ARTICLE 1- RIGHTS OF THE CHILD Decentralization and involvement of the community and civil society with govt. imp.

imp. In constitution- article 39(f), Article 45 and Article 46 Deficit in childhood in every respect, having disastrous effect on children Principles of child centric policies and laws: national commission for protection of child rights (NCPCR) - evolved core principle to be adhered while making policies, 5 essential principles: Decentralization, flexibility, institution building processes, convergence and listening to children and their voices should inform and guide policy formulation and delivering of services. Advantages: enable ownership by local communities, ensure their involvement in child protection, and entail solutions being based on the local context and dealing with the matter with a sense of urgency. Concerned departments converge and function together at least at district and block level Need for: child jurisprudence (reformative and restitutive justice), child focused procedure code, child sensitive judiciary, maintenance of dignity and privacy, and ensuring safety of child at every stage Right of children to free and compulsory education Act, 2009: statutory obligation of state to make sure admission, attendance and completion of education for all children between age 614; free transportation; special aids; proper infrastructure, qualified teacher, admission at any time without needing to produce documents, provisions on discrimination Protection of children from sexual offences act, 2012: child friendly procedures for reporting, recording of evidence, etc. setting up special courts, complete the trial within a year, in case of penetrative sexual assault burden of proof is on accused, relief and rehabilitation for child ARTICLE 2: MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN Largest food supplementation program in the world: ICDS and mid-day meal; Inadequacies: coverage, content and quality of all these services and often not accessible to the neediest. BMI used for measuring over and under nutrition, necessary because: a) early detection and correction can reverse wasting and prevent stunting; b) stunting has trans generational impact; can be done by convergence of services under health and ICDS

National Family Health Survey: Under nutrition problem in school age children from poorer sector and over nutrition and alarming problem in urban affluent children Corrective measures: food supplements, treating infections through school health system; increased physical activity Factors for under nutrition: birth weight, feeding and infections Malnutrition: imbalance between energy intake and expenditure Dual problem of under and over nutrition in both developed and developing countries; 10th five year plan made recommendations; early detection very important, should be done at school level.

ARTICLE 3: PREPARING FOR NEW CHILD LABOUR LAW Proposed amendment to the child Labour (Prohibition and Regulations) Act, 1896; Amendment: all forms of child labour will be banned up till the age of 14 years, employment in hazardous factory will be prohibited for children between 14-18 years of age; child labour a cognizable offence. 2 schools of thought: advocating for right to work (poverty, lack of education facilities and inability of enforcement) and complete ban 3 major challenges: a) Enforcement- sensitizing and proper training of police, involving all stakeholders (NGOs, Govt. bodies) and PRIs; b) magnitude of problem: intense country wide survey to find the correct number, register all the kids; c) comprehensive rehabilitation scheme: present national child labour project scheme for rehabilitation highly inadequate Convergence between sarva shisksha abhiyan, mid-day meal, MNREGA and other such flagship programs for underprivileged children and their family ILO convention (No. 182) in child labour- signatory Biggest impediment in education; education for empowerment Nexus between- child labour, corruption and black money

ARTICLE 4: CHILD WELFARE POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES IN INDIA The National Policy For Children, 1974: address emerging challenges relating to child rights; advisory and drafting committee; thrust areas of policy being: reducing infant mortality rate; maternal mortality rate; malnutrition among children; achieving 100% civil

registration of births; universalization of early childhood care and development and quality education; 100% access and retention to school; complete abolition of female foeticide, infanticide and child marriage; improving water and sanitation cover; securing legal and social protection for children; complete abolition of child labour; monitoring, review and reform of policies; ensuring child participation Constitutional safeguards: Articles 15, 21, 24, 39(f), 45 and 243 G Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956: codifies law for adoption; to be treated equally Pre- Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994: prohibits determination of sex of foetus and killing of female child in mothers womb; to carry test written consent of women required Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act, 1956: prohibits commercial sexual exploitation and all cases relating to prostitution, strict punishment. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: prohibits the employment of children in certain sectors and regulates the working conditions; section 5- child labour technical advisory committee to advise central govt. Juvenile Justice Act, 2000: setting up of child welfare board; juvenile justice boards and child care institutes Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 National Commission for Protection of Child Rights: protect, promote and defend child rights; review existing laws and policies National Institute Of Public Cooperation And Child Development: voluntary research Central Adoption Resource Authority: adoption of orphans, abandoned children Integrated Child Development Scheme: foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child, improve health and nutritional status of child below 6 years of age, reduce infant mortality rate. 10th and 11th plan National policy on early childhood Care and Education: formative stage Kishor Shakti Yojana: through ICDS, build confidence in adolescent girls Nutrition related schemes: PM Gramodya Yojana And Nutrition Program For Adolescent Girls; National Nutrition Mission; Pulse Polio Immunization Programme; Universal

Immunization Programme; Reproductive And Child Health Programme; National rural Health Mission Education: RTE, 2010; Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (free and compulsory education to children in 6-14 age); mid-day meal scheme; National Programme for Education of girls; Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme (special residential schools for girls of marginalized section); Scheme For Providing Quality Education In Madrasas Rehabilitation: Integrated Programme For Street Children; Integrated Programme For Juvenile Justice; Child Helpline; Elimination Of Child Labour Programme; National Child Labour Projects; Shishu Greh Scheme; Scheme for Welfare of Orphan and Destitute Children; there is proper budgetary allocation; objective to protect from exploitation and abuse; provides education and vocational training and adoption where possible

ARTICLE 5: REFORMS UNDER MGNREGS IN RAJASTHAN Significant progress in Rajasthan, has led to financial inclusion through bank accounts and post offices; creation of rural assets leading to improvement in ground water level, agricultural productivity and purchasing power Creation of post of Commissioner & Secretary, Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS); supporting organization structure and extensive administrative framework for better implementation and supporting organizational structure Dept. of rural development: guidelines, intensive training programmes and a pocket book of instructions Zero tolerance for corruption; 3 key strategies: Special audit, social audit and punitive action: in the highest spending Panchayat, state level monthly interaction meetings with NGOs, appointment of Lokpal Legislative measures: limit for parking funds at the Panchayat level; permanent standing committee to vet bills; prohibition on banks on payment by cash amounts exceeding Rs. 1000 Information and communication technology measures: setting up ICT hubs in all Panchayats under Bharat Nirman, to act as a focal point for all rural ICT initiatives; banking services through Rajasthan Knowledge Corporation Ltd. And Common Service

Centers; e-muster rolls; call center cum help desk information system; Management information system with bio-metric attendance and Geographical Information system for worksites. Worksite management and payment of wages: specified day notified as rojgar diwas for labour registration and clear linkage of wages; group of five members to undertake work at particular sites; payment through bank accounts, also provision for compensation and jurisdiction to labour courts Gaps: need to create durable assets and inclusive employment, expand list of permissible work