Abaqus for Oil & Gas Geomechanics

Stephen King| SIMULIA

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Agenda Overview
Abaqus capabilities for Oil & Gas Geomechanics Applications of Abaqus capabilities Reservoir Geomechanics Simulations Summary

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Oil & Gas Geomechanics: Points to Consider

Is coupled pore fluid diffusion-stress analysis necessary?

Points to consider Are temperature effects important?

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for simulations

Which material model is appropriate? Is damage and failure modeling important? Is contact modeling important?

What is the model scale? Does it involve multiple scales? What is turnaround time for simulations? What element types need to be used?
Are there proprietary material models or loads that need to be taken into account?
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Coupled Pore Fluid Diffusion-Displacement

Fully coupled pore fluiddisplacement solutions
Pore fluid flow affects the deformations and the deformations affect the pore fluid flow

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No pore pressure effects

Fully drained
Courtesy: S. Mantica, G.Capasso & S.Monaco , eni E&P Courtesy: MCS

Pore pressure affects results but no fluid diffusion

Fully undrained Coupled temperature-fluid

diffusion-displacement
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Material Models
Nonlinear stress-strain behavior Irreversible deformations Some factors
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that affect model choice

Influence of hydrostatic pressure stress on strength Influence of hydrostatic pressure on stress-strain behavior Influence of intermediate principal stress on strength Shear stressing-dilatancy coupling Influence of hydrostatic pressure stress on volume changes Hardening/softening related to volume changes Stress path dependency

Effects of stress reversals

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Material Models
Abaqus provides a wide range of material modelsYield surface

Elasticity models
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Shear stress

Linear, isotropic Porous, isotropic (nonlinear)

Pressure

Plasticity models
Open surface, pressure independent (Mises) Open surface, pressure dependent (MohrCoulomb, Drucker-Prager) Closed surface (Cam-clay, DruckerPrager with Cap) Multisurface (jointed material)
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Damage and Failure

Progressive damage simulations
Range of damage initiation and propagation criteria
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Cohesive elements
With or without pore pressures

Erosion
User-defined erosion criteria

Element failure and deletion

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Advanced Contact Modeling Capabilities

Automatic contact detection and general contact Soil-structure interactions
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Lagrangian contact Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian contact Range of friction models, including customized models

Pore fluid contact

Maintain pore pressure continuity across an interface or specify impermeable interfaces Cohesive pore pressure elements

Ties and contact activation

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Efficient Simulations at Various Scales

Analysis time [hrs]

High performance solutions

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10 8 6

Reservoir analysis scaling

Direct Iterative

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2 0 4

Parallel execution on clusters for both Abaqus/Standard and Explicit High-performance direct and iterative solvers

2.4M DOF

Cores

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Submodeling
Drive detailed simulations using global results

Element Technology
Comprehensive element library 2D and 3D Shells, beams, solids
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Special purpose elements

Cohesive elements Infinite elements

Different shapes
Triangles and rectangles Bricks and tetrahedrals

Different interpolation orders

First and second order
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Extensions and Customization

User subroutines User elements
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User materials Proprietary failure criteria User loads and boundary conditions User friction models

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Agenda Overview
Abaqus capabilities for Oil & Gas Geomechanics Applications of Abaqus capabilities Reservoir Geomechanics Simulations Summary

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Ice Scouring
Application
Iceberg gouging of sea floor near buried arctic oil pipelines

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Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian capability to capture ice-soil-structure interactions accurately Extensive nonlinear material modeling for different types of soil. General contact to easily setup all contact interactions. Scalable parallel performance on many cores.

Courtesy: JP Kenny

Benefits
Optimize required pipeline burial depth for safe operations in the arctic ecosystem
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Offshore Platforms
Application
Assess the integrity of spudcan foundations taking into account installation procedure and operational loads
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Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian capability to capture soil-structure interactions accurately Extensive nonlinear material modeling for different types of soil. General contact to easily setup all contact interactions. Scalable parallel performance on many cores.

Benefits
Improve stability of offshore structures
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Sand Control
Application
Estimate erosion and sand production as a function of hydrocarbon production
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Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

Adaptive meshing with advection Solution mapping User subroutines for user-defined erosion criteria Fully coupled pore pressure-displacement solutions using coupled pore pressuredisplacement elements Element failure and deletion capabilities

Benefits
Determine appropriate sand control techniques with greater confidence
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Erosion of material (sand production) in an oil wellbore

Sand Control
Application
Design and evaluate all aspects of Expandable Sand Screens (ESS), from installation to operation in a variety of applications/reservoir conditions.
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Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

Most advanced FEA tool for realistic simulation accounting for all nonlinearities Geometry import from a variety of CAD tools and formats Extensive nonlinear material modeling for different types of rock and soil Sophisticated and yet very easy to use general contact capabilities to handle even the most complex contact conditions Abaqus/Explicit for simulating nonlinear dynamic events

Benefits
Develop enhanced and new ESS designs with substantial cost savings
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Courtesy: Weatherford

Hydraulic Fracture
Application
Simulate effects of hydraulic fracture on hydrocarbon production

Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

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Special-purpose cohesive elements with pore pressure degrees of freedom to model fractured surface Specify tangential and normal flow Fully coupled pore pressure-displacement procedure using coupled pore pressuredisplacement elements Good library of material properties, together with failure modeling User subroutines for using advanced and/or proprietary technology

Hydraulically induced fracture near a well bore

Benefits
Assess value of hydraulic fracture and use appropriate fracing technology
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Potential of XFEM technology in the future

Well Casings
Application
Design well casings taking into account cyclic thermal loads and formation movements
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Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

Coupled thermal-stress analysis Material models for metals and soil Fully coupled pore pressure-displacement solutions User-defined extensions

Benefits
Reduce casing failures especially for Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), and other (thermal) secondary extraction methods
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Courtesy: C-FER (SCC 2008)

Agenda Overview
Abaqus capabilities for Oil & Gas Geomechanics Applications of Abaqus capabilities Reservoir Geomechanics Simulations Summary

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Reservoir Geomechanics
Subsidence and compaction can affect production
The extraction of oil & gas from underground reservoirs leads to a reduction in pore fluid pressure
This results in a redistribution of stress in the rock formation Can lead to ground subsidence Can in turn affect the flow of oil & gas within the reservoir

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Geomechanics predictions of ground deformation is needed to maximize oil & gas extraction

Flow of oil & gas is simulated by reservoir flow simulators, such as Eclipse Abaqus is used for geomechanics

Courtesy: eni E&P

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Reservoir Geomechanics
Application
Determine subsidence and compaction as a function of hydrocarbon extraction

Why Abaqus Unified FEA?

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Coupled pore pressure-displacement solutions Element technology Library of soil material properties Damage and failure modeling User-defined extensions Materials, elements, loads, etc. Contact Submodeling High performance parallel execution

Courtesy: S. Mantica, G.Capasso & S.Monaco , eni E&P

Benefits
Improve estimates of hydrocarbon production and avoid well bore failures
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Reservoir Geomechanics

Subsidence and Compaction

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Reservoir Geomechanics

Subsidence and Compaction

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http://www.fesaus.org/webcast/2009/09/NewTechForum_10_Gmi/Member42942/
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Streamlined Reservoir Geomechanics

Available in 6.11*

Geological Modeling

Flow Setup

Flow Execution

Geomechanics Setup

Geomechanics Execution

Detailed Geomechanics

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Collaborative R&D with ENI

Streamlined process for setting up reservoir geomechanics model in Abaqus Create Abaqus models from Eclipse reservoir models Use Eclipse results to drive Abaqus geomechanics simulations

* May need minor services engagement to tailor solution to customer workflow

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Streamlined Reservoir Geomechanics

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Streamlined Reservoir Geomechanics

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Coming soon

Integrated Reservoir Simulations

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SIMULIA-Baker Hughes partnership

Baker Hughes JewelSuite will provide an integrated reservoir modeling environment that will fully support Abaqus technologies Solution will also support coupled simulations between Abaqus and industryleading reservoir flow tools

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Summary
Abaqus: Industry-leading oil & gas geomechanics capabilities

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Strong geomechanics capabilities leveraging core Abaqus strengths

Contact, HPC, Fracture and Failure etc.

Accelerating investments for reservoir simulations

ENI (and other) customer engagements to address key needs BakerHughes partnership for Integrated Reservoir Simulations

Dedicated R&D roadmap for Oil & Gas geomechanics to continue further improvements

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