Ser

TRl N21d no. 1405 C. 2

BLDO
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National Research I+ Council Canada

Institute for Research in Construction

Conseil national de recherches Canada

lnstitut de recherche en construction

Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blockwork

by A.H.P. Maurenbrecher

Appeared in Proceedings 4th Canadian Masonry Symposium Department of Civil Engineering University of New Brunswick June 2, 3, 4, 1986, Vol. 2, p. 997- 1009 (IRC Paper No. 1405)

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NRC

BLDG. RES. LIBRARY

CISTI

Price $2.00 NRCC 26362

La n o u v e l l e B d i t i o n de l a norme canadienne r e l a t i v e au c a l c u l d e l a masonnerie u t i l i s e l a s u r f a c e de l ' a s s i s e de m o r t i e r p l u t 8 t que l a s u r f a c e n e t t e pour c a l c u l e r l a f o r c e p o r t a n t e des La s u r f a c e d e l a s e c t i o n u t i l e de b l o c s murs e n b l o c s creux. creux, j o i n t o y e s au m o r t i e r seulement l e long des p a r o i s d e f a c e , e s t p a r consgquent r g d u i t e , e t l a f o r c e p o r t a n t e s e t r o u v e a l o r s diminuik s i l e s c o n t r a i n t e s a d d s e s s o n t basdes On a donc dO modifier s u r l e s valeurs tabulaires existantes. c e s v a l e u r s pour determiner l a r B s i s t a n c e 3 l a compression d e s ouvrages en b l o c s de S t o n .

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH O F H O L L O W CONCRETE BLOCKWORK

A.H.P. Maurenbrecher I n s t i t u t e f o r Reeearch i n Conetruction, National Reeearch Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, KlA OR6 ABSTRACT The new e d i t i o n of t h e Canadian masonry design s t a n d a r d u s e s mortar-bedded a r e a i n s t e a d of n e t a r e a i n determining t h e load c a p a c i t y of hollow block walls. The e f f e c t i v e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of hollow blockwork w i t h mortar on t h e f a c e - s h e l l s only i s thereby reduced, i n t u r n reducing t h e load c a p a c i t y i f allowable stresses are baaed on e x i s t i n g t a b u l a r values. This h a s l e d t o a review of t h e t a b u l a r values f o r compressive s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e blockwork. INTRODUCTION S e v e r a l changes i n t h e new e d i t i o n of t h e Canadian masonry d e s i g n s t a n d a r d [ 11 af f e c t t h e load-bearing c a p a c i t y of hollow c o n c r e t e blockwork walls. Two of t h e changes a l t e r t h e e f f e c t i v e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of a w a l l and t h e t a b u l a r values f o r compressive s t r e n g t h . This paper examines t h e t a b u l a r values and compares them w i t h d a t a from tests on s m a l l hollow-concrete blockwork specimens (prisms). Prisms a r e used i n p r e f e r e n c e t o w a l l s because more test d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e and s l e n d e r n e s s e f f e c t s a r e small. Furthermore, Canadian and U.S. design codes permit prism s t r e n g t h i n s t e a d of t a b u l a r values t o be used f o r design. EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL A R E A The a x i a l load c a p a c i t y of w a l l s i n t h e 1978 Canadian masonry design standard [2] and t h e American Concrete I n s t i t u t e c o n c r e t e masonry code [31 i s based on t h e n e t c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of t h e c o n c r e t e block used i n t h e wall. I n c o n t r a s t , t h e mortar-bedded a r e a i s used f o r s h e a r and t e n s i o n ( t h e Commentary t o t h e A C I code seems t o c o n t r a d i c t t h i s s i n c e i t reconmends u s e of t h e n e t block a r e a ) . I n n e a r l y a l l c a s e s mortar i s l a i d on t h e f l a n g e s ( f a c e - s h e l l s ) of t h e block, and t h i s "mortar-bedded" a r e a i s o f t e n considerably s m a l l e r t h a n t h e n e t a r e a of t h e block. (Even i f mortar i s l a i d over t h e whole block, t h e load-bearing a r e a i s l e s s than t h e n e t block a r e a because t h e webs of modern The n e t block two-core blocks normally do n o t a l i g n when b u i l t i n t o a wall.) a r e a has, n e v e r t h e l e s s , been used because of t r a d i t i o n and because i t i s e a s i e r t o determine than t h e mortar-bedded area. The l a t t e r i s defined i n t h e new e d i t i o n of t h e Canadian s t a n d a r d a s t h e h o r i z o n t a l a r e a of mortar i n a bed j o i n t i n f u l l c o n t a c t with both t h e masonry u n i t above and t h e masonry u n i t below, and i n c l u d e s t h e h o r i z o n t a l a r e a of t h e v o i d s i n s o l i d u n i t s and grouted voids i n hollow u n i t s ( a " s o l i d " u n i t i s defined a s a u n i t w i t h a n e t a r e a of a t l e a s t 75% of i t s g r o s s a r e a ) . The convenience of u s i n g n e t a r e a could be j u s t i f i e d i f t h e r a t i o between n e t and f a c e - s h e l l a r e a were roughly c o n s t a n t , but t h e r a t i o i n c r e a s e s a s block width i n c r e a s e s : from 1.05 f o r a 90mm block t o 1.60 f o r a 290-m block (assuming t h a t t h e f a c e - s h e l l a r e a i s based on t h e minimum f a c e - s h e l l width p l u s 20%). For example, a 290-mm block w i t h a compressive s t r e n g t h of 10 MPa i s allowed a t a b u l a r blockwork u l t i m a t e stress of 7.7 MPa, based on n e t a r e a ( M or S type mortar); i f t h e mortar-bedded a r e a i s used, t h i s stress w i l l have t o be i n c r e a s e d t o 12.3 MPa t o g i v e t h e same load c a p a c i t y : t h a t i s , a s t r e s s higher

than t h e block f a i l u r e stress ! Wider blocks were, t h e r e f o r e , i n d i r e c t l y allowed higher e t r e s s e s . The u s e of mortar-bedded area i e more l o g i c a l , but means s s i g n i f i c a n t decrease i n load c a p a c i t y f o r f ace-shell bedded blockwork i f t h e e x i s t i n g t a b u l a r values a r e r e t a i n e d , a d e c r e a s e varying from 5% f o r 9 0 - m blocks t o 38% f o r 290-mm blocks. This r e d u c t i o n has prompted a review of t h e t a b u l a r values f o r t h e s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e blockwork.

EXISTING TABULAR VALUES

The t a b u l a r v a l u e s f o r c o n c r e t e blockwork i n t h e 1978 Canadian d e s i g n s t a n d a r d and t h e ACI code a r e t h e same a s those i n t h e N a t i o n a l Concrete Masonry A s s o c i a t i o n (NCMA) s p e c i f i c a t i o n , a p a r t from minor d i f f e r e n c e s 12-41. In a commentary, t h e NCMA [5] show t h a t t h e values f o r blockwork u s i n g M o r S t y p e S A A41.2-1960, "Building code requirements f o r mortars were obtained from A r e i n f o r c e d masonry" [61. This g i v e s one set of t a b u l a r values f o r masonry u s i n g s o l i d o r hollow c l a y o r c o n c r e t e u n i t s up t o a s t r e n g t h of 83 MPa (12 000 p s i ) ; i t i s n o t , t h e r e f o r e , l i m i t e d t o c o n c r e t e blockwork. The N C M A adopted t h e s e v a l u e s f o r u n i t s t r e n g t h up t o 41 MPa (6000 p s i ) . The commentary does n o t s t a t e how values were obtained f o r blockwork u s i n g type N mortar. PRISM TEST D A T A Appendix 1 provides test d a t a on t h e a x i a l compressive s t r e n g t h of small masonry specimens made of M and S type mortars o r N type mortars ( e q u i v a l e n t t o 1:0.25:3, 1:0.5:4.5 and 1:1:6 cement:lime:sand mixes by volume). It i n c l u d e s specimens i n both s t a c k and running bond up t o a height-to-thickness r a t i o of 10.
FA C E - S H E L L S

MORTAR O N FACE-SHELL AREA

MORTAR-BEDDED AREA MORTAR NOT I N CONTACT W I T H BOTH BLOCKS

Figure 1.

Example of mortar-bedded a r e a . Stack bond prism

The v a l u e s f o r t h e co~ressive s t r e n g t h of t h e block g i v e n i n Appendix 1 a r e based on n e t c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a ( r a t i o of n e t volume t o g r o s s volume) of air-dry blocks w i t h a h a r d capping [ 7 ] . The s t r e n g t h of t h e prisms i s based on t h e mortar-bedded area. The average n e t a r e a of t h e blocks was used w i t h prisms having f u l l mortar bedding and a l i g n e d cross-webs. This v a l u e , u s u a l l y quoted i n t e s t r e s u l t s , gives a conservative estimate of t h e f a i l u r e stress s i n c e , s t r i c t l y speaking, t h e minimum c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a should be used ( t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s of t h e o r d e r of 5%). For prisms w i t h f a c e - s h e l l mortar bedding t h e a r e a i s an estimate based on t h e minimum f a c e - e h e l l width p l u s an i n c r e a s e of up t o 20%, depending on t h e shape of t h e block ( t h e f ace-shell width v a r i e s a l o n g t h e l e n g t h of t h e block, see Figure 1).

DISCUSSION O F TEST D A T A Factors t h a t may a f f e c t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e t e s t d a t a i n Appendix 1 i n c l u d e mortar s t r e n g t h , age, moisture c o n t e n t , c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , height-to-thickness r a t i o and capping. Mortar mixes normally used f o r s t r u c t u r a l masonry ( t y p e s M, S and N) have l i t t l e e f f e c t on blockwork s t r e n g t h , t h e e f f e c t One s e t of becoming l a r g e r with i n c r e a s i n g block s t r e n g t h (Appendix 1, [8,91). M, S and N mortars d i d show a l a r g e decrease i n s t r e n g t h with type N t e s t s using mortar, but t h e s t r e n g t h of t h a t mortar was a l r e a d y m c h lower t h a n normal [ l o ] . The small e f f e c t of mortar on blockwork s t r e n g t h implies t h a t any i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h with age i s raainly due t o t h e block. Blocks can i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h with age [8,111, p a r t l y from a g a i n i n t h e s t r e d g t h of t h e concrete with time, It i s t h e r e f o r e important t h a t but a l s o from t h e d r y i n g of t h e block [12,13]. blocks be t e s t e d a t t h e same time and under t h e same atmospheric c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e corresponding prisms t o o b t a i n a n a c c u r a t e r e l a t i o n between block and prism s t r e n g t h . Most recent t e s t programs do not s t a t e a t what age t h e blocks were t e s t e d ; i t i s probable t h a t they were t e s t e d e a r l i e r t h a n t h e prisms and t h u s may underestimate block s t r e n g t h , g i v i n g a r t i f i c i a l l y high r a t i o s of prism-to-block strength. Blockwork with f a c e - s h e l l mortar bedding has been assumed t o f a i l a t s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher s t r e s s e s than blockwork with f u l l bedding [14]. This i s not confirmed by t h e r e s u l t s i n Appendix 1; t h e s e show t h a t f a c e - s h e l l bedding g i v e s values about 2% higher (average of e i g h t values ranging from -11 t o +lo%) [15-201. I f t h e minimum i n s t e a d of t h e average n e t a r e a were used f o r prisms with f u l l mortar bedding, t h e r a t i o would be even l e s s . One r e f e r e n c e not included i n t h e t e s t r e s u l t s c o n t r a d i c t s t h i s , showing 18%h i g h e r r e s u l t s , on average, f o r f a c e - s h e l l bedding [21]. This s t i l l needs t o be explained, but p a r t of t h e d i f f e r e n c e may be due t o t h e value f o r mortar-bedded area. The assumed r a t i o s of mortar-bedded t o gross a r e a ranged from 0.34 t o 0.39; t h e a c t u a l a r e a s a r e probably c l o s e r t o t h e higher assumed v a l u e f o r a l l t h e t e s t e d prisms. For example, i f a value of 0.40 had been used throughout, t h e r e s u l t s would be 8% i n s t e a d of 18%higher. Ratios of height-to-thickness up t o 10 a r e assumed t o a f f e c t t h e a x i a l s t r e n g t h of hollow blockwork by l e s s than 10% [1,3,12,161. The number of blocks and t h e v a r i a b l i t y i n t h e block s t r e n g t h w i l l probably be t h e main reason f o r reductions i n s t r e n g t h over t h i s range [22]. The s t r e n g t h of t h e block i t s e l f can be a f f e c t e d by i t s height-to-width r a t i o , wider blocks g i v i n g r e l a t i v e l y higher s t r e n g t h s [23]. I f t h i s i s t r u e f o r hollow blocks, i t implies t h a t t h e wider t h e block t h e lower t h e r a t i o of prism-to-block s t r e n g t h . The o v e r a l l r e s u l t s i n Appendix 1 follow t h i s t r e n d , but r e s u l t s from i n d i v i d u a l r e f e r e n c e s vary. The s t r e n g t h of prisms w i t h s o f t cappings such a s f i b r e b o a r d have been found t o give t h e same ( o r lower) r e s u l t s a s those with hard cappings such a s d e n t a l p l a s t e r : r a t i o s of 0.92-1.00 [16], 0.88-0.94 [ 1 3 ] , 0.68-1.00 (9,241. The d i f f e r e n c e may be explained by t h e f a i l u r e mode ( l e s s d i f f e r e n c e i f f a i l u r e i s i n i t i a t e d a t t h e mortar j o i n t ) , s u r f a c e of t h e block (rough s u r f a c e s g i v e r i s e t o s t r e s s concentrations when a s o f t capping i s used), and d i f f e r e n t t e s t dates. A s o f t capping h a s a l a r g e r e f f e c t on t h e compressive s t r e n g t h of t h e block (e.g. a r a t i o of 0.85 f o r f i b r e b o a r d t o plaster-capped block [161). COMPARISON O F PRISM D A T A WITH TABULAR VALUES The s t r e n g t h of 71 s e t s of prisms u s i n g M and S mortars i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t block s t r e n g t h i n Figure 2. The s e l e c t i o n of d a t a was based on t h e following criteria: 1 ) no r a t i o s of prism-to-block s t r e n g t h g r e a t e r t h a n one; 2 ) where

BLOCK STRENGTH (NET AREA), M P a

Figure 2. Prism versus block strength (M and S mortar)

50
m

E
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40

MEAN THROUGH ORlG l

Z
C

30

a z

20

a Ln

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

BLOCK STRENGTH (NET AREA).

MPa

Figure 3. Basis for new tabular s t r e s s e s i n S304-M84 (M and S mortar)

m n

+
0

M & S MORTAR

+ ++

E
I-

N MORTAR

20-

C3

Z
W

0:
C

ct
Ln
La

Ln

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L
1

20 30 BLOCK STRENGTH (NET AREA), M P a

10

40

Figure 4.

Prism strength:

N versus M and S mortar

t h e r e was a choice of specimens w i t h i n a t e s t program, p r i o r i t y was given t o prisms w i t h h a r d e r capping, n e x t , t o t h e one w i t h t h e most t e s t r e p l i c a t e s , then t o t h e l a r g e s t prism. A second-order polynomial curve based on a l e a s t - s q u a r e s f i t i s shown i n Figure 2 t o g e t h e r w i t h a lower bound curve below which only 7% of t h e r e s u l t s f a l l ( t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h l e v e l used i n t h e Canadian masonry design standard). Allowable values i n t h e A C I code and t h e 1978 Canadian s t a n d a r d a r e a l s o shown. These i n d i c a t e t h a t t a b u l a r values a r e t o o l i b e r a l f o r low block s t r e n g t h s and c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r h i g h e r ones. The u s e of t h e lower bound 7% curve as a b a s i s f o r new t a b u l a r values would s e v e r e l y reduce t h e e x i s t i n g p e r m i s s i b l e load c a p a c i t y of blockwork w i t h low-strength blocks. A n a l t e r n a t i v e , l e s s s e v e r e , approach i s t o apply a r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r t o a b e s t - f i t curve passing through t h e o r i g i n , s o t h a t t h e r e s u l t i n g curve w i l l a l s o pass through i t . This i n t e r i m approach was adopted f o r t h e new e d i t i o n [ l ] of t h e Canadian masonry design s t a n d a r d ( s e e Table 1 and Figure 3). An a r b i t r a r y r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r of 0.8 was adopted. Although h i g h e r t a b u l a r stresses seem j u s t i f i e d f o r high block s t r e n g t h s , t h i s change w i l l n o t be made u n t i l more information i s a v a i l a b l e on t h e s t r e n g t h of high-strength blockwork and on t h a t of hollow blockwork under varying e c c e n t r i c l o a d s ( a check on t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of t h e webs). The new t a b u l a r s t r e s s e s , a p p l i e d t o a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a based on t h e mortar-bedded a r e a , mean a n i n c r e a s e d u l t i m a t e load c a p a c i t y f o r most blockwork with f u l l mortar bedding and a decreased c a p a c i t y f o r f a c e - s h e l l mortar bedding (Table 2). The decrease i s p a r t l y o f f s e t i n t h e new e d i t i o n of t h e Canadian s t a n d a r d by changing t h e allowable a x i a l stress r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r from 0.225 t o 0.25 t o conform t o t h e f a c t o r a l r e a d y used f o r brickwork.

TABLE 1 Comparison of Tabular and Prism Data (M and S Mortar)

Prism S t r e n g t h (MPa) B e s t - f i t Curve Through O r i g i n Block Strength (MPa Mean 7% level Tabular Strength (Ma)

Mean

7% level

Mean x0.8

ACI 79

-- S304 -78 84

More d a t a a r e needed f o r prisms u s i n g t y p e N mortar, e s p e c i a l l y f o r h i g h e r s t r e n g t h blocks. Nevertheless, t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a suggest t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g t a b u l a r values can be considerably i n c r e a s e d t o g i v e v a l u e s t h e same a s t h o s e f o r low-strength blocks u s i n g M and S mortars and g r a d u a l l y reduced values w i t h higher-strength blocks ( s e e Figure 4 and Appendix 1). The new t a b u l a r values f o r t h e Canadian s t a n d a r d a r e shown g r a p h i c a l l y i n Figure 4; a f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e w i l l probably be i n o r d e r when more test d a t a become a v a i l a b l e . The low v a l u e s i n Figure 4 a r e probably t h e r e s u l t of a lower than expected mortar s t r e n g t h [ l o ] . CONCLUSIONS E x i s t i n g t a b u l a r values f o r c o n c r e t e blockwork i n t h e A C I [ 3 ] and Canadian masonry [21 codes a r e not d i r e c t l y based on t e s t s on c o n c r e t e blockwork.

Compared with r e s u l t s from prism tests, t h e t a b u l a r values f o r blockwork with M o r S mortar a r e c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r high-strength blocks and t o o l i b e r a l f o r low-s t r e n g t h blocks. The use of mortar-bedded a r e a i n s t e a d of n e t a r e a w i l l mean a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e u l t i m a t e a x i a l load c a p a c i t y f o r f a c e - s h e l l bedded blockwork, using e x i s t i n g t a b u l a r values. This can be compensated f o r by i n c r e a s i n g t h e t a b u l a r values and d e c r e a s i n g t h e reduction f a c t o r f o r t h e allowable a x i a l s t r e s s . The new e d i t i o n of t h e Canadian masonry d e s i g n s t a n d a r d [ l ] has taken t h i s approach, but t h e r e i s s t i l l a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n allowable a x i a l load f o r f a c e - s h e l l bedded blockwork u s i n g lower-strength blocks. A more d e t a i l e d s a f e t y study i s r e q u i r e d t o determine whether f u r t h e r changes can be made. Guidance i s needed, t o o , on t h e v a l u e s t o be used f o r mortar-bedded a r e a . For example, a value based on t h e minimum f a c e - s h e l l width p l u s 20% would apply t o many of t h e s t a n d a r d two-core blocks i n Canada. I n f u t u r e t h e block manufacturers w i l l probably suggest values on t h e i r d a t a s h e e t s . When t e s t i n g c o n c r e t e blockwork prisms, c a r e n u s t be t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e mortar-bedded a r e a i s a c c u r a t e l y determined and t h a t t h e blocks from which t h e prisms a r e made a r e t e s t e d a t t h e same time and under t h e same atmospheric c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e prisms. TABLE 2 Change i n Axial Load Capacity (CAN3-S304-M84 190-mm Concrete Blockwork (M o r S Mortar) Change i n h a d Capacity ( I ) Block Strength (MPa Face-shell Area*
Ult

[I]),

Full Area
Ult

Allow

Allow

*Area based on minimum f a c e - s h e l l width REFERENCES

1

20%

Canadian Standards Association. CAN3-S304-M84, 1984.

Masonry d e s i g n f o r b u i l d i n g s .

Canadian Standards Association. Masonry d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r buildings. CAN3-S304-M78, 1978. American Concrete I n s t i t u t e , Building code requirements f o r c o n c r e t e masonry s t r u c t u r e s . A C I 531-79(rev 83), 1983. National Concrete Masonry Association. S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of load-bearing c o n c r e t e masonry. 1970.

National Concrete Masonry Association. Research d a t a with commentary i n support of: S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of load-bearing concrete masonry. National Bureau of Standards. N B S Handbook 74, Building code requirements f o r r e i n f o r c e d masonry. ASA41.2-1960. ASTM. 1975. Method of sampling and t e s t i n g c o n c r e t e masonry u n i t s . C140-75,

6 7 8

Copeland, R.E. and A.G. T i m . E f f e c t of mortar s t r e n g t h and s t r e n g t h of u n i t on t h e s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e masonry walls. A C I Journal, Vol. 28, 1932, p. 551-562. Roberts, J.J. The e f f e c t upon t h e i n d i c a t e d s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e blocks i n compression of r e p l a c i n g mortar w i t h board capping. Proceedings, F i r s t Canadian Masonry Symposium, Calgary, 1976, p. 22-38. Redmond, T.B. and M.H. Allen. Compressive s t r e n g t h of composite b r i c k and P a s t and p r e s e n t . ASTM, STP 589, 1975, c o n c r e t e masonry w a l l s , &Masonry: p. 195-232. J. Longworth and J. Warwaruk. A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of r e i n f o r c e d Sturgeon, G.R., c o n c r e t e block masonry columns. S t r u c t u r a l Eng. Report 91. University of Alberta. 1980

10

11

12 Maurenbrecher, A.H.P. Axial compressive tests on masonry w a l l s ' a n d prisms. Proceedings, Third North American Masonry Conference, The Masonry S o c i e t y , Texas, 1985, p. 19-1 t o 19-14. 13 14 S e l f , M.W. S t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s of loadbearing c o n c r e t e masonry. Masonry: P a s t and p r e s e n t , ASTM, STP 589, 1975, p. 233-254. National Concrete Masonry Association. masonry. NCMA, USA, Tek 15, 1969.

&

Compressive s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e

15 H a t z i n i k n o l a s , M., J. Longworth and J. Warwaruk. Concrete masonry w a l l s . Dept. of C i v i l Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a , S t r u c t u r a l Engineering Report 70, 1978. E f f e c t of test procedures on compressive s t r e n g t h of 16 Maurenbrecher, A.H.P. masonry prisms. Proceedings, Second Canadian Masonry Symposium, Ottawa, 1980, p. 119-132. 17 Maurenbrecher, A.H.P. Compressive s t r e n g t h of e c c e n t r i c a l l y loaded prisms. Proceedings, Third Canadian Masonry Symposium, Edmonton, 1983, p. 10-1 t o 10-13 R i c h a r t , F.E., R.B.B. Moorman and P.M. Woodworth. S t r e n g t h and s t a b i l i t y of c o n c r e t e masonry walls. Univ. of I l l i n o i s , B u l l e t i n 251, 1932.

18

19 Woodward, K., and F. Rankin. I n f l u e n c e of v e r t i c a l compressive stress on s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e of c o n c r e t e block masonry walls. NBS, NBSIR84-2929, 1984. 20 Ibid. I n f l u e n c e of a s p e c t r a t i o on s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e of c o n c r e t e block masonry w a l l s . NBS, NBSIR84-2993, 1985.

21 22

Nacos, C.J. Comparison of f u l l y bedded and f a c e - s h e l l bedded c o n c r e t e block, Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , USA, CE-495, 1980. Cranston, W.B. and J.J. Roberts. The s t r u c t u r a l behaviour of c o n c r e t e masonry r e i n f o r c e d and unreinforced. The S t r u c t u r a l Engineer, Vol. 54, No. 11, Nov. 1976, pp. 423-436.

23 24

Roberts, J. J. e t a l . Concrete masonry d e s i g n e r ' s handbook, Viewpoint P u b l i c a t i o n s , Eyre & Spottiswoode, England, 1983, 272 p. The e f f e c t of d i f f e r e n t test procedures upon t h e i n d i c a t e d Roberts, J.J. s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e blocks i n conrpression. Magazine of Concrete Research. Vol. 25, No. 83, June 1973. pp. 87-98.

APPENDIX 1.

COMPRESSIVE S T R E N G T H OF HOLLOW CONCRETE B L O C K W O R K PRISMS (An/& ( 0.75; h / t ( 10) Mortar Type Bedding Prism Strength (MPa) P/Ab n v ( % ) Age(d) Ratio ~rism/~lock

Ref. No.

S i z e (mm) l x h x t

Block An/Ag Strength ( M P ~ ) P/An n v(%)

Size

Am/&

NOTES :

Bard capping ( p l a n t e r , cement, sulfur ...I except where noted + Values used i n Figures 2-4; * Values used i n F i g u r e 4 P r i s m size: i n i t i a l number gives c o u r s e h e i g h t of prism following number gtves length of prism i n terms of block l e n g t h ( i f d i f f e r e n t from 1) lbedded a r e a , f o r blocks w i t h two roughly pear-shaped c o r e s , based on minimum f a c e - s h e l l width + 20% 2blocks t e s t e d a t same t i m e as prisms 3three o v a l cores; webs a l i g n i n wall 4block t e s t e d with ffbreboard capping; t e s t values increased by 18% 5author's tests 610w s t r e n g t h f o r N mortar (1.3 W a ; 28 d; m k s t cure) 7assurued v a l u e f a r An/Ag 8bedded a r e a based on minimum f a c e - s h e l l width + 14% gbedded a r e a , f o r stack bond prisms u s i n g blocks with two s q u a r e c o r e s , based on minimum f a c e - s h e l l width + 5%

NOTATION
Ag Am A n f fb fs h
= gross area

1 = length
n P
= number of r e p l i c a t e s = f a i l u r e load
= = = =

= mortar bedded a r e a = net a r e a = f i b r e b o a r d capping

= f u l l bedding = f a c e - s h e l l mortar bedding = height

r
s
t v

running bond s t a c k bond thickness c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n

REFERENCES A1 Becica, I.J. and H.G. Harris. U l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h behaviour of hollow c o n c r e t e Proceedings, 2nd North American masonry prisms under a x i a l load and bending. Masonry Conference, 1982, p. 3-1 3-20.

A 2 A3 A 4
A5

Drysdale, R.G. and A.A. Hamid. Behaviour of c o n c r e t e block masonry under a x i a l compression. A C I J o u r n a l , June 1979, p. 707-721. Drysdale, R.G. and A.A. Hamid. e c c e n t r i c compressive loading. Capacity of c o n c r e t e block masonry prisms under ACI J o u r n a l , Mar./Apr. 1983, p. 102-108.

F a t t a l , S.G. and L.E. Cattaneo. S t r u c t u r a l performance of masonry w a l l s under compression and f l e x u r e . N a t i o n a l Bureau of Standards. BSS 73, 1976. H a t z i n i k o l a s M., J. Longworth and J. Warwaruk. E f f e c t of j o i n t reinforcement on v e r t i c a l l o a d c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of hollow c o n c r e t e block masonry. Proceedings, North American Masonry Conference, 1978, p. 16-1 16-16.

A 6

Read, J.B. and S.W. Clements. The s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e block w a l l s . Under u n i a x i a l loading. Cement and Coqcrete A s s o c i a t i o n , Technical Report 42.473, 1972. Read, J.R. and S.W. Clements. The s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e block w a l l s . Phase 111: E f f e c t s of workmanship, mortar s t r e n g t h and bond p a t t e r n . and Concrete A s s o c i a t i o n , Technical Report 42.518, 1977.

Phase 11:

A7

Cement

A 8 A 9 A10
All

Suter-Keller Inc. F i e l d measurements of deformations on a loadbearing masonry h i g h r i s e s t r u c t u r e . Contract Report SR81-00073, Ottawa, 1984. Yokel, F.Y., R.G. Mathey and R.D. Dikkers. Compressive s t r e n g t h of s l e n d e r c o n c r e t e masonry walls. National Bureau of Standards, BSS 33, 1970. Yokel, F.Y., R.G. Mathey and K.D. Dikkers. S t r e n g t h of masonry w a l l s under compressive and t r a n s v e r s e loads. National Bureau of Standards, BSS 34, 1971. Woodward K . and F. Rankin. Behaviour of c o n c r e t e block masonry w a l l s s u b j e c t e d t o repeated c y c l i c displacements. N a t i o n a l Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 83-2780, 1983.

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