Novel Analysis

NOVEL BY: GEORGE ORWELL TITILE : ANIMAL FARM A FAIRY STORY

Extrinsic theory
According to Wellek and Warren (1956) the extrinsic theories are: 1. Authors Subjectivity situation for example : Faith, and life viewing 2. Authors Psychologist condition, reader, or the implementation of psychologist principle in an opus. 3. Authors environment condition like, economic, social, and politic, 4. People view for various opuses like art, religion, and etc. Theory implementation 1. Authors subjectivity situation(George Orwell) George Orwell's books - especially Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm - are written against totalitarianism and also against Communism from the point of view of an ardent socialist. 2. Authors Psychologist condition Orwell thought that all political theories and ideologies - except socialism - are hopeless and disillusioning. But Orwell did not mean the utopian Socialism, but the realistic view of this political line and his aim was to split the two types of socialism and to establish the realistic one. He said, that Socialist did not claim that they could make the world perfect, but they were trying to improve it. He also argued that if there were no more very rich and no more very poor people, such a society would still have a vast number of other problems to solve, because a society which is balanced in wealth is not a perfect society. In Orwell's point of view most of the labor parties of Europe were just parties in the hand of trade unions that were concerned just of local problems and especially wages. He judged that real socialism can just be successful in Europe, when there is something like the United States of Europe, because it would include half the skilled industrial workers of the world. His dream continued that Europe then will be an example for the whole world and that socialism - real socialism and not totalitarian communism - will spread around the world. Although he was as anticommunist as anti-totalitarian he did not criticise the Soviet Union, because he could not clearly see, what was behind this system of society. So he wrote in an essay that the people of the USSR are the hungriest, but at the same time the best fed, that these people are most advanced and most backward and that they are the happiest and

the most miserable as well. He then hoped very strongly that the world will recognize Stalin's policy not as clever, but merely stupid and in best case opportunistic. 3. Authors Environment condition While writing animal farm in 1948, he was fully convinced that the Communist revolution in Moscow was just a failed experiment, because the Communists got a permanent ruling caste, which was neither elected nor recruited by birth, but by adoption. For this reason they had to rule the country in a totalitarian style. If they had not done so, the opposition would have grown and they would have criticized the whole system. Orwell did not like Communism as well, because he saw that the Communists always had to find scapegoats to hide their own failure and their own errors. 4. People View for various opuses

Orwell also was a pioneer of the left wingers, because he said that the Communism and Fascism are from the psychological point of view more or less the same. He admit that they were different in their beginning but the older the grow the more similar became the regimes on both sides. He stated that both sorts of regimes began to expropriating and nationalizing the industry. Orwell saw in the Communist as well as in the Fascist leaders just people who were greedy for power and that their political views did not matter a lot so long the meanings promised increase of power. His experiences in the Spanish civil war reinforced his view on the Communists, the Fascist and authoritarian respectively totalitarian regimes in general. He saw that their only aim was to get the power over Spain and that they did not fight for any particular form of society to help the people to increase their life standard.

Intrinsic theory
The intrinsic unsure is something that enables to research, whatever with hiding meaning or implied meaning. The unsure in consist of: Theme, plot, setting, figuring, objective (subject message), moral of value, event chronological, and language style. By Fadil al karsad
Subject message The animation story is contained the bad words to Russian government in 1917. and the incident is written into a novel is named animal farm. The novel is made by the real plot of incident and the animals to be main character of this novel

Moral value of story The story from the animal farm is told about Russians revolution of 1917 precisely about soviet totalitarianism in the Stalin area I give best rating for this book because it presents a fable as a form of satire byword against the rotten politics. Readers would have laughed at once stunned to read this novel, which was mentioned by many critics as one of the best novels of all time. by George Orwell

Chronological Event Rising story ( Chapter II )

After the old major dead peacefully . Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to educate them in the principles of Animalism. When Mr. Jones reappears to take back his farm, the animals defeat him again, in what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmers abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each other for power and influence among the other animals. Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, but Napoleon solidly opposes the plan. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a passionate speech. Although Napoleon gives only a brief retort, he then makes a strange noise, and nine attack dogsthe puppies that Napoleon had confiscated in order to educateburst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon assumes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make all of the decisionsfor the good of every animal.

Climax story (Chapter V)

Napoleon now quickly changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. The human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge, during which various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowballs great conspiracymeaning any animal who opposes Napoleons uncontested leadershipmeet instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned (Boxer has taken up a second maxim, Napoleon is always right), Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human beingsleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer, Napoleons propagandist, justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is making things better for everyonedespite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and overworked.

Falling story (chapter IX) Squealer emerges to justify Napoleons actions with skillful but duplicitous reinterpretations of Animalist principles; Napoleon continues to consolidate his power, eliminating his enemies and reinforcing his status as supreme leader; the common animals continue to obey the pigs, hoping for a better future.

Character of the story Napoleon Napoleon - The pig that emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon uses military force (his nine loyal attack dogs) to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power. In his supreme craftiness, Napoleon proves more treacherous than his counterpart, Snowball. Snow ball Snowball - The pig who challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Leon Trotsky, Snowball is intelligent, passionate, eloquent, and less subtle and devious than his counterpart, Napoleon. Snowball seems to win the loyalty of the other animals and cement his power. Squearel Squealer - The pig that spreads Napoleons propaganda among the other animals. Squealer justifies the pigs monopolization of resources and spreads false statistics pointing to the farms success. Orwell uses Squealer to explore the ways in which those in power often use rhetoric and language to twist the truth and gain and maintain social and political control. Boxer Boxer - The cart-horse whose incredible strength, dedication, and loyalty play a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help but rather slow-witted, Boxer shows much devotion to Animal Farms ideals but little ability to think about them independently. He navely trusts the pigs to make all his decisions for him. His two mottoes are I will work harder and Napoleon is always right. Benjamin Benjamin - The long-lived donkey who refuses to feel inspired by the Rebellion. Benjamin firmly believes that life will remain unpleasant no matter who is in charge. Of all of the animals on the farm, he alone comprehends the changes that take place, but he seems either unwilling or unable to oppose the pigs.

Clover A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxers close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments.

Mollie Mollie - The vain, flighty mare who pulls Mr. Joness carriage. Mollie craves the attention of human beings and loves being groomed and pampered. She has a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she misses wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She represents the petit bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years after the Russian Revolution.

Old major Old Major -The prize-winning boar whose vision of a socialist utopia serves as the inspiration for the Rebellion. Three days after describing the vision and teaching the animals the song Beasts of England, Major dies, leaving Snowball and Napoleon to struggle for control of his legacy. Orwell based Major on both the German political economist Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Ilych Lenin.

Clover Clover - A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxers close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments.

Moses Moses - The tame raven who spreads stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses plays only a small role in Animal Farm, but Orwell uses him to explore how communism exploits religion as something with which to pacify the oppressed.

Muriel Muriel - The white goat who reads the Seven Commandments to Clover whenever Clover suspects the pigs of violating their prohibitions.

Minimus Minimus - The poet pig who writes verse about Napoleon and pens the banal patriotic song Animal Farm, Animal Farm to replace the earlier idealistic hymn Beasts of England, which Old Major passes on to the others.

Jessie and Blue bell Jessie and Bluebell - Two dogs, each of whom gives birth early in the novel. Napoleon takes the puppies in order to educate them.

Mr. Pilkington Mr. Pilkington - The easygoing gentleman farmer who runs Foxwoods, a neighboring farm. Mr. Fredericks bitter enemy, Mr. Pilkington represents the capitalist governments of England and the United States.

Mr. Frederick Mr. Frederick is unscrupulous farmer who tries to do business with animal farm

Mr. Whimpers Mr. Whimpers - The human solicitor whom Napoleon hires to represent Animal Farm in human society. Mr. Whimpers entry into the Animal Farm community initiates contact between Animal Farm and human society, alarming the common animals.

Mr. Jones Mr. Jones - The often drunk farmer who runs the Manor Farm before the animals stage their Rebellion and establish Animal Farm. Mr. Jones is an unkind master who indulges himself while his animals lack food; he thus represents Tsar Nicholas II, whom the Russian Revolution ousted.

Something new or interesting thing that Ive found 1. There is no sense of indepence when in the end just gave birth to new invader. 2. There is no sense of revolution when the liberators ended up just going to become the new oppressors in the future. 3. there is no sense of revolution if the leader is not different, eventually more ugly than the previous regimes

The summary of animal farms Novel By: George Orwell

Animal Farm: A Fairy Story

MR JONES of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the

farm, and the worst tempered. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth. No, comrades, a thousand times no! It is summed up in a single word Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. To that horror we all must come-cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. I will sing you that song now, comrades. Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. The words ran: The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. The birds jumped onto their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. THREE NIGHTS LATER old Major died peacefully in his sleep. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. The work of teaching and organizing the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognized as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as Master, or made elementary remarks such as Mr. Jones feeds us. No, said Snowball firmly. We have no means of making sugar on this farm. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugar candy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out onto the road and slammed the fivebarred gate behind them. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. All animals should go naked. In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr Jones. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. After a moment,

however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. Comrades, said Snowball, it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the commandments by heart. Now, comrades, cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, to the hayfield! Never mind the milk, comrades! cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. Forward, comrades! Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. In the end they finished the harvest in two days less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest upon his mighty shoulders. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. On Sundays there was no work. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into

what he called Animal Committees. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments. Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider animals such as the sheep, hens and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: Four legs good, two legs bad. The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Comrades! he cried. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades, cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. BY THE LATE SUMMER the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighboring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of Beasts of England. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. The other farm, which was called Pinch field, was smaller and better kept. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. Rumors of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his first attack. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned round and lashed at them with his small hoofs. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. No sentimentality, comrade! cried Snowball, from whose wounds the blood was still dripping. I have no wish to take life, not even human life, repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears.

At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasizing the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, Animal Hero, First Class, which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. There was also Animal Hero, Second Class, which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. Clover took her aside. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwoods. One of Mr Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. Mollie! A thought struck Clover. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into Four legs good, two legs bad at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power. Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. Only Napoleon held aloof. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogans, Vote for Snowball and the three-day week and Vote for Napoleon and the full manger. Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defiance of the farm. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. When the animals had assembled in the big barn. Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labor was lifted from the animals backs. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals crowded through the door to watch the chase.

Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing Beasts of England and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. Comrades, he said, I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labor upon himself. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back? Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of Beasts of England all the animals dispersed. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon's own creation. Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. This, said Squealer, was something called tactics. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. ALL THAT YEAR the animals worked like slaves. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments-they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the

rest of the animals put together. The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. One Sunday morning when the animals assembled to receive their orders Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. A Mr. Whimper, a solicitor living in Willington, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of Long live Animal Farm!, and after the singing of Beasts of England the animals were dismissed. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals minds at rest. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Every Monday Mr. Whimper visited the farm as had been arranged. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering, indeed they hated it more than ever. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. Except through Whimper there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumors that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwoods or with Mr. Frederick of Pinch field but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It says, No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets she announced finally. You have heard, then, comrades, he said, that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. The windmill was in ruins. Napoleon paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. SNOWBALL! he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder, Snowball has done this thing! Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. Animal Hero, Second Class, and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could be guilty of such an action. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwoods Farm.

No more delays, comrades! cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. There is work to be done. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long live Animal Farm! The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill, well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. The animals knew that this was not the case. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labor, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of I will work harder! For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whimper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. Napoleon had accepted, through Whimper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. The animals were thoroughly frightened. Comrades! cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinch field Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. Did we not give him Animal Hero, First Class immediately afterwards? That was our mistake, comrade. Jones's shot only grazed him. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard. Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of Death to Humanity! and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember that, comrades? exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy.

Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, has stated categorically categorically, comrade that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning-yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of. If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. That is the true spirit, comrade! cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned to go, then paused and added impressively: I warn every animal on mis farm to keep his eyes very wide open. Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself Animal Hero, First Class and Animal Hero, Second Class), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals spines. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr Frederick. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. Most of Animal Farm was within their view the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, me ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. Never had the farm-and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property-appeared to the animals so desirable a place. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the pellets of Jones's gun. The other animals sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over-very tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it before. The animals were taken aback. It is no longer needed, comrade, said Squealer stiffly. Beasts of England was the song of the Rebellion. Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! A FEW DAYS LATER, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered or thought they remembered that the Sixth Commandment decreed:

No animal shall kill any other animal. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. Throughout that year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as Napoleon. In his speeches Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom, the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint. Meanwhile, through the agency of Whimpers, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. At the same time there were renewed rumors that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinch field Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm and Foxwoods. The animals distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. Moreover terrible stories were leaking out from Pinch field about the cruelties that Frederick practiced upon his animals. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never-as many of them had believed hitherto received the order of Animal Hero, First Class. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. When it was all gone another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them they were soon driven back. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Impossible! cried Napoleon. Courage, comrades!

Terrified, the animals waited. The pigeons swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. The windmill had ceased to exist! The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. This time the stones had vanished too. It was as though the windmill had never been. What is that gun firing for? said Boxer. To celebrate our victory! cried Squealer. What victory? said Boxer. What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil the sacred soil of Animal Farm? But they have destroyed the windmill. We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. Comrade Napoleon was dying! Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. A rumor went round that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon's food. Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond me orchard, which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work, was to be ploughed up. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. Actually the Commandment read: No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. BOXER'S SPLIT HOOF was a long time in healing. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven and for hens and geese at five. Meanwhile life was hard. Once again all rations were reduced except those of the pigs and the dogs. The animals believed every word of it. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on the farm it was possible to guess at their parentage. For the time being the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays.

One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetizing scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the kitchen. The animals sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being prepared for their supper. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, Long live Comrade Napoleon! In April Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, an d it became necessary to elect a President. Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. Many of the animals believed him. After his hoof had healed up Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed all the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. Late one evening, in the summer, a sudden rumor ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. Boxer has fallen! About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. Boxer! she cried, how are you? All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin, who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willington could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. The animals crowded round the van. That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. A cry of horror burst from all the animals. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices. Boxer! she cried. Boxer! Boxer! Boxer! Boxer! cried Clover in a terrible voice. Boxer! All the animals took up the cry of Get out. Boxer, get out! It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. In desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the van to stop. Comrades, comrades! they shouted. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Boxer was never seen again.

Forward, comrades! he whispered. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is always right. Those were his very last words, comrades. Here Squealer's demeanor suddenly changed. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked Horse Slaughterer, and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knackers. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favorite maxims, I will work harder and Comrade Napoleon is always right maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. Snowball was forgotten. The talk of setting aside a comer of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. The farm possessed three horses now besides Clover. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill: when that one was finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer -except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organization of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case they had little time for speculating on such things now. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honor and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. owned and operated by animals. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untraded by human feet, was still believed in. All animals were equal. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the yard. It was a pig walking on his hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. Four legs good, two legs better! Four legs good, two legs better! Four legs good, two legs better!

It was Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. It ran:

ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS.
After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. The animals were weeding the turnip field. What could be happening in there, now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. This bon mot set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working-hours and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. Gentlemen, concluded Mr. Pilkington, gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm! Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as Comrade. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to Animal Farm. He could not of course know for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it-mat the name Animal Farm had been abolished. Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say.