ceppoi. (2009, 10 17). Termodinamik 1. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from Scribd.

: perbezaan di antara haba tindak balas piawai dan haba tindak balas Yahoo Answer. (2008). Retrieved March 12, 2013, from Yahoo: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080917141910AA1EcrY Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation and Reaction. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2013, from Aus-e-tute: http://www.ausetute.com.au/heatform.html Blaber, M. (1996 ). Energy Relations in Chemistry: Thermochemistry. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from Enthalpies of Formation: http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Energy/HeatForm/Energy05.htm agray, S. k. (2011, May 18). Factors Affecting Enthalpy of Reaction. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from Chemist Desk: http://chemistry-desk.blogspot.com/2011/05/factors-affecting-enthalpy-ofreaction.html Enthalpy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2013, from Thermodynamics: http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/tutorialnotefiles/enthalpy.htm

Perubahan entalpi piawai Perubahan fizikal Perubahan entalpi piawai yang dihasilkan adalah akibat dari peruba (Enthalpy)hankeadaan fizikal disebut entalpi peralihan piawai Hotr . Contoh H otr ialahpelakuran ( H olak), peruapan ( Howap), penghidratan (Hohid).

Perubahan kimia Entalpi tindak balas piawai ialah perubahan entalpi apabila reaktan dalamkeadaan piawai berubah kepada produk dalam keadaan piawai (RujukNota CHM 3010). Bagi tindak balas am2A + B 3C + DPerubahan entalpi tindak balas, Hot.b=Hom- H om(34) produk reaktan= {3H om (C) + H om (D)} {2H om (A) + H om (B)}dimana H om

ialah entalpi molar piawai.Entalpi piawai bagi tindak balas masing-masing boleh digabungkan untukmendapatkan entalpi piawai tindak balas lain iaitu menggunakan hukumHess. Entalpi piawai pembentukan sesuatu bahan ialah entalpi tindak balaspiawai bagi pembentukan sebatian dan unsur-unsurnya dalam keadaanpiawai. (Terdapat beberapa entalpi piawai yang lain-nyatakan). Perubahan entalpi terhadap suhu Apabila bahan dipanaskan dari T 1 kepada T2 entalpi berubah dari H(T1)kepada H(T2) di manaH(T2) = H(T1) + 21T T P dT C (35)Maka perubahan entalpi tindak balas piawai berubah dari H ot.b(T1)kepada Ht.b(T2) di mana

2. What is the difference between heat of reaction, enthalpy change and heat of formation? Best Answer - Chosen by Voters For any reaction there is an enthalpy change. The "heat of reaction" is the change in enthalpy for that reaction.

The "heat of formation" of a compound is the enthalpy change for the reaction where the compound is made from the elements in their standard states at 25C and 1 atm.

CH4(g) + O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) DH = -890.4 kJ This is the heat of reaction for the combustion of one mole of methane is -890.4 kJ.

C(graphite) + 2H2(g) --> CH4(g) DH = -75 kJ This is the heat of formation of methane. One mole of CH4 is made from the elements in their standard states.

3. (Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation and Reaction)Key Concepts

Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation,

Hfo, of any compound is the enthalpy

change of the reaction by which it is formed from its elements, reactants and products all being in a given standard state.

By definition, the standard enthalpy (heat) of formation of an element in its standard state is zero, Hfo = 0. Hmo, of a compound is the

Standard Molar Enthalpy (Heat) of Formation,

enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of the compound in its standard state is formed from its elements in their standard states.

Standard Enthalpy (Heat) of Reaction,

Ho, is the difference between the

standard enthalpies (heats) of formation of the products and the reactants.

Ho(reaction) = the sum of the enthalpy (heat) of formation of products - the sum of the enthalpy (heat) of formation of reactants: Ho(reaction) = Hof(products) Hof(reactants)

To calculate an Enthalpy (Heat) of Reaction: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction Remember to include the state (solid, liquid, gas, or aqueous) for each reactant and product.

i.

ii.

Write the general equation for calculating the enthalpy (heat) of reaction: Ho(reaction) = Hof(products) Hof(reactants)

iii.

Substitute the values for the enthalpy (heat) of formation of each product and reactant into the equation. Remember, if there are 2 moles of a reactant or product, you will need to multiply the enthalpy term by 2, if molar enthalpies (heats) of formation are used.

iv.

Solve the equation to find the enthalpy (heat) of reaction.

Standard Enthalpy (Heat) of Formation Example: Standard Enthalpy (Heat) of Formation of Water The standard enthalpy (heat) of formation for liquid water at 298K (25o) is -286 kJ mol-1. This means that 286 kJ of energy is released when liquid water, H2O(l), is produced from its elements, hydrogen and oxygen, in their standard states, ie, H2(g) and O2(g). This reaction is written as: H2(g) + O2(g) -----> H2O(l) Hfo = -286 kJ mol-1

The standard enthalpy (heat) of formation of water vapour at 298K (25 o) is -242 kJ mol-1. This means that 242 kJ of energy is released when gaseous water (water vapour), H2O(g), is produced from its elements, hydrogen and oxygen, in their standard states, ie, H2(g) and O2(g). This reaction is written as: H2(g) + O2(g) -----> H2O(g) Hfo = -242 kJ mol-1

4. Energy Relations in Chemistry: Thermochemistry Enthalpies of Formation

Enthalpies of Formation Using Hess's Law we can calculate reaction enthalpies for a variety of reactions using tables of known enthalpies Many experimentally determined enthalpies are listed by the type of process

DH for converting various liquids to the gas phase are listed in tables of enthalpies of vaporization DH for melting solids to liquids are listed in tables of enthalpies of fusion DH for for combusting a substance in oxygen are listed in tables of enthalpies of combustion

The enthalpy change associated with the formation of a compound from its constituent elements is called the enthalpy of formation (DHf ) Conditions which influence enthalpy changes include:

temperature pressure state of reactants and products (s, g, l, aq)

The standard state of a substance is the form most stable at 298 K (25 C, or standard "room temperature") and 1 atmosphere (1 atm) of pressure When a reaction occurs with all reactants and products in their standard states, the enthalpy change is the standard enthalpy of reaction (DH) Thus, the standard enthalpy of formation (DHf)of a compound is the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its elements, with all substances in their standard states The standard enthalpy of formation for ethanol (C2H5OH) is the enthalpy change for the following reaction

Notes:

Elemental source of oxygen is O2 and not O because O2 is the stable form of oxygen at 25 C and 1 atm, likewise with H2 Elemental source of carbon is specified as graphite (and not, for example, diamond) because graphite is the lowest energy form of carbon at room temp and 1 atm Why is the O2 stoichiometry left at "1/2"? The stoichiometry of formation reactions always indicates the formation of 1 mol of product. Thus, DHf values are reported as kJ / mole of the substance produced

If C(graphite) is the lowest energy form of carbon under standard conditions, then what is the DHf for C(graphite)?

By definition, the standard enthalpy of formation of the most stable form of any element is zero because there is no formation reaction needed when the element is already in its standard state DHf for C(graphite), H2(g) and O2(g) = 0

Using enthalpies of formation (DHf) to calculate enthalpies of reaction under standard conditions (DHrxn) We can determine the standard enthalpy change for any reaction (DHrxn) by using standard enthalpies of formation (DHf) and Hess's Law 1996 Michael Blaber

5. Factors Affecting Enthalpy of Reaction

The various factors on which enthalpy of reaction depend are as follows: 1. Physical State of Reactants and Products

The enthalpy of reaction changes with change in physical state. This is because as the physical state changes, extent heat is evolved. Example: H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) ------------> H2O (l) ; DH = 286 KJ. H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) ------------> 2. Quantity of Reactants H2O (g) ; DH = 242 KJ.

The change in enthalpy of reaction depends upon the quantity of reactants used. When the number of moles of reactants are doubled, the enthalpy change also becomes double. 3. Allotropic Modification

For elements existing in different allotropic modifications, the heat of reaction is different if different allotropic form is involved in reaction. Example: C (graphite) + O2 (g) ------------> CO2 (g) ; DH = 393.4 KJ

C (diamond) + O2 (g) ------------> CO2 (g) ; 4. Temperature and Pressure

DH = 395.4 KJ.

The enthalpy of reaction depends upon the temperature and pressure of reaction. Therefore, the values are generally expressed under standard conditions of temperature (298K) and pressure (1 atm.)

6. Thermodynamics : Enthalpy Enthalpy (H) - The sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of the pressure of the gas in the system and its volume:

After a series of rearrangements, and if pressure if kept constant, we can arrive at the following equation:

where

H is the Hfinal minus Hinitial and q is heat H)

Enthalpy of Reaction (

enthalpies of the reactants:

In the above reaction, n and m are the coefficients of the products and the reactants in the balanced equation.

Exothermic - Reaction in which a system RELEASES heat to its surroundings. H is negative ( H < 0)

Ea is the activation energy which is discussed in more detail in the kinetics unit. (See Activation Energy notes)

Endothermic - Reaction in which a system ABSORBS heat from its surroundings. H is positive ( H > 0)

Let's distinguish various phase changes of water as either endothermic or exothermic.

1) The above reaction is EXOTHERMIC because heat is released when liquid water freezes to form ice.

2) The above reaction is ENDOTHERMIC because there must be an input of energy in order for water molecules in the liquid phase to have enough energy to escape into the gas phase.

3) The above reaction is ENDOTHERMIC because there must be an input of energy to break the bonds holding water molecules together as ice.

Standard-State Enthalpy of Reaction (

H)

Three factors can affect the enthalpy of reaction:

The effects of changes in these factors can be shown relative to the standard-state enthalpy of reaction ( H ) which is the change in the enthalpy during a chemical reaction that begins and ends under standard-state conditions. Standard-state conditions partial pressures of any gases involved in the reaction is 0.1 MPa.