Greenwich House Pottery 16 Jones Street, New York, New York 10014 p: 212-242-4106 f: 212-645-5486 e: pottery@greenwichhouse.

org Visit us online: greenwichhousepottery.org facebook.com/greenwichhousepottery twitter.com/ghpottery Est. 1909 School Year 2010-2011

Greenwich House Pottery (GHP) is one of the oldest non-profits in the country dedicated solely to the inquiry and advancement of the ceramic arts. GHP has been educating and introducing New Yorkers to clay since 1909. Over the past 100-years it has become an internationally recognized center for ceramics - offering a diverse program of classes for adults and children Solo, Group and Juried Exhibitions Artist-in-Residence program Lecture Series Summer Masters Series workshops and Community Outreach, all of which serve newcomers, amateurs, and professional artists alike.

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With one of the largest ceramics faculty of any ceramic educational facility, GHP has something for everyone. Many important figures have taught, lectured, exhibited, or taken classes within these walls such as Rudy Autio, Ruth Duckworth, Shoji Hamada, Tony Hepburn, Margaret Isreal, Jun Kaneko, Bernard Leach, David Leach, John Leach, Warren MacKenzie, Louise Nevelson, Don Reitz, Byron Temple, Robert Turner, and Peter Voulkos, to name a few. In 2009, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg awarded GHP a Mayoral Proclamation and declared September 10th, 2009 Greenwich House Pottery Day. Extending our educational mission, GHP, maintains an ongoing exhibition series. The Jane Hartsook Gallery and The Pottery Shop at GHP are committed to supporting both emerging and established ceramic artists, and to the educational mission of making, exhibiting, and learning from contemporary ceramics. About Greenwich House, Inc. Greenwich House Pottery is a program of Greenwich House Inc., a settlement house founded in 1902 by Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch. Located at 27 Barrow Street, Greenwich House offers a wide array of programs designed to enrich the lives of New Yorkers, including the Barrow Street Nursery School, Music School (46 Barrow Street), Substance Abuse, Childrens Safety Project, Judith C. White Senior Center, Senior Health & Consultation, and health care and services for people living with HIV/AIDS. Our programming is made possible by the generosity of foundations, corporate sponsorship, and through individual charitable gifts by people like you. Welcome to GHP, and thank you for your continued support.

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Cover: Woodblock Print by Peter Gourfain, 2010 (Altered) Back: First GHP Brochure 1948-1949 Jane Hartsook, 1948
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OUR FACILITIES We offer 35 Adult classes, a Childrens class at 27 Barrow Street, 2 Parent & Child classes, a homeschool class, Summer Master Classes, and Summer Camp for children and teens. Day and evening classes are scheduled Monday through Saturday. Our studios are equipped with 2 handbuilding classrooms, 2 throwing classrooms, 28 potters wheels, 2 up-draft gas kilns, 4 Skutt computerized electric kilns, a slab roller, 2 Soldner clay mixers, one Peter Pug mill, 2 clay extruders, and a spray booth. We offer 5 clay bodies: white stoneware, throwing stoneware, sculpture stoneware, red earthenware, and we sell grolleg porcelain for $18 per 25-pounds. We have a large selection of glazes (23 high temperature and 18 low temperature), slips and washes, and offer low, mid, and high temperature firing (cone 04, cone 2, & cone 10). CLAY BODIES GHP clay bodies have been tested and in use at GHP for decades. The recipes herein were not developed by members of the Pottery but rather were introduced through contact with their inventors; therefore, we cannot take credit for them. All clay bodies are suitable for Handbuilding and Throwing. The first 3 clay bodies can be used for both high-fire and low-fire and used in reduction or oxidation atmospheres, although results vary according to atmospheric conditions and the temperature reached within the kiln. The DiCarlo Earthenware is a low-fire clay body and is not formulated for temperatures above 04 (Cone) firings (though we use it to good effect in our 2 firings).

CLAY BODY RECIPES

T-1 STONEWARE SCULPTURE BODY Firing Range: 06-12, Oxidation or Reduction Shrinkage: Green = 7%, 06 = 8%, 04=8%, 2=11%, 10=13% Porosity: 06 =10.9%, 04=10.3%, 2=4.9%, 10=1.3% Color/texture: Orange-tan with iron brown specks dense with good green strength Ingredients: Measurements are in POUNDS Hawthorne Bond Fire clay 200 Thomas Ball clay 28 Lizella 20 Bentonite 11 Fine grog 70 Medium grog 30 STONEWARE THROWING BODY (JEFF OESTREICH) Firing Range: 06-12, Oxidation or Reduction Shrinkage: Green = 6%, 06 =7%, 04=8%, 2=12%, 10=15% Porosity: 06 =13.5%, 04=12.7%, 2=4.3%, 10=.4% Color/texture: Tan-Brown, speckled in reduction smooth clay Ingredients: Measurements are in POUNDS Hawthorne Bond Fire clay 200 OM-4 Ball Clay 50 G-200 Feldspar 30 Fine grog 30 Red Iron Oxide 6

High-fire indicates the clay bodies are formulated to vitrify at or around 10. Typically, though not always, high temperature firings occur within a reduction atmosphere. Low-fire indicates the clay bodies are formulated to mature at or around 04. Low temperature clay and firings are likely fired in an oxidation or neutral atmosphere. Our clays are shipped premixed dry (except our grolleg porcelain which comes premixed wet) from Amherst Potters Supply in Hadley, Massachusetts and can be purchased directly from them. On the web: amherstpotters.com phone: 413-586-4507 SHRINKAGE TEST Make eight test bars of each clay, two bars for each firing temperature for better accuracy. Make the test bars 5 L x 2 W x thick and mark a 10cm line with short perpendicular lines across the ends of the line. To calculate the shrinkage, measure each clay bar from wet to dry and from dry to 06, 04, 2, 10. Wet to dry: Line wet Line dry X 100 = % shrinkage Line wet

Dry to Fired: line dry line fired X 100 = % shrinkage Line dry Wet to dry % + Dry to fired% = % total shrinkage On average: Earthenware shrinks about 10% Stoneware shrinks about 12 15% Porcelain shrinks about 15 17%

ABSORPTION TEST Using the fired clay bars from the shrinkage test, weigh each bar dry. Boil the bars in water for an hour, remove each separately, blot it and reweigh: Fired weight wet fired weight dry X 100 = % of absorption Fired weight dry
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WHITE STONEWARE (GREG PITTS) Firing Range: 06-12, Oxidation or Reduction Shrinkage: Green = 6%, 06 =6%, 04=6%, 2=10%, 10=13% Porosity: 06 =14.2%, 04=13.1%, 2=6.7%, 10=.1% Color/texture: White to grey in reduction smooth and plastic Ingredients: Measurements are in POUNDS Foundry Hill Cream 40 G-200 feldspar 40 Flint 325 40 Tile #6 40 XX Saggar 30 Pyropholite 10 Bentonite 4 EARTHENWARE (DICARLO) Firing Range: 06-2, Oxidation or Neutral Shrinkage: Green = 6%, 06 =6%, 04=9%, 2=14%, 10=10% Porosity: 06 =9.6%, 04=6.9%, 2=0.3%, 10=0.3% Color/texture: Red, smooth Ingredients: Measurements are in POUNDS Redart 130 Goldart 30 Hawthorne Bond Fire clay 20 Talc 20 Fine Grog 2 PORCELAIN (grolleg) Firing Range: 06-10, Oxidation or Reduction Shrinkage: Green =4%, 06 =5%, 04=5%, 2=8%, 10=14% Porosity: 06 =15.1%, 04=15%, 2=10.2%, 10=0.4% Color/texture: White, smooth Ingredients: Not Available
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ORTON STANDARD CONES AND TEMPERATURES: See page 28 High Temperature 10 (2377F) Mid-range Temperature 2 (2124F) Low Temperature 04 (1958F) Bisque 06 (1823F)

10 High-fire GLAZES 10,000 grams fill a 5-gallon bucket

ADAM WELCHS AVERAGED SHINO (AKA NEW SPOTTED SHINO) Color: Semi-transparent rust red to white with carbon-trapping, dry red when thin. Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 3800 Spodumene 1700 OM 4 Ball Clay 1100 EPK (or Georgia) 1000 Kona F4 Soda Spar 1000 Custer Feldspar 400 Red Art 200 Soda Ash 800 BYRD MATTE Color: Opaque matte spotted brown to tan, glossy & blue grey on whiteware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 6500 Dolomite 2100 Zircopax 900 OM 4 Ball Clay 500 Bentonite 300 Manganese Dioxide 200 Cobalt Carbonate 50 CHARLIE D BLACK Color: Opaque semi-gloss black, breaks bluish-black over whiteware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 2000 Kona F-4 Feldspar 2000 Silica 2000 Dolomite 1500 Talc 1300 OM 4 Ball Clay 1000 Whiting 200 Cobalt Oxide 500 Mason Stain 6600 300 (Black) Manganese Dioxide 300 Bentonite 175 Epson Salts 200 (Dissolve in hot water) CHINESE WHITE (CRACKLE) (NOT STOCK GLAZE) Color: Opaque glossy toilet white Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 8300 Zircopax 1000 Whiting 900 Silica 800

GLAZES
Like our clay body recipes our glaze recipes come from many sources. The 10 and 04 glazes at GHP are food safe unless otherwise noted.* This means our glazes are chemically stable and contain no lead, barium or other toxic material. Whether or not a glaze is food safe is determined by a number of factors: glaze and ceramic maturity, glaze-melt, and solubility or stability of fired glaze materials. Our non-foodsafe glazes are so designated because they are unstable in the fired state and may leach metal oxides into foods, especially acid foods that come into contact with them. Most of our matte 04 glazes are not food safe for this reason, because their matteness is achieved essentially by underfiring, which leaves them unstable. For a surface to be food safe it must be properly sealed (i.e. clay and glaze have bonded properly and fired to maturity). High-fire clays that have not been fired to maturity (i.e. 6-10) have not had sufficient temperatures to vitrify the clay and bond glaze to ceramic. Low-fire glazes on high-fire bodies will tend to craze and peel off, because their thermal expansion is not suited to the high-fire clay. Food and liquid can penetrate the glaze surface. For this reason we consider our low-fire glazes food-safe ONLY when applied to the low-fire earthenware.

*To be certain of the safety of a glaze have your pottery tested by the Brandywine Science Center. phone: 610-444-9850 web: www.bsclab.com/bsclab_pottery.htm NOTES ABOUT GLAZE APPLICATION PROCESSES All glazes are affected by glaze application including but not limited to, the thickness of application, thoroughness of mix, specific gravity (relative density), thickness of the bisqueware, peak temperature achieved, the surrounding ware and firing atmosphere. Tips: 1. Bisque the object 2. Quickly rinse under running water, let dry completely 3. Stir the glaze thoroughly be sure to stir the bottom and sides of bucket 4. If using wax or latex resist allow to dry completely before glazing 5. Use dipping tongs if necessary and shake remaining glaze off immediately wipe the foot and the lid/gallery 6. Know the glaze and your desired application (this takes experimentation) 7. If the glaze begins to crack and peel when drying, rub cracks with a damp finger to hinder further cracking and encourage adhesion MIXING GLAZES Equipment: 1. A triple beam gram scale for measuring. 2. 5-gallon bucket - A 10,000-gram batch of glaze will fit in a 5-gallon bucket. 3. Jiffy mixer and drill. 4. Sieve - A 60-mesh or an 80-mesh sieve. 5. Dust mask. Procedure: 1. Calculate the quantity of glaze desired. 2. Measure the materials using scale; add to an appropriately sized container. 3. Dry mix the measured materials in the container avoiding raising dust. 4. Wet mix by adding about 2/3 by volume. 5. Sieve the glaze through a 60-mesh or 80-mesh sieve at least 2 times to remove lumps and evenly distribute materials.

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CHUN BLUE Color: Opaque gloss orange rust to mottled baby-blue with some violet on whiteware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Kona F-4 Feldspar 4556 Silica 2944 Gerstley Borate 952 Dolomite 952 Whiting 281 Zinc Oxide 184 EPK 130 Bentonite 100 Copper Carbonate 82 Rutile 433 Tin Oxide 281 CHUN RED Color: Opaque glossy mottled red to pink-grey when thin on stoneware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 4230 Silica 2680 Gerstley Borate 880 Dolomite 880 Strontium Carbonate 400 Tin Oxide 260 Whiting 260 EPK 230 Zinc Oxide 180 Copper Carbonate 50 DARK CELADON Color: Transparent glossy olive green, darker green on stoneware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Kona F-4 Feldspar 4400 Silica 2800 Whiting 1800 EPK 1000 Barnard Clay 1200 DON REITZ GREEN Color: Opaque matte green to black when thin Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 7067 EPK 707 Petalite 1519 Whiting 507 Gerstley Borate 202 Cobalt Carbonate 101 Rutile 101

***GOATS MILK (No Longer In Use) Color: Matte rosy white to mottled tan Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 3193 Dolomite 2317 EPK 2140 Spodumene 2140 Whiting 210 Macaloid 100 ***HAMADA GREEN (No Longer In Use) Color: Matte mottled green with blacks Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 Feldspar 5860 Barium Carbonate 2370 Whiting 990 OM4 Ball Clay 790 Copper Carbonate 300 Red Iron Oxide 290 Rutile 230 Tin Oxide 90

***EMILYS PURPLE (No Longer in Use) Color: Opaque semi-gloss creamy purple Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 4100 Silica 2000 Talc 1500 Gerstley Borate 1200 Dolomite 700 OM4 Ball Clay 500 Tin Oxide 200 Bentonite 200 Cobalt Oxide 100

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HIGH ALUMINA MATTE Color: Matte speckled tan to brown, off-white, and hints of lavender on whiteware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 4890 EPK 2510 Dolomite 2240 Whiting 350 Epsom Salts 200 (Dissolve in hot water) MALCOLMS ULTRA CARBONTRAP SHINO (NOT STOCK GLAZE) Color: White to Black lots of Carbontrapping (Works best on porcelain) Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 4500 EPK 2000 Ball Clay (OM4) 1520 Kona F4 Feldspar 1080 Soda Ash 1900 Red Art (optional) 660 ***MAMO GREEN (No Longer In Use) Color: Matte rusty brown to pale rosy grey Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 Feldspar 4850 Grolleg 2080 Dolomite 1880 Tin Oxide 790 Whiting 400 Black Copper Oxide 150 NELSONS CELADON Color: Transparent glossy light green to icy-green on porcelain Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Kona F-4 Feldspar 4400 Silica 2800 Whiting 1800 EPK 1000 Red Iron Oxide 100 Bentonite 100
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OESTREICH TENMOKU Color: Opaque glossy black. Breaks brown on whiteware, persimmon on stoneware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 4838 Whiting 1164 EPK 537 Silica 2014 Zinc Oxide 224 Barium Carbonate 224 Bentonite 300 Red Iron Oxide 805 OLD YELLOW Color: Opaque satin bright buttery yellow to ochre, deeper yellow on stoneware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 6390 Dolomite 2110 Zircopax 1600 OM 4 Ball Clay 430 Red Iron Oxide 100 Bentonite 300 Epson Salt 200 (Dissolve in hot water) ***ORANGE SATIN MATTE (No longer in use) Color: Semi-gloss to satin rusty brown to orange to buttery yellow Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 4970 EPK 2360 Whiting 2010 Talc 380 Bone Ash 280 Red Iron Oxide 240 Rutile 240 ORIBE Color: Semi-gloss iridescent darkish green Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 3090 Silica 2530 Whiting 2240 EPK 1250 Talc 780 Bone Ash 110 Black Copper Oxide 550 PERSIMMON (NOT STOCK GLAZE) Color: Glossy mottled red-brown Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 Feldspar 4860 Silica 2160 Bone Ash 990 Whiting 720 Talc 630 EPK 630 Red Iron Oxide 1080

PFARR PINK (NOT STOCK GLAZE) Color: Opaque satin pepto pink Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 Feldspar 4000 Silica 3000 EPK 1000 Dolomite 700 Strontium Carbonate 600 Whiting 310 Red Iron Oxide 150 Cobalt Carbonate 25 Mason Stain 6020 783 (Pink)

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SCHERZER (PETE) RED Color: Opaque satin matte brick red to golden ochre metallic black where thin or thick Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Grolleg 3700 Silica 1900 Pearl Ash 1100 Custer Feldspar 700 Whiting 2600 Red Iron Oxide 1000 Bone Ash 300

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RUTILE GOLD MATTE Color: Opaque satin matte yellow gold with blues on whiteware, runny if thick Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 4900 OM 4 Ball Clay 2500 Dolomite 2250 Whiting 350 Rutile 800 ***SPOTTED SHINO (No longer in use) Color: Opaque glossy coppery luster to gold iridescence Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 4000 Spodumene 3000 OM 4 Ball Clay 1700 Soda Ash 800 (Dissolve in hot water) EPK 500 Bentonite 200 SUES CLEAR ( 10 CLEAR) Color: Transparent gloss icy greenish clear Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 feldspar 2500 Whiting 2500 EPK 1800 Silica 3500 Gerstley Borate 120 Tin Oxide 100 TEMPLE WHITE Color: Opaque satin creamy white, white to tan on stoneware Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 Feldspar 3470 EPK 2360 Silica 1890 Dolomite 1960 Whiting 310
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***TENMOKU (No longer in use) Color: Gloss metallic brown to black Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Custer Feldspar 5100 Silica 2370 Whiting 1370 EPK 630 Barium Carbonate 260 Zinc Oxide 260 Red Iron Oxide 950 Bentonite 230 ***T-PET CLEAR (No longer in use) Color: Transparent glossy clear slight green tint Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Silica 3330 Petalite 2380 Whiting 2380 EPK 1900 Manganese carbonate 290 VAL CUSHING BLUE Color: Matte blue to black where thick Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Cornwall Stone 4600 Whiting 3400 EPK 2000 Cobalt Carbonate 200 VAL CUSHING GREEN Color: Matte blue-green to black where thick Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Cornwall Stone 4600 Whiting 3400 EPK 2000 Tin Oxide 400 Copper Carbonate 400

YING CHING BLUE Color: Transparent glossy light to medium blue Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS G-200 Feldspar 4000 Silica 3000 EPK 1000 Dolomite 700 Strontium Carbonate 600 Whiting 310 Red Iron Oxide 150 Cobalt Carbonate 25

04 Low-Fire GLAZES
ANDREA GILLS MAJOLICA Color: Opaque semi-gloss white Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3124 6600 Kona F-4 Feldspar 1800 EPK 1000 Nepheline Syenite 600 Zircopax 1500 Bentonite 300

WHITE SHINO Color: Opaque glossy orange salmon to white. Crawls when thick Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 4500 Spodumene 1520 OM 4 Ball Clay 1500 Kona F-4 Feldspar 1080 EPK 1000 Soda Ash 400 (Dissolve in hot water) ***Winns Turquoise (No longer in use) Color: Semi-gloss turquoise Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Kona F-4 Feldspar 5000 Strontium Carbonate 2730 Silica 910 EPK 910 Dolomite 460 Copper Carbonate 280 Bentonite 170

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DEBS BASE Color: Transparent gloss Ingredients: Measurements in Frit 3195 Frit 3134 EPK DEBS BLUE Color: Deep sea blue Ingredients: Measurements in Frit 3195 Frit 3134 EPK Copper Carbonate Cobalt Carbonate

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CHINESE GREEN (NOT FOOD SAFE) Color: Texture matte pale green with copper flecks Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Nepheline Syenite 975 OM 4 Ball Clay 1875 EPK Kaolin 1875 Gerstley Borate 900 Silica 1875 Lithium Carbonate 375 Copper Carbonate 225

GRAMS 4500 3000 2500

GRAMS 3600 2400 2000 200 40

DEBS MOSS GREEN Color: Translucent Light to medium mossy green Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3195 3600 Frit 3134 2400 EPK 2000 Copper Carbonate 200 Burnt umber 320
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DEBS ORANGE-RED Color: Orange-red Ingredients: Measurements in Frit 3195 Frit 3134 EPK Mason stain 6026

GRAMS 3600 2400 2000 400 (Lobster encapsulated stain)

DEBS PURPLE Color: Light to medium lavender Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3195 3600 Frit 3134 2400 EPK 2000 Mason Stain 6385 240 (Pansy Purple) Cobalt Carbonate 24 FAT YELLOW Color: Translucent gloss Bright acid yellow Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3124 8500 EPK 1000 Flint 500 Mason Stain 6450 800 (Praseodymium) Bentonite 300 ***HONEY AMBER (NO LONGER IN USE) Color: Transparent glossy Honey amber Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3124 2700 Gerstley Borate 2340 Nepheline Syenite 1800 EPK 900 Silica 900 Lithium Carbonate 360 Red Iron Oxide 540 ***JACKIES BASE (NO LONGER IN USE) Color: Opaque satin Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 3800 Lithium Carbonate 1000 Nepheline Syenite 500 EPK 500 Silica 4200 Bentonite 200 JACKIES IVORY Color: Semi-matte pearlescent ivory Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 3040 Lithium Carbonate 800 Nepheline Syenite 400 EPK 400 Silica 3360 Bentonite 80 Light Rutile 320 Zircopax 480

JACKIES PEACOCK BLUE Color: Semi-matte mottled peacock blue Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 3040 Lithium Carbonate 800 Nepheline Syenite 400 EPK 400 Silica 3360 Bentonite 80 Copper Carbonate 240 KATHYS AMBER Color: Transparent glossy Honey amber Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3124 3000 Gerstley Borate 3000 Nepheline Syenite 2000 EPK 1000 Silica 1000 Red Iron Oxide 400

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KD CLEAR Color: Transparent gloss Clear Ingredients: Measurements in Frit 5301 Gerstley Borate Silica EPK

KATHYS TURQUOISE Color: Transparent glossy bright turquoise Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3195 3000 Gerstley Borate 3000 Nepheline Syenite 2000 EPK 1000 Flint 1000 Copper Carbonate 200

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KRAWL BLUE/PURPLE (NOT FOOD SAFE) Color: Textured opaque dry stony matte Turquoise to cobalt blue Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Barium Carbonate 4400 Nepheline Syenite 2000 Lithium Carbonate 500 Silica 1100 EPK 2000 Copper Carbonate 700 PAD ALGAE (NOT FOOD SAFE) Color: Textured sulfur yellow to black Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Lithium Carbonate 2090 Nepheline Syenite 5600 EPK 875 Magnesium Carbonate 40 Rutile 480 Chrome Oxide 240
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***PAD BASE SNOW WHITE (NOT FOOD SAFE) NO LONGER IN USE Color: Opaque crystalline matte snow white, runny Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Lithium Carbonate 2625 Nepheline Syenite 6335 EPK 995 Magnesium Carbonate 45 PAD DUSK Color: Light turquoise Ingredients: Measurements in Lithium Carbonate Nepheline Syenite EPK Magnesium Carbonate Rutile Mason Stain 6319 ROBS SATIN MATT BLACK Color: Opaque satin Black Ingredients: Measurements in G-200 Feldspar Whiting Zinc Gerstley Borate Frit 3124 EPK Manganese Dioxide Copper Carbonate Red Iron Oxide Chrome Oxide

GRAMS 2090 5600 875 40 240 3000 (Lavender Stain)

BLACK SLIP Color: Matte Black to Brown Ingredients: Measurements in Grolleg Redart Kona F-4 Feldspar Silica Bentonite Pyrophyllite Red Iron Oxide Black Iron Oxide Manganese Dioxide Cobalt Oxide COBALT SLIP Color: Matte Blue Ingredients: Measurements in Grolleg Kona F-4 Feldspar Silica Bentonite Pyrophyllite Cobalt Oxide COPPER SLIP Color: Matte Yellow to Gray Ingredients: Measurements in Grolleg Kona F-4 Feldspar Silica Bentonite Pyrophyllite Copper Carbonate

GRAMS 2190 2190 2350 1560 940 780 500 300 300 100

GRAMS 2400 880 400 900 1920 800 640 400 160 80

WEIRD BASE Color: Semi-transparent satin matte Clear Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 5000 Wollastonite 5000 ***WOODYS TURQUOISE (NO LONGER IN USE) Color: Transparent glossy bright turquoise Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Frit 3124 2700 Gerstley Borate 2340 Nepheline Syenite 1800 EPK 900 Flint 900 Lithium Carbonate 360 Copper Carbonate 180

H C I 04-10 Low to High-fire W SLIPS N E E GR

BARRYS FISH SAUCE (HIGH FIRE SLIP BASE) Color: Matte White Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Grolleg 4370 Kona F-4 Feldspar 2350 Silica 1560 Bentonite 940 Pyrophyllite 780
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RED SLIP Color: Matte Red Ingredients: Measurements in Grolleg Redart Kona F-4 Feldspar Silica Bentonite Pyrophyllite Red Iron Oxide RUTILE SLIP Color: Matte Tan Ingredients: Measurements in Grolleg Kona F-4 Feldspar Silica Bentonite Pyrophyllite Rutile

GRAMS 4370 2350 1560 940 780 150

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GRAMS 4370 2350 1560 940 780 400

KILN WASH Color: Matte White Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Alumina Hydrate 5000 Silica 5000

GRAMS 2190 2190 2350 1560 940 780 500

GRAMS 4370 2350 1560 940 780 800

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 04 Low-fire SLIPS
MARY BARRINGER 04 WHITE SLIP (LOW FIRE SLIP) Color: Matte White Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS EPK 2500 OM 4 Ball Clay 2500 Nepheline Syenite 1500 Frit 3124 1000 Silica 2500 KIDS SLIPS + WHITE SLIP Black Black Stain 6600 Blue Royal Blue Stain 6339 Brown Dark Brown Stain 6109 Green Leaf Green Stain 6265 Lavender Lavender Stain 6319 Purple Pansy Purple Stain 6385 Turquoise Turquoise Stain 6364 Yellow Praseodymium 6450 Pink Deep Crimson 6006 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

RED IRON WASH Color: Matte Red to black Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 100 Red Iron Oxide 167 RUTILE WASH Color: Matte Yellow to tan Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 100 Rutile 167

TERRA SIGILLATA

WASHES AND STAINS

Notes About Mixing Washes and Stains All these recipes are mixed into 1 pint of cold water to make a thin watercolor-like consistency. To make your own colored washes with stains, start with a 50:50 mix of stain and Gerstley Borate and test. Add more Gerstley Borate if test is dry. Notes About Application Washes act like ink or watercolors and can be applied to bisque, over or under glaze. If a wash is applied to the foot of a pot it may pick up a little of the kiln wash when fired. A typical application is to paint washes over Majolica, but they work well over Temple white and White Shino as well. Wash can also be applied to the surface of bisqueware and then wiped clean leaving residue behind in the recessed areas. Please note that washes are extremely concentrated colorants and will also act as fluxes in combination with glaze, often causing the glaze to run when applied heavily. BLACK COPPER WASH Color: Matte Black Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 100 Black Copper Oxide 150

BLUE WASH Color: Matte Bright Blue Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 441 EPK 87.75 Mason Stain 6339 220.5 (Royal Turquoise Blue Stain)

GREEN WASH Color: Matte Green- brown when thin Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Gerstley Borate 441 EPK 87.75 Mason Stain 6209 220.5 (Chrome Green Mason Stain)

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BLACK TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte black Ingredients: Measurements in Redart Manganese Cobalt Carbonate Black Copper Oxide Sodium Silicate Water

Directions for Mixing Terra Sigillata You will need: Measuring cup One-gallon container with lid Length of clear rubber or plastic flexible hose

Directions: 1. Dissolve the soda ash in 1 cup of hot tap water then pour into the other 13 cups of cold water. 2. Blend clays into this water and mix well. Be sure to break up any lumpsuse a mixer if available. Can ball-milled for 6 to 10 hours. 3. Let stand, undisturbed, for 24 hours. 4. Do not move the container, but carefully siphon off the uppermost, thinnest liquid. Draw liquid from the surface and allow air to draw occasionally in order to check the thickness. As soon as the liquid thickens, stop siphoning. This thin liquid drawn off the top is the Terra Sigillata. Dry the remaining thicker liquid and discard. 5. Adjust through the addition or evaporation of water to measure 1.2, or less, on a hydrometer, or visually like skim milk. Application: Terra Sigillata is applied to greenware with a soft brush. If you desire a burnished finish, apply Sigillata to a bone-dry pot, a few square inches at a time. When the area has lost its surface moisture but is still dark, rub with a soft cotton cloth, plastic bag over your finger, the back of a spoon, or a stone. You may apply several coats, but more than two can cause the Sigillata to flake. Terra Sigillata does not work well under glaze because of its dense burnished surface making it less porous and less easy for glaze to adhere.

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GRAMS 200 10 20 10 2 drops 14 cups

DARK BROWN TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte dark brown Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS OM 4 Ball Clay 50 Albany Slip 50 Sodium Silicate 2 drops Water 14 cups
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GREEN TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte green Ingredients: Measurements in OM 4 Ball Clay Chrome Oxide Sodium Silicate Water

GRAMS 200 10 2 drops 14 cups

YELLOW TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte yellow Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS OM 4 Ball Clay 180 Vanadium 20 Sodium Silicate 2 drops Water 14 cups

LIGHT ORANGE TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte light orange Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS OM 4 Ball Clay 50 Redart 50 Sodium Silicate 2 drops Water 14 cups MAROON TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte maroon Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS OM 4 Ball Clay 180 Manganese 5 Red Iron Oxide 15 Sodium Silicate 2 drops Water 14 cups NAVY TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte navy blue Ingredients: Measurements in OM 4 Ball Clay Manganese Cobalt Carbonate Copper Carbonate Sodium Silicate Water

Repairs

BISQUE REPAIR Uses: Used to repair cracks in bisqueware Ingredients: White Glue 50% Sodium Silicate 50% add: EPK Water until mixture is the consistency of mayonnaise.

GRAMS 200 10 20 10 2 drops 14 cups

ORANGE TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte orange Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Redart 100 Sodium Silicate 2 drops Water 14 cups RED TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte glossy when burnished Brick red Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS Newman Red 300 Redart 1200 Soda Ash 15 Water 14 cups WHITE TERRA SIGILLATA Color: Opaque matte glossy when burnished White Ingredients: Measurements in GRAMS OM 4 Ball Clay 500 EPK 1000 Soda ash 15 Water 14 cups
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MAGIC WATER Uses: Aids to prevent cracking and supports joints. Ingredients: Sodium Silicate 3 tablespoons Soda Ash 5 grams Water 1 gallon

GREENWARE PATCH Uses: Repairs leatherhard clay cracks and breaks Ingredients: Vinegar 1 teaspoon Karo Syrup cup Soda Ash pinch Nylon Fibers pinch Powder Clay till pasty consistency

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Information was collected from a combination of sources; see reference list and bibliography on page 27. Alumina Hydrate: (Al2O3 3H2O). A source of alumina used primarily for kiln wash and wadding. Aluminum Oxide: (Al2O3). Known as alumina, this oxide is used in glazes, promotes viscosity, stability, gives hardness and durability. Ash Glaze: A glaze made with wood or vegetative-derived ash. Ball Clay: A fine particle highly plastic clay usually high in iron. In glazes ball clays add alumina but also iron thus darkening the glaze. In clay bodies it adds plasticity because of its particulate size. Barium Carbonate: (BaCO3). A secondary flux in stoneware glazes, most frequently used to produce a satin matte surface. Used in glaze to introduce the oxide, baria which is an auxiliary flux in low and high-temperature glazes. Unsafe for low-fire functional glazes. Barium Oxide: (BaO). An auxiliary flux in earthenware frits and high-temperature stoneware glazes. It is also introduced for its crystallizing properties which gives satin mattes. Barnard Clay: A high iron-bearing earthenware clay, or a substitute for Albany slip.
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Bentonite: (Al2O3 5SiO2 7H2O) Is an extremely fine particle highly plastic colloidal volcanic clay. It is used to lend plasticity to clay bodies and used in glazes to keep them in suspension. Bisque: The first firing of greenware in preparation for glazing. The low firing temperature (we fire our bisque to 06 or 1823F) is sufficiently hard enough to accept glaze without breaking. Black Copper Oxide: (CuO). Coarser in grain size and yields more copper than copper carbonate. Black Iron Oxide: (FeO). Ferrous oxide. Black Core: The dark grey center seen in shards, caused by a reduction atmosphere. When too much carbon is introduced the ceramic body weakens and creates other problems such as dunting and/or bloating. Blistering: Unwanted gassing of a glaze resulting in bubbles and craters of burst bubbles. Blistering occurs where the glaze has not had time to smooth out before it sets. Bloating: Blistering of the clay body caused by trapped gases. Bone Ash: Calcium phosphate. (Ca3 (PO4) 2). A high-temperature secondary flux in glazes. The essential ingredient in the production of bone china, giving it translucency. An opacificier in low-temperature glazes. Bone China: An English form of china. Borax: A powerful flux in glaze. Borate: A chemical compound which includes the element boron.

Cobalt Oxide: (Co3O4). The oxide form of cobalt. The most powerful of the coloring oxides and also a strong flux. More coarse then its carbonate form. Coefficient of Expansion: The ratio of change of a material when heating and cooling. Colemanite: See Gerstley Borate. (2 CAO 3 B2O3 5H2O) Cones: () See Pyrometric Cones. See Chart on page 28.

Copper Carbonate: (CuCO3). A main glaze colorant, copper compounds are capable of producing a wide range of colors and is very responsive to atmospheric changes inside the kiln. Cornwall Stone: Cornish stone. It is a feldspathoid material more complex than potash or soda feldspar and contains numerous trace elements. Crack: An unwanted break in greenware, bisqueware or glazeware. There are several varieties of cracking; each has a uniqueness that aids in discovering the reason for it. Crawling: A glaze defect (sometimes desired) characterized by the way the glaze separates from the clay body and forms beading or bunching on the surface. Craze: Crazing is a common glaze flaw characterized by the development of fine cracks in the finished glaze. It is caused by the glaze contracting more then the ceramic body. It can also be caused from glazing thickness or cooling too quickly in the kiln. Cross-Draught Kiln: Cross-Draft Kiln. Natural-Draft Kiln. Horizontal kiln in which hot gases travel through the ware across the chamber, typical of wood fired kilns. Custer Feldspar: See Potash Feldspar. Deflocculation: The action of dispersing the fine clay particles in a slip so that the slip becomes more fluid through the addition of soluble alkalis. Dolomite: Calcium magnesium carbonate. (CaCO3 MgCO3). A high temperature flux with a combination of calcium and magnesium. It has a matting effect in glaze and promotes hard durable surfaces. Down-Draught Kiln: Down-Draft Kiln. A kiln in which the flames are deflected downwards throughout the chamber to use the heat evenly before it exits out the chimney located in the back or bottom of the kiln. Dunting: Cracking of pottery caused by stress which forms during firing and cooling, primarily caused by differential contraction of body and glaze or fast cooling. Earthenware: General name for wares made from low firing secondary clays generally fired below 1 (2109F). Pottery made of a porous body fired at a low temperature. Earthenware Clay: Common, usually red, ground clays. They contain many impurities. Clays that are low in maturing temperature and used to make earthenware clays. Egyptian Paste: A self-glazing clay body which is fired to a low temperature. Electric Kiln: A kiln that uses electricity to heat the chamber in a neutral to oxidizing atmosphere. Engobe: Sometimes used interchangeably with slip, but it includes materials other than clay. An engobe is halfway between clay and a glaze and fires to a more vitreous state. EPK: See Kaolin. Edward Plastic Kaolin. Mined in Florida. Epson Salt: Magnesium sulfate: (MgSO4 7H2O). A flocculent used in glazes and slips to help keep particles in suspension.
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Burnishing: Polishing leatherhard clay by rubbing with a hard object like a smooth pebble or the back of a spoon. Burnt Umber: A form of ochre with a significant manganese content.

Calcine: Through heating the material to red heat removes the chemically bonded water giving it the same chemical content without the additional shrinkage.

Calcium Carbonate: Whiting. Limestone. (CaCO3) Carbonate of lime used to introduce calcium oxide into glazes, it is the most frequently used flux in high temperature glazes. Casting Slip: A clay and water suspension used in the process of slip-casting.

Chattering: The rhythmic rippling which appears when trimming. It occurs when the clay is too hard or too soft or if the tool is not sharp enough or the wheel is turning to fast. China Clay: See Kaolin.

Chrome Oxide: Chromium Oxide. (Cr2O3). A colorant generally producing heavy dark green colors. Chromium is found in chromate materials and is very refractory. Clay: Hydrous Alumina Silicate (Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O). All clay comes from decomposed feldspathic rock. There are primary and secondary clays. Primary are those which are found at or close to their source and have a large particle size and are relatively pure. Secondary clays have been removed from its source through water, wind or weathering making the particles finer, and it has absorbed impurities. Clay Body: Is a clay composition designed for particular working characteristics. Clay bodies have 3 essential constituents 1) clay 2) flux (feldspar) 3) filler (silica, grog). Cobalt Carbonate: (CoCO3). Standard blue colorant in glaze and slip. The most powerful of the coloring oxides and also a strong flux. More finely ground then the oxide which gives a more even color.
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Eutectic: The lowest melting point of two or more substances that are combined and it is always lower than the melting point of any individual component. Feldspar: (K2O Al2O3 6SiO2) Alumino-silicate mineral similar to clay, but proportionally higher content of fluxes. The most important single glaze material in high temperature firings as it contains all three necessary constituents. Fireclay: Clay which has properties refractoriness or resistance to heat, though the varieties may vary widely in properties. They are relatively pure and free from iron and have more coarse grain particles. Firing: The process of converting clay to ceramic through heating until it becomes stone-like and unaffected by water. Flint: See Silica. (SiO2). Flocculation: The action of altering the physical properties of fine particles in a suspension so that they no longer repel one another but aggregate into larger particles and settle, a process used in the making of Terra Sigillata. Flux: Any substance that lowers the melting point of a ceramic body or glaze. Foundry Hill Cream: See Stoneware clay. A stoneware clay that fires to a cream color.

Jolleying: Forming a pot using a spinning mould which shapes the outside of the pot. Kaolin: China Clay. (Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O). Very refractory. The purest natural clay and the essential ingredient in making porcelain. It has a coarse grain structure and not very plastic. The coarse particle size is the result of its lack or erosion, as it is a primary clay found and mined at its source. A source of alumina in glazes. Kona F-4: See Soda Feldspar. Kiln: A structure built to contain heat in order to turn clay into ceramic. There are many varieties of kilns from electric to oil to woodburning; though the effects are different the result is the same, turn clay into ceramic. Leatherhard: Cheesehard. The stage which plastic clay reaches during drying when the clay can be picked up without distorting yet soft enough to work. Levigation: Refining clay by floating in water allowing the heavier particles to settle while the smaller particles are taken off. See Terra Sigillata. Limestone: See Calcium Carbonate. Lithium Carbonate: (Li2CO3). An active alkaline flux with similar color responses as sodium and potassium. Reduces glaze expansion and promotes crystallization. Lizella: A light red earthenware clay similar to Redart. Low Temperature Firing: Is a range rather than one specific temperature. The range generally varies from 022-01. Lustres: Metallic surfaces on glazes applied on top of glazes and re-fired. Macaloid: Magnesium alumino-silicate. A refined white variety of bentonite, though not quite as plastic. Magnesium Carbonate: (MgCO3). A high temperature flux which produces a smooth, buttery, matte surface similar to Dolomite. Manganese Dioxide: (MnO2). Used in both high and low fire glazes and can be added to clay bodies. Mason Stains: A U.S. suppler of stains used as colorants in glazes, clay bodies, and washes. Mid-Temperature Firing: Is a range rather than one specific temperature. The range generally varies from 1-6. Molochite: Porcelain Grog. The trade name for calcined china clay. Nepheline Syenite: (K2O 3Na2O 4Al2O3 8SiO2). Alternative to feldspar, it has a very active fluxing powers, with a high sodium content which may cause crazing. Neutral Atmosphere: When the atmosphere inside the kiln is neither oxidizing nor reducing. Typically, an electric kiln fires in a neutral atmosphere going through bouts of reduction and oxidation though predominantly the latter. Newman Red: See Earthenware. OM-4 Ball Clay: See Ball Clay. Old Mine #4 references which clay mine this particular ball clay comes from in Kentucky. Onglaze: Overglaze. Ceramic color applied on top of the fired glaze surface and given an extra firing. The firing is at a lower temperature than the first glaze firing in order that the first fired glaze is undisturbed while the onglaze color fuses onto the original glaze surface. Opacifier: Minerals which are included in glaze recipes for their ability to opacify a glaze, make opaque. Oxidation Atmosphere: An atmosphere in a kiln where there is a plentiful amount of oxygen enabling metals in clays and glazes to develop their oxide colors.
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Frit: Frits are materials that have been combined and heated in glass and then shattered removing potential toxicity hazards. In clay bodies they strengthen and improve glaze fit, limiting problems of glaze defects and lowers the vitrification point. Frits are designated by a number which contain different materials. G-200: See Potash Feldspar. Gerstley Borate: (1CaO 1B2O3 5H2O). A flux used in glazes as a replacement for colemanite.

Glaze: A substance that melts to a glassy state at a given temperature. It is a layer of glass which is fused into place on a ceramic surface. Through the process of heating it renders the ware food safe or gives the ceramic decoration. There are three necessary constituents for making a glaze, 1) Flux 2) Alumina 3) Glass-former. Gold Art: See Stoneware clay. Greenware: Clay that is still in working condition and has yet dried sufficiently for firing.

Grog: Fired fireclay or other refractory clay which has been ground to various degrees of coarseness. In clay bodies it is used to counteract shrinking, warping and cracking. Grog comes in a variety of mesh sizes usually considered Coarse, Medium, or Fine, identified by mesh size which corresponds to how many wholes in the screen per inch. 20-mesh is more coarse then 40-mesh which is more coarse then 60-mesh. Grolleg Kaolin: See Kaolin. An extremely pure English kaolin. Hawthorne Bond Fire Clay: See Fire Clay. Hakame: A technique using slip applied with a wide often straw-like brush. High Temperature Firing: Is a range rather than one specific temperature. The range generally varies from 6-14.

Hydrometer: Is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. Inlay: A decoration technique where lines are scored in clay and filled with another color usually slip. Jiggering: Forming a pot by using a spinning mould which shapes the inside of the pot.
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Paper Clay: A clay body that uses paper pulp as a filler to increase green strength. Usually the recipe contains between 5 49%. Pearl Ash: Potassium Carbonate. (K2CO3). A highly soluble form of potassium, usually used in a fritted form. Petalite: (Li2O Al2O3 8SiO). Feldspar-like material which contains lithium and has a similar response as nepheline syenite but less likely to craze. Pin-hole: A small smooth-edged hole in a glaze surface, usually occurring when a bubble of gas bursts on the surface during firing. Porcelain: A vitrified, white ceramic whose main ingredient is kaolin, fired to 9 or higher. Porosity: The ability of a fired body to absorb water. Potash Feldspar: This is the most common form of feldspar and is the type generally used in glaze, having larger amounts of potassium than sodium. Pyrometer: An indicator of temperature inside the kiln which is display in the form of a gauge, dial, or digital display.

Saggar clays: Similar to fireclays and as smooth as ball clays, used as an addition to stoneware, terra cotta, and earthenware bodies. Sgraffito: A decorative technique where one scratches through some contrasting colored slip into the clay body beneath. Shivering: A glaze defect in which slivers of glaze shear away form the pot, it is the result of poor glaze fit as the glaze shrinks less than the clay body and is the opposite of crazing. Silica: Silicon Dioxide. Flint. Quartz. (SiO2). The main glass-former and the most common source of silica in both glazes and clay. Slip: A mixture of clay and water used for coating clays, generally applied to the surface of greenware to change its color, texture and/or to add decoration. Because slip is made of clay it shrinks as the clay shrinks which allows it to be applied to wet and/or leather-hard clay. If applied to bisque do not apply too thickly as it will likely crack and/or flake off. Soda Ash: Sodium Carbonate. (Na2CO3). The common source of sodium for glazes. Soda Spar: Sodium Feldspar. (Na2 O Al2O2 6SiO2) The second common form of feldspar used as a body flux and in glazes as a silicate provider. Less common then potash feldspar though very similar in performance. Higher levels of sodium then potassium. Sodium Silicate: Water-glass. (Na2SiO3) Sodium oxide and silica combined in equal proportions and used as a clay deflocculant. Don Bendel says: makes water wetter! Specific Gravity: See Relative density. Spodumene: (Li2O Al2O3 4SiO2). A lithium alumino-silicate, similar in behavior to petalite. Used in glazes and in flameproof bodies. Stains: Prepared stains. Prepared oxides. Inorganic coloring agents usually purchased in powdered form for adding to bodies, slips, washes, and glazes. Stoneware: A hard, strong and vitrified ware fired to a high temperature in which the body and glaze mature. Named for its physical resemblance to stone. 2109F 2381F (6 14) Stoneware Clay: Are clays that mature between 5 11. They vary in plasticity and firing range and there is no great distinction between saggar, fire and stoneware clays. Strontium Carbonate: (SrCO3). A rare alkaline earth used as a flux in both a clay body and glaze. Talc: Magnesium Silicate. (3MgO 4SiO2 H2O). A secondary flux in glazes and clay bodies particularly in low temperatures. Promotes smooth buttery surfaces. Terracotta: Earthenware ceramics both glazed and unglazed. It comes from Italian and means fired earth. Terra Sigillata: Latin for sealed earth. A slip that has been refined by repeated levitations and deflocculated. It has an extremely fine particulate structure and is usually burnished to a high polish. Best if fired between 08-02. Thermal Expansion: Expansion in volume of matter that is experienced in conjunction with temperature change. Thermal Shock: The stress created within a ceramic object by temperature change caused by the shrinkage and expansion of the ceramic body. Thomas Ball Clay: See Ball Clay. Tile #6: See Kaolin. A type of kaolin mined in Georgia.

Pyrometric Cones: () Developed in 1896 by Edward Orton Jr. Pyrometric cones are used to measure the effects of time and temperature inside a kiln. They are made of ceramic material and experience heat the same was as the ware making them more accurate temperature gauge. See cone chart on page 28. Pyrophyllite: (Al2O3 4SiO2 H2O). A hydrous alumino-silicate material used to replace some or all of the flint and feldspar in industrial tile clays. It brings about a decrease in thermal expansion. Quartz: See Silica. (SiO2)

Quartz Inversion: Quartz Phase. The change in silica (alpha quartz and beta quartz) where the difference is in the angle of the silica-oxygen-silica bond which changes at 1063F. The change occurs every time crystalline quartz passes this temperature in either direction. There is a decrease in size which may cause cracks in the ceramic body if it goes through this stage too quickly. There is a 2% increase in volume which is reversible upon cooling. This stage happens when the kiln is just starting to develop color. Redart: See Earthenware Clay. Earthenware Clay with a high iron content.

Red Iron Oxide: Ferric oxide. (Fe2O3). Iron is the most common and most useful coloring oxides. Reduction Atmosphere: Indicates an atmosphere where there is little oxygen due to the presence of an excess of carbon from an incomplete combustion process. The effect this has is to turn all the materials that were oxides back into their metal state. Refractory: Resistant to heat or capable of withstanding high-temperatures. Relative Density: (previously called specific gravity). Is expressed as a number for each material which specifically represents the weight of a chosen volume of the material. Since 1ml (cc) of water weighs 1 gram the relative density is the same as the weight in grams of 1 cc of the material. Rutile: (TiO2). A natural source of titanium, usually containing some impurities in the form of iron and occasionally chromium and vanadium. It is used to produce modified iron colors. It has strong effects on other colors. Saggar: A refractory box used to protect ware from direct contact with flames and gases. A secondary use is to produce an artificial atmosphere within the saggar creating localized reduction.
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Tin Oxide: (SnO2). The most widely used opacifying agent. Used as a whitener for glazes and is good at all temperatures. Up-Draught Kiln: Up-Draft kiln. A kiln in which the hot gases and flame pass upwards through the ware to the chimney or just out of the roof. Vanadium: Vanadium Pentoxide. (V2O5) Is used to produce yellow colors. Vitrify: Is the hardening, tightening, and finally, the partial glassification of clay, giving fired clay its hard, durable, dense and rock-like properties. Volatilize: To change from a liquid or solid into a vapor. Wedging: The clay preparation involving the kneading of clay to thoroughly mix and expel air bubbles. Whiting: See Calcium Carbonate. Wollastonite: Calcium Metasilicate. (CaO SiO2). A natural calcium silicate which can be used as a replacement for whiting and flint. Reduces firing shrinkage and adds thermal shock resistance in bodies and glazes. Wood Firing: Firing clay into ceramic with the use of wood as a source of fuel and decoration. XX Saggar: See Ball Clay. Zinc Oxide: (ZnO) A useful flux from mid to high temperature. Very active producing brilliant, glossy, smooth, trouble-free glazes.

Orton Pyrometric Cone Chart

Zircopax: Zirconium Silicate. (ZrSiO4). Opacifier generally produce cool white glazes and adds to the fluxing action of the glaze. Zirconium compounds are more stable than tin.

References and Bibliography:

The books listed below are excellent resources and are often the direct link to the information contained herein. -Bendel, Don, Rice, Paula. Ceramics. Flagstaff, AZ. Northern Arizona University. 1998. -Cushing, Val. Cushings Handbook. 3rd Edition. 1994 -Fournier, Robert. Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery. 4th Edition. 2000. -Hamer, Frank and Janet. The Potters Dictionary of Materials and Techniques. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1991. -Hopper, Robin. The Ceramic Spectrum. Radnor PA: Chilton Book Company, 1984. -Peterson, Susan. The Craft and Art of Clay. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992. -Pitelka, Vince. Clay: A Studio Handbook. Westerville, OH. The American Ceramic Society. 2001. -Rhodes, Daniel. Clay and Glazes for the Potter. Chilton Book Company, 2nd Revised Edition. 1996 -Rhodes, Daniel. Ed. Robin Hopper. Clay and Glazes for the Potter. Iola, WI. Krause Publishers. 3rd Edition. 2000. -Rosenbaum, Allen. VCU Ceramic Department Technical Handbook. Richmond, VA. 2000

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