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1 Exercise 10.1 #2: Author: Eric Emer March 21, 2013

This document contains notes from exercises in a calculus textbook. It includes: 1) Summaries of bounds for integrals and limits of functions over intervals. 2) Analysis showing a periodic function bounded over an interval is bounded for all values. 3) A proof by contradiction that if a function is locally increasing at every point in an interval, it must be increasing over the entire interval.

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Eric Emer
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47 views

1 Exercise 10.1 #2: Author: Eric Emer March 21, 2013

This document contains notes from exercises in a calculus textbook. It includes: 1) Summaries of bounds for integrals and limits of functions over intervals. 2) Analysis showing a periodic function bounded over an interval is bounded for all values. 3) A proof by contradiction that if a function is locally increasing at every point in an interval, it must be increasing over the entire interval.

Uploaded by

Eric Emer
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18.

100A PS12
Author: Eric Emer March 21, 2013

Reading 10.1-10.4 Collaborators: None.

1
1.1

Exercise 10.1 #2
a

Bounded above by 1, bounded below by 0. sup 1 1 = max =1 1 + x2 1 + x2 1 1 inf = min =0 2 1+x 1 + x2

1.2

Bounded above by /2, bounded below by /2. sup tan1 x = /2 inf tan1 x = /2

Exercise 10.1 #8
1 0

x4 dx 1 + x6

on [0, 0.1] we have that: x6 x5 x4 ; x4 1 giving us the bound, namely:


1 0 1 0

x4 dx 1 + x6 x4

x4 dx
0

1 + x6
1 0

1 1 dx x5 |1 = 5 0 5

1 x4 dx 6 1+x 5 1

Exercise 10.2 #1
an =

We consider the sequence:

xn n On x [0, 0.1], we identify that this sequence is positive and decreasing. It has limit 0. xn > 0, for all n n an+1 an = xn+1 xn nxn+1 (n + 1)xn = n+1 n n2 + n where n2 + n > 0 on x [0, 0.1], xn+1 xn , and n + 1 > n Therefore: nxn+1 (n + 1)xn < 0 = an decreasing n2 + n on x [0, 0.1], lim

Additionally, nxn+1 (n + 1)xn =0 n n2 + n Given these properties of an , we can observe that (1)n an converges by Cauchys Test for Alternating Series. |sn S | an+1 e(x) = |(x x2 x3 + ) ln (1 + x)| 2 3 2 3 x x x4 |(x + ) ln (1 + x)| 2 3 4
4

We consider our maximum error to be max x 4 on [0, 0.1]. This is an increasing function, so the max occurs at x = 0.1. We get: e(x) 0.000025

Exercise 10.3 #2

Suppose that f (x) is periodic and dened for all x. We seek to prove that if f (x) is bounded for x 1 by a lower bound B and upper bound Bu , then x is bounded for all x. We rst consider the denition of a periodic function. This means that f (x) has some period c > 0, such that f (x) = f (x + c) for all x. As such, we see that for x 1: B f (x) Bu However, we also know that the function is periodic. Therefore, we have that for any positive integer n, it also holds that: B f (x nc) Bu There is some n, such that, for any x, x nc 1. So, we conclude that: 1

B f (x) Bu , for x We see that f (x) is bounded for all x. 2

Problem 10-3

Let us assume for the sake of contradiction that a function f is locally increasing at every point on I , but is not increasing on I . This means that there must exist an a, b I such that a < b and f (a) f (b). Let us dene a set X , X = {x (a, b] : f (a) f (x)} That is, the set X is dened by the numbers in the interval (a, b] which are in violation of the globally increasing property. We see immediately that |X | > 0, because b X , and b is bounded below by value a. Because b is bounded below at least by a, it must have some greatest lower bound. Which we will dene: glb(b) = c, c [a, b] The greatest lower bound of b must be some c greater than or equal to a, and less than or equal to b. If we can show that c X , than we have a contradiction. Namely, that the property of f locally increasing at every point in I is violated at greatest lower bound, c. As stated, we know that the greatest lower bound falls in a particular closed interval, namely, c [a, b]. Suppose that c > a. This would mean that f (x) > f (c) for all x (a, c). However, given that f is locally increasing at every point in I , we see that this would mean f (c ) > f (c) for some arbitrarily small . Because c is a greatest lower bound, this is a contradiction. Now, suppose c = a. This would also provide a contradiction, because f should be locally increasing at a. However, if c = a, then also f is locally increasing at c, which is a contradiction, because c is a greatest lower bound.

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