the form of a man-headed bull on Nos. 50, 51, though the latter may have no connection
with any river near Cyzicus, being a perfect copy of the
ordinary coins of Gela.
represented on Nos. 52, 53, on the first stater, in commemoration of a naval victory; and Eleutheria,
is
Nike
with her name attached, occurs on No. 54. The voyage of the ship Argo and the myth connected
therewith, interwoven into the legendary history of Cyzicus, introduces us to Heracles, who is represented on Nos.
62 to 69
whom
he
chained in Hades.
quite possible that Jason adjusting his arrow before fitting
It
is
it to
93, 94,
ence to the voyage to Colchis. With either Jason or Helle, the ram on Nos. 130 to 132 was very probably associated, and there cannot be much doubt that the prow on
No. 170
is of the ship Argo. Perseus himself occurs on No. 74, and his head on No.
73,
the Gorgon-head on No. 75. Bellerophon, another solar hero, brings in the Chimaera on Nos. 119, 120, and also Pegasus on No. 127,
is it
though
common
type
of Corinth.
Odysseus appears to have the best claim, though it is disputed, to the head on No. 70, and to be the warrior
killing the
ram on No.
71.
Nor do
any doubt that the suppliant by the omphalos on No. 72 And the head on No. 80 is quite possibly of is Orestes.
the native hero Cyzicus.
CA'ZICUS.
27
it is diffi-
A large
number
of types
still
remain which
cult to assign to
them possibly connected with Oriental cults. Among these are several heads, male and female, as Nos. 78, 79,
81 to 84
;
winged human
61,
and a
winged lion-headed man, No. 57, possibly Fear (^o/Jos). There are also several human figures, carrying the tunny,
Nos. 86, 87, 88, 89
also a knife
;
;
on the
stater
carrying a helmet on No. 90, and holding a Nos. shield, 91, 92. Then again there are harpies, sphinxes,
bulls, swine,
allot,
it
would be hazardous to
and which I prefer to leave to the ingenious speculation of persons more imaginative than myself.
The question arises with regard to the subjects on the staters which can be appropriated to gods or myths,
whether they are derived from gods worshipped at Cyzicus and to local myths, or from gods and myths belonging more especially to other places. It is impossible to But decide this question with any degree of certainty.
there can be no doubt whatever that
subjects belonging to cults foreign to her
Cyzicus adopted
on her coinage.
tice
is
much more
one almost peculiar to we must probably look to the wide-spread commercial intercourse her citizens had with places where gods and
cults
other state
prevailed,
strange to herself, and in some cases itself. It may well have happened
that persons of importance in the state, and connected, as magistrates, with the coinage, had intimate relations of
one kind or another with foreign and even far-distant Such persons may have sought to distinguish places.
that connection
their
own
CYZltX'S.
types selected from coins of the states with which or the state itself of Cyzithey were holding intercourse cua may have wished to ingratiate itself or conciliate by
city,
;
such a process other states with which it was connected by trade or treaty. This appears to be illustrated by the subjects
on some of the
staters
mate
relations,
many years,
mony.
religions
But
still
Many
copies of the coins of other places, the only difference between the two types being the introduction of the tunny
An examination of the
to,
plates will at
but
it
may
be useful
them
they
be the more readily distinguished. The two staters, Nos. 9, 10, are identical in
may
all essential
points with
of Taren-
tum.
Apollo holding a bow and watching the effect of the arrow he has just discharged, No. 18, occurs on a hemi-obol of Sicyon. Perhaps no one of the heads of Pallas
of Athens, but the head of Pan, No. 40,
can be regarded as a direct copy of her head on the money is so like that on
the coins of Panticapseum, that the one must almost cerThe forepart of tainly have been taken from the other.
the human-headed bull, No. 51, might have come from the mint at Gela, but for the metal of which it is com-
posed and the tunny upon it. The head of Odysseus, No. 70, is an exact counterpart of that on a gold coin of
Lampsacus, but
type.
it
is
difficult to
say which
is
is
the proto-
The
a close
copy
CYZ1UUS.
29
The
lioness devour-
ing, No. 109, finds a counterpart in an archaic coin, of which many have been found in Italy and near Marseilles, but which is probably from the mint of Phocaea. The
lion's scalp,
No. 113, though differently treated, is similar Samoa. The two bulls, Nos. 121
to the
and 122, the one standing, the other butting, are so like same animal on the coins of Poseidonia and Thu-
rium, that they cannot be regarded in any other light than as copies, and the same may be said of Pegasus, No. 127, in relation to Corinth. The sow, No. 136, is identical
with one on an early electrum stater of the Asiatic standard of uncertain attribution, and the forepart of a
is
strong resemblance to the same monster on an early electrum coin of the Phocaic standard, attributed by Mr. Head
bears
No. 144, must have been executed by an artist who had before him, in his mind's eye at least, the kindred creatures of Teos or Abdera,
to
Zeleia.
griffin,
The
and the
eagle,
No. 151,
is is
on an electrum coin of the Asiatic standard, attributed Other coins might, perhaps, be added to to Abydos.
this
list,
copies.
of types
on the electrum coinage of Cyzicus may, perhaps, be accounted for by the long period during which these coins were issued, and, no doubt, with some modifications,
was one cause of the diversity of types. Where the practice of placing a mark on the coin, to designate the magistrate under whose authority the coin was issued,
this
30
CYZICUS.
was in
long period of time, it follows as a necessary consequence that the coins should present a large number of these distinguishing marks.
As
a rule these
to the
symbols
forming the badge of the state, which usually occupied the most prominent position on the coin. At Cyzicus, however,
a quite different custom prevailed the magisterial device became there the principal subject on the coin, the badge
;
of the state occupying a secondary position. In relation to the annual issue of coin-types at Cyzicus, M. Six has 28 argued, and with much force, that each type denotes the
coin-issue for one year, under the authority
and contain-
ing the distinctive mark of the magistrate in authority for that year. Mr. Head dissents from this opinion, and I think
on just grounds.
date, for
The
is
we
any help from history, and, in the absence of inscriptions, we have no aid from letter- forms.
scarcely
we have
style, if
we
accept
M.
Six's theory
we
should, in
my
too large a
different coins into a given period than would be possible if only a single type had been issued in each year. We may agree, I think, with
number of
more probable that several, perhaps in use at one and the same time." were numerous, types
it is
"
As the superabundance of coins of different types during a given period is one objection to M. Six's view, so the paucity of coins during other periods may also be urged
This, however, is a much less valid objection against it. than the first, because we cannot tell how many types
28
A ww?.
CYZ1CUS.
31
issued
When we come to the consideration of the time during which the electrum coinage of Cyzicus was in course of issue, we are left without any direct evidence from historical relation,
and
main
to
judge from the coins themselves, their fabric and their art. At first sight they might appear, on account of their
thick and
to be
reverse,
are,
much
than they
are.
These features
however, merely survivals, and, like the archaic head of Pallas on the later coins of Athens, were probably retained by Cyzicus on account of trade requirements. The incuse on the reverse was kept up at Cyzicus long after
its
all other places except at Phocsea, on the hectae of that state. found equally That side of the coin must, therefore, be disregarded in
where
is
its
type-
from
to, separates itself the other electrum coins of Cyzicus, not only by the difference of its reverse, but by the time of its issue.
all
It is certainly
much
coins of
what may
may
be attributed to the
B.C., if it is
not as early as
B.C.
600.
to
For a period of almost a century Cyzicus does not seem have had any currency. The Lydian gold coinage during that time probably supplied the commercial requirements of the Greek states of Asia Minor. Cyzicus had not then attained the wealth and importance of which she afterwards became possessed.
32
CYZICt
S.
to
the celebrated
and half-hectse or
years to be identified,
series could not
which she was for many which made her one of the and
That the
first
issue of this
all,
if at
later
than
B.C.
500
is
of the staters.
shown by the style exhibited upon some For instance, the figures, Nos. 59, 61,
have
sibly,
all
still
the characteristics of a very early date, one, posearlier than that specified as the commence-
ment
the fish-head, including the stater, No. 161, also appear Nos. 150, 154, to be rather before than after B.C. 500.
may also
class.
A little later
than
these, but
belonging
which
Mr. Head proposes to close at B.C. 480, are the head of Pallas, No. 25, with the head in profile, but having the eye as if seen in front the heads, Nos. 26, 27, 77, 78
;
the strange head, No. 30 the Satyric mask, No. 45 the Gorgon head, No. 75 bifrontal head, No. 47
; ;
the
and
;
the Satyr, No. 41 Triton, No. 11 the lion-headed 50 No. the human-headed bull, winged man, No. 57 the running figure, No. 58, and the two
the helmet, No. 171
; ;
;
winged
figures,
;
Nos. 59, 61
bow, No. 65 figure holding two tunnies, No. 87 the Harpies and the Sphinxes, Nos. 97 to 102 the forepart the forepart of lion, No. 110 the of lioness, No. 109
;
;
To a period not long after B.C. 480, may perhaps be the heads, Nos. attributed the head of Perseus, No. 73
;
CYZICUS.
33
the
84
figure holding
;
tunny and
knife,
No. 88
;
griffin,
No. 145
and the
pistrix,
No. 169.
we may regard
as belonging to a period
a large proportion of the remaining coins between B.C. 440 and B.C. 410.
Among the
Nos.
coins
which appear
to
this interval
may
perhaps be included
23, 31,
42
66
to 69, 71,
72, 74,
birds, 151 to 153, 115, 117, 118, 121 to 127, 129 to 142 149 the prow, 170, 155 monsters, 143, 144, 146, 148, and the lyre, 172. The remainder of the types, including
;
;
Nos. 15, 19 to 21, 34, 38, 52, 54, 76, may be attributed to the time between B.C. 410 and the accession of Philip to
the throne of Macedon,
last class are
B.C.
359.
Among
to 83,
With every
though, perhaps, belonging to the latest of the staters, as having been issued not later than B.C. 360. The conclusion, therefore, at
to the
all
Cyzicenes
a
is,
they
500, or possibly
and the year B.C. 360. M. Francois Lenormant, holding the same view as his
he has given of the Cyzicenes, 29
Saglio,
Daremberg and
F
04
CYZ1CUS.
expresses the opinion that the principal issue was between the end of the Peloponnesian War, B.C. 404, and the time
who began to reign B.C. 336. M. Six, whose authority is of great value, also considers that some of the staters were issued as late as the time of Alexander's
of Alexander,
accession.
were possible to adopt M. Lenormant's opinion, we should have to cast aside all considerations of style, though
If
it
it is
of the staters
upon that evidence alone that the question of the date must be decided. It is, however, an opinion which cannot be entertained, for whatever view may be
ing regard to the style of the coins, that the greater part were struck after the year B.C. 404. In rejecting M. Six's
view, which, however, has reference only to a very few of the staters, I by no means feel the same confidence. It is
true, indeed, that the heads, Nos. 12, 13,
and
especially
No. 83 cannot be
rejected, on account of their style, as the date M. Six attributes to them, inconsistent with being but on the other hand it cannot be justly asserted that
they may not have been struck before B.C. 360. It appears to be on the whole a safer conclusion at which to arrive,
that the issue of staters entirely ceased before B.C. 360, than to suppose that, several years after that time, two
way and
quite
The
fact that
as a
common currency
own time
has been
considered a proof that they were issued as late as then. This evidence is, however, of a very inconclusive kind, since it is certain that a class of coins so largely issued
and
so widely circulated
would continue
to
be used in
after they
had ceased
CYZ1CUS.
35
to
It does not
need
adduce
may
case at the Piraeus a few years ago. It is a fact which is indisputable that for a long period, and over a large area, the Cyzicenes, together with Darics,
formed the principal gold currency of the shores of the This position they held .ZEgean and neighbouring seas.
until a coin of purer metal
large quantities, and then when Philip of Macedon issued from numerous mints the stater which bore his name, Cyzicus ceased to enjoy the monopoly which had so long
been hers, and the coinage of the Cyzicenes came to an end. The position Cyzicus occupied in the Hellenic world in
regard to art cannot, perhaps, be either fairly or fully estimated from the evidence afforded by its coinage. The
process of engraving on a die, leaving out of consideration the limited space on which a subject has to be represented,
is
granted to painting, to sculpturing in marble, or to casting in bronze. It existing within its cannot break, and
arts are
is
bound, like
gem
engraving, by laws
own province
more
or less free.
numerous representations of human and animal form and the way in which the characteristic
qualifications, the
features of gods
and heroes,
it
orders of
life,
are depicted
upon the
coins, enable us to
may
be an inadequate one,
upon the
Cyzicus.
artistic
We
know
36
artists of
CYZICUS.
of
its sculptors,
eminence, and, though we do not hear so much there can be little doubt that Cyzicus was
cities of Asia Minor, whose temple decoand other works of sculpture are still left to testify the genius and skill of their inhabitants. The site of
Cyzicus never having been excavated, we are left without the evidence which has been supplied by an examination of the remains of other cities, such, for instance, as Per-
gamon, with the sculptures of which place bable that Cyzicus had much in common.
it is
not impro-
As has already been stated, the coinage of a state does not afford a complete index of the wealth it possessed in the productions of its sculptors, nor does it indicate, except
in an imperfect manner, the height to in question plastic art
which
at the place
had
attained.
But
at Cyzicus
we
have
opportunity than at other cities of estimating by means of the coinage the artistic condition there. In most Hellenic states the coin-types were local, the
still less
outcome of the religious cults or myths of the place itself, and were influenced not only by the traditional and continuous teaching of the special art-school there, but also by the sentiment begotten of the worship of the gods with whom the city was, in one or other way, connected, and
who were
some cases
its
its
At Cyzicus, on the contrary, the of the coin- types were to a large extent borrowed subjects
from other
all
states, and her school of die-engraving was, at events in the selection of the types, of the most eclectic kind. It is difficult, indeed, to say of many of her coins
whether the subject upon them was indigenous to the city or was adopted or adapted from the coinage or sculpture of other and sometimes far-distant states, but that a
considerable proportion belong to the latter class is unWith this limitation in respect of original questionable.
CYZICUS.
37
far,
the
who were
and even power in the way in which dies, they have treated the subjects at their disposal. In the separate description of each of the types which is given
show great
skill
later on, it is
which are direct imitations of other coins or are copies of groups in marble, have been derived but it seems desir;
where such a
and 10,
The
staters Nos. 9
headed
head,
bull, is the
is
;
drachm
ordinary type of Gela No. 85, female precisely similar to one on a Syracusan tetrawhile Nos. 31 and 32, Gaia and Erichthonius,
all respects like to
and No. 76, Harmodius and Aristogeiton, represents a sculptured subject, once a celebrated and popular one at
Athens.
of
In the case of these types the artists of the mint Cyzicus appear as little more than mere copyists, but
there are other cases in which they have adopted a subit after ject from a coin of another city but have modified
their
own
fashion,
of adaptation but
Instances of this
may, perhaps, be found in No. 16, Triptolemus in the No. 18, Apollo watching the effect of the serpent car
;
No. 21, Apollo on a swan No. 63, No. 69, Heracles strangling the
;
lions,
No. 151, eagle tearing a tunny and also in the bulls, and griffins of which so many and different
;
In no way, howshown have the their skill ever, Cyzicene die-engravers more conspicuously than in the manner in which they
representations occur on the staters.
38
CYZ1CUS.
shown
moulding of form. Striking examples of this are in No. 38, Dionysus seated No. 48, Nereid carry; ;
ing a wreath
68,
No.
Heracles holding club and lion's skin ; No. 71, Odysseus slaying a ram and the staters where warriors
;
and
among the rest, are represented in or bending positions. But they achieved a still kneeling greater success than this, for they have dared to make the great gods assume, yet without loss of dignity, the
others, satyrs
of Cyzicus
copyists or adapters of the works of other artists, they give evidence upon many of the staters of the faculty of
This appears to be as fully expressed in their treatment of Dionysiac types as in any other of the
original design.
numerous
subjects
prominent and popular god. The staters, Nos. 42 to 44, where satyrs are seen in different aspects, are examples of
quite novel treatment of those attendants upon Dionysus, and they are examples as successful as they are novel.
It cannot, I think, be denied, after a
due examination
of the whole series of the electrum coins, that at Cyzicus, notwithstanding the eclectic tendency of its coin-types,
due in some respects perhaps to commercial relations, a school of die-engravers was in existence which possessed
not only a distinctive character combined with originality, but also much artistic power and skill in expression and
adaptation.
The
subjects represented
to
have been
derived from
many
sources.
Some
CYZ1CUS.
39
some are simply copies of other coins, and some are modion the coins of other states. There
are also others which have been taken from single figures or groups in marble, in whole or in part, and which in some cases have been directly reproduced, while in others
they have been changed in a greater or less degree in accordance with the taste or feeling of the artist, or to fit them to the requirement of the space on the coin. All
those, however,
which are not original designs give indications of the translation they have undergone, and show
the
the impression they have received from passing through mind and under the hand of the Cyzicene engraver.
subjects appear to have been separate groups or single statues but others, and probably the greater number, were portions of scenes
;
friezes
If
be in possession of the sculptures which decorated the temples of Cyzicus and other cities, neighbouring or
foreign, we should doubtless find some which would give us the clue to the origin of many of the coin- types. As might be expected, the greater number of the subjects
belong to the cults and myths of Hellas, and we are brought face to face with Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter,
Apollo,
Aphrodite, Dionysus, Heracles, Odysseus, Orestes, and Perseus, though some of them present an aspect not quite in harmony with their HelPallas,
lenic relations.
and
There are
also a large
more or
less Oriental in
their character.
part of these are subjects taken from cults where ancient Hellenic mythology had become influenced
altered
and
by Eastern systems of religious worship, but a few appear to be even still more directly and purely of
Oriental origin.
40
CYZICUS.
a review of the extensive and important series of the Cyzicene electrum coinage, extending as it did through
On
a lengthened period, during which art had developed from almost its first beginnings to the highest perfection it
ever attained,
we cannot but be
excellence of the monetary art of Cyzicus. No state it in the of equalled variety subjects represented on its coins, as none excelled it in the high artistic qualities with
among
money
of the various
states of Hellas,
the mint of Cyzicus, but no state can pretend to equal it in the number and variety of works of such high artistic
merit as the staters of Cyzicus present. If the coinage of this great commercial city on the Hellespont is contrasted
with that of Athens, a state politically as superior to Cyzicus as its trading enterprises were more widely and largely extended, and which in art was at the head of all
Hellenic
culture,
the difference
is
indeed
marvellous.
city was issuing type after type, each one rivalling the other in the beauty and appropriateness of the design and the skill of its execution, the other was
reproducing, century after century, almost without any change or advance in style, the same and only type with
which
she had
issue.
The
barbarians
"
has been,
alleged as the reason why Athens, with all her wealth of sculptors and her supretruth,
macy
But there were the same requirethe uninviting " owl." ments to be considered at Cyzicus, and that she rose
superior to these considerations seems to demand from who admit the claims of art to be a civilising influence, a very high recognition of her merits.
all
CYZICTJS.
41
The circumstances attending the discovery of the staters, or of a number found deposited
is
together,
be
much
assisted in
a matter of some importance, and we should any inquiry as to the area within
circulated,
and
to
some extent
also in
regard to the time at which certain types were issued, if we were in possession of correct information about the
It is, however, only on rare occafinding of these coins. sions that anything authentic can be ascertained as to the
number, contents, and place of finding of the various hoards which have been brought to light. We are, however, fortunately in possession of fairly trustworthy details
connected with two deposits of Cyzicene staters, and also of the places where a few single coins have been found.
In the neighbourhood of Kertch, the ancient Panticapaeum, several deposits of Cyzicenes have occurred, some, as has
been stated, in the numerous and rich tombs with which the locality abounds. No exact account has been given of these finds, and it is believed that the coins were in
most cases melted. Some isolated staters have also been met with near Kertch, which have been preserved, and
which are noticed in the following account of the staters. Of the two hoards above referred to, both of much importance, I propose to state shortly
contents.
what
is
known
of their
The
first
far, it is
of Clazomenae.
It consisted of
several Darics,
electrum staters of Lampsacus, and a large series of staters of Cyzicus, but no hectas, nor twelfths. I have found it impossible to ascertain what
many
coins, or the
number
of each
part, if
but I believe the following list includes the greater not all, of the types of the Cyzicenes.
42
Nos.
THE
3, 6, 16,
24
[PI.
I., 3, 6,
;
17, 18,
[PI. II.,
19, 23,24, 25]. Nos. 30, 31, 32, 36, 42, 44, 48, 51
7, 8, 9, 13, 20, 22, 26, 31].
[PI. III.,
97, 99
[PI. IV., 1, 7, 8, 9
Nos.
107, 113, 115, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 130, 134; [PI. V.,
1, 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23,
24, 29].
146
The other discovery was made in 1882 at the Piraeus, when about forty to forty-five coins appear to have been The principal part were found in a terra-cotta vase.
Cyzicene staters, but there were also some staters of Alexander the Great, but no hectse nor twelfths. I have been
Nos.
9,
24; [PL
29].
I., 9,
25].
[PI. II.,
6, 21, 26,
Nos. 99*, 100; [PI. IV., 29]. Nos. 122, 127, 130, 134; [PI. V., 16, 21, 24, 29]. No. 141 [PI. VI., 3].
18,23,28].
Museum, London
Brit.
Mus.
Lord Ashburnham
Koenigliches Museum, Berlin Berlin. Koenigliche Sammlung, Munich Munich. Kaiserliche Sammlung, Vienna Vienna. The Imperial Hermitage, St. Petersburg
St. Pet.
Mr. Arthur J. Evans, Oxford Evans. Rev. William Greenwell, Durham W. G. Mr. Cartrae, Edinburgh Carfrae. M. W. H. Waddington, Paris Waddington.
Hirsch.
Imhooi-Blumer, Winterthur
hoof. J. P. Six,
1mLob-
Copen-
M.
Amsterdam
Six.
The Royal Cabinet at the Hague Hague. Public Numismatic Museum, Athens
Athens. Herzogliche Sammlung, Gotha Gotha. Hunter Collection, Glasgow Hunter. Leake Collection, Cambridge Leake. Sir Edward Bunbury, Bart., London BunDr. Weber, London Weber. Mr. Thomas Jones, London Jones.
bury.
Herr A.
Lobbecke,
Brunswick
M. Lambros, Athens
becke. Iversen, St. Petersburg Iversen. Messrs. Rollin and Feuardent, Paris R. and F. M. Hoffmann, Paris Hoffmann. Professor Rhousopoulos, Athens Rhousopoulos.
M.
Lambros.
CY7ICUS.
43
TABLE OF DENOMINATIONS.
No.
44
CYZICUS.
(continued).
CYZICUS.
45
CATALOGUE OF TYPES.
1.
Obv.
Rev.
Tunny
Two
the
larger
Brit.
[PI. I. 1]
Engr. Num.
Noted.
7.
Brit.
Mus.
Nummi
The tunny, here the principal type, assumes, as the " arms " of Cyzicus, its place on the symbol, badge, or
earliest coinage of the state, a place it retained,
though
reverse
is
The figure in one of the the electrum coins of Cyzicus. a is probably cray-fish (doraKos), a more likely squares
adjunct on the money of a powerful maritime state than a scorpion. similar creature occurs on coins once attri-
buted to Abydos and later to Ancore, but now assigned by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Monnaies Grecques, p. 232) to
Astakos.
stater, of the Phocaic standard and of good weight, the earliest coin which can be attributed to Cyzicus, and must be assigned to a period not much, if at all, later
This
is
than the commencement of the sixth century B.C. It cannot, under any circumstances, be placed after the time
introduced his gold coinage (B.C. 560), which, following in the track of his conquests, must to a
Cro3sus
30
when
Num.
Vet., R. P. K.
46"
CYZICUS.
large extent have displaced the electrum maritime cities of Asia Minor.
money
of the
of,
and sacred
if it is in
very doubtful
it
on the
on
Cyzicene coinage.
Except
sym-
attached
to
some
divinity,
it
might be supposed
badge of Cyzicus, in
It
reason
like
why
it
was adopted
as the
manner
as the silphium
and in the Cyrenaica these two important merce were adopted as state badges.
2.
com-
Obv. Male
figure wearing himation over lower part of body, kneeling right on tunny ; in his right hand he holds a long sceptre, and on his left an eagle, about to take flight.
Noted. Ann.
dell' Inst. di
Corrisp. Archeol.,
xiii., p.
150a.
undoubtedly that of Zeus, though the kneeling position is one not quite consistent with a reprefigure
is
The
fied
He is identisentation of the supreme god and father. the whole the and but in addition by eagle sceptre,
is
figure
and
attributes
it
was
sought to idealise
presentment of Zeus.
Professor
In the account of each type any description of the reverse in future be omitted. It is invariably an incuse of the mill-sail pattern, and differs only in the quarters being sometimes plain, PI. I., 1 A., at other times covered with dots, PI. I., 1 B., or with short raised lines. The incuses which have
will
31
CYZICUS.
47
p. 87),
compoon a limited space, an explanation which will also apply to others of the subjects found on the Cyzicene staters.
Though
fitted the
a seated figure of Zeus would have equally well space at the artist's disposal, it is probable that
the subject was in this case accommodated to suit the coin. On a coin of Trajan is a figure of Zeus, with sceptre
and
eagle,
and having an
inscription,
ZEY[Z]
XHTHP
KYZIKHNHN.
8.
Bearded head to
tunny
right,
right.
W. G.
(&),
248
grs. [PI.
I.
3].
Brit.
Mus.
(a),
247'1.
Paria
(c),
247.
sale,
Vienna, 247'2. Weber, 247'2 (Whittall Lambros (a). 1884, No. 743).
die, (6), (c), different dies.
v.,
32
(a)
same
PL
II. 3.
Num.
Chron., N.S.
xvi.,
p.
280) believes
the head to be of Dionysus Ammon rather than of Zeus Ammon, but there does not appear to be any sufficient On a coin of Macrinus, reason to separate it from Zeus.
struck at Cyzicus, together with a laureate head, possibly of the Emperor, is one of Zeus-Ammon (Mionn., Suppl.,
v. p.
4.
Bearded head to
left, laureate, with ram's ear and horn, Behair hanging behind in three long curls. neath, tunny left.
32
The
noted
(a),
letters (b) (<), &c., designate a die different and also from each other.
from that
48
CYZICUS.
(),^47'6
grs.
[PI.
I.
4].
W.
la 3.
G.
(6),
245-2.
same
Engr. Mem. de
PI.
Soc.
Imp.
d'Archeol.
(1852),
vi.,
XXI.
The head on
much
in treatment from
that on the last coin, and appears to be of an earlier date. Though the long flowing and curled hair is more in cha-
with Dionysus than with Zeus, there do not appear to be any adequate grounds for attributing it to the former god.
racter
5.
Bearded head
to left, wearing a wreath of marine plants behind the neck the head of trident. Beneath,
;
tunny
left.
[PL
I.
5].
ix., PI. I. 7.
Dupre
sale (1869),
No. 258.
is
As might be
expected, Poseidon
coinage of a great maritime state, and several staters will be found to contain the figure of the god, or, as in this case, his head, or some subject connected with him. Bearded
on right knee to right, on tunny. his extended right hand he holds a dolphin, and in his left a trident downwards. He wears
6.
figure, kneeling
On
a chlamys, ending in a tassel, which does not appear to pass round the neck, but over the left shoulder.
Brit,
Mus., 247-4 grs. [PI. I. 6]. One (248'7) noted Chron., N.S., xvi., p. 281, No. 9.
Num.
Engr.
Num.
PL
VIII. 12.
CYZ1CUS.
49
frequently represented on vases holding a dolphin, but on one (Lenormant and De "Witte, Elite des Mon. Ceram., iii., PL YIII), he holds a fish, possibly a
tunny.
wearing chlamys wrapped round left arm on sea-horse, and in right hand.
I.
7.
Bearded
figure,
and
247
grs.
[PI.
7].
Kertch.
Engr. Ant. du Bosphore Cimmer., ii., Denkmaler, ii., PI. VII. 79.
p.
154.
Wieseler,
Poseidon occurs twice on a cylix (671) in the Brit. Mus., wearing chlamys, riding on a sea-horse, and carrying a trident over his shoulder, in one case upwards, in the
other downwards.
Mon. Ceram.,
iii.,
(Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des Pt. I., PI. I. A, and Gerhard, Griech.
Vasenbilder, PI.
VIII.
8.
Bearded
figure, half-draped, riding on dolphin, left, and holding a tunny by the tail in right hand.
[PI. I. 8]
.
Though without a
racteristic, the figure
trident or
is
any other
distinctive cha-
probably Poseidon.
9.
Youthful male figure, naked, riding on dolphin, left, and holding a tunny by the tail in right hand.
W.
a.
(a),
245-2
grs.,
sale,
[PI. I.
9].
Brit.
Mus.
(c),
(5),
247,
(Thomas
Engr. Me*m. de
Noted. Mionnet,
No. 1777).
Paris
247.
la Soc.
Imp. d'Archeol,
vi. PI.
XXI.
Suppl., x. p.
228. No. 8.
Brandis, p. 405.
50
THE The
is
almost
identical
with
the
it differs only in having the This like others of the staters coin, tunny and as that next to be described, is essentially a copy of a
money
of another state.
left
his right
arm
is
stretched
is
out over the head of the horse, which he to crown. Beneath, tunny left.
St. Pet.,
about
228-8
33
grs.
[PI. I. 10].
vi.
Engr. Mem.
de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol., vol. PI. XXI. 6, described p. 370, No. 10.
(1852)
Like the
one of the
instance,
this is a direct
;
copy of
common
will
as
be seen in
in the of a fish, reclining in a fronting position, but to the left, on the right arm ; the left hand is raised and holds a wreath or ring. Beneath,
tunny
Brit.
left.
Mus. 246
grs.
[PI. I. 11].
Engr.
Noted.
V. 15.
Num.
Mionnet, vol.
vi.,
616,
No. 20.
Hecta.
Carfrae (), 41 grs. (Dundas sale, No. 21). [PI. I. Berlin (two), (Prok.-Ost.), 41 '3, another 12]. W. GK (b), 41-9. (plated), 31-5.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
PI.
IV. 3.
is
is
probably
plated.
CYZICUS.
51
hand on the
distinctly
probably Triton, and corresponds to many the son of Poseidon. It is difficult to of representations in the left nor do other figures is held what hand, explain
subject
is
The
of Triton throw any light upon it. On a coin wrongly attributed by a figure of
Combe
to
Corcyra
is
Dagon much
right hand with which he is striking, whilst the left holds up a round object (Museum Hunter., PL XIX., No. 12). Dagon is somewhat similarly represented, and holds what
looks like a wreath,
Sylloge, p. 81, PI. IV. 61),
125,
PL
VI.
3),
is
On the coins of right hand and a wreath in his left. Itanus the figure which ends in a fish tail, and is not unlike that on the staters, is called by Mr. Wroth, though
with a query, Glaucus. (Brit. Mus. Cat. of Cretan Coins, p. 51, PL XIII. 1, 2, 3).
12.
Female head
it,
to left, wearing a veil with corn-wreath over the ears of corn projecting in front. Beneath,
left.
tunny
Brit. Mus. (b), Paris (De L.) (a), 246'9 grs., [PI. I. 13]. 247-4, (Thomas sale, No. 1778, Northwick, No. Paris, 246-9. 953).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. Num. N.S., vol. Guide, PI. XVIII. 7. Coins, PL X. 41.
i.
PL
II.
9.
Brit.
Mus.
52
series of
CYZICUS.
electrum coins of Cyzicus, and may, perhaps, be classed to the second quarter of the fourth century B.C.
The goddess has here the mature expression of the mother, with all the soft and gentle character of one so
intimately connected with the productive gifts of nature.
somewhat similar but more youthful and virgin -like head of Cora, with the title ZfiTElPA, is found on the That the head is of Cora tetradrachms of Cyzicus.
appears to be shown by a coin of Imperial times which has upon it a youthful head and the legend KOPH ZI2-
TEIPA KYZIKHNI1N.
13.
Female head
facing, but slightly inclining to left, with cornleaves and ears wreathed in the hair, and wearing a veil and plain necklace. Beneath, tunny left.
This head of Demeter, like that on the last described It stater, belongs to the later series of the Cyzicenes.
was copied on coins of Tyra in Sarmatia, which have on the reverse a bull butting also a type which occurs on the
;
staters of Cyzicus.
14.
Female
figure, apparently half-length, to right, wearing long chiton, and holding in each hand a lighted
Beneath, tunny
right.
I.
15].
inedite,
PL
Fig. 7.
Paris, 1876.
The figure is Demeter, as is indicated by the torches and the poppy. The coin unfortunately is in poor condition,
and
it
is,
therefore,
if sinking into the represented as standing, but rather as ground. If this supposition is correct, she appears as on her way in pursuit of Persephone to the lower world.
CYZICUS.
53
As Cyzicus was one of the places which claimed to be the scene of the rape of Persephone, it might be expected that Demeter would be represented on the coinage of the
city.
15.
Female
figure,
wearing long chiton and peplos, kneeling she holds a long torch (?) in her
;
Both same
St. Pet.
245-3.
vol.
ii.
p.
PI. II. 8.
407.
The
near Kertcb.
The
object
If,
doubtful.
bable,
held in the right hand of the figure is however, it is a torch, which appears prois
Demeter
represented.
16. Youthful figure right, wearing himation over the back, the breast and arms bare, holding two plants of corn in left hand, and carried in chariot drawn
W. G.
(a),
246-9 grs.
[PI. I. 17].
247.
PI. II. 7.
Num.
p.
Num.
Chron.,
vi.,
150.
Brandis,
p.
4U5.
chariot, though part of the one wheel is visible beneath wing of the serpent. This To have is, no doubt, due to the requirements of the coin. the subhave overcrowded would the chariot represented
is
There
no appearance of the
ject
54
CYZICUS.
Persephone.
The
full-
attitude, the right hand placed on the wing of the serpent, and the haste displayed, point to a mother's anxiety and her desire for the recovery of her child. Upon many of the Imperial
coins of Cyzicus
Demeter
drawn
by
serpents,
The
much more
probability, re-
presents Triptolemus starting on his beneficent mission, as the bestower of corn and fruits and the instructor of man-
A very
shown on a cylix, figured in sceptre, iii. PI. Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des XLYI. of vol. Mon. Ceram. The subject is not an uncommon one on
he there holds a
is
vases.
The
on the coins of Cyzicus, is probably relations between that state and Athens,
where Demeter and the cycle connected with her were among the most ancient and intimate of its cults. A bronze
coin of Eleusis
and there
is
has
a representation of Triptolemus quite like that of the stater, the car, however, being clearly shown. (Imhoof-
p. 153,
face,
male head, wearing laurel wreath, nearly fullbut inclining to the right. Beneath, tunny
247-1
Brit. Mas. (b), 247'9. Waddington, 246'8. Car247'2 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 739).
grs., [PI. I. 18].
right.
W.
G.
(a),
Paris
(De
L.),
(b).
frae (a),
Lambros
in
1885.
CYZ1CUS.
55
Rev.
xvi.,
PL
VIII. 3.
Num.
xvii., PI.
V.
3.
Num.
Chron., N.S.,
PI. VIII. 2.
head of Apollo, who as the father of Cyzicus, the mythical founder of the city, and in other relations, was a
favoured deity there.
18.
Naked male
tunny
figure, wearing wreath, kneeling right on his right arm hangs down his side, and in ;
his left he holds a strung bow, and appears to be watching the effect of an arrow he has just
discharged.
W.
sale,
No. 1372),
[PI. 1. 19].
Mus.
(6),
247-8.
Berlin, 247.
N.S., xvi.,
PI.
VIII. 4.
Bompois
The figure of Apollo on the stater is probably copied from a group of which it formed a part. He is represented either as the destroyer of Python (as seen on a coin of
latter is the opinion of
p. 170),
The Croton) or as shooting, at the children of Niobe. M. Six (Num. Chron., N.S., xvii.,
thinks the subject of Niobe and her children formed the central one on the front of a temple, and that kneeling figures of Apollo and Artemis occupied the two
who
Erchomenus in Arcadia (Num. Chron., N.S., xiii., PI. V. 1), on which Artemis appears on one face and Niobe and one of her children on
sides.
He
refers
to a coin of
the other.
By
sidered to be Callisto
and Areas.
figure of Apollo, almost identical with that on the stater, occurs upon a small silver coin of Sicyon.
56
19.
CYXICUS.
Figure wearing long chiton with sleeves, seated right on omphalos, holding a lyre in left hand the right, which hangs down, holds an indefinite object, Beneath, tunny right. possibly a plectrum.
;
[PI. I. 20].
I. 8.
ix., PI.
is
it
undoubtedly
whom M. Lenormant
p.
13).
There
is
attributes
stater,
but this
may be due
is
On On
wearing a wreath.
holding a lyre,
rock, but
is
On
seated on
The type on probably the omphalos. the preceding stater also corresponds with that on another
which
is
Male
figure, laureate,
wearing peplos over knees, seated sideways, but with head turned to left, on griffin to right ; in his right hand he holds a laurel
Beneath, tunny
right.
bough.
Evans, 244'8 grs. [PI. I. 21]. This stater was found near Kertch.
The Hyperborean Apollo, on his way to the country where the griffins had charge of the gold, of which Heroan account. Although Apollo occurs (iii. 116) gives on several of the Cyzicene electrum coins, and is very fully represented on the silver money of the state, such a subject
dotus
as the present one
that
much
was most appropriate, for it is certain of the gold used for the currency was obtained,
by the
griffin- guarded
land of Apollo.
CYZICUS.
57
left
but where Apollo holds a lyre in the hand, occurs on a cylix in the Imperial Museum at Vienna. (Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des Mon. Ceram.
A similar subject,
vol. ii. PL V). The same is to be found on a coin of Trebonianus Gallus, struck at Alexandria Troas. (Mionnet,
On
a vase at Berlin
Apollo
is
is
equipped
regions
for
a journey, probably
to
the Hyperborean
vol.
ii.
I.e.,
PI.
is
XLIV).
And
(E. 694)
he
represented on a
and carrying a laurel bough, but only over his knees. wearing peplos
21. Figure seated sideways on swan, but with head turned to left, wearing peplos over knees. Beneath,
tunny
left.
Both same
Engr. Eev. de
la
Numis. Belg.,
vol.
ii.
PI. V. 1.
p.
ii.,
155. Brandis,
The
stater at the
It is difficult to decide with certainty as to the sex of If female, it must be Aphrodite. On coins the figure. of Camarina, where a somewhat similar representation is
found, the
gives a
way
in
is
treated as a sail
more graceful character to the subject. The and not is Aphrodite, represented on nymph Camarina,
the Sicilian coin.
The
in his
figure,
however,
is
Hymn
to
Apollo says,
i
58
CYZICUS.
xaXov
aet'Sei.
(Ant. du Bosph. Cimmer., vol. ii. p. 155), referring to the stater found near Kertch, calls the figure Apollo, and attributes it to Chalcedon.
De Koehne
On
is
represented wearing himation and buskins, seated on a swan, and holding a lyre. (Lenormant and De Witte,
]lite des
Mon. Ceram.
vol.
ii.,
PL XLII).
in the Brit.
Mus.
(E. 240),
where Apollo is without a lyre, and holds a laurel bough, is more like that on the stater.
22.
fillets suspended from the top on each side is seated an eagle, with closed wings, the one facing the other. Beneath, tunny right.
;
Imhoof
Brit. Mus. (a), 248. (a), 245'8 grs. [PI. I. 23]. W. G. (a), 248'5. Copenhagen. Bunbury. Lewis. Jones. Weber, 247-5. Six, 248-2. Rhousopoulos. Lambros. (o) same die.
Engr.
Num. Chron.,
Guide,
PI.
Brit.
Mus.
X. 12.
Bompois
Cat.,
PL
V.
The Omphalos
oracle of Apollo.
at Delphi,
as
The representation here probably alludes, Head Mr. suggests (Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., p. 279),
cult
Apolline
god in general, and as typical of the At the same time throughout Hellas.
Cyzicus had, through its reputed founder, a very intimate connection with Apollo.
The golden eagles of Zeus at Delphi are mentioned by Pindar (Pyth., iv. 4) in reference to the oracle,
JTOTC xpvcrewv
Au>9 d
CYZICUS.
59
that Zeus sent forth one eagle from the east and another from the west to find the centre of the world, and that
23. Helios, naked, radiate, kneeling right on tunny, holding by the bridle two horses, prancing in opposite directions.
W. G.
(a),
247-8
247.
grs.
[PI.
I.
248-4.
(c),
Berlin,
247-4.
Lambros
in 1885.
xvi.,
PI.
VIII.
5.
Gardner,
The Sun God appears on the stater radiate, as on coins He was worshipped at Zeleia, a town on the river Aesepus, and neighbouring to Cyzicus, as Helios (Marquardt, Cyzicus und sein Grebiet, p. 129), and proof Rhodes.
very gracefully composed, and has probably, as is suggested by M. Six (Num. Chron., N.S. xvii., p. 170), been copied from a
composition est parfaitement carre*e." It has, however, been accommodated to suit the requirements of the size and shape of the coin flan, a mode of procedure not uncommon with the artist
observes,
is
metope of a temple.
He
"La
die-engravers of Cyzicus. Representations of Helios with the chariot are not in-
De
Mon. Ceram.,
vol.
ii.
CXIIL).
60
24.
CYZ1CUS.
to left,
Beneath,
246'8
Brit.
247'9 grs.
[PL
I.
25].
W.
G.
I.
(a),
26].
xvi.,
PL
VIII. 19.
Num.
Vet., E. P. K. p. 126.
on the
far
the goddess which has up to the present time been found staters, though she was worshipped in a temple not
This seems to be the only instance where Actseon is represented upon a Greek coin. He appears on vases as a with horns youth, stag's sprouting from his forehead, and
De
Witte,
Mon.
Ce'ram., vol.
ii.
PL
C, 01, CIII).
Female head
to left, wearing crested helmet with cheekpieces ; the socket for the crest is ornamented with a zigzag pattern and dots, similar to that on The hair, the early tetradrachms of Athens. which hangs down beneath the back of the
helmet,
left.
is
represented by dots.
Beneath, tunny
W. G.
(a),
248-2 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1369), [PL II. 1]. Weber (a), 246-5. ImMus. (d), 247. hoof (a), 249-9. Hoffmann, 247'4.
Brit.
(a)
same
die.
PL
III, 99.
Head,
Hist.
Num.
Fig. 271.
Noted. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 241, No. 67. Hecta. Brit. Mus. (a), 40'8 grs. Vienna (two), 40 W. G. 42-6. Berlin (c), 40-6. Athens, 41-2.
41-4.
(a), (b), (c), (d), diff. dies.
(b),
(d),
Twelfth.
61
The head of
Pallas
is
This coin is archaic, periods on the Cyzicene staters. and is probably not later than B.C. 500 others belong to a time when Greek art was at its height. It is possible
;
that in these representations a part of the goddess may stand for the whole, and that the head is intended for
Pallas herself.
If this supposition
is
true
we may have
here one portion of a group, other parts of which are found on other coins, as, for instance, in the subject of
Gaia, Erichthonius, and Cecrops, in which Pallas was a
coin of Agrigeiitum, which has on one principal actor. face the head of an eagle, and on the other a crab's claw, affords a good example where part of a type is put for the
whole.
Several types having reference to Athens will be found to occur on the staters.
26.
Female head
to left, wearing a plain Corinthian helmet, the hair behind hanging in a square mass, and represented by dots. Behind, tunny downwards.
Imhoof
(a),
248-7 grs.
(b),
[PI.
II.
2].
(c),
Brit. Mus.,
Vienna
248-2.
239'3.
Weber
in 1885.
249'1.
W.
249-6. G. (c),
Lambros
Hecta.
Munich, 40'8
grs.
PI.
The Hague.
VI
15.
v., p.
An
62
27.
CYZICUS.
to left,
Behind,
tunny upwards.
246-9 grs.
Six,
[PI. II. 3].
[PI. II. 4].
Hecta.
41 grs.
Both the
and
it is
stater
therefore difficult to
and hecta are in very poor condition, make out the form of the
is
helmet.
28.
The head
probably of Pallas.
wearing crested Corinthian helmet, Beneath, tunny left. Paris (De L.) (a), 247 grs. [PI. II. 5]. Brit. Mus. (b), 246'8 (Thomas sale, No. 1779 Loscomb sale, No. 575). Berlin (Fox), 246'9. St. Pet. (two), 247-2 (c), 247-3 (d).
to left,
Female head
Engr.
Mem.
de
la Soc.
vi., PI.
XXI.
4.
Again a head
29. Female
of Pallas.
nearly full face, but inclining to right, Beneath, wearing helmet with three crests. tunny right. Paris (De L.) (a), 247'2 grs. [PI. II. 6]. Berlin (b), 247. Athens (b), 248-1. W. G. (a), 247'1. Weber 245-9. (Bompois sale, No. 1370). (b),
head,
(a), (b), diff. dies.
a head of Pallas.
80. Beardless head, full-faced, without neck, wearing a helmet with a crest which has the appearance of an inverted crescent, with a row of dots upon the lower part of crest. Beneath, tunny left.
W.
G.
(a),
No.
756),
(), (6), diff. dies. v. p. 301. No. 109, PI. Mionnet, Suppl., Engr.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
II. 5.
CYZICUS.
63
The crescent-like object upon the head appears to be the crest of a helmet, and the line of dots favours that
view.
peculiar projecting ears, scarcely appears like that of Pallas, and It possibly may be a Gorgon is somewhat Gorgon-like.
head, and wearing, in connection with Pallas, the helmet of that goddess. The way in which the crest is represented may be the result of an inability to show it in
perspective, for such a representation
face to be turned a little
is
on one
side.
A parallel instance
is
placed, as if seen
in front,
31.
Female
wearing sleeveless chiton she is through the ground, and holds in her outstretched arms a child, as if presenting it to someThe child is naked, except that it wears a one. belt, with bullae attached, which passes over the left shoulder and under the right arm. Beneath,
;
rising
tunny
right.
W.
G., 247-5 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1378), [PL II. 8]. Brit. Mus., 247-5. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 755).
Both same
Engr. Head, Hist.
die.
Num.
Fig. 277.
The
representation
is
was probably
stater
The
figure of
Cecrops on the
portion of the subject, to complete which Athena is wanting. No coin has yet come to light which gives the figure of the goddess, but there probably was one, unless she is
represented by a coin bearing her head, as already sugThe group from which the subjects of these two gested.
staters
6i
CYZICUS.
LXIII), and though there are some slight variations, it is probable that the terra-cotta and the prototype of the
staters
The crepundia which Erichthonius wears may be seen on the alliance coins of Samos, Ephesus, &c., which have the
type of Heracles strangling the serpents, and also on a
gold stater of Lampsacus.
The
subject
is
De
Mon. Ceram.,
PI.
LXXXIV.,
197), the
nymph,
is represented, the figures there being Zeus, Gaia holding the child, Athena, and Nike.
82. Bearded figure to left, the body ending in a serpent's tail ; in his right hand he holds a branch of a tree, upright.
Beneath, tunny
[PI.
left.
Imhoof
(a),
[PI.
248-7 grs.
II. 10].
H.
9].
Brit.
Mus.
(6),
246 '8,
Berlin, 247'6.
W.
G.
(a), 248-1.
Jones.
Lambros, 249.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr.
Num.
Chron., N.S., xvi., PL VIII. 14, 15. Zeitschr. fur Numis., vi. p. 16 (woodcut). Brit. Mus. Guide, PL X. 14. Gardner, Types, PL X. 1.
Paris.
Hecta.
xvi., p.
281) attributed
the figure to one of the giants of Mount Dindymus, who attacked the ships when the Argonauts had ascended the
mountain.
no doubt, however, as M. Six has suggested in a letter to Mr. Head, printed 1. c. xvii. p. 169, that it represents Cecrops, and is part of a group
There
is
is
where Gaia
The
CYZICUS.
65
gin, is a frequent adjunct of Cecrops, and in the present instance forms a portion of his body
:
KeK/aoi/' qpcos
ava,
TO.
Trpos
TroSwv SpaKovriSr).
Aristoph.
Vesp., 438.
is
hill
Poseidon.
Cecrops is represented ending in a serpent's tail and (Lenormant and De holding an olive-branch, on a vase.
Witte, Elite des Mon. Ceram., vol.
i.
PL LXXXY.
A.).
the group from which the type of this and the preceding coin seem to have been taken, is found on a crater (Mon. Ined. dell'
similar treatment to that in
Inst., vol.
iii.
A very
PL XXX).
c. vol.
Hephaestus
is,
however, present.
there
in
is
On
a cylix
(1.
x.
PL XXXIX),
but where,
a group
to
somewhat
like
the
last,
addition
Hephaestus, Herse
also is present.
On
Cecrops is represented ending in a serpent's tail. rhyton in the British Museum (E. 471), has a figure of Cecrops with a serpent's tail, and holding a sceptre and a
patera, into
tion.
is
Erichthonius,
who
is
Female head to
left,
tunny
left.
Brit.
Mus.
(6),
246-3,
(Thomas
Engr.
Brit.
sale,
No. 1777).
PI.
Mus. Guide,
XVIII.
6.
Probably a head of Aphrodite, and one of the later perhaps than the second
B.C.
66
Cl'ZICUS.
84. Female figure standing facing, but inclining to left ; she is naked to the waist, and holds up her dress with her right hand, the left apparently resting on a column, in front of which stands a naked youthful winged figure facing, the right arm raised and the
legs crossed.
Beneath, tunny
left.
Paris, 247 grs. [PI. II. 12]. Noted. Bran die, p. 407.
Aphrodite and Eros. The composition is one of great The pose of gracefulness, and is very skilfully balanced. the figures and their varied and appropriate attitudes are
rendered in a very charming way.
in
85.
Head
of
Hermes
left.
to
left,
wearing petasus.
Beneath,
tunny
Waddington, 245'7
grs.
This
I
am
almost the only type on a stater or its parts that acquainted with, of which I am unable to give a
is
with Hermes
goat's head
is
known
may
36. Bearded head to right, wearing diadem (the mitra), and having an ivy wreath above and beneath it.
W.
G.
sale,
Brit.
Mus.
(b),
244-7.
No. 1367), [PI. Paris (a), 246 "3. N.S. PI. VIII. 8
246-2.
(), (b), diff. dies. Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII.
Noted. Brandis,
p.
7, 8.
408.
Num. Mrm. Sx
---
2+
25
26
29
CYZICUS.
CYZICUS.
67
it is
Head
beau-
here presented as manifestthe and of nature, not as when she ing strength repose in the appears activity and tumult of production, but when she has provided all that sustains and gladdens the
tifully executed.
is
The god
life
labour.
It may be contrasted, and much to its advantage, with the head of the god on the coins of the Sicilian Naxus, which, beautiful as it is, does not possess the calm dignity of the Cyzicene picture. It may be compared with the
for
head on the tetradrachms and drachms of Thasus, which breadth of treatment and majestic quietness with
strength,
is
coin series.
87. Youthful
head
of berries
to left, in
wearing ivy wreath, with bunches front hair long and flowing.
;
left.
[PI.
II.
14].
Paris
(b),
247'7.
(Fox),
(Prok.-Ost.)
diff.
(a),
247'8,
dies.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S. ix., PI. I. 5. Noted. Brandis, p. 408. Konigl. Miinz-Kab.
(1877),
No. 106.
very feminine, and though probably of young Dionysus, may be of a Dionysiac female, a Msenad.
The head
is
88. Youthful
male figure, wearing himation over the knees, and fillet, the ends of which hang low and are seen He is seated in front of and behind the head. left on a rock, which is covered with a panther's
paws being visible beneath the tunny. holds a cantharus in his right hand, and his The head left arm rests on the rock behind him. of the thyrsus, with pine-cone and trenia, projects in front of his knees. Beneath, tunny left.
skin, the
He
68
CYZICUS.
Brit. Mus. II. 16]. Paris (De L.) (a), 247 grs. [PI. 246-2. Paris II. 245-2, (a), (b), 16]. [PI. St. Pet., 247. Berlin (two), 245 '8, 244'7.
Bunbury
(c),
Imhoof
247.
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies.
5.
Konigl. Mlinz-Kab.
(1877),
Hecta.
Six,
39
grs.
Allier,
v. p.
PL
XII.
5.
Dionysus is here figured youthful and beardless. He reclines in an attitude almost of languor, with limbs softly
fully moulded, and with even a feminine characnot inconsistent with the dimorphic attributes of the ter, The panther's skin, the thyrsus and wine-cup, all god.
though
fit
in with the richly developed form, and are in closest harmony with the divinity in whom the wealth of a
bounteous and genial nature was most fully expressed. The coin is probably a copy from a sculpture on the
pediment of a temple, and reminds us of the Heracles of Croton, which strikingly recalls the pedimental Theseus
(so-called) of the
Parthenon.
89. Youthful figure, naked, seated facing on tunny left ; he wears a wreath of ivy and holds the thyrsus with pine-cone head and taenia in his left hand the
;
right
hand
is
but
it
possibly held a
cantharus.
Paris, 248-5 grs.
[PL
II. 17].
child, almost
an
infant, but
is
shown
CYZICUS.
69
grasps the
Bearded head to
with ivy.
left,
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S. ix., PI. I. 3. Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877), No. 107.
The head is of Pan, and but for the difference in the form of the leaves of the wreath, is almost identical with
that on
of a
member
some of the gold coins of Panticapaeum. The head of the Dionysiac cycle would fitly appear on
the coins of Cyzicus, but in addition, on account of the constant commercial relations between the two cities, the
principal divinity of Panticapgeum found a very appropriate place on a Cyzicene stater.
41.
Bearded satyr with pointed ears and long and thick tail, kneeling to left, holds a tunny by the tail in his hair repreright hand, the left rests on his hip
;
sented by dots.
Imhoof
(a),
248-6 grs.
(b),
Vienna
248-8.
(b),
247'4.
(b),
W.
Gr.
249.
Weber
(b),
Hirsch
247.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Head,
Hist.
Num.
Fig. 275.
Hecta. Paris (two), (De L.), 41'6 grs., 41'3. Leake, 41-4.
Noted. Leake,
Num.
One
and we
siac cycle,
might be expected
to occur
The
and
form of these ignoble attendants upon Dionysus are well represented on the present coin, in the coarse and fleshy
nose and
lips, as
graceful limbs.
70
CYZICUS.
42. Bearded satyr, with tail and animal ears, kneeling to right on tunny ; he holds a cantharus in his right hand into which he is pouring wine from an
left
arm.
Brit.
W. G.
(a), St.
247-8 grs.
Pet.,
[PI.
H.
20].
Mus.
(b),
248.
245-7.
Waddington,
246'7.
Weber,
Carfrae,
Engr.
Num.
Chron.,
N.S.
xvi.,
PI.
VIII.
9,
vol.
xx.
PI. I. 8.
Head,
Hist.
Num.
Fig. 274.
many others, belongs to the of who himself is more than once decycle Dionysus, Mr. on the staters. Head picted (Num. Chron., N.S.
xvi., p.
its
KVIK 5
43.
drinking from an
to his
W.
G. 247-1 grs. [PL H. 21]. Collection at Athens. Both found at the Piraeus with others in 1882, and both from the same die.
of being broken at the
neck, and certainly there is not room for it between the body of the vessel and the lips of the satyr. Such a representation would be a most unusual, not to say
unlikely one ; but it seems as if, in his eagerness to get the sooner at the wine, the satyr had broken off the mouth of the amphora. If this supposition can be entertained, the
waved line may be a stream of wine escaping the lips of the too greedy drinker. On many vases where wine is being poured into a vessel and is being spilt in
CYZICUS.
71
is
much
like
hand.
Brit.
flute (?) in
each
Mus. 247-9
Waddington, 247'2.
Engr. Num.
Chron., N.S.
The
hand has
also
been
supposed to be an
On
either side, a
tunny
No.
7.
PI.
X.
3.
Munich, 20-5
grs.
p.
Suppl.
v. p.
370,
No. 551.
46. Centaur galloping
left, with head turned back, holding a branch with both hands. Beneath, tunny left.
[PI.
II. 24].
Munich
39-8.
(a),
41. Hague.
(c),
Imhoof
Ant., PI.
(b),
Six
35'8.
Engr.
Sestini,
Stat.
9.
XLIII.
Dumersan,
but as
armed and
the Lapithse, some other connection may perhaps be looked for, and possibly in association with Heracles.
Another motive may, however, be suggested. Jason was brought up by the Centaur Cheiron, and this type may
originate, like others, in the Argonautic expedition.
72
CYZICUS.
male to
right,
female to
left.
Beneath,
tunny.
W.
The heads
Inst. di
Nymph.
and
In the
is
pub,
Nymph
De
Witte.
Female
wearing long chiton, seated left on dolshe holds a wreath in her right hand, and carries a shield with a star upon it on her left arm. Beneath, tunny left.
figure,
;
phin
W. G. (), 247-4
[PI.
grs. (Whittall
sale,
II. 26].
(sale at
Sotheby and
Wilkinson's, Feb. 19, 1877, No. 78), [PL II. 27]. Brit. Mus. (a), 247'6 (Thomas sale, No. 1775). Hoffmann (a), 247'9. Lambros Paris (b), 247'6. in 1885.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Mem. de
PI.
la
5.
XXI.
Brit.
Soc. Imp. d'Archeol., vol. vi. (1852), Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII.
PI.
22.
Mus. Guide,
p. 376),
XVIII.
first
4.
M. de Koehne
(1. c.,
who
published the
stater, considers the figure to be of Thetis, carrying the shield forged by Hephaestus and a wreath to Achilles, the
vanquisher of Hector. It is more probable that it represents a Nereid, and that the coin was struck after a naval
victory.
The
date,
B.C.
fabric,
well be about
quite possibly
commemorated the victory gained by the Athenians under Alcibiades over the Spartan fleet, off Cyzicus, in that year, at whicli time the city was under Athenian hegemony. Upon a stater of Lampsacus, in the collection in
the Bibliotheque, Paris,
is
73
(Sestini,
Stat.
Ant.,
PL
49.
Female
figure,
naked, to left, her hair tied in a knot at the back of head two dogs' heads issue from her in shoulder, and she ends in the tail of a fish her right hand she holds a tunny. Beneath,
;
;
tunny
St. Pet.,
left.
246-9 grs.
de
7.
la
[PI.
H.
28].
vol.
vi.,
Ertgr. Me*m.
Soc.
XXI
Imp. d'Archeol.,
PI.
This type is only Scylla, and as usually represented. found elsewhere upon coins of Italy and Sicily, and then merely as an ornament or adjunct, except on a coin of Cumse. A celebrated Cyzicene painter, Androcydes, a
rival of Zeuxis, his best
as one of
60.
Bearded human-headed bull, with horns, face fronting, standing left on tunny.
Athens, 245
grs.
[PI.
II.
29].
[PI. II. 30],
Athens, 20 grs.
river- god,
and pos-
61. Forepart
of human-headed bull, with beard and horns, swimming to right. Behind, tunny upwards.
(a),
Brit.
Mus.
246'5
grs.
Paris
(6).
Berlin
(Fox), 247-4.
W.
G.
fa),
247
Leake, 247'4.
74
CYZICUS.
la
Numis. Belg.,
PI.
xvi.,
X.
10.
Num. Chron., ii. PI. V. 2. Mus. Guide, Brit. VIII. 21. Zeit. fur Numis., vol. ii. p. 123
(woodcut).
Noted. Leake,
Num.
This type
of Gela, and
is
Von
it
Num.,
vol.
ii.
p. 123)
considers that
coins.
Mr.
Head (Num.
lieve
it
Chron., N.S., xvi. p. 283) inclines to berepresents either the river Aesepus or the RhynI prefer
Von
Sallet's
explanation, nor can I see anything in the subject specially connected with Cyzicus. Many of the staters conth'e types of other cities, and the practice was not infrequent with the Cyzicene mint.
62.
Winged female
ing to
wearing peplos over knees, kneeland holding an aplustre in the right hand in front of her face her left arm, which is wrapped in the peplos, rests on her hips. Beneath,
figure,
left,
;
tunny
Paris
(a),
left.
247
G.
grs.
[PI.
III.
1].
Brit.
Mus.
sale,
(a), 245-4.
W.
(), 245-7.
(a)
Carfrae, 246'6.
(Bompois R. and F.
die.
No.
1377).
same
vol.
i.,
PI.
II.
5.
Gardner,
Num. Chron.
Suppl. p. 44.
St. Pet.,
vi. p.
151.
Hecta.
41 grs.
The
victory
figure
is
may,
22
>1
CYZICUS.
CYZICUS.
75
If this be so,
we
have two coins serving as a memorial of the same event. This, however, need cause no difficulty, and it is not
improbable that the two staters may have been issued in different years and under the authority of different magistrates,
treat-
ment of the memorial- type. Indeed, if we may judge by its art and other characteristics, the die for this stater
appears to exhibit.
At the time
developing with great rapidity, and was about to culminate at the highest point it has ever reached, when a
short period was sufficient to allow of a material change M. Charles Lenorin design, fabric, and workmanship.
N.S., vol.
i.
p. 38,
note) supposes
the
victory of Timotheus over the Peloponnesian fleet, B.C. 375, which he considers was a deliverance for Cyzicus.
There can be no doubt, as I have stated above, that the type was connected with a naval victory, but not one so
late as that suggested.
Nor
have
commemorate
On
the coins
up
to this date
and onwards,
The only
re-
presentation of the same import with which we are acquainted is the well-known tetradrachm of Demetrius
Poliorcetes,
trumpet.
76
53.
CYZICUS.
figure, wearing long chiton, flying to right, with outstretched hands, and holding a wreath. In front, tunny upwards.
[PI. III. 2].
Again
a figure of Nike.
54.
Female
wearing long chiton and peplos, seated holds a wreath in her right hand, her left resting on the seat behind her, upon which is
figure,
left,
inscribed
Paris,
Beneath, tunny
3].
left.
III.
St.
Pet., 248.
Found
Both same
Engr. Millingen,
Suppl., v.
die.
Anc.
Coins,
vol.
PI.
V.
PI.
p.
13.
Mionnet,
p. 304,
i.
No. 127,
ii,
du Bosph. Cimmer,
dell' Inst., vol.
PI.
LVH.
It
B. 4.
is
inscribed
r|^,
xii. p.
312.
The
and
figure
is
This stater appears to be of a later date than Kos. 48 52, and may be attributed to the commencement of
B.C.
The
victory of
Lacedaemonian
under Peisander, near Cnidus, in B c. 394, had put an end to the Spartan rule in Asia, which had existed since the battle of ^Egospotami, opposite
fleet
Lampsacus, B.C. 405. "With scarcely an exception the towns on the mainland and the islands now threw off the
Spartan yoke and accepted the autonomy proclaimed by
Conon
places.
little
and
specially mentioned, there can be doubt that Cyzicus was among the states which
Though not
OYZICUS.
(7
declared against Sparta, for the connection with Athens had been long and intimate. It is not improbable that
to this time the present stater
may
be attributed, and
if
monian
the figure denotes the victory obtained over the Lacedefleet, then the inscription would record the free-
dom gained by
The theory
N.S.,
vol.
i.
and accepted by some writers of authority, notably by his son M. Frangois Lenormant, that it commemorates the Persian defeat by Alexander at
26),
the Granicus,
B.C.
334,
is
quite untenable
and, indeed, I
do not believe that any of the Cyzicene electrum coins can, with any probability, be assigned to so late a period.
The theory
of Millingen,
who
first
in assignit
He
thinks that
was
under Cimon, over the Persians, when, in B.C. 449, independence was restored to the Greek cities in Asia and the
Persian yoke was broken.
copper coin of Cyzicus, which has on the obverse a for its reverse an almost exact
No
seat,
wreath
but
is visible,
nor
is
there
EAEYGEPIA
is
placed
Female
but to left she figure, seated sideways on lion, wears a long chiton with sleeves, and, apparently, a turreted crown ; her right hand is outstretched
;
over the lion's head, and the left, wrapped in the Beneath, tunny left.
grs.
[PI.
III. 4],
Waddington, 247"3
Enyr. Waddington, Voyage en Asie Mineure, 2. Rev. Num., xvii. p. 87, PL IV. 2.
Noted. Brandis, p. 407.
PI.
VIII.
78
CYZICUS.
it is
impossible
is not sufficiently good to say positively that the figure wears a turreted crown, though there appear There cannot be any doubt, howto be indications of it.
condition also
Cybele, is here represented, and accompanied as usual by the great feline beast, her Her worship had spread from Phrygia, and sacred lion.
ever, that the
Magna Mater,
was in early times established in Mysia, where she became Under the name Dindylargely identified with Rhea. 34 which had been her statue, mene, chryselephantine was preserved at Cyzicus, where she was worshipped under the names Lobrina and
carried off from Proconnesus,
Placiana.
Oil a frieze lately discovered at
Pergamon
there
is
66. Beardless male head to right, with long flowing hair, wearing necklace and Phrygian bonnet, upon the
W.
G.
(a),
247. Berlin
Munich
250.
PI. II. 2.
p.
Noted. Brandis,
408.
Hecta. Paris
(a), 39-5 grs. [PI. III. 6]. Brit. Mus., 39'2. Paris (De L.) (b). Imhoof (c), 40-8. Six (a), 41.
vol.
i.,
PI. II. 3.
31
hippopotamus.
Pausanias,
CYZICTJS.
79
The same head, with a tunny beneath, occurs on a silver coin of Cyzicus, which has on the reverse a lion's head with open mouth and the letter 3|. All in square
incuse.
i.
This very charming head of Atys finds an appropriate place on the coinage of Cyzicus, through his intimate connection with the cult of Cybele.
57.
Naked male
with rounded wings and short tail, lion, turned back, kneeling to left ; he holds a tunny by the tail in his right hand, his left resting on his side.
figure,
W.
G.
(a), 7].
246-7
grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1376). [PI. III. Imhoof (6), 249'5. St. Pet., 246-8. (a), (6), diflf. dies.
A type perhaps
faction.
The
occurrence on a coin of Cyzicus may be due to At the same time, in a city of so much commercial enterprise, and which had relations of one kind
and
its
Persian influence.
or another with
many and
different places,
it
is
not to be
state
had no
its
possibly have been placed on the coinage. stater by a magistrate who had trading business with the maritime towns of Phoenicia, where, through earlier
intercourse
were familiar.
frequently
with Assyria, such strange monster forms lion-headed man with eagle's feet occurs
its
first
concep-
an explanation of its features, we might tion, recognise the revolution of the sun in its then supposed
80
orbit,
CYZICUS.
and imagine him as just escaping from the bondage of night. The wings and the reverted hand and savage
leonine head, with
its
all features
quite
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Monnaies Grecques, p. 242) regards the figure as Fear (4>o/3os). (Milchhofer, Arch.
Zeit, 1881, p. 286).
On
of Agamemnon, who is fighting with Coon, had upon it a representation of Fear, with a lion's head. 35 On the frieze lately discovered at Pergamon, is a lion-
headed man.
Among
number
of bas-reliefs
two winged monsters, one a lion-headed Hittites, 36 man, the other, as M. Perrot thinks, a dog-headed man.
are
68.
Winged female
figure in rapid motion to left, the head turned back, wearing stephaue and a sleeveless hair reprechiton, which reaches to the feet She holds a tunny by the tail sented by dots.
;
in the right hand, and in the left the tasselled end of a cord (^wvr?), which is passed round her
waist.
Brit.
Mus.
[PL
(a), 247'6 grs. (Thomas sale, No. Paris (De L.) (b), 247'5. III. 8]. (a), (b), diff. dies.
1774).
Engr. Annuaire de
12.
Brit.
Pausanias, lib. v. c. 19. Explor. Archeol. de la Galatie, &c., par M. Perrot. PL XLVIIL, reproduced in Histoire de 1'art dans 1'Antiquite, Perrot et Chipiez, vol. iv. p. 640.
36
35
CYZICUS.
CYZICfS.
8t
(De L.) (a), 41-2 grs. [PI. HI. 9]. Mus. (b), 39'6. Paris (c), 41-4. Berlin, 40-8. Waddington, 41 (Dupre sale). Iversen,
40-2.
(),
PI.
X.
8.
ix. p.
An
The
it
B.C.
500.
is
appears to contain a part only of a larger subject, and with some modifications was, probably, copied from such a group. No coin has up to the present time come to light
supply the complementary part of the subject, but the same is the case in other instances, where there can be no doubt that we have a
to
portion only of a group. figure much like that on the coin occurs, on a vase,
where Heracles
is
pursuing
off
by Brygos
in the British
Museum
PI.
(E. 77),
on which
by
by
(Mon. Ined.
Inst.,
XLVL).
winged
at other times a
female figure holding a wreath and sceptre, or caduceus, round disk on which a star is sometimes
and frequently having the head turned back, M. Waddington (Rev. Num., on coins of Mallus. occurs
found,
N.S., vol.
Iris
v.
p.
1,
PI.
I.)
may be
Other subjects on the coins of Mallus the types with the Syrian Aphroditeto associate appear
or Nike.
Astarte.
82
59.
CYZICUS.
tunny
tail in
each hand.
Engr.
fiir
Miinz., vol.
iv.,
PL XLIV.
1.
may
Koehne, possibly be connected with some oriental cult. in the account of the stater in Blatter fiir Miinzk.,
suggests that,
type.
60.
perhaps,
it
is
Winged male
the
figure
running
to left, holding
tunny by
tail.
The coin
is
61.
Winged male
figure, apparently naked, running to holds a tunny by the tail in right hand, the being held up in front of face.
[PI. III. 12].
left,
left
W.
coin,
and equally
difficult to
62.
Paris
(b),
247.
Moore, 248-5.
II.,
No. 23.
Head
of the Argonauts, becomes connected with Cyzicus, and who is represented in various aspects upon many of the
CYZICUS.
83
cus, is
called the founder (/mo-nys), probably his share in the Argonautic expedition.
63.
Two
youths, naked, kneeling on tunny left, and turned from each other ; the one to left is strangling two serpents, he to right appears to be in the
act of imploring aid.
Paris,
247 grs. [PL III. 14]. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 248-5. Munich, 247. W. G., 247-4. Weber, 248-6. All from the same die.
Sestini, Stat. Ant.
Engr.
PL
VI. 12.
Prok.-Ost. Ined.
viii.,
(1854),
PL IV.
2.
PL
X.
6.
Imhoof, 40-4.
die.
Both same
Engr.
Sestini, Stat.
Ant.
PL
v. p.
VI. 11.
Heracles and his younger brother Iphicles, the former strangling the serpents sent by Hera to destroy them.
subject appears to have been copied from a group in marble, and probably from one forming a metope of a
The
temple.
the vases at the Castellani sale (1884) was one (No. 80), which represents Heracles and Iphicles, the latter in the same attitude as on the stater, stretching his hands
Among
towards Alcmena, Pallas standing by. The same subject occurs on a coin of Lampsacus (De Luynes, Ann. dell' Inst. Arch. xiii. p. 150), and the type
of
is
84
CYZICLS.
on coins of Lampsacus,
to
throw
(B.C.
394
hegemony, resulting in its over390), and was copied by the first group
cause of independence, and afterwards adopted by Cyzicus, Lampsacus, and other cities.
64. Heracles, youthful, naked, kneeling to right on tunny ; he holds a club in his right hand, and in his left a strung bow.
Imhoof
(a), 245-6 grs. [PI. III. 15]. Paris (b), 248'5. Athens (6), 243-7. W. G. (6), 247'1 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 754).
65. Bearded figure of Heracles, naked, kneeling right, dishing a club, held in right hand, over his and holding a strung bow and two arrows left ; hair represented by dots. Behind
Brit.
bran-
head,
in his
him,
III. 16]. W. G. (a), 249'2. [PI. sold at Sotheby and Wilkinson's, March 22, Another sold at sale of Bank 1877, No. 101.
One
DupL, Feb.
13, 1878,
No. 216.
(a),
same
die.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 1. Brit. Mus. Guide, PI. X. 8. Gardner, Types, PI. IV. 19.
Hecta. Paris (De L.), 40-2 grs.
Though
this stater
it
belongs to a
much
we may judge from its unworn does not appear to have been much circulated.
If
We know that
may be
called
bank
deposits,
CYZICUS.
85
to a large
amount
Among
the
gems
Museum
is
Heracles, wearing the lion's skin on his back, and holding a club over his head
in right hand, and a bow in his outstretched left. On the other side of the stone is Heracles in the garden of the Hesperides.
66.
Naked bearded
figure, seated to
left
facing, but inclining to right ; he holds a club downwards in his right hand, his
left rests
on the rock.
Beneath, tunny
[PL
III. 17].
left.
ix., PI. I. 9.
and
his
A somewhat similar representation fully behind him. occurs on a coin of Abdera in the Berlin Museum. 37
67.
Bearded
figure,
naked, kneeling
left,
right shoulder in his right hand, and a horn upwards in his left. Behind, tunny upwards.
W.
G.
(a),
248-4 grs.
(c),
[PI.
III.
18].
Weber
248-1.
when he
tore
one of his horns, is here represented either holding that horn, or receiving in exchange that of Amaltheia, the well-known horn of plenty.
37
v. p.
2 (woodcut).
86
CYZICUS.
68. Heracles, naked, beardless, kneeling to right on tunny, and holding a club downwards in his right hand, and the lion's skin on his left arm.
Brit.
Engr. Num.
69. Heracles
Chron., N.S.,
VI.
2.
Nemean
Paris (De L.) (a), 247 grs. [PI. HI. 20]. Brit. Mus. (a), 247-1. Paris (a), 247. W. G. (a), 248. Weber, 247-9.
(a)
same
die.
PI.
Engr. Raoul
Num.
III.
G.
Noted. Brandis,
405.
70.
Bearded head to left, wearing conical head-dress (iu\iov}, wreathed with laurel. Beneath, tunny left.
St.
21].
(b),
PL VI. 2. Engr. Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 368, Lampsacus. Brandis, p. 408.
Sestini, Stat. Ant.,
No.
542, under
may
be, as Professor
Gardner sug-
gests (Types, p. 174), of a Cabeirus, is also found on a gold stater of Lampsacus. It has usually been attributed
to Odysseus or Hephaestus. as
not, perhaps,
"
says,
The
to the divine
and consummate
see
why
it
is
restless,
and bold Odysseus, the hero of many wanderings. head of a storm-tossed, but not
weary or disheartened warrior, such as was he who had undergone, but riot succumbed to, perils of war on land
and
of tempests
on the
sea.
CYZICUS.
87
71. Bearded figure, wearing chlamys and conical cap, kneeling to left over a ram, which he is about to slay with a sword, held in his right hand and pointed
downwards.
Beneath, tunny
left.
ix., PI. I.
This subject,
attributed
ix.
by M. Francois Lenormant
ram
p. 15] to Phrixos sacrificing the with the golden fleece, which had carried himself and
more probably Odysseus, by the advice of Circe, slaying the animal she had provided, before his The bearded figure is an older person descent into Hades. than Phrixos as usually represented, and the head-cover
the cap which Odysseus usually wears. Pausanias, however (Book I., ch. xxiv.), says he saw on the Acropolis at Athens a statue of Phrixos sacrificing a ram to an
is
unknown god, but whom he conjectures to be the same as him to whom the people of Orchomenos gave the name
Laphystios, an appellation of Zeus and corresponding to
Phyxios.
72. Bearded figure, wearing chlamys which hangs behind, kneeling to left alongside the omphalos, on which his left hand rests ; he holds a naked sword upright in his right hand. Beneath,
tunny
left.
W.
after
the murder of
Aegisthus,
figure, bearded and of mature be to be incompatible with one of age, might supposed
The
88
Orestes,
CYZIOUS.
who
is
many early vases youths are represented bearded. Orestes occurs on vases either kneeling or sitting
by the
omphalos, though not in quite the same position he occuIn all these instances he holds a pies on the stater.
sword. 33
On
a marble in the
museum
39
female figure,
is is
and
placed on a term.
Except for
many
any way connected with Cyzicus, so far at least as is known, it might be doubted if Orestes is the person here
represented.
73.
Head, wearing helmet which terminates at the back in a rounded wing, hair hanging beneath helmet and represented by dots. Behind, tunny downwards.
W.
G.
(a),
[PI.
248
(c),
grs.
III. 24].
(Whittall sale, 1884, No. 747). Paris (b), 248-7. [PI. III. 25].
Weber
248.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VI. 16. Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 620, No. 48. No. 550.
Suppl.
v., p.
370,
with the head of Perseus, wearing the helmet of Hades lent him by the nymphs, is one of the
This
stater,
earliest coins
among
The
eye
dots.
is
39
33
PI.
XXIX.
4, 7, 9, 12.
CYZICUS.
89
Male
figure,
kneeling left on tunny, with head turned back and covered by a helmet terminating behind he wears a chlamys fastened in a pointed wing at the neck and folded over the left arm in his right hand he holds the harpa, and in his left the head of Medusa.
;
Paris
26].
Waddington,
iii.,
PI.
XXXV.
23.
Num.
Chron., vi., p. 150, where Mr. Borrell says the helmet is terminated by the head of a vulture. Brandis, p. 406.
grs..
Imhoof.
His attiPerseus, immediately after slaying Medusa. tude betokens expectancy of attack from behind, and he
there
appears to be viewing the Gorgons in pursuit, though is no indication of fear, the expression being that of
xviii),
confident preparedness. According to Pausanias (v. c. on the chest of Cypselus there was a representation
of the
c.
Gorgons pursuing Perseus. He also mentions (i. xxii.) a picture in the temple of Nike Apteros at Athens,
is
where Perseus
dectes at Seriphos.
75.
Head
of Gorgon.
Beneath, tunny
left.
76.
Two naked
figures running in line to right the right hand of the figure in front holds a sword prepared to thrust with, and a chlamys hangs over the
;
extended
left
arm.
W.
G.
(a),
247-3
grs.
Mus.
(b),
246.
PI.
X.
4.
Num.
90
CYZICUS.
Harmodius and Aristogeiton about to kill Hipparchus. The subject, a popular one at Athens, was not unlikely to
occur on the coinage of a city so long connected with that state as Cyzicus. It is probably a copy, more or less faithful, of
the group
by
Critios
earlier
one by
.
An tenor,
by Xerxes, though
afterwards restored by Alexander Seleucus or Antiochus. copy of the original group exists at Naples, though
in a
much
restored form. 40
similar representation to
that on
(Beule, p. 335),
Museum
(B. 637).
The usual
stater the
figure behind holding his sword above his head in the act of striking,
and on the
to be intended.
This seems to be the only representation of ordinary mortals appearing on a coin of an early date. The
memory
of the
so venerated at
Athens that they became invested with more than merely human characteristics, and in that relation were entitled
to a position equal to that of semi-deified personages.
77.
Head
to left,
on raised circular disk, wearing earring ; the hair, in formal rolls, is represented by dots, and is apparently tied up behind. Beneath, tunny
III. 29]. (a), 248'3 grs. [PI. Paris (c), 242'7. III. 80].
(a), (6), (c),
diff. dies.
left.
Brit.
Mus.
Munich
(b),
247,
[PI.
Enyr.
Sestini,
PI.
I.
Stat.
Ant.,
PI.
V.
1,
2.
Dumersan,
vol.
i.,
Brit.
40
41
i.,
Mon.
XLVIIL,
CYZICUS.
91
vi.,
Num.
p.
Mionnet,
PI.
V.
3, 4.
vi., p.
Engr.
V.
5.
The head, though wearing an earring, has more of male than of female characteristics, and on a tetradrachm of
wearing an earring. The disk is probably that of the Sun, and the head that of Helios, as the Sun-god. It is not radiate, but on the
xYrnphipolis, Apollo is represented
42
On earlier coins of Rhodes the rays are equally wanting. another stater, No. 23, Helios is represented radiate, and the later E/hodian coins also have a radiate head. Upon
a stater of
radiate disk (Head, Hist.
of Helios
p. 456).
is
placed on a
head
is
of a discobolus,
78.
Male head, with pointed beard, to left hair hanging long behind and represented by dots. Beneath, tunny
;
left.
[PL
III. 31].
Engr. Imhoof-Blumer, Choix, PI. III. 100. Noted. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greet}., p. 242, No. 69. Hecta. Paris (two), 41 grs. (a), 38-7. Six (b), 37'6, plated (Subhi sale, No. 667).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr.
Noted. Mionnet,
p.
An
92
CYZICl'S.
to
left.
Behind,
tunny downwards.
W.
This head
of
may
on the next
stater,
be
the hero Cyzicus, but there is nothing distinctive about it to enable us to attach it to any god or hero.
left.
Beneath, tunny
left.
Paris (two), 243'6 grs. (a) [PI. IV. 1], 246'7. Brit. Mus. W. G. (), 245-8. (Subhi sale, No. (b), 243-6.
211).
Lambros.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
xvi.,
PI. VIII.
11.
The absence
head
suggested by Mr. Head (Num. Chron., N.S., xvi. p. 281), it may be of the hero Cyzicus, whose head, wearing a diadem,
As has been
and with
his name,
is
of the state.
Beneath, tunny
W.
G.
(a),
245-9 grs. (Thomas sale, No. 1912. Northwick, No. 955. Paravey, No. 187). [PI. IV. 2]. Paris (De L.) (b), 247-5. [PI. IV. 81. Paris, 242'7. Berlin, 246-8.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 20. Mionnet, PI. XLIII. 1. Num. Chron., N.S., xx., PI. I. 10. Gardner, Types, p. 175, PI. X. 42.
Noted. Brandis, p. No. 105.
408.
Konigl. Mimz-Kab.
(1877),
CYZICUS.
93
A most
which
it
difficulties in its
remarkable coin, and one which presents grave On account of the time at explanation.
it is
perhaps impossible, notwithstanding the exceptional scope of the Cyzicene representations, to consider it as intended to portray any
individual personage of however exalted a position. same time it must be remembered that there is,
At the
upon a
coin attributed to Colophon, as well as on others, a head which can scarcely be regarded as other than a portrait,
believes
though Professor Gardner (Types of Greek Coins, p. 144) it to be the idealised head of a Persian king.
artist
meant
to
there
can
life.
be
little
from the
82. Youthful, beardless, male head to right, wearing a wreath of laurel ? Beneath, tunny right.
Paris,
247
grs.
[PI.
IV. 4].
This head, which appears to wear a wreath of laurel, may possibly be of Apollo, though it is certainly not one
characteristic of the god.
83. Youthful, beardless, male head to
left,
wearing tsenia tied over the forehead. Beneath, tunny left. Paris (De L.) (a), 246-5 grs. [PI. IV. 5]. Paris (b), 248'6. Berlin (Fox), 247. (Thomas sale, No. 1911).
(a), (b),
diff.
dies.
Engr. Fox, Unpubl. Coins, ii. No. 24. Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877), No. 104.
One
to the
Heraclea, in Bithynia.
94
84.
CYZICUS.
Beneath, tunny
IV. 6].
left.
Weber, 246-6.
85.
Female head
to right,
in
drawn together at the top, and ornamented with a meander pattern above and a zigzag.
saccos
W.
G.,
246-9
grs.
[PI.
IV. 7].
a direct copy from that on a well-known tetradrachm of Syracuse, similar to No. 112,
oil this stater is
The head
of
Cat.
Sicilian
Coins,
in the
British
Museum.
It
is
many proofs, and a most convincing one, that Cyzicus reproduced on its coinage the types of other and
one of the
sometimes remote
states.
86.
Naked
figure, bearded, kneeling to left, holds a tunny by the tail in his right hand, his left resting on his
right thigh.
Brit.
Mus., 248'7.
VI.
4.
xvii., PI.
Num.
(b),
Chron.,
vi., p.
151.
Brandis, p. 405.
Paris,
(a),
36'9 grs.
(c),
4O2.
Munich
Berlin (three), (Prok.41. (Sperling), 39'7. Six Ost.), 40-1. (Fox), 41-6. W. G. (a), 41-5. Bunbury, 40. Weber (d),
42-3.
(b),
Vienna
No. 351).
B.
and
F., 39-4.
Engr,
Noted. Mionnet,
Twelfth.
19-5.
Munich, 20-5.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL V. 11. Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 616, No. 23.
CTZICUS.
95
Naked male figure, half-kneeling to left, holding a tunny by the tail in each hand. W. G., 247 grs. [PI. IV. 9]. Lambros in 1885.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xx.,
PI. I. 9.
number
of
those of the find of 1875, of which I believe, though I have no certain proof, it formed a part. The exaggerated way in which the muscles are expressed is very characteristic of early
work, and
is
The
subject
is
and many
others,
which
88.
Male
figure, tsenia
naked, beardless, kneeling right, wearing he holds in his right hand, which hangs ;
down by
on
his
extended
and
W.
G.,
Mas.,
246-4.
dies.
1.
Engr. Hunter,
PI.
LXVI.
Num.
Chron., N.S.,
vi., p.
xvii., PI.
Noted. Mionnet,
Hecta.
The Hague
41
grs.,
(b),
(a).
IV. 11].
Brit.
Mus.
40-3.
(two), Berlin
Imhoof
(Dupre
(<),
41-5.
sale), 41-3.
40-5.
W.
G. (), 40-3.
9.
De Luynes,
Choix,
Upon some
is
very
visible,
and
the prominence of the spike over the forehead gives the head somewhat of the appearance of having a horn.
96
CYZICUS.
89. Child, naked, seated facing, but turned to right, resting on his left arm, and holding a tunny by the tail
in his right hand.
Brit.
IV. 12].
PI. III. 2.
Paris, 247.
Num.
Chron., N.S.
vi., p.
Suppl.,
v., p.
301,
90.
Naked male
figure, kneeling to left on tunny; he is stooping forward, and holds on his right arm a crested helmet, and in his left hand a short sword.
W.
G.
244-5 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 745). IV. 13]. Brit. Mus. (b), 246. Berlin. WadR. andF. One sold at Whittall dington, 246-9. sale (1884), No. 746.
(a), [PI. (a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 16. Hecta. Brit. Mus., 41 '7 grs. (Huber sale). Berlin, 41-2.
(Num. Chron.,
figure
is
N.S., xvi., p.
282), suggests
that
this
may be one of the Argonauts, and the attribution not improbable, the mythical history of Cyzicus being so closely connected with their expedition.
91.
Male
figure,
naked, in a stooping position to right, wearing a crested helmet from which a plume projects behind, on his left arm he holds a round shield, his right being outstretched over a tunny down-
wards.
Imhoof
(a), 246 grs. [PI. IV. 14]. Brit. Mus. (b), 246-3. Paris (De L.), (c), 245-7. Bunbury (Dupre sale, No. 252). Jones. W. G. (d), 249*8. Lambros in 1885. (a), (b), (c),
(cl), diff.
dies.
CYZICUS.
Brandis, p. 406.
97
Num.
Copenhagen.
7.
PI.
X.
This figure perhaps represents a statue of a hoplite who has either been victorious in a race and extends his
hand
preparing for the race. Cf a kylix at Leyden, on which a victorious hoplite stands, in the same attitude, at the goal he carries
is
.
who
a shield on which
I.
92. Male figure, naked, kneeling left on tunny he is advancing a round shield on his left arm, and is appa-
rently about to thrust with sword or spear, held in his right hand.
Paris,
247
grs.
[PI.
IV. 15].
The coin is double struck and in poor condition. The warrior, whoever he may be, appears to be awaiting the attack of an enemy, and covers himself from the
approaching lance or sword-thrust with his shield. This may be another instance where a part has been selected
from a larger
or of Greeks
and Amazons.
JVI.
Waddington
engraving of a coin attributed to the Satrap Orontes, where a warrior, with a conical head-dress and armed
with a spear, shelters himself behind his shield.
thinks
it
He
who
43
may represent the Athenian general Chabrias, introduced a system of tactics against an attacking
Num., N.S.,
viii.,
Rev.
PI.
XI.
5.
The
coin
is
also
figured,
De Luynes,
98
CYZICUS.
enemy, in which the shield was placed on the ground, and whose statue represented him in the same attitude. Bronze coins of the Tauric Chersonesus have a similar
and treated in a similar way. The stater, howcannot be attributed to so late a time as that of ever, Chabrias, who was killed B.C. 357, and although he introsubject
duced a certain method of resisting an attack by placing the shield of the hoplite on the ground instead of its being
held higher, the attitude is one which must have been commonly used to resist an individual attack, if it was not
one where a larger body of men was employed. The a common one is position quite upon Assyrian sculptures,
where native
the ground.
soldiers,
93. Male figure, naked, wearing crested Corinthian helmet, kneeling to right ; he holds an arrow with both hands, along which he appears to be looking to see if it is straight, before adjusting it to the bow,
Behind, tunny
Mus. (two), (a), Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 17, 247 grs. [PL IV. 16], (6), 1. c., PI. VIII. 18.,
248-2. 246-4. 248-3.
W. G. (c), 247. [PI. IV. 17]. Paris (b), Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 246'8. Waddington,
PL V.
Mionnet, PL XLIII.
Engr.
7.
3.
Num.
PL VIII.,
17,
18.
Noted. Mionnet,
p.
IV. 18].
Iversen, 41'5,
i.,
p. 76,
Tab.
CYZICUS.
99
and the
left,
W.
tunny is upwards. G. (a), 245-9 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1,373). IV. 19]. Lobbecke (b), 248*7. [PI. IV. 20].
Pet. (two), 246-32,
(c),
[PI. St.
247.
Noted. Zeit.
fiir
Numis.,
x. (1882), p. 76,
No. 25.
on
mythical history of Cyzicus, and the warrior represented this and the preceding coin may be Jason or one of his
band.
95. Male figure, wearing cloak, trousers, and boots, seated right on tunny over his left wrist hangs a strung
;
St.
bow, and in his right hand he holds an arrow, which he appears to be examining. Pet. 247 grs. [PI. IV. 21].
is
This stater
and
of
is
mon
interest.
The
a Scythian, and corresponds with frequent representations of those people on vases and other works. It may be
compared with the two staters last described (Nos. 93, 94), where a Greek warrior is engaged upon the same operation with
position.
his
bow
in
the same
The subject appears to be another link between Cyzicus and Panticapaeum and the Hyperborean regions, but it
also have its place on the coinage of Cyzicus in connection with the Argonautic expedition.
may
hand and
hilt
projecting
247 '8
grs.
[PI.
IV. 22].
100
97.
CYZICUS.
Harpy, standing left and holding a tunny by the tail in two objects like vine tendrils project right hand from the back of the head.
;
W.
G., 245-8 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 752). [PI. IV.
23].
Waddington, 247*5.
[PI.
IV. 24].
PI.
III.
39.
De Luynes,
peculiar object which, projects from the back of the head is also found attached to the head of the Sphinx.
The
The very
with curled ends, and beyond them a which seems to float in the wind. 44 It may long streamer, be remarked that it is only where the whole creature is
(?),
represented on the staters and hectse that these appendages are found where only the forepart of Harpy or
;
Sphinx, Nos. 98, 102, forms the type, they are absent.
98. Forepart of
Harpy
to left, holding a
tunny by the
tail in
right hand.
Hecta.
Twelfth.
PI.
XII.
6.
Mionnet,
X.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v., p. 303, No. 122, but he His calls it a Sphinx and places it to right. reference is to Dumersan.
41
ii.,
PI.
XVII. 1,2.
PI.
XVIII.
1.
CYZTCUS.
101
99. Sphinx standing to left on tunny, the right fore-paw raised a plume or other object with two curled ends projects from the back of head.
;
Brit.
Mus.
(a),
243'4 grs.
(a)
[PI.
(Dupresale),245-8.
W.
die.
same
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 7. Noted. Brandis, p. 400, under Chios, who appears to confuse the standing and seated Sphinx. Hecta. St. Pet. (a), 41-5 grs. [PI. IV. 28]. Berlin (Pr ok. Ost.), 41-5.
Imhoof(6).
Sestini, Engr. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PI. XVI. 1. Stat. Ant., PI. IX. 8. Mionnet, PI. XLIII. 11. Prokesch-Osten, Ined., 1854, PI. IV. 6.
Noted. Mionnet,
iii.,
p.
265, No.
1.
Brandis, p. 400.
The Sphinx
and
its
is the long-continued coin-type of Chios, occurrence on the staters and hectee of Cyzicus
may
be nothing more than the reproduction on its own coinage of the type of another state. In connection, however,
for
among
many and
coinage.
99*. Sphinx, with pointed wing, standing raised. Beneath, tunny left.
left,
right fore-paw
W.
became known
100. Sphinx seated left on tunny, the right fore-paw raised ; hair represented by dots \ it has the usual projection behind the head.
Paris (De L.), 247 grs.
[PI. IV. 29].
102
CYZICUS.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PI. I. 8. Hecta. Paris (two), 41 grs., 41. Munich (a), 41. Six (), W. G. (), 41-8. 40-7. (Ivanoff sale, No. 160). same die. ()
Twelfth. Gotha, 20-2 grs.
101. Sphinx seated, head facing, with two bodies projection behind the head.
Paris, 43-4 grs.
[PI.
the usual
IV. 30]. Engr. Bronsted, Voy. en Grece, vol. ii.,p. 153, vign. Mionnet, Suppl., ix., PL X. 5.
Noted. Brandis, p. 400, under Chios.
xli.
la
Macedoine,
i.,
p. 99) describes
a terra-cotta with a similar representation, found at Pella. It is possible that this treatment of the Sphinx is merely
a
of representing it as seen facing, arising difficulty of depicting a figure in that position.
way
from the
some-
is
on
Sicilian coins,
found on the archaic figures of Nike where the wings are spread on
it.
102. Forepart of Sphinx to left, the right fore-paw raised. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit.
Mus.
(a),
248-6
grs.
31].
Paris
(b),
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PI. I. Noted. Brandis, p. 400, under Chios.
Hecta.
W.
tail
W. G.
(a), 247-1 grs. (Von Rauch coll.). [PI. St. Pet. (a), 245 8. Leake (b), 246-5.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
IV. 82].
Enyr. Head,
Hist.
Noted. Leake,
p. 44.
CYZICIT S.
103
The
the staters.
The animal
is
ing his prey and breaking a weapon with his teeth, and winged. It occurs usually alone, but also as forming part
of a subject,
The
lion is connected in so
became influenced by
any
individual
coin- subject
The lion as a sunexcept in connection with Heracles. the so associated and with god of day and light, symbol, would be a quite natural type on the coinage of Cyzicus,
and
to this
rence.
we may, perhaps, attribute its frequent occurIn connection with Cybele the lion may equally be
expected on the coins of a state which by its position was brought into intimate relation with the worship of the
goddess.
It
may
also
more or
less, to
tail
Paris,
246-8 grs.
(Thomas
No. 149).
[PI. sale,
IV.
83].
No.
Diff. dies.
Engr.
Ant.,
PI.
IV.
16.
Mionnet,
Noted. Mionnet,
p.
105. Lion, with open mouth, seated left on tunny, the right
fore-paw raised.
Brit.
Mus., 246-3
grs.
[PI.
IV. 84].
104
CYZICUS.
Paris (), Hecta. Brit. Mus. (a), 41 grs. [PI. IV. 35]. 41. Paris (DeL.) (two), 41-7 (b), 41-4. Berlin. Munich (b), 41-4. St. Pet., 41-7. Leake, 41-9. W. G. (a), 41-2. Prince of Windisch-Griitz, 41-8.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr.
Noted. Mionnet,
Leake,
Num.
115,
116.
Engr.
IV. 21.
302, No. 117.
106. Lioness standing left on tunny, the right fore-paw raised, the tail turned up over back.
Weber
(a),
248-9 grs.
[PI.
Hoffmann
(fruste),
Berlin
(b),
248'8.
All
diff.
dies.
Engr.
107. Lion to
left,
Beneath,
Brit.
grs.
[PI.
W.
G.
(a),
246-6.
(a),
same
PI.
IV. 18.
Num. Chron.,
Brandis,
Berlin (two), Fox, Hecta. Paris (De L.) (a), 41-3 grs. Vienna (6), 40-4. Leake 41, Prok.-0st., 40-8.
(6),
40-7.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Twelfth. Paris
(a),
20-1 grs.
Vienna, 22-7.
St.
Pet.
(), 24.
(fl),
same
die.
-..
35
36
CYZICUS
CYZ1CUS.
105
108. Lion standing to right, with tail between his legs, holds the hilt of a weapon with his right fore-paw, and is biting the blade, which projects beyond his
mouth.
W.
Engr. Rev. de
Num.
Belg., vol.
ii.,
PI. V. 3.
lion
is
Burgon, the author of the Catalogue of the Thomas Collection, where a similar coin formed lot 1914, was of the opinion that it was the harpa, but, acknowledging the
unlikeliness of such a representation, withheld his judgment until another coin turning up, might give a better
impression of the die. It is unfortunate that upon neither of the two coins at present known to me, is the end of the
weapon quite
distinct,
still
there
it
make
it
is
sufficient
would connect
109. Forepart of lioness to left, apparently devouring her Behind, tunny upwards. prey.
Brit.
Mus.
8].
(a),
247'8grs. (Subhi
sale,
No. 1150).
[PI.
V.
(b),
W.
G.
Munich, 39-7.
Imhoof, 39-5.
dies.
Engr.
Twelfth. Paris (De L.). Vienna (a), 22-5 grs. 20-1. Six (c). (b),
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies.
St. Pet.
Engr. De Luynes,
Choix,
PL X.
12.
106
CYZICUS.
On
is
much
the hecta and twelfth the object held in the mouth like a bone. The type is found on silver coins,
probably of Phocsea, many of which have been found in Southern Italy and near Marseilles.
110. Forepart of lion to left, with open mouth, the head turned back. Behind, tunny downwards.
W.
[PI.
V.
5].
left,
Waddington, 40-8.
112.
of lioness to
left,
with paw.
Behind,
Waddington, 20
! grs.
Beneath, tunny
sale,
left.
W.
No. 1044).
[PL V. 6].
die.
JOngr.
Num.
Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 26. Brit. Mus. Guide, PI. X. 13.
Hecta. Brit.
(a),
Mus.
41-5.
(a),
41-2 grs. Paris (two), 42-4, Berlin (three), (Fox, two), (Prok.-
Ost.).
Six
(a).
(a),
same
die.
Engr.
Sestini,
Stat.
Ant.,
PI.
IV.
6.
Mionnet,
Noted. Mionnet,
vi.
p.
614, No. 9.
Brandis, p. 401,
under Samos.
No. 112,
me
this hecta, nor with the twelfth, to include them in the plates.
CYZ1CUS.
107
Head
of lion, with
to right.
Behind, tunny
Munich, 41 -3
V.
7].
vi. p.
614, No. 7.
115.
Head
of lioness,
mouth
closed, to
left.
Behind, tunny
upwards.
Imhoof
(a),
250
grs.
[PI. V. 8].
(b),
Brit.
Mus.
(b),
248.
Paris, 247.
W. G.
248-4.
JSngr.
Num.
Chron., N.S.,xvii.,
PI.
VI. 10.
Noted, Brandis, p. 404. Hecta. Paris, 40-1 grs. Paris (De L.) (two), 40, 39. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.). Six, 41-3. Moore, 39'5. Weber, 40-6 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 1002).
Noted. Brandis,
p.
404.
116.
Head
Brit.
of lioness, facing.
In
field
to
left
tunny down-
wards.
Mus., 41 grs.
[PI.
V. 9].
left.
V. 10].
Engr. Dumersan,
p. 300,
No. 104.
Brandis,
winged
Cyzicus.
boars,
Here it is a winged lioness, and there are bulls, and dogs, without taking Pegasus into account. These representations are no doubt Oriental in their
and probably denote motion,
in connection with
origin,
Solar worship
103
118.
CYZICUS.
head of ram
neck.
W.
G., 247'6.
Noted. Zeit. fur Numis. (1882), vol. x. Twelfth. Paris (De L.), 20'5 grs.
p. 76,
No. 24.
Engr. Ann.
dell'
Inst.
Archeol., vol.
xiii., p.
150,
Mon.
PL XXXV.
21.
left,
Mus., 254-1
grs.
[PL V. 12].
The chimaera on
head of a
seem
to
have the
lion, as the
monster
is
ordinarily represented,
is
quite
apparent. The chimaera appears upon an early electrum coin, attributed by Mr. Head (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xv.
p. 285) to Zeleia, a town which at one time was included within the territory of Cyzicus. Though the ordinary of it is that this is one of the type Sicyon, scarcely likely
cases
of another
As connected with
to find it
left,
Beneath,
tunny
left.
CYZICUS.
109
No. 66.
Monn. Grecq.,
[PI.
p. 241,
V. 14].
PI.
Engr.
Sestini,
Stat.
8.
Ant.,
V.
19.
PL XLIII.
14.
Dumersan, Cat.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., iv. p. 160, No. 1047. Brandis, p. 404. Chron., vi. p. 136.
Num.
left.
Beneath, tunny
grs.
[PI.
left.
V. 15].
(a),
Paris, 247.
St.
Imhoof
1884,
247.
Weber, 247'8
W.
G.
(b),
Engr.
Noted.
Num.
Brit.
Mus.
Num.
150.
Num.
Chron.,
vi. p.
p.
50.
Brandis classes this stater to Chalcedon, but the presence The bull of the tunny compels it to be given to Cyzicus.
occurs on the coinage of other cities as well as of Byzan-
tium and Chalcedon, and Cyzicus may have taken this type from any one of them, As has already been noticed
in the introduction,
Mus. (a), 247-1 grs. [PI. V. 16]. W. G. (a), 247 Weber (ft), 247'8. (Bompois sale, No. 1862).
Lambros
Engr.
Num.
110
CYZICUS.
A copy of the ordinary type of Thurium. We have an instance of Cyzicus taking a coin-type from a city quite as far distant in No. 85, where a coin of Syracuse
served for the model.
123.
Ox
kneeling or lying
down
[PI.
to left.
Beneath, tunny
left.
Brit.
HUB., 40 grs.
V. 17].
Engr.
124.
Head
of bull to
left.
Beneath, tunny
[PI.
left.
Brit. Mus.,
247-5 grs.
V. 18].
Engr. Num.
left.
Beneath, tunny
Lana-
W.
Brit.
die.
Engr. Ann.
22.
dell'
Inst.
Archeol,
vol.
xiii.,
PI.
XXXV.
left,
Beneath,
tunny
St. Pet.,
left.
246-5 grs.
[PI.
V. 20].
Poseidon, to
whom
Cyzicene staters, and it is probable that the horse may have been used as a coin-type in connection with him. It may, however, have been introduced as a copy of the
coinage of Maronea, where it had been, in alliance with the vine, the long-continued badge of that city.
CYZTCUS.
Ill
Beneath, tunny
sale,
right.
W. G.
(a),
21].
Mus.
(a),
247'7.
xvi., PI.
VIII. 28.
type connected with the myth of Bellerophon another type, the chimaera (Nos, 119, 120) equally belong;
ing to the same legend, has already been described. The stater may have been copied from the long- continued and widely diffused coins of Corinth and her colonies, with which state Cyzicus, in its commercial relations, must
necessarily have been in frequent contact.
of the
in
many
we may perhaps
left.
Beneath, tunny
Paris (De L.)
left.
V. 22].
Num.
Mionnet, Suppl.,
The
forepart of a
coinage of other towns of the district. It would, therefore, be strange if it was not found on the currency of so important a neighbouring state as Cyzicus.
It has, however, been suggested to me by Professor is not a horse but a deer or ante-
and he thinks he
sees
It
112
is
CYZICUS.
certainly not a good representation of a horse, and has more of the form of the deer, both in the slenderness of
If a stater of the the neck and the length of the head. same type should come to light the difficulty might be
solved.
129. Ass standing left on tunny. W. G., 246-2 grs. (Whittall [PI. V. 23].
sale,
1884,
No. 757),
A
of
Dionysiac type.
It occurs
Mende.
130.
Brit.
247. (Subhi
sale,
Engr. Num.
PI.
VIII. 30.
4.
may
On
ram by Phrixus
to
CYZICUS.
113
It is, perhaps, scarcely to be expected that the ram should occur on the coinage of maritime Cyzicus as a symbol of Apollo, the shepherd god (Kapveios), though in
other relations he
is
181.
back, kneeling
[PI.
left
on tunny.
V. 25].
die.
PI.
W.
G., 249.
Lam-
same
Stat.
PI.
Ant.,
9.
VIII.
5.
Brit.
Mus.
X.
Num.
left.
W.
[PI.
V. 26].
Weber, 249'2.
die.
on tunny.
grs. (Ivanoff sale, No.
Copenhagen 247
27].
191.),
[PL V.
W. G.
246-3.
Diff. dies.
grs.
[PI.
V. 28].
It
is
goat occurs on the Cyzicene coins, though been placed there as sacred to Hermes.
134.
may have
Head
of goat to
(a),
left.
Bunbury
247 grs. (Dupre sale). [PI. V. 29]. Paris (De L.), 249. Brit. Mus. (6), 247'6. St. W. G. (c), 247'5. (Bompois sale, Pet., 247. No. 1361). Lewis, 248'6. Lobbecke (d), 249-5. Hoffmann (two), 247, 247'2. Lambros in 1885
(two).
(")' (b), (c), (d), diff. dies.
114
CY/ICUS.
Num.
Chron., N.S.,
Num.
Brandis,
p.
404.
Paris,
201.
left
St. Pet.,
247.
Both same
Hecta. Imhoof
40-8.
(a),
die.
(ft),
Berlin, 41.3.
Noted. Brandis,
p.
early coins of
Methymna.
PL IV.
27.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 304, No. 125. Brandis, p. 391, under Methymna, and he calls the animal
a boar.
(a),
41 grs.
Hunter.
Leake.
(rt)
same
die.
Engr. Hunter,
28.
PL LXVI.
2.
Brit.
Mus. Guide,
PL
IV.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 615, No. 14. Suppl. v., p. 304, No. 126. Suppl. ix., p. 231, No. 27. Leake, Num. Hellen. Asiat. Greece, p. 50. Brandis, p. 405.
Twelfth. Waddington, 20-2 grs.
lines.
CYZICUS.
115
Beneath,
swimming
V. 33].
to left.
tunny
left.
[PI.
Brit.
(Subhi
sale,
No. 764).
W. G.
(b),
The
distinctive type of
many
Clazomenae.
It is
the
Phoenician standard,
attributed to
Clazomena?, of
which
this stater
may
left
16
be a copy.
138.
Dog
standing
V.
St. Pet.,
237.
Ant.,
PI.
VIII.
13.
Mionuet,
403.
p.
Brandis,
p.
Hecta. Brit.Mus. (two) 41-2 grs., 40-6. Berlin (three) Fox, 40 40-1.
42-8, 41-5.
Copenhagen.
403.
St. Pet,
W.
G., 41'8.
It is
on the reverse a quadripartite square incuse. engraved Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VIII. 15. This,
It has
possibly,
46
may
much below
is
110
THE ELECTRUM
COINAGE- OF UYZICUS.
cases,
Colophon.
i
left,
upwards.
Imhoof
34 grs. [PI. V. 36]. Munich, 41-3. (rt), 41-3 (Ivanoff sale, No. 155). (), (b), diff. dies.
(/>),
Enyr.
140.
PL VIII.
14.
to left
W.
[PL VI.
1].
[PI.
VI.
2].
Paris
(b),
Waddington, 89'7.
Engr.
PL IX.
4.
141. Cerberus standing to left. He has two heads with a collar round each neck, and the tail ends in the head of a serpent. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit.
Mus.
One
250-4 grs. [PL VI. 8]. W. G. (b), 246-8. by Sotheby and Wilkinson, Feb. 19, 1887, 250-4 grs. A second sold by S. & W., Mar. 22, 1887, 240 grs.
(a),
sold
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., vol. St. Pet. Hecta. Paris, 41 grs.
(Hamilton
sale,
xvi.,
PL
VIII. 24.
Six
(a),
(a), 42*4.
40-8.
1867).
die.
(a)
same
when Theseus
was delivered from Hades, forms an incident in the myth of Heracles, with which several of the types on the Cyzicene coins
Jf.S., xyi. p,
are
Mr. Head (Num. Chron., 284) suggests that the type was derived from
connected.
Mum. Ck
27
e
29
30
32
CYZICUS.
CYZICUS.
117
dis-
trict
Cimmerium, anciently called Cerberion, with which Cyzicus was in constant commercial intercourse.
142. Animal with long
tail
standing to
left
on tunny.
[PI.
VI. 4].
Noted.
Num.
Vet., R. P.
K,
p. 3.
The animal, which has much the appearance of a squirrel, is no doubt a fox, and was placed on the coin in connection with Bassareus, the Lydian Dionysus, to whom On the reverses of early electrum the animal was sacred.
staters
and
and
to
Lydia
(Head, Hist.
Num.
is
a figure of a
running fox within an oblong incuse, between two small incuse squares containing respectively a stag's head and a
cross with pellets at the extremities.
left
on tunny, the
W.
G.
(a),
grs. [PI. VI. 5]. Brit. Mus. (a), 245-2. Hague (6), 247'4. (De L.) (b), 247'8. Waddiugton (Northwick sale, No. 956). Weber,
247-2
Paris
244-2 (Whittall
246-9.
sale,
Lobbecke,
Lambros.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr.
Noted.
IX.
1.
Num.
Chron., N.S.,
Num.
Vet., R. P. K., p.
154.
Brandis, p. 398,
under Teos.
Hecta. Berlin, 40'1 grs.
There
is
lion,
which occurs
so fre-
quently on the staters as the griffin. And in connection with Apollo, the father of its mythical founder, we might
118
CYZ1CUS.
expect it to be common. As the guardian of the gold in the land of the Hyperboreans, periodically visited by Apollo, the griffin might again find a place on the Cyzi-
cene coinage, and with more than ordinary fitness, as the gold used at Cyzicus came principally, through Panticapaeum, from the region where the Hyperboreans were
supposed to dwell. The griffin, as the common type, the badge of Teos and Abdera, its colony, both of them not
and wealthy states, was also to be expected on the coins of a city which so frequently adopted the moneThough, probably, used on tary subjects of other states.
far distant
the coinage of Cyzicus in connection with Apollo, the Types having refegriffin was also a Dionysiac symbol. rence to Dionysus and his worship are very common on the
staters,
and
it is
rence in Cyzicus.
144. Griffin, with rounded wing, seated to left on tunny, the right fore-paw raised. Brit. Mus., 248-8 grs. [PI. VI. 6]. W. G., 247-1, (Subhi
sale,
No. 766).
All the
Lambros
same
die.
in 1885.
Engr.
Num.
xvii., PI.
VI. 8.
left
on tunny, the
[PL VI.
7].
left
on tunny.
VI. 9.
[PI.
VI.
9].
Engr.
147. Griffin to
on tunny, holding head of spear in mouth. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 202, No. 112, (Cab. de feu M. d'Hermand).
CYZICl
S.
119
it
and I think
probable that
it
is
wrongly
described.
It is the
common
type on coins of Panticapseum, and one which might be expected to occur on the coinage of Cyzicus, supposing that the coin as described ever existed.
148. Forepart of
griffin to left,
left.
Beneath,
tunny
246-8.
[PI.
Hoffmann
(two), (b),
(a), (b),
diff.
PI.
IX.
3.
The
griffin
;
on this
all
stater is represented
is
of a lion
on
left,
In front,
left,
sale,
No. 1652).
left
VI. 12].
W.
[PI.
VI. 18].
except that the hare, &c., is one frequent on ihe coins of to the replaced by tunny,
120
Elis.
CYZICUS.
An
is
the ordinary
type of Sinope.
152. Eagle facing, but flying to right, behind, tunny downwards, all upon disk or within a circle.
Paris,
247
grs.
[PI.
Berlin, 246-9.
ix., PI. I. 6.
if
so the type
upon
disk.
[PI. VI. 15].
ix., PI. I. 2.
154. Eagle standing to right upon tunny; above it is a second tunny whose head is covered by that of the
eagle.
Twelfth.
W.
[PI.
VI. 17].
Kotschoubey
Coll., 20-2.
Engr.
PI. I. 1.
left.
Beneath,
[PI.
VI. 18].
The
bird
commonly
was
may have reference to the worship of that god, whose head occurs on hectaB of Phocaea. The cock as the bird of dawn is the common type of Himera, but it
of the Sicilian coin.
does not appear probable that there is any copying here On the coins of Dardanus in Troas
the cock
is
of frequent occurrence,
though commonly
it is
CYZICUS.
121
a fighting cock. It is found, however, in a peaceful attitude upon an early electrum stater of the Phoenician standard, as well as upon silver coins of a little later date.
156.
Head
offish, with spike, to left. Beneath, head of cock turned towards the fish-head.
Imhoof, 42 grs.
This hecta, one of the class with the fish-head, probably representing the whole tunny, came into Dr. Imhoof-
plates.
157. Dolphin to
Brit.
left.
Beneath, tunny
grs., 40-4. Diff. dies.
left.
[PI.
VI. 19]
Noted.
Num.
(a),
20-5
(b).
W. G.
who on
the stater,
158. Crab holding in its claws the head of a fish Beneath, small tunny left.
to left.
[PI.
VI. 20].
[PI.
VI. 21].
Of base
gold.
There
is
A type,
ship of Poseidon.
probably connected with the worUpon the stater No. 161 the claws only
122
CYZTCUS.
two
fish.
Dr.
Imhoof-Blumer believes the fish not to be a tunny, and that the fabric of the coin differs in some degree from that of
the Cyzicene staters. For these reasons, and also because on the corresponding hecta the fish is absent, he thinks
He sugthe coin belongs to another state than Cyzicus. of a fish held by to the head be gests that what appears It is quite true that the fabric of the crab is a sun-fish.
this stater
and
and twelfths, which have upon them the head or tail of a fish and other like devices, is different from that of the
hectse
ordinary Cyzicenes. The fish on these archaic coins differs also from the usual representation of the tunny of Cyzicus.
is,
cuse of the reverse is of essentially the same form as that of the acknowledged coins of Cyzicus, while the fish may
well be the tunny, though not executed with the same I have, therefore, included this most truth to nature.
peculiar and puzzling class of coins (Nos. 158, 161 to 168)
of Cyzicus,
though with a
little
159. Crab.
Hoffmann
[PI.
VI. 22].
which M. Six
me
cast,
taken from
it
when
in
M.
Hoffmann's possession.
160. Pecten shell, hinge downwards. Beneath, tunny Brit. Mus., 21-1 grs. [PI. VI. 23].
left.
Engr.
Noted.
Num.
CYZICTJS.
123
Beneath,
Two
fish to left,
tails.
VI. 24].
Berlin, 249'8.
vol.
v., p.
Engr. Eev.
de
la
Numis. Beige,
248,
PI. VII. 1.
162.
Tunny
to left,
from
right.
it
above head of fish, with spike projecting Beneath, tail of fish to behind, to right.
VI. 25].
[PI.
Lambros, 28'1
(plated).
163.
Head
Imhoof, 250
grs.
[PI.
VI. 27].
Leake, 41-3.
Num.
trifid object,
164.
Head
Paris,
of
Above, tunny to right, fish, with spike, to right. over whose tail is a trifid flower (?) upright.
grs.
[PI.
42
VI. 28].
165.
Head
W.
166.
Head
Above
it
tunny
(?).
Beneath, tunny
Paris, 21-6 grs.
[PI.
left.
VI. 80].
167.
Head
left.
Beneath,
tail
offish to
124
168.
CYZ1CUS.
Two
fish-heads, each with spike, to left, one above the other. Behind them tunny upwards. In field to right two dots ; and in field to left one dot.
[PI.
VI. 82],
[PI.
VI. 33].
Noted.
Num.
The twelfth, is of very pale electrum, and has two dots, one above and the other beneath the fish-heads.
W.
right.
A type
pistrix is
a large series of the earlier tetradrachms, &c., of Syracuse. Mr. Head has suggested, with much probability, that it
was placed there to commemorate the naval victory gained by Hieron over the Etruscans near Cumse, B.C. 474.
is represented as crushing a with rock, among other creatures of the sea, Ephialtes
Upon
is
a pistrix. 47
170.
Prow
of a ship to left, from which issues the forepart of a winged wolf. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris (De L.), 248 grs. [PI. VI. 35]. Both the same die.
Imhoof, 249-2.
6.
vol.
i.,
PI. II.
Mon. Ined.
20.
Archeol., vol.
iii.,
PI.
XXXV.
The expedition
of
Mon. Ceram,
vol.
i.,
PI.
V.
CYZICUS.
125
Argo.
Bithynia
connected with
left.
Beneath, tunny
left.
[PI.
VI. 36].
is
of Corinthian,
may
172. Lyre.
Paris (De L.) (a), 246-1 grs. [PI. VI. 37]. Imhoof (a), 246-2.
(a)
same
die.
makes a
fitting termina-
and varied
series of the
electrum coins of
Cyzicus.
INDEX.
A.
Abdera, Heracles seated on coin of, 85 large variety of coin-types,
;
Asiatic coins
standard,
of, 14, 15,
early 29
electrum
of,
45
21
Abydus, coins of, 13 Achelous, defeat of, by Heracles, 85 Actaeon, bead of, 24, 60 represented
;
vases, 60 JEgospotami, battle of, 6, 19, 76 .ZEsepus, the river, possibly represented on stater, 73, 74 Agalmata, primitive, 5 Agrigentum, head of eagle and crab
on
olive-trees at Athens, 65 treasury of, in the Parthenon, 14 Athens, coinage of, 8 defeated at Chios, 7 her commercial interests in the Euxine, 19 long connected with Cyzicus, 28, 61 types connected with, 28, 37, 61 uniformity of her coin-type, 8, 40 Atys, 9, 25 head of, 78, 79
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Athena plants
claw on coin of, 61 Alexander the Great, his staters found with Cyzicenes, 42
Alliance, states
in, after battle of
B.
Bassareus, the Lydian Dionysus, 25 fox the symbol of, 117 Bellerophon, 26 myth of, 108, 111 Berlin, terracotta there with Gaia and Cecrops, 63 Bifrontal head, 72 Boar, 114 forepart of winged, 115 Briareus, one of the giants, 5 Bull, 109 butting, 109 ; forepart of winged, 110; head of, 110; human-headed, 73 ; walking, 109
;
;
Cnidus, 83
Androcydes, a Cyzicene painter, 73 Antalcidas, peace of, 7 head of, 65 with Aphrodite, 25 Eros, 66 Apollo, 5, 10, 24 destroyer of Pyhead of, 54, 55 holdthon, 55 ing lyre, 56, 57 Hyperborean, seated on griffin, 56, 57 11, 56 seated on swan. 57; shooting, 55; wearing ear-ring, 91; worshipped as Lycius, 10 Aradus, Dagon on coin of, 51 Argo, the ship, 26, 125
; ;
C.
Cabeirus, head of
a,
86
12,
124
;
figure
of
Art at Cyzicus, 35 of staters the only test of date, 31, 34 rapid development of, 75 Artemis, 10, 11, 24; harbour-guar;
Cheiron, Jason brought up by, 71 Chimaera, 108 defeat of Chios, coin- type of, 101
;
Athens
at, 7
128
Cimmerium, anciently
117
INDEX.
Cerberion, scene of rape of Persephone, 12, 53 school of painting there, 35, 36 siege of, by Misite of, not excathradates, 11 tribt s into which it vated, 36 was divided, 5 tunny the badge under Athenian inof, 22, 45 under Persian rule, fluence, 6, 7 6,7; under Sparta, 6; used types foreign to herself, 27; wealth of, 13
there, 8
;
coin -type of, 115 Cleite, daughter of Merops, wife of Cyzicus, 4, 5 Cnidus, battle off, 6, 76 Cock, forepart of, 120; head of, 121
near, 41
;
Coin-types,
see
Types
D.
of,
123
Cray-fish, on reverse of stater, 45 Croesus, gold coinage of, 45 Critics, group in marble by, 90 Cumae, Scylla on coins of, 73 Currency, no gold or silver in early times at Cyzicus, 13
head of, 51, 52 pursuing Hades, 54 Demetrius Poliorcetes, tetradrachm of with Nike, 75 Demosthenes, his account of the
serpent car, 54
;
time, 34
coins,
Die-engravers, excellence of Cyzitheir skill in adapting cene, 40 subjects to space, 37 Die-engraving, not a true test of art, 35 Dindymene, name of Cybele, 9, 78
;
Cyrus overthrows Lydian empire, 6 Cyzicus (the hero), 26 head of, 92;
;
Dionysiac subjects, novel treatment of, by Cyzicene artists, 38 as a child, Dionysus, 25, 67, 68 68 head of, 66, 67 head of, on
;
reputed founder of the city, 12; slain by Jason or Heracles, 5 son of Apollo, 4; tomb at Cyzicus, 12 Cyzicus (the city), badge of, 22 battle of, 6, 72, 75 beauty of its
; ; ;
celebrated for its buildings, 9 earliest settlers there, wine, 70 3; eclectic character of coin- types,
; ;
founded by colony from Migiven to Persephone by its importance as a Zeus, 11 trading community, 12 no gold
36
;
Naxus and Thasus, 67 of, on coins of Timotheus of Heraclea, 93; popular god at Cyseated on rock covered zicus, 38 with panther's skin, 67, 68 statue of, in form of a bull, 12, 109 youthful, 68 Discobolus, head of, 91 Divinities worshipped at Cyzicus,
coins of
;
head
letus, 5
9, seq.
115 forepart of, 1 1 6 winged, 116 settled at Cyzicus, 3 Doliones, Dolphin, 48, 121 Double-stater of Cyzicus, 1 4
Dog,
1M)KX.
H.
Kagleon disk, 120 on tunny, 1 19, 120 Kas-les of Zens at Delphi, 58, 59
;
Hades, helmet
of, lent to
Perseus, 88
25,
EcKHF.L,
suters,
ignorant of existence of
2,
18
Elfctrum, 14; artificial, 15, 16; harder than gold, 16; native, 15,lrt Elcxtruin coins, denominations of, 13, 14; early issue of, 14, 18 h.-id a special value, 17 not cur; ;
Harpy, 100 forepart of, 100 Head on a disk, 90 HEAD, Mr. Barclay V., account of a hoard of staters, 2 his opinion on the annual issue of types, 3D
; ;
rent as gold coin, 16 staters of Cyzicus, called go'd staters, 17 Eleuth. ria, 76 Ephesus, early ele< trum coins of, 15
Electrum
Hectae of Phocsea, &c., 18 head of, 91 worHelios, 24, 59 shipped at Zeleia, 59 Helle, myth of, 112 Hellenic coinage, religious charac; ;
Eros, 66
.L u polls,
ler of, 7
commer-
State,
its
polity insepa-
rable from
its religion, 7
F.
Fear
Helmet, 125; held by figure in the hand, 96 terminating in wing, 88, 89 Helmeted figure, 96, 98, 99
;
Hera
124
with, 50 figure witn, on coins of Itanus, 51 Fox, sacred to Bassareus, 2-5, 117 Friezes jf temples supplied subjects for coin-types, 39
Fish-tail, figure
;
racles, 5
G.
Gala, 25, 37, 61, 63, 64
tion of,
;
representa-
and
74
83; head of, 82; holding club over head, 84, 85 holding horn, 85; seated, 85; strangling Nemean lion, 86 strangling serwith the Argo83 peiit-*, 64, nauts, 5, 12, 82 youthful, 96
cus,
;
Gela, coin-type
Goat, 25, 113; head of, 113 Gods, types connected with, on staters, 23 Gold, analysis of Siberian, 20 found in Asia Minor, 1'J from Ural Mountains, 13, 16, 19, 20, 56 guarded by griffins, 11, 56, 118 Mipply of, for staters, 19 value value of, of, at Panticapseum, 20 in Greece, 20 well known in
;
Hermes, 25; goat connected with, 25 head of, 25, 66 Hoards of staters, 41, 42 HOFMANN, Dr. K. B., specific
;
gravity of staters, 14, 15 Hoplit^, preparing for, or winning in, the race. 97 Horse, 110; winged, 111 Human-headed bull, 73
I.
Greece, 16
if fish
the tuuny, 122 regards lionheaded man as a figure of Fear, 80 thinks head of a fish is a sunfish, 122 Incuse, of first issue of Cyzicene staon reversu of coin, retained ter, 21 throughout on the staters, 22
;
;
lao
INDKX.
Medusi, head
seus, 89
of,
carried
by Per-
Jason,
5, 26,
99
K.
Kertch, staters found near, 20, 41 KOFHNE, DE, account of stater with with Nereid, Apollo on swan, 58 72 L.
;
Megara, colony from, to Cvzicus, 6 Merops, King of Percote, 4 Miletus, Cyzicus founded by coeleutrum coinage lony from, 5 of, 15 temple of Apollo there, 10
;
Lampsacus, coins
of,
of, 13. 16; stater with Neteid, 72; stateis of, found with Cyzicenes, 41 winged horse, badge of, 111
;
MII.LIXGEN, his theory of date of stater with Eleutheria, 77 Mill-sail pattern en leverse of stut' rs, 22 Mithradates besieges Cyzicus, 11 Monasteries in Middle Ages posses -fd of
much
wealth, 7
staters, 17
of,
Monetary value of
Larissa, daughter of Piasus, 4 LENOKMANT, M. Charles, Essai snr les Stateres de Cyzique, 2 his belief that the Cyzicenes belong to the f'ointh century, principally 19 his opinion of date of stater
;
on
N.
of city not found on the Cyzicenes, 22 Naxus, head of Diony.-us on coins
of,
wish Nike holding an aplustre, his untenable theory about 75 date of stater with Eleutheria, 77
;
Name
LENORMANT, M. Fra^ois,
believes
67
; ;
the principal issue of staters was after B.C. 404, 33, 34; Siateres inedits de Cyzique, 2 subject on staterattributedbyhim toPhrixus sacrificing ram with golden fleece, 87 Lion, 102, 103, 104, 105 biting connected with Cyharpa, 105 103 106 head bele, forepart of, sun symof, 107 scalp of, 106 bol, 103 Lion-headed man, 79, 80 Lioness, 104 forepart of, 105, 106 head of, 107 winged, 107
;
; ;
Nereid seated on dolphin, 72 Nike, 26 goddess of flying, 76 goddess of agonistic victory, 75 holding victory in war, 75
: ;
aplustre, 74
Lycius,
Apollo
as,
worshipped at
;
"Zeleia, 10
Lydia, early coinage of, 15 gold coinage of, 31, 45 kingdom of, 6 Lyre, 125; Apollo holding, 56
;
M.
Macedon, gold mines
of,
P. 19
Pactolus, go^ from the river, 15 Painting, school of, at Cvzicus, 3>,
Magisterial devices, principal subelseject on the Cyzicenes, 30 where subordinate to badge of 30 state, Magistrates, marks on coins designating, 29 Mallus, winged figure on coins of, 81 Maronea, coin-type of, 110
;
36
;
P-llas.
head
62
Pan, bead of, 28, 69 Panticapaeum, 12, 19, 20 value of silver there, 20 we'ght of gold
;
stater there, 20
Pecten
shell,
122
INDEX.
rergamon,
011
131
frieze there
lion,
78
with
Cyzicus given by Zeus to, 11 Cyzicus protected by, 12; Cyzicus the scene of the rape of, 12, 53; worshipped at Cyzicus, 11 Perseus carrying head of Medusa, 89 harpa of, 105 head of, 26, 88 pursued by Gorgons, 89 Persian king, head of, 93 Persian power in Asia Minor bro-
cus, 5
;
of,
by An-
ken, 77 Persian rule, Cyzicus under, 6 Perspective, inability to represent objects in, 63 Pharnabazus, daric struck during satrapy of, low; Peisander defeated by, at Cnidus, 6 proclaims autonomy to Greek cities of Asia Minor, 76
;
Philip of Macedon, his gold staters, 18, 35 Ph'.caea, hectse of, 17, 18, 22; type
.f, 29 Phocaic standard, in use at Cyzicus for electrum coinage, 13, 21, 45 Phrixus sacrificing ram with golden fleece, 87 statue of, at Athens, 87 Phrygians from Thrace settled at
;
SESTINI, Stateri Antichi, 2, passim Sicyon, Apollo on coin of, 55, 56 coin-types of, 28 Silphium, badge of the Cyrenaica, 46 Silver, its value at Panti>-apseum, 20 Six, M., 2, SO, 34, 55 Sow, 114 Spata, early ivories found at, 100 Spartan rule in Asia overthrown, 76 Specific gravity of Cyzicene staters, 14, 15 Sphinx, 101, 102; forepart of, 102 Standard, the Phoraic, in use at
;
Cyzicus, 4
Pia us, a The.salian king, 4 Piraeus, hoard of staters found there, 35, 42 Pistrix, 124 Polydectes, Perseus bringing head of Medusa to, 89 Poseidon, 24 head of, 48 holding striking with dolphin, 48, 49 trident, 49
;
Cyzicus, 13, 21, 4-3 Staler of Cyzicus, a double, 14; monetary value of, 17; one a month's pay of Xenophoii's soldiers, 17 Staters of Cyzicus, clashed with
dar.cs, 17; great trading medium, no analysis of, 14 ; not 18, 34 issued as gold coin", 16 ; specific
;
gravity
treasuries,
14,
17,
of,
29
,
'22,
Staters ot
Philip of
Macedon,
18,
35
!
R.
state,
a religious
one, 8
Ram,
112. 113; forepart of, 113; Helle riding on, 112 Religious character of H.llenic coin-
of,
on
stater,
T.
Tnra8, son of Poseidon, 24, 49, 50 Tarentum, coin-types of, 2-1, 28, 37, 49, 50 Temple decorations, source of coin subjects, 39
age, 7
Reverse, nature of, on staters, 22 Rhea, 9 Rhea-Cybele, temple of, at Cyzicus, 5 Rhodian coins, head ofHelios on, 91 River-god, 26, 73
'
1:32
7,
numerous
at Cyzicus, 8
recep-
tacles of property, 7 Terracotta at Berlin with Gaia, Ericlithonius and Cecrops, 63 Thasus, head of Dionysus on coins of, 67
Thi'bes, promoter of resistance to Sparta, 84 type of Heracles and serpents originated there, 84 Thetis, 26, 72 Thrace, gold mines of, 19
;
V.
Value, monetary, of staters, 17
W.
Wealth accumulated by monasteries,
8
;
Thorium, coin-type
of, 29,
110
Timotheus, dynast of Heraclea, c >in of, 93 Triptolemus in serpent car, 53, 54; on coins of Athens and Eleusis, 54
Triton, 50, 51
of Cyzicus, 13
;
116; female figure, 80; horse, 111; lioness, 107; male figure, 79, 82 WKOTH, Mr., Catalogue of Cretan
Coins, 51
46
X.
Xenophon, his account of the p-ty of a soldier of the Ten Thousand,
17
Type, part
whole, 61
of,
representing
the
23
;
Types
Cyzicus from other copied from single figures or groups, 39 foreign to Cyzicene cults used on staters, 27 illustrative of religious cults, of Cyzicene staters, 21, 22 21 of religious origin, 7, 8 the cause of diversity of, on staters, 29
copied by states, 36
; ;
Z.
Zeleia.
as
of,
usually local, 36
electrum stater attributed 108 Zeus, 23, 46 golden eagles of, at Delphi, 58, 59 Zeus-Ainuion, head of, 47, 48
;
108
to,
I'ICIMKI)
DY
J.
S.
Vlll'lUK
AND
CO.,
LONDON".