Cirilo I Metodije
Cirilo I Metodije
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GEEEKO-SLAVONIC LITEBATURE.
The
original of this
book
is in
restrictions in
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026586630
<reefttJ'3>latoontc*
ILCHESTER LECTURES
GBEEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE
AND
ITS
RELATION TO
flMates.
M.
GASTER
Ph.D.
LONDON:
TEUBNEE
&
CO.,
LUDGATE
HILL.
1887.
[All rights reserved.]
TO
PROFESSOR
G.
I.
ASCOL1
AND
PROFESSOR
F.
MIKLOSICH
Zbis Boofc
13
GEATEFULLY DEDICATED.
PREFACE.
The purpose of
at
Oxford in
the spring
of 1886,
is to shoiv,
on a
lite-
and
hitherto untouched,
literature
the
In treating of
ture,
and popular
litera-
I confined
texts
and immediate
rities it
My
the
the
the
apocryphal
literature, in the
form of an
notes
English
translation,
with
copious
and
introductions.
viii
PREFACE.
both
the
and
and
of
the
Glagolitic
point of view.
Finally,
I take
my
Fund for
honouring
me
to
far-famed University
of Oxford.
banished
my
native country of
Roumania.
to
thank Mr.
I.
Abrahams,
me
M. GASTEB.
London, March i88j.
CONTENTS.
TAHK
INTRODUCTION
LORE
THE
II.
THE BOGOMILISM
ITS
THE
.
APO15
III.
THE FLAGELLANTS
THE
GOLUBINAYA KNIGA
"
45
IV.
...
CRUSADE
75
V.
ROMANTIC LITERATURE
TROJAN "WAR
FOURTH
. .
ALEXANDER
DIGENIS
...
THE
89
VI.
BARLAAM
AND JOSAPHAT
I09
CONTENTS.
VII.
PAGE
ORIGIN
I25
CYRILL
AND METHOD
APPENDIX
A.
147
APPENDIX
B.
209
I.
I.
To watch
literatures
the rise of
is,
new
it is
nationalities or of
new
without doubt,
;
interesting spectacles
scattered
organism, with
individuality.
when we seek
which one
them,
as, for
writing, of civilisation.
such questions
offer is
throws light
civilised
it
is
mechanical
very outset.
is
We
are chiefly
what
are
the elements
which the
and
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
is
What
by the unconscious poetic activity of the people ? what that of the conNay, we must proceed scious art of the poet?
the part played
farther,
and
How
far
have the
people any creative imaginative power? Do the peoples create independently of one another poetic
products derived immediately from the influence And how far can we of surrounding Nature ?
assume
modern times
The
investigations which
of Folk-lore have
we include under
the
name
had
recently,
and have,
therefore,
undergone consider-
and changes. It is the merit of the Eomantic school in Germany, which arose at the end of the preceding century, to have directed
able modifications
common
tano
people.
first
to collect
the folk-songs of
many nations.
made
collections of the
German
and
superstitions.
Grimm, to whom Germany owes so much. Hand in hand with the collection went the exploration of the popular literature, which had thus passed
brothers
INTRODUCTION.
from the nursery and the chimney-corner into the study of the scholar. Grimm, the creator of
German mythology, is likewise the founder of the school which we may term the Mythological.
According to this school, traces of the archaic
folk-lore.
The
old
have
still
similarity of
nations
is
explained on the
By means
cially at the
of these
accepted as gods
and worshipped.
Thus many
and the
cir-
for
among
many not
the
Aryan
origin, as
= Moledta,
the
generatrix),
Herakles
is
still
Phoenician Melkart.
The problem
more
6
difficult
Northern mythology,
which
is
of comparatively
much
later
date,
at
any
form.
written
The
now
only obscure
relics of
in the
manifold mani-
All
these,
so
far as
same mythological
origin.
from
people
and developed
it.
This
is
the most
To
this I
which
is
former.
this
representative
of
theory
Mr. A. Lang.
He
also
considers
fairy tales
and customs
as an ancient inheritance
of
So
far this
is,
that, accord-
myths and
INTRODUCTION.
relics
of this Prehis-
what
are
presumed to be
and
beliefs
current
among
primitive
tribes
and
This analogy
between them
is
flint-
But
in the
by
same
and customs
and in
space, of
many
links in
all.
there
is
a chain at
that
we
call
now-a-
of hoar antiquity,
Both
if
shaken
to
their foundations
we
of a long development
that
it is
relatively modern,
similarity
a deceptive
another
way.
Indeed, the Mythological theory, and in this
way
Benfey, in his
celebrated
first
introduction to the
this
Pantchatantra, applied
greatest part of
theory to the
European
folk-tales, tracing
them
and proving
as
their compara-
They passed,
he shows, from
whom
they
different
The
folk-tales
part,
common
many modern
fairy tale.
Thus Boccaccio's
till
tale
it
became a
ori-
Thus,
too,
travels of
an Eastern
tale
through a
its
number step by
of literatures,
it
traces
step
till
and
nationalised.
INTRODUCTION.
ginally a miracle of the
Holy
become a
easily
may
it
apply this
was confined,
literature,
and
superstitions,
itself.
and
finally to the
Northern mythology
Can-
Are
the
all
originally
European
world of
common
and legends regarding the most unnatural and unexpected events as the most ordinary things in
the world, the remainder and residue of an old,
forgotten mythology, and of a more ancient state of
savagery
of a
mighty wave of culture to the furthermost shores of Europe, and thus form one stratum in all
the peoples of Europe
1
Can we not
?
in this
way
The very advance of our spiritual and imaginative life hides from us any direct vision of this development. Much has been destroyed, and we
must deal with the remainder as with a palimpsest. We have to take in hand some decomposing principle
which
shall
io
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
relics of
the
in
West of Europe is offered to us in rich proby the East, especially the South-East, with The Greeko-Slavic world its own peculiar culture. has remained in nearly the same condition as Europe was when it was ruled solely by Christian thought and by Christian civilisation alone. While the West has advanced farther, the GreekoSlavic world has remained at this point, and accordthe
fusion
ingly
it
its literature is
to us of peculiar interest, as
enables
us
to
by which a written
We
see the
We
on poetic genius,
elevat-
I conit
Slavic tongues,
literary sources
therefore, the
Bulgaria, as
we
great,
became
INTRODUCTION.
the sole influence for two centuries.
literature
u
The whole
and even
was modelled
later, after
Thus
reason
This literature
is
but
is
also the
Church
Croatians, Eoumanians,
and Eussians
and
it
began
tongue in which
or
it is
was superseded
Greek,
the
seventeenth
this
Thus
offers
literature,
the
and
political circumstances.
folk-
lore
also gives
Greek,
especially
Middle
Greek
literature.
Many
was early translated into Slavonic. Modern science, both in profane and in ecclesiastical history, has
besun
to
make use
12
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
its
language
field of
Greeko-Slavonic
literature,
of development,
by which the
increased.
By
this
means the
to
many an
we meet
re-
with in
folk-lore,
these
matters
is
only in
facts, if
its
and we have
It
first to settle
the
we
do not wish to
hypotheses.
vague
therefore,
the
heretical
and
who came
Old
Many
was the most important factor in this branch of the development of European civilisation, and that the influence of the Old
that the religious literature
The
results at
West as it was towards the East. which we shall arrive will accordingly
INTRODUCTION.
13
many
light.
litera-
The
fantastic
ture, the
romances and
were touched
Bulgaria,
by wide
religious
movements
in
we meet
and even
in popular
I shall
most
known
Western Europe.
Within the
circle of
our inves-
tigations
we
Apocrypha of
the literalitera-
New
II.
THE BOGOMILISM ; ITS SPREAD AND INFLUENCE. THE APOCRYPHA OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.
II.
At
name
less
the spiritual
more thorough - going investigation of this movement in its spread throughout Europe leads
us
to
still
more astonishing
of
it
results.
We
come
across
traces
may
influ-
when
divested of
way
through
they are
to the place
where
As
this
more or
in
some
detail.
This
18
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
the more permissible as
earliest
is
we
and
upon which
am
part of
it.
At the time
Christianity, there
were
to be
come
they were
The
The Emperor Constantine Copronymos transported a large number of them in the eighth century from
Asia Minor, and thus at the same time transplanted
the seed of Manichseism in the modified form intro-
The
success of
themselves, was
This religious
movement
940),
attained
(c.
who
called him-
Bogo-mil,
i.e.,
St. Paul.
After
him
his followers
termed them-
selves Bogomili,
many
centuries.
itself it
became
so
BOGOMILISM.
quently assembled at Sofia to oppose
19
its heresies.
But all
its
Bogomilism had
This
movement
The
Bogomilism carried
summoned by Henry new kind of heresy which had made its appearance in London and York. Under different names we find practically
twelfth century a council was
II. to take steps to eradicate a
In BulTreviso,
and Orvieto
in
and
of the Rhine
Triers,
Metz,
is
and
Goslar.
It
England.* O
lasting one,
movement was a
during influence.
* Wesselofsky, Solomon
i
sej.
20
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
These sectarians called themselves simply " Good
People," "
others
Good
Poor
and Germany (whence the German Ketzer), and likewise Bulgarians (whence the French Boulgren,
Bougre).
All
this
Thus, in
summons
for a council
of the French
Kathars
to be held in Toulouse.
unity of belief
principle
among them.
Their fundamental
Mani.
It is still
how
i.e.,
far
This world
of
of
who
is
is
a fallen angel.
his
The misery
as
world
therefore
work,
he
fights
against the good and tries to destroy everything. But redemption had come with Christ the Old Covenant, which Adam had made with Satanael,had been broken by Christ. But only the Bogo;
mils or Kathars
followers
(i.e.,
of His teaching,
attain to holiness
and by
this
and man could only by entering their communion, means he could save his soul from
BOGOMILISM.
farther
for
21
transmigration
through
human
all
bodies
belief.
They
upon themselves
kinds of
mortifications, as ascetics.
and
their leaders
On
cross
freedom
the
Catholic
Eschatology formed
the
theory of the
Thus the two extremes of creation and destruction, beginning and end, cosmogony and eschatology, the fall and the redemption, formed the chief subjects of their thought, and
likewise the chief contents of their preaching.
among
If
we add
and
doctrines chiefly
we can then
form some idea of the deep impression their docThis is confirmed by trines must have made.
history
when
it
to
be
22
GREEKO-SLAV0NIC LITERATURE.
the Pope.
;
summoned by
movement
iu
And
we
find
yet
it
was not
an echo of the
Flagellants
to its
new
heretical
movenotice
Now
we
a remarkable transformation.
The old
epic songs
poems
filled
and sagas
free
from the
;
fetters of space
and time
make
their appearance
Can
all
this be
acci-
movement
But a
them we
"well-
of other
as
known
pieces.
Merlin
and Arthur,
well as
Marculph and Saturn, are no other than Solomon and Asmodeus. In the saga of the Holy Grail we have echoes of Oriental tales. And more the same
;
influence
is
The mediaeval
belief in
we shudder
is
the
BOGOMILISM.
child of the dualism of the Kathars
23
and Bogomils.
Here we find the rule of Satanael on earth as a kind of counterpart of the rule of God in heaven. It was but a short step to worship him, so as to
obtain favour with hiin,
or,
make amulets as a protection against his power. The literary activity of the Bogomils was indeed by no means slight. Popa Jeremiah himself is said
to have written much,
Cross," "
e.g.,
How
Christ
But the
writings,
chief use
They were even very well read in the Holy Scriptures, and at one time their bishop in Bulgaria boasted that there was not a single one 4000 disciples who did not know the Now it is a very remarkable Scriptures by heart.
among
his
and
Italian,
all
And, in
fact,
we
by means
of the vernacular.
24
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
what kind of Bible was
it
Did they
it
confine themselves
so
as to suit their
accessible
1
views and to
to the people
make
it
whom
From
eijoxqv,
the source of
all faith
and
its
at
Many
of
stories
needed to be
did
satisfied.
ask
How
Adam
How
did
Cain
know about
?
death,
his parents
bury Abel,
Again, what
meant by saying
of Cain
called
? What was the punishment "Who was Melchisedek, and why was he a priest? Such questions could be asked
ad
fill
infinitum.
As a consequence, a numher
all
of
these ques-
tions.
These form
the
Apocryphal Literature,
which only became of practical importance when it was adapted by heretical sects to their own
needs.
cast,
BIBLE-HISTORIALE.
25
made them most suitable for a wide circulation among the people. The heretics altered various points in them in agreement with the
nation, which
views which
they professed.
And
since
these
as the
work of
Biblical
mouths gained by
all sects,
additional
influence.
For
this
condemned them,
It is thus
Decreta
slight alterations,
which
in-
Some
of
Popa Jeremiah himself, among them the Legend of the Cross," as I have already mentioned. As we shall see, however, he merely altered older Apocrypha to accord
these are even attributed to
"
The
of
which
tra-
velled through
its
Europe and
Greek
left
permanent traces
and
sculpture,
the Bogomils.
its origin,
26
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Sepher Hayashar.
a
the
title of
13), is
alteration.
Thus the
;
Biblical history
becomes a
Biblical
romance
It did
not, however,
form
as, for
Abraham and
Precisely the
We have
personages
hitherto
in
we have also though this has been unknown an Old Slavonian Bible-story,
;
which
all
(i.e.,
IlaXala
Aia6r\Kt]),
originally copied
existent
several
and perlegends
the
contains
literally
translated
from
and
is
27
Germany
incident-
and France.
ally remark,
may
St.
Vin-
cent of Beauvais
assume
of the Bible,
these Bible-stories
may have
the heretical
would owing
find
to their legendary
It
is,
elements.
A few traces
sis.
of these
still
remain,
e.g.,
a cosmogony
this
view must be
here
more
of these Bible-histories.*
and revert
a
it
confined.
all, I
will select
some of them
their
and follow
28
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
till
Apocrypha of the
New
Testament
for
On
;
the
first
day God
on the
;
and earth
;
moon, and
stars
;
on the
third, paradise
on the
fifth,
birds
and beasts
on
the sixth,
into
Adam; and on
of
St.
the seventh
life.
God breathed
as it were, a
It
is,
counterpart of
Basil's
Hexaemeron,
which
to
creation according
The
occupy a large
over, as they do
space, but I
not
offer
anything
Of
still
repentance,
and death.
The
mind upon
this,
in order to
reach
its
scheme of
had to
refer,
as the
goal of
human
fate.
Moscau, 1863,
ii.
p.
443
seq.
29
fallen
humanity
is
fulfilled in
New
Testament,
is
an essential characteristic of
heretical
I
literature, to
which
I will
revert,
and which
hope
will
and in
Poor."
connection with
it
the
"Bible
of of
the
and
number
apocryphal
These received
et Evce,
or
the
"Legend
to
Seth
Heaven."
first place,
the creation of
man
we
find
it
fre-
What
holds
up the earth
?
Answer.
mighty
rock.
" Question.
"
And what
" Question. And what the fishes " Answer. A stream of fire.
" Question.
And what
holds the
1.1.
fire ?
* Tihonravov,
30
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
"Answer.
" Question.
A fire
double as hot.
And what holds up this fire 1 "Answer. An iron tree, which was the first
created,
thing;
and
supported by God."
Then comes the cosmogony, which we have given, only it is in the form of question and answer, which
continue as follows
" Question.
:
did
How
God
create
Adam %
This
age.
made
sea,
clearer in another
is
MS.
of the
same
"
The body
made out
from the
from the clouds, the bones of stone, the breath from the wind,
spirit out of
fertility
from
fire,
God
Himself." *
common
them
among
all
the
Slavonic nations.
repeat
and in their
religious
ideas,
if I
and
examples
Even
quake
as
earth rests.
movement Even in
on which the
described
Roumanian weddings the origin of man exactly in the same way as the above.
1858, p. f40.
ADAM AND
The
origin,
EVE.
is
31
tree
of Oriental
Northern mythology in
There we find a parallel
the giant
Ymir
own
own
blood, the
moun-
corre-
sponding cosmogony
created out of the
Manichseans.t according to
first
whom
the world
was
It
Germans, the
Adam Kadmon
as the
I
stories.
complete in a
literal transla-
tion at the
literature.
After
into sin,
this,
and
All
together
contract with
464
seq.
Fliigel,
Mani,
p.
87
seq.,
32
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
is
also
an introduction
a peculiar treatment of
dualistic,
it.
which
Slightly condensed,
"Eve
tells
her
children that
all
created everything,
and no beast dared to touch her. But then came the Devil in the form of a bright angel and tried to seduce her. She repulsed him, and then came the
serpent as a bright angel and offered her the for-
bidden
fruit.
as favoured
by God, and
fitr-tree.
ImmeThe
in
from
all
Archangel
vain.
interceded for
They stood
eat,
of Paradise,
something to
So
Adam
lost,
complained
had
and begged
God
of it.
to give
him
at least a flower as a
remembrance
God therefore sent to him incense (ladan and liban). At their further request, God sent them the Archangel Ioil, and he gave them the seventh part of Paradise for them to work in at the same
;
time he sent
all
scarcely
) ;
ADAM AND
EVE.
33
begun to plough, the earth, when Satan appeared and said, The earth is mine Paradise and heaven belong to God. If you are willing to be' :
till
if
you
are
Paradise.'
Adam
God's.'
answered,
The Devil
Give
me
a written agree-
ment
you.'
my
long
And Adam said, I and my children to Him whose is the earth.' Thereupon
be-
the
upon it. (Another variant makes Adam place his hand upon it, leaving a trace of it on the stone.
and
the
When
He
and broke
the
Adam and
at last he determined to
Eve went
;
and
forty days
days
Adam came
himself,
the Devil.
ill
:
Many
by
Adam
became
around
34
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
them and asked them what was the matter, for they had never before seen anybody ill. Eve said
that he had a longing for the fruits of Paradise,
and that
this
illness.
There-
He came
recognised
tree of
Adam
round
lights
his
died.
came
bury him.
Adam
graciously.
Adam
voice called
out to
Adam,
'
Remember what
called
I said to
you
'
Earth thou
turn.'
is
art,
re-
The voice
return.'
earth,
It
all
thine,
to thee
things
And Eve
this
died
six
da)T s
after.
Out
of
tree grew."
is
The source of
narrative
the so-called
Adam
is
clearly expressed.
Every
of
form in popular
is
The complaint
Adam
everywhere
re-
in Bulgaria,
LEGEND OF THE
Servia,
CROSS.
35
Curiously enouo-b,
literal
form in most
popular
part
of these
or,
In close connection with this legend stands the " Legend of the Cross," one of the most wide-spread
and celebrated
of the
Middle Ages.
It is
found in
litera-
The legend
versified. It
in its simplest
part of the
it
has often
been
References to
it
are to be found in
was made the subject of a poem by Gottfried and Viterbo, and of a drama by CalDante.
deron.
It
is,
of course, accepted
to
by the Bogomils,
their
and attributed
In Old Slavonic
Popa Jeremiah,
founder.
it is still
which one
is
form, and
is
parallels of
Western Europe.
Brought
:
Petersburg, 1883,
x. pp.
367-424.
36
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
"
When God
He and
some and
The
latter stole
God sowed
in the earth,
him out
of Paradise,
From
At the
Fall,
Adam's branch
out therefrom
;
fell
Adam, Seth
the side
it.
kindled a perpetual
of the tree,
in his
memory by
him
When
as a penance
them and
mouth.
logs
had grown.
They grew
into a
mighty
it
tree.
made sweet
trees
Both the
were
Sivila
(i.e.,
of Sheba) sate
upon the
trees
crucified,
LEGEND OF THE
"
CROSS.
37
Now
who made
in which he
tree,
was buried.
Out
of this
grew a
wonderful
but one.
Adam's skull, which was in the roots of the tree. This was so huge that a servant of Solomon once
took refuge in
it
from a storm.
Solomon ordered
This was the origin of the place called This tree also was
no use
When
Christ
was
on
it,
His blood
fell
Adam
This
can be no doubt as to
of Satanael alone
how
it
arose.
its
The mention
would prove
heretical origin,
and
it is
still
has undergone.
we can
it
it
demons brought
to
Jerusalem.
I will
38
and which,
has spread so
which
for-
blossoming tree
?
is
a sign of sin
and
giveness
in
Still
more numerous
blossoms on dead
branches
edly derived
others, I
story.
Among
Saints
may mention
which
is
is
con-
stories,
and
Melchisedek,
who
is
specially
mentioned in the
New Testament,
which aim
of his
represented
by three Apocrypha,
name
parents
and his
God."
the
by the
latter.
life
A favourite
destruction
of
Abraham,
his
With
v.
LEGENDS OF ABRAHAM.
regard to the last topic,
ture an
39
we have
in Slavonic litera-
Apocryphon which,
so far as is at present
known, has not been found in Greek, though there can be no doubt that it originally existed in that
language.
It is there described
ment
of
men
after death
Death
him
into
drinking his
Oriental
cup of poison.
legend dealing
Founded on an
earlier
model of a whole
products
series
of similar
imaginative
man
this,
present
examples of
especially in the
form of folk-songs.
In modern
may
&c.
also
The counterpart
of the
an equally
But we
we have a
46
must pass on
The
in early times, to be
cycle of legends,
and
many
before
changes
it
often
requires
special
investigation
we can
form.
I
its latest
draw attention
to
two of the
episodes, because
is
the latter.*
"In
to get Kitovras
on the links of
him
They went
so,
two in order
to
avoid
He heard a man
;
he
Kitovras, p. 209
seq.
LEGENDS OF SOLOMON.
burst out laughing.
again.
41
He
sees a prophet
he laughs
Finally,
He
sees a
wedding; he weeps.
the
right
he
guides a drunkard
way.
When
He
worm Shamir, by
iron,
split
the Temple.
He
He had
when he
not
his
own.
The newly
;
and the
said in
whom
it
was
The
rod gave the length of the grave which would receive Solomon at his death, though he was now
so ambitious of power."
is
originally Talmudical,
is
called
Solomon and
mere dialogue
between a king and a sharp-witted but vulgar Between the two we have the saga of man.
Merlin, in which Merlin plays the part of Ashmedai-
Kitovras
for
he
is
42
GREBKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
them during the interview.*
and in a
later form,
explains
We
have,
Jcadnezar,
a dialogue
still
later
Italian chapbook.
Still
more
like a
romance
is
and Kitovras
:
Solomon
and Por.
Kitovras hears of
and brings her to had
He
succeeds,
Kitovras.
Solomon comes
in disguise, after he
arrayed his
the city.
army dressed
him up to Kitovras, who orders him to be hanged. Solomon begs as a last favour that the trumpets be blown three times, as he is a king. At this signal his army advances in its battalions, red, white, and black (explained by Solomon as fire, clouds, and devils). They kill Kitovras and his
people,
faithless wife.
This
tale,
into
all
and out of
and
tales,
and especially
epic
who blows
Abed-
Romances,
43
He
when he
Jeremiah, seeing
The
story,
which
is
we may
Baby-
a dragon to be placed on
all objects.
As a punish-
all
and devour the people, while round the city au immense snake coiled itself. There is the grave
of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and thence
by these
saints.*
of -dragons
and
basilisks
belief
might adduce
Sir
many
examples.
John
Mandeville.
Out of all these and other smaller elements was compiled the Slavonic Bible-story, which exercised
so
imagination.
* Wesselofsky,
Archiv
i.
f.
Slav.
Philologie,
ii.
I,
2,
and Zametki,
St.
Petersburg, 1883,
pp. 9-14.
III.
THE APOCRYPHA OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.ANTICHRIST.LIVES OF THE SAINTS. THE LETTER FROM HEAVEN AND THE FLAGELLANTS. THE " GOLUBINAYA KNIGA."
III.
Pious
curiosity,
that
is,
the wish to
fill
up the
the principal cause that led to the origination of the Apocrypha of the
writings
New Testament,
as
especially the
Apocryphal Gospels.
Men
were curious
to
know
Frag-
and
crucifixion of Jesus, to
on.
How
the silence of
!
The
time
to
Some
of these writ-
may
but
all
as
Joseph
and Mary were no longer the obscure individuals the Gospels have left them the incarnation, birth,
;
48
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
life
and early
were
;
of Jesus
;
fectly recorded
life
set
forth with
detail
was
filled
up with
particulars
what happened in the unseen world, as well as Pilate was pursued at Jerusalem and elsewhere. all corner he did and said and nook into every
;
was noted down, and the steps of the Nemesis which hunted him beyond the very grave were
diligently traced."
No
question that
largely
used by heretical
sects,
So we find a
These
Gospel
ascribed
to
Marcian,
&c.
and
so forth.
New
Testament make
in Slavonic
what
Old
less
Testament.
While the
latter
were more or
of the
body
of the
New
it
were,
an independent existence.
connected
NEW TESTAMENT
as at
APOCRYPHA.
49
an
and Manichseans,
New
Testament.
Interpolations aud
expansions were therefore permitted in the former. Their relation to the New Testament was quite
different, since it
their creed,
It did not,
and
and modified
character
and
On
this
and made
for
As
is
well
is
ascribed to
him
The Gospel of
and we
St.
John was
especially worshipped,
who
all
St.
John
and had a
with
The German
Johannisminne may
this,
being
till
now
50
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
The Bogomils
attributed, further, a
number
of
Holy Virgin,
or, better,
them.
man
re-
demption.
of heaven
and
hell,
how
There
is
now
of the
a great
difference
between the
Apocrypha
dealing.
New
am
gradually
make
their
way among
Their contents
are freely modi-
them
New
Testament,
who
are actually
NEW TESTAMENT
book form.
APOCRYPHA.
51
They are never incorporated, into the Holy Scriptures, but have themselves their own holiness. The very names given to them endow them with a kind of sanctiiy. Of greater popularity, and of greater importance
body
of the
and civilisation of the world is " the Gospel of Nicodemus," especially through its
for the literature
legend of the
cross, already
all
by the "Descent of Christ to Hell," which is there described by two eye-witnesses from hell. We have
presented to us the approach of the Saviour, the
bursting open of the gates of
of
all souls,
hell,
from
Adam
downwards.
There
Pilate
is
scarcely a
The Latin
in
his
and were inserted by Jacobus a Voragiue Historia Lombardica, or " Golden Le-
gend," a
name of which Longfellow made use. It does not come within our scope to follow the
all
work through
will content
Oxford in
The well-known "Passion plays" based on this Gospel, and the influence of its
is
proved by the
many
imita-
"
52
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Dante and had
St.
Patrick
It
when
models
may
well be
clearly
doubted.
Many
references in
Dante show
demus."
itself,
we have
rise to
many
reminiscences of
it
among
the
popular literature.
The "Descent
to Hell" itself
gave
Holy Virgin," and it is easy to imagine the influence it would have on the popular fancy,
of the
especially as
it
therefore gave
irjto all
we meet with
it
this
in versified form
when
In Eoumania
plays a
i.e.,
by the
On
become quite
is
called
Mother of God,"
as a parallel
" Letter of
both of which
St. Paul,
NEW TESTAMENT
which
is
APOCRYPHA.
53
This deals
moment
from the
it
must go
to
reach heaven or
to rouse curiosity,
and
come
to pious believers.
first
The
deaths of the righteous and the unrighteous is to be found in the Bible, where it is said, " It came
to pass that the beggar died, and was carried
by
St.
But the
clear contrast
is
between
to be found in a re-
words.*
The same
picture
is
frequently repeated
in religious
and mystical
tracts, in burial
and other
men by
this means.
We
thus find
it
Human
Life
"
reaches heaven.
*
Of. Fliigel,
29.
54
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
of
human
passions,
the soul.
the
Egypt,
it
occurs in
"Book
We
meet with
it
also
among
the Mani-
St.
The
idea
of heaven.
with burial
Most remarkable
of
all,
this description,
hell,
judgment
of
careful comparison
between picture
and
This
may
originally
The picture
is
rightly to be
:
The Last Judgment of the Soul after Death Eeward and Punishment," for this is all of the last judgment to be found in it.
its
lypse,
The
NEW TESTAMENT
Apostle Paul,
lypse,
it is
APOCRYPHA.
in his
55
true,
saw Paradise
of
it.
Apocaif
but he speaks
little
It
seems as
only
the sorrows of
men
so he tells very
about
this,
and what
little
to find its
way
into the
mind
of the people.
it from and could not come near to it. This was the case with Alexander of Macedon in the Alexandreis,
to St. Macarius,
whose apocry-
entirely taken
Callisthenes.
this life
Happiness
not granted to
man
in
Among
souls,
moved men's
will the
and
move them,
?
is
end
Apocalypse of
to this,
and depicted
judgment.
and the
last
known how
these thoughts
also the
especially emphasised
We
I
meet with
it
too
do not, of course,
farther.
St.
propose
pursue
these
ideas
will
Jerome
56
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
and
after
him
a crowd of ecclesiastical
The deep impression made upon the mind of the Slavonic peoples by the idea of Antichrist as the type of the godless is proved by a number of sagas, songs, fairy tales, and superstitions. The saga of
is
connected with
it.
This
is
an
it is
told
how
fifteen nations
under moun-
and do
all
manner
is
of
cruel deeds.
a legend
The legend
of Antichrist and
in the Russian
Owing
to
the
many
;
descriptions
among them
to
two celebrated
well
ones,
attributed
respectively
Both
and
are
known
are
many
into
translated
the
apocry-
NEW TESTAMENT
APOCRYPHA.
57
among the
people.
which were
full of
who
slew a dragon in a
or
like
who made
him out
Espesettlers
like the
Simon
Macarius,
St.
whom we
have frequently
mentioned, then
legion.
lives
which
more or
less
fantastic elaboration.
St. Alexius, the
life
of
so
many
others,
man of God, St. Eustachius, and who passed through so many mar-
of happiness or martyrdom.
I
lives because
we
can prove
their
on the popular
literature.
The
monsters and demons, or the struggles of another with the passions, have raised a loud response in the
harp-strings of popular poetry,
resound in
many
is
a folk-song, in which
now one
now
the other
particularly emphasised.
58
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Closer inquiry into the process of this transition
from
lyrics
tales
into
ballads
and from
ballads
into
will
lead to
Thus we can
result.
person
if
disappears gradually,
we
in
may
so term
it, is
sonal one.
have to
later
on,
a song
describing
how he
can
riches,
Now we
actually
show how
this
of a
the
phal literature.
Before I treat of the complete books, I must
consider
a
the
It
Evangelium
Infantise,
which
is
extant.
is
From
this
is
DESCENT OF THE HOLY
saga,
VIRGIN.
59
well
known
The
elsewhere,
of the
sacred tree
flight
Mother and
spreads
God may the more easily pluck its when the sun rises high up iu heaven,
of
its
fruit,
it
and even
in iconographical descrip-
further, the
mus, preserved, as
but which gave
Virgin."
This
of Slavonic literature.
The contents of
it,
taken
fol-
Once upon a time the Holy Virgin prayed to God on the Mount of Olives, and begged Him to send the Archangel Michael to show her the
punishments of men.
"
And
How many
men
really punished?'
And
innumerable punishments
And
she saw a
in great anguish.
scj.
p.
23
60
GRBEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
to her that these
were
men
hankered
appeared for a
Holy
a burning stream.
men were
lying,
i.e., those who ruined others. At one place she saw men hanged upside down, and being gnawed by worms. These were the lovers of
gold and
silver.
women
hanging
their
by
their teeth,
mouths.
then
tell lies.
North.
men
sat
on burning
These
had not stood up before the priests in church. Again the Holy Virgin looked and saw a mighty
iron tree.
On
its
61
had caused enmity between man and man. Farther on she sees a man being eaten by a bird with wings and three heads.
not pray to
With one
of these
it
covered his
God for mercy. This was a man who knew the Scriptures but did not follow them. Then she sees the punishment of unworthy priests, who were careless in their duties or immoral in their lives. At last she comes to a mighty stream
of
fire,
which
waves of the
faith,
who had
fallen
Devil.
Then the Holy Virgin arose and went to the throne of God and begged for mercy for the souls
in torment.
giver,
in vain.
At
last
Christ
souls
Him
they pray to
Him
for mercy.
Christ
So
form.
an abridged
Similar descriptions,
62
mention
Here
also a
through
hell
of hell.
how
far our
Besides
this,
there
is also,
as I
another eschatological story dealing with the previous condition of the soul from the
moment
of its
till it
reaches heaven or
This Apocryphon
is
Paul,
who saw
it
in
an apocalyptical vision.
it
more
closely to
the
Greek
text,
hell.
attributed to the
first
described as
"
of
On
o
(
I
God
a
men who
ii.
live piously,
i
srpsko-slovens-
p.
Tihonravov,
40
sej.
APOCALYPSE OF
and they bring
their
ST.
PAUL.
63
full of
men.
But God
And
the Apostle
souls.
He
-was first
taken
to hell, where he
spirits
who
torture
bad men
angels,
who were
ready to receive their souls at the moment of death. " The Apostle then looked down upon the earth,
and saw
it
surrounded by a
fiery cloud.
This conprayers.
mixed with
He
man
The angel bids him look down. He saw a just man and troops of bright r.ngels approaching him, and all the good deeds
and of an unjust man.
he had performed on
soul, and say to
it
earth.
These
'
all
receive his
three times,
upon the body in which thou hast lived, for on the day of judgment thou shalfc rejoin it.' This goes
on for three days, then comes the man's angel and
kisses the soul,
and encourages
It is
it,
On
the
way
many
stations
64
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Lad angels, who
drag
it
of
to
and attempt
it,
down.
and
is
till
it
God
"
Not
This
is
taken
in charge
by the
evil spirits.
it
to heaven,
it
and condemns
This part
of this apocalypse.
in a similar vision
which
St.
Macarius
is
said to have
had
in the wilderness.
This
who had
men
in the desert,
name
of the
after the
The Apocalypse
it,
to
olden times,
attributed to the
same
St.
John, in which he
is re-
all things.
This book,
St.
" Questions
is
and Answers of
of the
John on
as
It
it
Mount Tabor,"
more importance
was
of
by the Kathars
APOCALYPSE OP
ST.
JOHN.
is
65
pre-
in the Acts of
name
of
Secretum Hiereticorum
it is
Concorenzio.
There
expressly mentioned, portatum de Bulgaria a Nazario suo episcopo, plenum erroribus." * The Greek original has been published by Tischendorf, and we possess Slavonic texts of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
a picture of the
came down
fishes,
it is
to the
earth.
He found
it
resting on
fire
;
two
and these
told
and then
It
how
and
finally ends
power of Satan.
have
Here we
is
mighty book
shown
to
John
mountains, and
human
and
this
all
In
it
was written
that
in heaven
and on
version
earth."
reminds us of the
Golubinaya Kniga,
it,
which
is
and
its
origin
into
relation
with
Apocalypse.
* Thilo,
p.
884
scj.
66
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
all
he
is
thus described:
is
left
lion,
mouth an
ell
is
written
'
Anti-
He
to hell,
and do
righteous.
all manner of evil deeds to Then God will turn the heaven
Then
will
come
by him.
Then
and
all
the
angels
will
raise
all
the
righteous,
holy vessels and books, into the sky, and everything will be destroyed in the conflagration of the
world.
The winds
will
then clear
it
away, so that
Then
fol-
when
One
of the
different
most popular legends, of quite a character, which plays a great part in the
is
mediaeval movement,
the "
Legend of Sunday,"
67
Known
it
common
Europe.
Roger
Hovedene
it
gives
" Letter
from
Heaven"
to
in his Chronicle
of Flays.
The
thence by Eoger of
Wendover
into his
is
own
Chronicle.
An
The
Angloat
Saxon translation
said to
be
in
existence
fact that
makes
this letter so
important
is
that
it
became
These
tury,
and spread
as far as
fifteenth
this
'
'
century.
Letter from
Heaven" as the writing which they were accustomed to read immediately after their flagellation. In Slavonic literature, MSS. of the fourteenth and
fifteenth
known
Once upon a time in Jerusalem [other texts say in Eome] there fell upon the Mount of Olives a stone from heaven, which no man could raise. The
Patriarch and the whole Synod gathered round
it,
"
"
68
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
and prayed to God for three days and three nights, till the stone opened of itself and therein lay a big
roll
God
I
'I
am your
my
people.
have
now
fear
I write for
Ye must
of
me.
have
my
wrath, but
ye have not hearkened. Ye shall keep holy my Do ye not Sunday, Friday, and Wednesday.
know
that on
a Friday I
created
Adam ?
that
on a Sunday the Archangel Gabriel brought the joyful Annunciation that on a Sunday I was bap;
and
slay
will
On Wed-
me
faith, still
it
But ye do
not.
for
you that
should
your punishment.
my
blessing.
But
if
you do not do
will destroy
It will rain
man-
kind,
will be
animals having
69
announced that
visible
in-
not believe
for
eternal
punishment.
to far lands.
On
the
who
read
it
and copied
is
it.
This
letter,
which was
help in ex-
an amulet.
In later versions of
it,
is
promised as
title
a reward for
carrying
it.
Under the
of
Sunday legend had become a favourite book Eoumania and Eussia, and even
serves as an amulet.
Europe
to a kind of personification
days.
tion,
we have
St.
Sunday,
Wednesday, and
St.
Friday, and
we
meet with them in popular songs, especially in songs Superstitions were for Christmas and New Year.
connected with the proper observance of these days.
The
slightest
yo
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
These consequences, threatened
by-
punishment.
taken quite
literally,
its
is
own punishment, e.g., a storm for needlework, and so on. We all know the legend of the Man in the Moon, a German form of which recognises in him a man who had collected a bundle of wood on a Sunday.* Once started on the way of attributing special
appropriated
sanctity to certain days beyond those of the canon,
The
basis
of
this
is
formed by a
disputation
The question
how
may
Friday
is
on
this
day
Adam
transgressed the
command
;
of
God and
killed
of Paradise.
The
'
GOLUBINAYA KNIGA.
third
this
71
Friday
is
that of
Christ's
crucifixion
on
He
sacrificed
sinners."
And
so
goes on.
The
to encourage
influence
is
Olubinaya
apocryphal literature.
cele-
It is
Its
fell the Golubinaya Kniga upon the light-giving, life-giving Cross. " Eound this Kniga collected forty Tzars and Tzarevitch with many dukes and boyards. forty kings and princes " Among them were five Tzars, the greatest Tzars Isaj Tzar, Tzar Volontoman Volontomanitch and the wise Vasilej Tzar Tzar David Essevitch [son of Jesse]. " Then out spake Tzar Volontoman "Who among us, my brothers, is skilled in reading 1 that he may read this Kniga Golubinaya and tell us of the white world out of what the white world is made and of what the beauteous sun and of what the moon with her soft light and of what the crowded and of what the glorious gloaming the twilight of the stars
From
'
dawn 1
i.,
81, p.
293
seq.
'
72 "
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Then stood the Tzars
all silent.
my
John
read
"
'
the
it
for
about the Golubinaya Kniga the Prophet Isaiah Priest (Bogoslov) wrote three years he read and yet 'twas but
you
it
it
David Essevitch
'
I,
three
leaves.
I will
tell
this writing
The beauteous sun from God's bright from His bosom the moon with her from robe the crowded the red sky eve and dawn from the eyes God.' thou wise Thereon bowed the Tzars (and Tzar David Essevitch us too us know from what we Tzars from what the princes and boyards whence the whence the men "Answered then the wise Tzar 'We Tzars have our in the head Adam the boyards and princes from the peasants from knees from him too the women our body out the moist the earth our bones out stones our blood out the Black Sea our thought the But " Bowed the Tzars and gave thanks and us who the which town the-mother towns, which church the mother church V " He answered Our wise Tzar the because he
world arose
arose
the
Tzar of heaven,
soft light,
his
stars,
of
of
"
all
said)
'
tell
let
arose
true believers
'
origin
of
his rib
his
arose
race of
is
of
of
of
of
of
clouds.'
their
said
'
tell
all
is
greatest Tzar,
is
of
'
is
greatest
his
hand
is
stretched over
is
all
therefore
he mightiest.
Jerusalem
is
the mother of
all cities
the cathedral
the holy
in
in
God
the resurrection
is
tomb
is
hence
'
and ever
of
mother
of the churches.'
important
beast "
is
which
lake,
which
all
1
'
which
bird,
and
what
the mightiest of
of ocean
is
the mightiest
'
GOLUBINAYA KNIGA.
73
it
the holy Clement. Lake Ilmen the mightiest not the one Novgorod but that onein the Turkish realm Ilmen near Jerusalem and from Mother Jordan. The mightiest the whale the earth on three whales. The bird the mightiest in the midst the sea and and drinks prayers two hours midnight the shakes himself once dawn breaks and the cocks they crow. The mightiest the corn he on Mount Tabor walks under the earth and the brooks and wells wherever beast goeth the wells over when he comes back bow down before him.' " The Tzars thanked him and asked him Which mount the most important which which and which
the cathedral
is
out of
is
of all
in
this
it rises
Little
for
of fishes is
rests
strefil
(ostrich) is
of birds
it lives
of
eats
after
after
strefil
at
all
of beasts is
uni-
lives
cleans
this
all
boil
beasts
'
is
stone,
tree,
herb?'
"
'
is
the most
justice
because in Christ was announced before His whom He showed The most important stone the white Latyr-stone Christ stood on He talked with the established the Christian and spread the Bible over the The out was moulded the cypress the Willow-herb wondrous on which Christ was the the Mother God was going her son her on the moist earth whence sprang the willow Yester morn came " The Tzars then bowed and was the other white one two hares from the grey one conquered the white. they one another The white one went into the bright the grey one never be forgiven the darksome wood what " The wise Tzar answered The two hares Justice and conquers Injustice they struggle with one another Christ Lord Inheaven above Justice Justice goes world the people and hid came
important
apostolic disciples
to
is
(altar-stone)
it
as
disciples
faith,
earth.
is
greatest tree
for
of
it
cross
crucified.
is
greatest
as
of
to
tears fell
herb.'
said
'
far afield
till
grey,
tore
field
into
sins will
'
are
Injustice
to
to
to this
to
herself in
"
74
the heart
insults the
Holy Ghost
future world.'
and
New
Testament
is
portrayed.
The
traits.
In
all
of them,
however,
we
recognise without
origin,
hesitation
the dualistic
and Bogomilistic
which
is
and the
parallels
on
earth.
We
recognise in
it
more,
which
IV.
IV.
I
have
i.e.,
New
for
into
means
producing wonders or
Here we come
general folk-lore,
across
viz.,
an important division of
Accord-
man
could be the
In an Old Slavonic
created
legend
left his
it is
said that
when God
Adam and
seventy
into
it,
Adam
diseases.
When God
again,
would
In this
In the
of
New
men
possessed
of invalids
who were freed by Christ, and who were healed by the Apostles. We
The more the
c, pp. 12-13.
78
GREBKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
this evil
view grew of
power of Satan,
as
it
naturally
would from a
dualistic standpoint,
such as that
more
saints increase.
They had
enemy.
to free
man from
The
with
belief in Satan
relative to
cat,
and to
prove
that
the
accusations
else
than a
transfer
and ignorance.
The witches
too
sell their
just as
appella-
Bulgard
common
They
designa-
and the
1.
Cf.
G.
S.
p.
339, No.
EXORCISMS.
exorcism
is
79
work
of the
The
and the
The belief in witchcraft can scarcely be traced in Europe earlier than the fourteenth century, and
ranges in time also exactly with the appearance
dualistic creed.
As soon
ease
is
as the belief
dis-
remedy took
a symbolic form.
and a
saint
was
upon who
in his lifetime
spirit,
among
these, of course,
we must
the
whom
healed by
Him
Then very
an interceder
and
so the invoca-
tions go on to apostles
rhymes
They are equally numerous, if not more so, in modern Greek, Slavonic and Roumanian folk-lore. Especially well known and celetions
and
spells.
8o
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
is
brated
fever-fits [Tresivica).
This
is
attributed to Popa
of
Jeremiah
himself,
the
founder
Bogomilism.
They
spell
Ex-
purgatorii.
is
There
is
proved
eighth century.
origin,
of Manichsean
The spell has been by Popa Jeremiah himself. preserved up to the present day in all the lands
of East
also
as follows
him
in a
sister Melintia.
all
five children
who had
been stolen
by the
Sisinie
Devil,
made
for herself a
it.
marble
Sisinie
pillar,
When
made
known to her, she opened the door. But the demon had changed himself into a milletseed, and came in with him under the hoof of his
horse.
He
if it
and
flies
away.
St.
tree,
asks
it
child.
LEGEND OF
ST. SISINIE.
is
Si
thereupon
it shall
Then he asks
which likewise deceives him. This shall have head in the earth, and all men shall become
it,
entangled in
last
it.
At
which
tells
the truth
for
it.
and
he
He
when
the
breasts.
demon has
stolen,
had
was
to be found."
The prayer
would prefer
This,
though attributed
from an
earlier
393
seq.
82
GREBKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
It
one.
may
is
all
the
demon
:
is
a feminine one.
The
of
the legend
down from
the
Mount
as he
met the
hair
by the
And
she
drink
its
blood.
dren
her-
But whosoever knew her twelve (19) and a half names and wrote them out, she could not touch. She told him these names
self into
more or
less
The
is
fairy
who
and
The
them.
Middle Ages
refer to
known
lie
for
me
to do
more than
and
Everywhere
similar
female beings
demon
SPELLS.
83
The
is
characteristic point
is
or
to
St.
Sisinie
as
Then
spell.
this invocation is
I
used
an amulet and
is
of the disease.
against
cramp
in the
mighty
hill
and on
is
this hill
is
a golden apple-
"
"
a golden stool.
"There
the
the Mother of
God with
St..
Maria.
With
hand with the cup in her left. " She looks up and sees naught she looks down and sees Mr. and Mrs. Disease. " Messieurs Cramp and Mesdames Cramp Mr. Vampyre and Mrs. Vampyre Messieurs Wehrwolf and Mesdamgs Wehrwolf.
in her right
bow
They are going to N. N. to drink his blood and to put in him a foul heart. " The Mother of God when she saw them went down to them spoke to them and asked them 'Where go ye Mr.
'
&e.
We go
No
!
to
his
.
heart to change
to a foul one.'
give him blood back " Cramps the midnight cramps the night cramps From waterfrom the the day cramps wherever they the from wind go out from the brain from the
"
'
ye shall go back
his
restore
his
own
of
are.
light of
face
84
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
never go
hide where black cooks 'never crow where men where no beast " Hide yourself there stop there and jaever show yourself
"
from the
Go and
from
roars.
his heart
from
more.
"May
N. N. remain
God and was fated by the Mother of God. "The spell is mine the cure is God's.''
pure
and glad
as
he was made by
will
now
ian spells
suffered,
by Thus we have the following formula, dating from 1423, against snake-bite, under the title "Prayer
their inborn divine power.
we had
before a
*
:
" In the
name
I
Son and
the
Holy Ghost,
to Sicily,
a true follower
and
went from
my dwelling-place
and a snake
and they
my
right
But
it
had
in
me
shook
off
destroj-ed,
and
no
ill
from the
bite.
laid
Michael appeared to
me and
said,
'Saul,
I
Paul,
found in
c,
ii.
p.
291.
SPELLS.
it
'
85
exorcise
a half kinds
in the
earth,
name
Serpent of
and
in the
name
of his incorporeal
Thou snake
power
to harm,
whomsoever thou bitest thou shalt have no and thou must go away (with all
If a
man
and
that
on the
spot,
and
Amen."
"
St.
Christ
?
came
to
him and
said,
'
'
Peter,
why
weepest thou
Peter answered,
Lord,
my
The
come out
of it
in again.
* NoYakovi(5, Primeri,
'
86
GRBEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
worm come
Peter,
'
out
when
the pain
Then spoke
pray you,
Lord,
that
when
carries
Lord answered,
'Tis well,
Peter
so
may
it be.'
in
on a marble stone
"by.
And
Jesus passed
'
Peter said,
My
Lord,
my
God,
!
How my
Jesus said,
'
whole
And
for
my
sake
'
"
Here
is
a third specimen, a
was
the Lord's
Then
I
and by the
offices
name when
t
might
easily
There
is
who
saint
is
invoked.
The story
itself, telling
how
the
his illness,
becomes an amulet,
literature of the
At
this
t Novakovic,
I.
c, p. 516.
SPELLS.
with,
87
rhyme and refrain, as a means best adapted of fixing them in the memory. This kind of process is well known throughout the world's literature,
literary products
were
preserved in this
in
way
till
down
book form.
when anything
appeals to the
mind
of the illiterate
it,
either
from
is
Perhaps
much
that
is
considered to date
when properly
be
standpoint, to
very
much
younger.
The
influence of Christianity
out of account.
V.
V.
The
their
romances and
of the East,
religious
fables.
Here,
if
classical
antiquity remained.
ture that
To
had taken
its rise
on Alexandrian
soil,
and
it
alive as
much
as pos-
sible the
memory of the glorious past. One can observe in Byzantium more than
when
else-
We
many
The names
of
Not
so the legends
92
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
These legends, as
much
is
as the
romances of Tatius,
whom
the history
all
modern romance
The
of
therefore, the
metales
mory
of
alto-
This state
as it seems,
underwent a change,
when we meet
in the
Ahritas, which
we
shall
come
No
known
between the
far
a frequent one.
.
The
fables
are
ROMANTIC LITERATURE.
translated and circulated, and
93
in their footsteps
folk-
came surely
lore.
also a
At a fixed time, and from these which we can follow step by step
Oriental sources,
in their wander-
for the
tales,
which were
collected together in
one framework,
and learn
lessons of justice
and mildness
and
talks.
gan
life
They formed
and Southern
novel received
its
most
contents
life,
to
freer
views of
modern
and the
to
new
and
poetic creations.
English literature
these
sources,
derived
94
ductions.
literature
The great
was
is
reservoir
into
which
it
this
poured,
was
again drawn,
name
of Gesta
;
Romanorum.
legends,
flowed
pious
Indian parables,
myths, and
side,
Eoman
of
and allegorised in a
influence
this
The
novel-literature
on the
less in
importance.
avidity,
They received the new materials with assimilated them to the old, and created
of the two.
known
in
fairy
this
wider
attractive
though
it
be,
and must
inter-
Everything that
translated
which in
their
tradition
is
which
Nothing
now more
pro-
ROMANTIC LITERATURE.
fairy tales
95
route,
and found
As
men-
tioned above, Benfey has explained the communication of the fairy tales through the Mongolians,
who
tales
He
suggests
that from
them
stories
Indian,
and
especially Buddhist,
and
reached
the
other peoples
little
of
Europe.
of
any such
to
came
Europe
The case is quite the contrary with the Byzantines and the Slavonic peoples, who, as we have seen,
were the introducers of an important
religious
movement
in
the
We
have,
besides,
point,
which
West
of Europe.
mean
which Constantinople was captured by the Franks, and a new Frankish empire established there.
Now
home was
well
known
spread of folk-literature.
these
How
easily, then,
could
Oriental
tales,
especially
since
they had
96
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
and
stories
it
Hitherto
this can
now
be
trans-
in Byzan-
much
me more
way
than to mention
must pass
on,
of
their
ture,
Many
known
later investigations
to
previously translated.
these
is
first
place,
among
who was
in early
have moved
all
LEGEND OF ALEXANDER.
formed
for all of
97
them an object of the greatest interest, and even become their pride, so far as they could bring their own history in connection therewith. Even at the present day the name of Alexander the Great lives on in undiminished splendour,
is
still
No
story has gone through so many adapand ornamentations as the " Life of AlexGreat,"
falsely
ander the
thenes.
its
attributed
it
to
Callis-
according to
desires,
to its
wishes.
The
legend of Alexander
we can prove
especially
the
origin
of
many
mediaeval
beliefs,
We
can also
dif-
among
ferent peoples,
it
was handed
on, enriched
all
by them.
An
accurate
comparison of
doubtless
show
Among
known
Slavonic
These connect themand Eoumanian versions. selves more with the Byzantine forms, which are of later date, and expanded by many marvellous
episodes.
At
98
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
and the
as
is
time.
figures as a
He
true God.
show
their
power and
like
save themselves,"
that
may
;
is,
a Christian saint.
Incidentally
it
be remarked, that in
this
were destroyed.
Sla-
an inde-
the
we
are
assume that
it
Greek
de-
originals,
rived.
probably of not
is
it.
much
The extent
any
of the story
too
I
great for
me
to give
selections
from
those
which
on
'
LEGEND OF ALEXANDER.
" Alexander
is,
99
he
{i.e.,
is
educated by Aristotle
After the
Bucephalus).
He He
and
marvellous
eyes,
had twelve
properties,
He
then goes through the wilderness, and sees men's faces and snakes'
is
then
up men
further, the
pigmies
the
'
the storks.
(of the
Then he reaches
where he
their
Macarian
Isles
blessed),
Eahmans and
all
king Ivant.
the water of
his slaves,
From him he
life
;
this
is,
however,
drunk up by
who
it,
are
now
"
He
cannot reach
and returns.
He comes
across the
He
is
then led down to hell, and sees their tears, among them Darius.
He dies
poisoned
by Levkadiush.
ioo
GRBEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
trait of these
Almost each
complicated contents
The
description of
a favourite chapbook
is
derived from
this.
In
it
all
Gryphons and Arimaspians, and similar monsters known to classical antiquity, found a place and
thence spread farther.
Eahmans
occurs
superstitious practices
selves with the
and
for
taken.
The
wellis
known legend
also connected
Thus the
is
is
sufficiently clear.*
Sir
John Mandeville
ful facts
also
tells
and has
many
other wonder-
saga.
John
it
Mandeville, had
contains a
number
we
treat
of.
Wesselofsky,
romana
povesti
i.
St.
Petersburg,
1886,
pp. 129-501.
TROJAN WAR.
been again placed in the foreground of
events.
I
IO i
historical
refer of
course to
the Trojan
War.
These
Already in ancient times Homer had been supplanted by the fictions of Dares and Dictys.
became the
work of Guido da
and
Colonna, which, in
turn,
poetry.
here only to that translated and printed by Caxton, " Eecuyell of the Historyes of Troye," the first
printed book in English.
The
by European
peoples
may
own
be explained by their
history into connection
possible.
Almost
to
Fredegar, in the
des, the
Edda
Trojans.
first
meet
The
latter
MS. of the beginning of the sixteenth century, now at Bucharest. The treatment is quite short,
and
it
is
its
102
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
modifications and insertion of heterogeneous elean I may venture to give it here in ments.
abridged form
"There was
place
in the East a
;
mighty
city at the
had fifty-six gates, out of which seventy standard-bearers could march abreast. The In it was a mighty king city was named Troada.
Skamander
it
named Amor. He had once a terrible dream, and was much terrified thereat: his queen bore him
a burning torch which set the city on fire
and
burnt
it
up.
Soon
after this
to a girl.
When
dumb
hand-maidens.
There
to the
morn
sun, she learnt a language composed of all tongues. All wondered at this, and her father caused men from all quarters of the world to come to her and
listen,
and he wrote down the words that each Then they combined all the words understood.
together,
his
dream
referred
to the son
who was
shortly about to be
born.
When
He was
there
brought up by a she-bear
was
killed
by
hunters,
to
the king.
his
He
He
sets
daughter
free,
name Magdona,
i.e.,
in Greek, the
found (Obretenu).
Magdona
TROJAN WAR.
a man, and
103
answers that she will only take him for her hus-
picture.
sea,
One day
she
to
He
brought
in,
and
the king
of the Saracens,
whom
he has seen in a
Magdona
is
this
On
woman
him
see
When
the wife
let
her in a dream and to cause her to see him in the same way.
They
fall in
He
sees
is
astonished at
his wife.
woman and
Alexander
flies
When Alexander
moved,
being
is
Amor
ten
'My dream
the
enemy besieged Sion had a King The Troas without success. councillor named Palmida; he made an artificial
For
years horse in which
104
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
themselves.
part of the
army hid
itself
near
In the morning the whole army made the city. They had put the a feint of going right away. At horse-shoes on the horse pointing backwards.
Alexander's the
city.
command
the horse
is
brought into
;
The heroes come out of it the others with Palmida follow, and the city is destroyed. Alexander flies to his brother-in-law, and rouses
him against the Canaanite princes and Tog, who had marched against him. The Sultan takes their lands, and since that time they belong to the Saracens. The servants of King Sion had run off
with the wives of the
is
soldiers.
reconciliation
effected
King Sion
destroyed.
falls
and the
city of Jeru-
salem
is
trouble one
woman
he
sea." *
leg-end
of
not to
of this legend
is
was translated probably in the tenth century. Between the two there is still existing an intermediate form of the legend of Troy, preserved in
* Syrku, in Archiv
f.
Slav. Philologie,
vii.
pp. 81-87.
DIGENIS.
the translation of Manasses' Chronicle
;
105
this enables
after
many hard
The Slavonic
known
shown the
in-
Many
Devgenie."
We may
go a step
farther,
and in
popular tales and in Slavonic fairy tales again recognise this romance.
put
as follows
Its contents
may
shortly be
loves
of royal descent
who
lives in Greece.
He
girl.
an army, invades
may
lose
their heads.
They
fly
like
who
by
attacked
decide
which
them
shall fight
with him.
O&rku,
p.
* Pypin,
06
fall
The
latter promises to
sister.
The
how he had
treated her.
had been well guarded, and she says he only saw They all go her once at a distance in thirty days.
together to Greece, and the
tian
and marries
at this,
her.
vexed
him
back.
When
they ride
on
invisible in Greece.
When
they
all.
back.
When
They come
The
from
this the
Emir
These are
three brothers-in-law."
is
who
names Devgenij and Akritas. He grows quickly and becomes a perfect hero by
receives the
his fourteenth year.
He
an elk
and a
bear,
and
kills a
He
is,
DIGENIS.
107
We
are told
way
the
Of
and have,
it
as, for
example, the
These episodes
run as follows
(in
whom
is,
much
and that
is is
with golden
strings,
He
from her
relations.
mixed
this
original.
not
the
but
Maximiana, who
is
is
an
Amazon
princess.
She
Northern mythology.
daughter, in the
108
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
is
Greek Ducas,
carried off
;
by Digenis.
He
is
pur-
The fame of
folk-songs.
Digenis,
who
is
also called
Aniketos
He
till
is
modern Greek
In this
god of death,
about heroes
he
is
defeated by Death.
who
This story
Anika Voinu,
it
have
or
it,
Abraham
the
"Legend
which
belongs.
which have
come
Slavonic peoples.
VI.
APOLOGUES AND FABLES. BARLAAM AND JOSAPHAT.THE WISE AKIR AND SYNTIPAS.
VI.
I
pass
now
which, as early as the eighth century, had been The " Life of
to St.
John
is
Damascus, or another
St.
Josaphat
and
is
to lead the
of a hermit.
This determination
produced in
him by
just as
is
This
self-sacrifice
answers
it is
no rash assumption
Iu a previous
made on the
and even
wood where he
of this tale
is
life.
The spread
contains
among them
ii2
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
"Merchant
of
Almost equally celebrated is that of a man flying from a unicorn, and hiding himself in a there. brook, where he clings to a tree that grows and black, He sees two mice, the one white, the other
Venice."
they gnaw at the root of the tree, while under him Then the man stands a dragon with open jaws.
notices
honeycomb on the
tree,
it.
and he
the tree
foris
The unicorn
full of evil,
life
all this to
own
history,
and we
them
in Slavonic
and Koumanian
iEsop,"
.also full
attributed to Planudes.
This
is
and
wit.
tales like-
have said
attributed to Planudes,
and
pos-
we
from
is
in a
details,
and which
This
is
of Planudes.
the
THE WISE
grip,
is
AKIR.
113
There
the
tale,
drift of
with
many
:
passages of
It runs as follows
He
very
named
Akirie,
who
is
He
therefore adopts
his
best manner.
But Anadam
he
wanted
to destroy
him
entirely, so that
may soon
He
Akirie
is
and to answer
all
ask him.
Akirie.
he
is
alive.
He
is
sent to
name.
riddles.
There he makes
clever
all
he
and gives
it
it,
and
tells
The
"When he
is
up
and mortar.
Pharaoh owns
his defeat,
ii 4
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
his visitor
must be
Akirie.
home full of honours. His nephew is given up to him for punishment. He only reminds him every day of what he has done,
The
latter
returns
'"
same form in the " Life of iEsop," with only a change in the names. The direct
occurs in exactly the
is
doubtless Greek.
It
for
it, and the suggestion occurs to one that the Greek text has passed into the " Life of iEsop."
the
Old Slavonic
is
literature.
The Oriental
Akirie
i.e.,
original
called
the Biblical
The
story,
for
tells
of Solomon,
how he
Out
flew
through the
air,
carried
by a demon.
of this
was
later
made
and
in the
It is also re-
by
eagles.
The
SYNTIPAS.
115
become popular
The popularity enjoyed by Akirie in the past, and even in the present, has prevented that of the
" Life of iEsop
his fables,
"
We
be surprised that
many
of
them have
as so-called
fairy-tales.
We may connect
Syntipas.
The
wards placed by
its attractive
by
a striking example of
how
such literature
it
spread.
was trans-
lated into
century.
From an Arabic
translation
was derived
it
thence
its
But during
grew
larger
and
larger.
Tales belonging
it,
and
it
received a different
name
is
in each country.
The
oldest
Syntipas, the
it.
name
Wise
of a sage
versions
who
In other
it is
The Book
of the Seven
16
of
number was increased, and so we get the Ten Wise Masters," and even " Of the Forty
Its contents
Even "Book a
Veziers."
may
be thus abridged
" After
obtains a son.
as he
grown, he gives
man
in his
is
kingdom.
Many
prince
The
is
only one
means of evading
is
it,
and that
This
it.
is
that he should be
is
The stepmother
prince causes
him
to be
him
to speak.
There
is
him
killed.
The queen accuses him, and seeks Then there appear seven sages,
the moral of which
is
and each
tells
tale,
that a
man
woman
is
is
not to
be trusted.
In this
way
the punishment
also
put
off
The queen
appears each
day and
tells on her side a story, intended to induce the king not to listen to his counsellors. Thus
now
This
is
the frame-
SYNTIPAS
ii 7
number being
time goes on.
tales, like
This
is
The
novel-writers of
So
far as
we
yet
know
it.
West.
in
it
But a
large
number
On
we
possess a translation of
The history of
its travels is
no
less interesting
than
that of Syntipas.
While the
latter is
more
closely
more
The
investigation
of this
connected.
Brought
at
was
first
translated
the mixed
this
From
were
made Syrian and Arabic versions, under the name of Kalilag and Darnnag, or Kalila and Dimna.
n8
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
principal
it
From Arabic
was
translated
by Symeon
and from
century.
Owing
proper
Dimna
in
also
occur
the
Slavonic translations.
less
than
five
different
I will preface
is
attributed
John of Damascus, owing to a mistake about the title, because Seth was said to be
also of
Damascus.
Of a Merchant.
city there
It is related that in
a certain
was a merchant who wished to travel on business, and left some iron with a man as
When he came back, he went to the man with whom he had left the iron, and said to him, " Friend, give me the iron that I left with you." He answered him, " I placed your
a pledge. iron in one
of
my
cellars,
eaten
it
up.
that, for
But do not trouble yourself about you have come back safe and sound.
SYNTIPAS.
ng
Come
and we
will
have
After
The other
man
agreed,
dinner he went
the son of the
iron, seized
There he saw
he had
left
man
with
whom
the
own
house, and
Coming out
again, he
saw the
man
He
then
said to him,
for
your son,
through the
air."
and
said, "
?
man
"
man
The other understood, and gave him back on which he gave him back his son.*
Here ends the story, which recurs in innumerable Another story is the celebrated fable, jest-books.
La
Fontaine's Perette.
" There
was once a poor man who had received from a friend some butter and honey, which he hung up in a pot. One night he thought to himself and said, " I'll sell this butter and honey
with this
I'll
and these
will in
In five five months give birth to as many kids. years! shall have at least 750, and so they will go I shall then sell them, and buy on increasing.
1
do
Ihinlat,
Moscow, 1SS1,
pp. 3 2 "33-
120
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
I
produce
shall
become very
slaves
rich,
and build a
wife.
and
She
I'll
buy
several
and marry a
who shall be called Pangel" (i.e., "in all good"), "and I'll bring him up as I like and if I find him disobedient, I'll punish him with this rod." At this he seized the rod
shall bear
me
a son,
it,
broke
As
is
in the
exists
in the Syrian
bolic
These sym-
Dreams
of the
Tzar
Mamer and
Shahaisha."
MSS.
may
Greek
original,
it.
Having arrived
sketch of the
Greeko-Slavonic literature, I
may
estab-
The
first
is
the
fact,
by numerous examples, that we can no longer consider the soul-lives of the European peoples in the Middle Ages as independent from
lished
*
Viktorov,
I.e.,
p. 67.
ROMANTIC LITERATURE.
one another.
121
Paths lead from one nation to another, along which passes a literature which exer-
on all, the traces of which are to be found not alone in mediasval, but
cises
a uniform influence
also in
modern
folk-lore.
we now have
it,
period.
from
literary
spells,
and other
superstitious customs.
As
a third result,
mostly of Oriental
in
by no
Nature
human mind.
But the earlier possessions must have been of poor and unenduring quality, and few positive traces can be shown of this early mythology. The similarity of legends and customs which used to be
given as proofs for the existence of a mythology,
Not a be considered as proofs to the contrary. little of this folk-lore can be traced back to one
and the same
literary source,
122
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
different nations of Europe, not
amongst
by means
of
limits, other-
many
forms of folk;
at first saga
and
Ee-
and
and
habits.
Further, their
in icono-
influence
on
art
and
especially
and Buddhist
literatures.
We
communion
of East
and
West.
thence carried to
all
which were
people.
It
easily taken
up and
assimilated
by the and
was
also
brought romances
of chivalry
and Buddhistic
fables,
which must
ROMANTIC LITERATURE.r
123
Lia
n and
The
veil
that
is
gradually
fertile
The
disif it
and
I shall consider
myself fortunate
ranted to
'.
me
to
only on a small
scale,
t all tier
in religion
and poetry,
fable
and
tale, creat-
new
of
VII.
THE SLAVONIC PEOPLES IN THE BALKAN PENINSULA. ORIGIN OF THE SLAVONIC LITERATURE. CYRILL AND METHOD.
VII.
litera-
it is
absolutely
icessary that
we should attempt
to
must content myself here with the merest sketch the most important events which took place
the Balkan peninsula,
viz.,
e influence exercised
oples.
by them on neighbouring
We
shall
Slavs, Cyrill
mature.
n of the neighbouring Eoumania, has been the ne of so many invasions and raids as the Balkan
linsula.
It
was the
first
stage reached
by the
the
sup-
first
who
their
numerous
tribes
and
divisions.
If the
128
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
is
Albanians, as
two peoples,
the peninsula,
who
more nearly
interest us.
go into the
Suffice
Slavs.
and Servians of
in the course of
many
At
had been
laid waste
it.
traversing
last,
own account
Many
Eoumania
so far as to
Critical investica-
names
and bear
split
which belong to a
late period
up
influence.
THE BULGARIANS.
129
Its
is
of peculiar interest,
whom
the
word appears
0.
H. G. cunic,
Ulfilas,
A.-S. cuning.
known
Bishop
movement
Bible into
Danube
and
settled in Moesia,
and
it is
from
this quarter
name.
This
us as an index to settle
a. d.
the Sklavinoi.
pedition
against
Thus Constantine
the people of
a.d.,
II.
led an ex-
the
land called
Sklavinia in 657
of
the
Southern Slavs
who came,
under the guidance of Isperich, in 679 a.d. from the north through the present Dobrugea to Mcesia.
Like the German Varsegians in Russia, they
col-
30
name
The
still
which
remain
mostly
is
consisting of proper
names
recent
do not permit us
their
ethnological
The most
is
hypothesis
vashians, whose
descendants,
it
probable, are
They
certainly
belong
to
the
family
of
and of
whom
known.
They did not come, however, alone, but with them came also Finnish tribes, absorbed afterwards into one nation.!
details
their
customs, which
As
soon as a great
man
died, he
was
laid out in a
his favourite
also shut
up
As regards
a terra incognita.
The number of
been inconsiderable, as
126
seq.
THE BULGARIANS.
ies
I3 r
before the Bulgarian language died away, and onquerors and conquered were remodelled into a
ew
people.
This period
is
filled
with mighty
nder Krum, Boris, Ormortag, &c. The power of he Bulgarians spread over almost the whole of he Balkan peninsula all its inhabitants were sub;
ued.
By
Middle Ages known by the ame of Wallachians, and destined to play an imortant rdle in the history of Bulgaria.
Besides
hese there were the Albanians, and likewise scatsred remnants of other peoples like the Goths and
Lvars,
who had
settled there.
Over
all
these the
it
is
view
these theories.
we
This
is
it is
imin
every language
shows
itself,
as
is
well
nown, remarkably
sensitive,
and only
loses
them
prominent an example of
this fact,
lat I
132
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Roumanian, Neo-Greek, and BulServian in part, offer us such
that the
all
Now Albanian,
identical
garian, as well as
phenomena,
influence which
four languages
which was
is
first
assumed by Thunmann
generally accepted.
now
Ac-
with the
of their
many
As a proof of this, it is urged that the Albanian, which represents the old
grammatical inflexions.
Thracian,
presents
the
same phenomena.
for
But
influ-
much
ence
impossible, as I believe
between the
of the
Dacians,
who
are
supposed to be
Roumanians,
at
least
Slavs, intervene
It is
many
the
only
Roman
colonies in Moesia
and descendants
is
not the
reference
to
133
Of
far greater
importance
is
settling
the linguistic
characteristics
of
this language.
By
The
lan-
point
the grammatical
similarity
The philosophy of
this
as the
Phenomena such
as those
We
must, therelate.
It
would be otherwise inexplicable how a form should have been preserved in Albanian which in the
other languages
Finally, if
is
we
pass to
Modern Greek, we
find the
origin
which
was never
so
as could transform
manner.
to take
In addition to
all
these points
we have
34
in an analytical investigation
;
Roumanian language this is, that these changes must have taken place at a late period at a period when the Latin language had already been in particular, transformed into the Roumanian
after
but
we
of
assume that
Modern Greek
is
date,
we
are
necessarily obliged to
assume
some thoroughgoing simultaneous influence spreading over the whole Balkan peninsula between the
cisely the
same way.
is
But there
ascribe this
no other nation to
whom we
can
which made
kingdom which
of the Bul-
The number
can perceive
tions
if
whom
they ruled.
managed
to
keep
alive their
and though
it
passed
135
for
faith,
and in consequence
of
grew up
for
them
a literature and
progress.
baptized.
surrounded on
all sides
by
Christians, and, to
relieve himself
name
was only
between
Eome and
first
Boris-Michael
after his
Bulgarian saint.
The news
of the conversion of the Bulgarian ruler and of part of his people soon spread, and attracted missionaries
may
mention specially the Paulicians or Manichseans, who came about this time into Bulgaria, and also
136
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
the Jews,
who had
I
to Judaism.
two
factors, as
The Bulgarian power reached its culmination under Boris's successor, Tzar Samuel (893-927).
in his hands,
and he
himself
Tzar
Samoderzetz Bulgaramu
His time, and
Grehamu,
i.e.,
ruler of Bulgarians
and Greeks.
is
its
highest limit.
West
At
this
careers
a distinit is
not
of Slavonic origin.
He
But
will
He
early
37
His younger brother, Methodius, who had at first held some official post, but afterwards also became a monk in the monastery at Olympus, accompanied
him
by the
Emperor, Michael
to
Ratislav,
in
develop their
They
first
All
difficulties
for
Cyril jour-
the
The Pope
revived
He was
who
re-
In 885 a.d.
Two
all
serformed by
persecution
on the part of
the
German
disciples
force.
The numerous
i 38
GREEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
Methodius had collected around him
fled to
whom
Bulgaria, and
alphabet.
Up
was regarded as the genuine work But many texts were found of the Apostle Cyril. written in an entirely different character, termed
Cyrillian alphabet
Glagolitza,
and
this
was studied
first
by Kopitar,
then by Schafarik, Miklosich, and Jagic, and, mostly on philological grounds, was declared to be the true
Cyrillian alphabet, the so-called Cyrillian being of
later date.
The
and
it
went on by
new
texts
the Pannonian,
They were, besides, the oldest relics of the language, some of them not The most ima hundred years later than Cyril. portant evidence of all was that Cyrillian palimpSlavonic.
sests
texts.
Cyrillian text
The
(edit.
Codex Zographos (Athos, ed. Jagic), and the Codex Assemani (at Kome), and others.
Not
made
The
to explain
difficulties
139
many.
In the
;
first place,
the letters
then their no
less
remarkable names,
become
unintelligible.
positive results.
Greek Tahy-
finally, resort
but none of
may
new
solution,
which seems to
me
remove the
no inherent
above, the
o-reatest difficulties,
and
carries witli it
improbability.
As I have remarked
and Methodius
began after their return from the Chazars, where they, according to legend, held disputations with
Mohammedans, and Schismatics, i.e., ManiThe last were, without doubt, Armenians, chseans.
Jews,
as these
were
of
Manichsean
in
all directions.
might Cyril have adopted this Armenian or a similar alphabet, when it became known to him among the Chazars, as most suitable for his
How
easily
it
140
GRBEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
?
sounds
is
That
this
we
disregard, as
is
only
The other
was
He
still
Clement was
a.d.
later
is
Bishop of Velica,
the
origin
This
of this
and
name
to
and
in this
we have now
The
deal.
so-called
Seven Saints,
viz.,
Cyril
and Methodius
whom
owes
ecclesiastical literature
They translated the Bible, the Liturgy, " Legends of the Saints," Synaxaria, as
Slavonic form.
;
homilies,
among which
the Zlato-
to be mentioned,
was attributed to Tzar Samuel, and contains a collection of more than 100 (? 105) homilies of St.
as it
Chrysostom
(Slav. Zlatoust).
Under
his auspices
THE SEVEN
SAINTS.
HI
Slavonic
or
encyclopaedia
of
all
arose
termed
Izbornik,
" Collection
the
Important
Knowledge of the Time." In imitation of the Hexaemeron of Basil, Joanes, the Exarch, compiled
a similar compilation of theological, philosophical,
and
scientific
with the
first
The book
i.e.,
is
known under
the
name
of Shestodnev,
&c.
" Hexa-
and was
entirely
It continued later
under the
who
again
it
fell
political
increasing.
Under the
The state was often disturbed by the Greeks, and in 971 East Bulgaria was conquered by Emperor John Zimiski.
was shown.
Basil
II.
John Vladislav,
who met
and
fall
142
GRBEKO-SLAVONIC LITERATURE.
The Slavonic
literature
South
West
of Europe,
nations.
Naturally in the
MSS.
in,
peculiarities of the
special languages
have crept
which enable us to
I will
determine the
home
of each at a glance.
are replaced
by one
To the present day many a precious MS. is preserved there, and from there most of the best MSS.
to be found in Eussia derive their origin.
Thus
now
in
Moscow,
Mount
Many
of the
most important
are foundations of the Roumanian The important position that Mount Athos
is
well
known
it
to all con-
less
we have
143
Slavonic
all
MSS.
throughout
many
But
monasteries of Bulgaria
of Roumania,
and of
what we have
in
hand
is sufficient
to enable us to
characteristics
and determine
its
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX
A.
it
the
history of the so-called Bible Historiale,viz., the historical part of the Bible, enriched
and embellished
at the
by legendary and exegetical means, to serve same time homiletical and edifying purposes.
There
is,
however,
notwithstanding
its
great
I
know, endeavours to
in this respect, to
fill
and
The following
problem
Oriental,
under a new
light,
furnished
by the
and
especially
by
There
is
no need to
add that
covers,
it is
of the literature
it
and the
results to
which
it leads.
148
APPENDIX
Under
the
A.
is
name
of Bible Historiale
generally
le
understood the
Mangeur,
of
Composed
75, it
is
the
first
compilation embracing
Old and
New Testament.
At
chapters
to
the
his
and the
rest
shortened,
sources.
treated
and commented
in
or spiritual way,
deep acquaintance with the philosophical and scholastical speculations of the time.
By
wards acquired
seems that
it
perfectly suited
after its appear-
Not long
ance the book was translated into the vernacular French, and
it
many
and verse
in various countries.
149
satisfactorily
This question
hitherto
is
many
one of which
the
is
older
and
the Historia
translations.
variations
and
true
light
of universal literature
version,
thrown on
I
it
by the
older
whose existence
am now
endeavouring to
am now
is
desirable
in
all
the different
Christian
facts
the
world.
and end
of
Here are
number
jo
APPENDIX
as
A.
The question
derived
If
is
to the origin
whence these
are
also unsettled.
we now compare
up
to
if
we
include in this
literal,
our
but also
moment
and
if
we add
to these the
versified Bible,
we are
of
them an undoubted
inde-
And we must
tales,
further
acquainted
or
and distinctly
and
put forth in
In order to explain
we must go
a step
farther,
and ask when and under what circumthe Bible itself translated
into the
stances was
vernacular
There
is
it
may
seem,
in Europe.
traced a rough
151
laid stress
upon
clus-
literature,
which
round
it
transla-
and
as
a consequence of
language also a
peculiar
Bible Historiale,
with
all
its
characteristics, widely circulated, and of enormous influence upon the Church and profane
literature.
The Apocrypha
and referred
mostly taken from
were
which
close
ori-
The age
well traced, as
we
find reference to
it
in the earliest
We
embedded
Hronographi, just as we find traces of Biblical legends in the analogous works in the German literature,
152
APPENDIX
A.
and with
this, lastly, is
con-
The Byzantine
Malalas,
latter
terial
literature,
What
is
now an
The
in
references in these
one,
is
greater antiquity.
The difference between the two versions is by no means essential. The text is nearly always the
same
;
We
shall
meet
versi-
on with a similar
fact in the
German
also
two
153
the
Romance
all
literatures.
The SlavoI
its
us to elucidate the
which
it
early opportunity of publishing an exact translation of the legends and apocryphal tales contained therein,
The Palcea,
Bible
a
;
been
said, is
an embellished
it
but
it
as
work
of only
by legendary
in-
Besides
this,
it
tendency
it is
in the Palcea
is
New
Tes-
typified
fulfil;
The New
is
only the
ment
of the prophecies
this
New
way
against
Mohammedans, who
We
example
" Listen,
Jew
154
APPENDIX
A.
ask thee,
Jew
...
ye sinful Jews
and ye
.
Be-
Open
your ears
and
lift
New
Testament
is
later
on to refer to
it
frequently.
The Palcea
begins, as
is
and
lingers
of the
Satan.
day.
who
hell,
together with
mutinous followers.
is
at
some length.
We have therein
rank and
are ruled
dignities, also
by
special angels.
Areopagita and
its sources.
155
Abounding with particular incidents, and very amply elaborated, is the description of the magnified
as
is
the
Hexaemera, and
in the com-
Church.
Among
of animals
similar productions.
A large
of men,
is
and the
entire
drama the
life
centre of which
in Paradise, the
Adam.
It deals
with the
experiences
ejection
Adam
till
their
goes on
their death
same
gates of
and
including,
therefore,
the
famous
Legend
of the Cross.
This part
may
it,
we have very
often to
back to
and as
all
and
and
the
crucifixion
We have
see, is
156
APPENDIX
A.
all
the Bible
But whilst
it is
many
by its greater completeness helps to explain it in a more satisfactory way. The non- consideration of
W. Meyer,
by Wessel-
The seeming incoherence and contradiction in the statement of the Legend of the Cross by
Liutwin and Calderon, for instance,
is
made
clear
stone,
blind,
who
is
and led by a
the
child.
We
legends, relative to
all
So also the
life
The
life
of Moses
I
is
also
out of which
youth.
The daughter
of
crown, tore
it
down.
of an idol as
ornament.
remembered an
157
him
against a son
of his
his
throne.
as an
killed.
kill
a time depose
him from
But a
;
not right to
a child
test.
Two plates
them hand for
if
shall be
brought
one
filled
we
will place
intelligent,
knows what he
touches the coals,
does,
and must
die
but
he
we
will desist
his tongue.
He was
life.*
We now
rest, as
the de-
and
its
Some
all
Solomon, including
which he
is
the centre.
These are the meagre outlines of the Slavonic Palcea, two-thirds of which at least deal with the
contents of Genesis and Exodus, while the later
* Gaster, Lit. Pop., pp. 318-320.
158
APPENDIX
is
A.
portion
is
often
and rightly
and which
has
The
first
question which
is,
now
what
arises,
is
the origin of
it
drawn
as a
its
materials
Is this
book to be considered
who
it
out of
this Bible
with his-
tories, or is the
to another,
itself leaves
no doubt that
it is
is is
de-
the
Greek IlaWcua
time.
BiaOriKt],
The
what
a matter some-
supposed to be in existence
of Vienna.
MS.
in the library
The
and
we
literature
159
-which
now missing
entirely,
or
are found
only in
as,
a fragmentary form.
for instance,
Some
by the
of the legends,
are
further due
heretical
to
remodelling
Bulgarian
sects.
the conclusion that, based upon a Greek original, the Palcea, as a popular book, and a book of pro-
in its Slavonic
form
It
became in part
materials
partly
amplified
by
drawn
of the
from many
special
but
all
are
same
origin,
Oriental.
The whole
must look also
theological literature
of
Byzantium
its cradle,
and there we
Not a few
Ephraem Syrus
in his Homilies,
The East is also the acknowledged homestead of the Apocrypha in one word, all
and
others.
the
constituent
elements of
this
literature
are
Oriental.
The works of Josephus, the most widely spread book in ancient times as well as in the Middle
160
APPENDIX
A.
Ages, contain
many
the
Occident
made
large
use
of its
contents.
Not
scattered legends do
we
see,
similar
Western
I see
book
the
called the
Booh of
the
Jubilees, or rather
Pascha
(Passover),
Mount
Sinai.
We
are at
which much
into
later,
influences,
itself
which
Here,
also,
161
minute description of the creation of the angels, and of the elements over which they preside
;
further, of the
number
of works accomplished in
book
is
that
it
women
From this treatise they enter into all the other compilations of later times, and especially
and into the
so-called
Prophecies of Pseudo-Methodius.
The whole matter is chronologically arranged, and the time is equally divided into jubilees, each
of forty-nine years, hence the
name
of the book.
is
Leptogenesis, that
Parva
Genesis
the
is
smaller
No
smaller
in authority, as
size is greater It
than that of
the most
the
real
Genesis.
Book of Adam,
prominent.*
in the "
Book
of
Commentary
*
Being
way
may
many
legendary character exist in the Jewish literature, from which one is called the greater, the other the smaller, the cause of this not being very clear.
So we have
also a
Magna
to the above
Parva Genesis; so, further, Seder Olam Rabba and Seder Olam Zutta; Eliah Rabba and Eliah Zutta ; Pesihta Rabba and Pesikta
Zuttarla, &c."
62
APPENDIX
A.
connected with the Hebrew text, this commentary has a loose form, and not the compact arrangement
of an independent book.
Its value lies in the fact
that by means of
it
we can pursue
this
mean
the Pirke de
which bears
is
falsely
ascribed to R. Eliezer,
who
lived in the
first
cen-
tury
(a.c.)
if
But
we look
nearer,
we
see that it
is
unfor-
be a kind of legendary development of the Pentateuch (or rather only of Genesis and Exodus),
similar to the "
it
Book
has in
common
calendarial calculations,
and the
view.
Out
Genesis
book of
dants
till
Noah, and so
last chapters
sud-
163
is
which
the
Sepher
Hayashar.
The major portion of this book deals with Genesis and Exodus, the other three books
immediate source.
Parts
as, for
example, the legend of Lamech, the above-quoted legend of Moses, of his wonderful rod, originating
transformation
the
tree
of
the
cross,
and
others
we
shall
meet with
investigation.
Out
of this Sepher
Book of
That explains
Book
of the
which
till
Fabricius,
Jubilees "
64
APPENDIX
;
A.
tury
and down
as the
it
;
Byzantine writers,
passages from
is
left.
had
ment between
the
side,
and, on
for
many
had
tical
and
ecclesias-
point of view.
recast in a
new mould,
AmoDgst
detect
other
new
elements,
we can
easily
literary activity of
eagerly
To
165
and the
;
rdle played
the earth
and
especially the
(p.
which, as
to
is
we know
who
inci-
author.
Many
dents in
This
is
a point
upon which
stress, as
part in
toriale.
all
There
missing, while
denuded of
we now
pass.
In the West, France was the cradle of the study of the Bible and of its translation into the vernacular.
As
translation
tenth century or the beginning of the eleventh. The oldest translations seem to be lost, and also
They were no doubt supplanted by the translations of ComeBut we can reconstor's Historia Scholastica.
the translations of a Bible Historiale.
struct
the
versified by many means. First of all, through the twelfth Bibles, some of them dating from the
66
APPENDIX
(c.
A.
century
1140)
du
upon such a Bible Historiale. Besides this we have some modern copies, all of them
Viel Testament, based
There
is,
finally,
Bearnais,
and Provencal
dialect, discovered
only in
known
to students
This
is also
nothing
else
than the
now
try to
summarise
briefly the
con-
tents of each of these works, as far as their particulars bear resemblance to those of the
Pal&a
or
former.
We
start
closely the
and
is
he dealt
with.
will furnish, I
am
sure,
the views
investigator
closely
may
I
what
Bonnard, Traductions de
Paris, 1884.
au
Mnyen Age,
167
to be mentioned
1
is
Herman
de Valen-
ciennes
140),
whose
He
cannot be thought
is
much
older
who
The history
of the Bible
Two
with
tor.*
is
said
by Comes-
sified Bibles
At the end
of
some periods
Herman sums up the principal events, interrupting in an abrupt way the course of the narration. Exactly the same is the case in the Romance
Chronicle.
fois
Bonnard says
fait
(p.
26)
"
Par deux
Herman
la
h,
Bible
rien et
a faint echo of
the old divisions in the Oriental prototypes of the Bible Historiale, and the number seven is chosen
creation, in accordance with the seven days of the
xii.
v.
4):
Bonnard,
p. 16.
68
APPENDIX
A.
"Consider,
finished
this
my
children,
them
in six
that
all
will
bring
said
things to an end."
We
is
further
by Augustinus*
and what
it is
more important
book of the
Johannes (mentioned
where
that
is,
seven periods.!
Other
ecclesiastical writers,
such as Bede,
St. Isidorus,
Middle Ages.
supposed de-
The legend
from Para-
and
is is
also the
He
identical
Herman
"
pour
les
fied Bible,
from
glosses used
by Mace'
End
of
De
Civitate Dei.
+ Thtto,
i.
p. 890.
J Bonnard,
p. 43.
169
much more
clearly
(He lived
Comestor
198.)
He
and Hieronyis
never mentioned, and what he quotes from the maitre this is the title for Comestor in writings
of later period
is
Scholastica*
On
Bonnard,we can recognise the identity with the Bible Historiale, and the author divides the history also
into periods.
We
by
Lamech.
Continual reference
made
to parallel
New
Testament, with
so
is
Joseph
silver.
This change,
of finding a parallelism
of the apocryphal Testament of Gad, the son of Jacob.t So also in the Roumanian " Hronoxi.
graf," cap.
Christ
is
homilies, such as
Treating the
to Dan, where
* Bonnard,
p. III.
it is
Dan
ii.
shall be a serpent
+ Fabricius, Vet.
tion,
Test.,
p. 207.
i.
p.
677
of.
p.
79.
The Slavonic
transla-
Tihonravov,
i.
170
APPENDIX
A.
The explanation
Antichrist
is
and
in
St.
more ancient
This
and
the more
characteristic,
as
Evrat
also
who
are arrogant,
le
pauvre monde."
The attack on the clergy and the advocacy of "the poor men," in combination with the legend
of Antichrist, cannot be a well
mere
incident.
It is
known
The Antichrist
is
represented
Add
self
Champagne, and
so we may presume that he himbelonged to the " Society of the Poor," which
when
I shall establish
is
the
According
on the
This
is
also
no accident,
as,
curiously
du
171
created on the
angels
from the
the
and
and
on tbe fourth
on the
fifth,
and animals
;
(just as in Evrat),
on the
sixth,
man.*
similar
of the
creation
we meet
p. 28).
In the same
way
latter,
Bible.
One
Bonnard
it is
and not at
author.
all
In an anonymous versified Bible it is said that the father of the daughters of Zelophehadt is
identical with the
sticks
man who,
gregation.!
*
J.
many
centuries
p. xl.
i. de Rothschild, Le Mistere du Viel Testament, Paris, 1878, S. xv. Numbers 32 + 1 ff. t Numbers xxvii.
172
APPENDIX
A.
The instances
The book
of Berger
was
Much
the
richer
is
the harvest
lies
J.
Mysthre,
which
handy
edition of
Baron
de Bothschild.
we may term
it,
we
To
many
others, about
allu-
mentioned by Nicolas
de Lyra, and
came
"
a,
to
we do not know by what means they be known by Christian writers" (i. p. x.)
:
II
diverses allusions
parld, et
elles
ont
ete"
The story
is,
as
it
we know,
follows
After
the
Adam, and
is
Paradise.
(v.
1
Here
inserted
the Proces
du Paradis
no foundation whatsoever
* Sabbath,
fol.
in the Bible.
fol.
When God
, .
g6 b
i.
Sifri,
ed.
Friedmann,
i.
33
Jerush. Synliedrin,
c.
Jalkut,
743-750,
fol.
173
arises
decides in favour of
tion through His
Mercy pleads the cause The Lord then Mercy, and promises the salvahis weakness.
own
Son.
this
heavenly drama
is,
as
in the Sepher
Hayashar,
to
Rabba*
here,
to remark,
is
German Historien
Bibel.
The dispute
more
creation,
like the
We
that
suffice it to say,
we
Book
of Jubilees."
also the
No
doubt
names
of Noah's
sons' wives,
not similar to the names given to them in the " Book of Jubilees." Still we must not think that
this latter served as a direct source, or that it
was
even known to the author of the Mysteres. The names are rather due to the prophecies of Pseudo* Sect. 8.
174
APPENDIX
A.
dies,
shot
;
by Lamech
Nimrod
Ninus appears
Hronograf.
The death
Sepher Hayashar.
Haran
as
The
of Joseph
typifies
that
of
Christ,
writers.
that
why
Potiphar and
This
all
is
From
the same
is
source
shortly referred
to in the Palcea.
and
so
on many
many
a part in
common
with
Bible Historiale as
is
its
And
really such
THE BIBLE HISTORIALE.
1?$
a Bible Historiale seems to be preserved, but only in a copy of the fifteenth century. M. Kothschild tells us that there
is in the National Library in Paris a manuscript containing almost every legendary or holy episode which has been brought on the
eU
trans-
This manuscript
has the
title
Le
Histoires de la Bible, que aucuns appellent Histoires des Hebrieux ou des Juifes
that
by some the
This
of the
Hebrews
wise the
or of the Jews."
name
Old Testament,
also like the
Palaa na Judie
cer-
Not
so
is
differing
this point.
The
editor
says
The
Mystere and
is
also
made
reference in the
Romance Chro-
nicle.
Vide Lespy,
p. 19.
176
APPENDIX
A.
same version
older and
as our
simpler version,
New
Middle Ages"
(i.
we have Romance
dialects, of
third, viz.,
and Catalan
Bible Historiale.
Of
unpublished.
The
who came
regard to
to
it.
narrative
and
to
it
later
all
mediaeval chronicles
Sprache,
p.
589 ft
177
who took
stops
at
Solomon, like
tofore noticed.
all
Bible Historiales
The
result to
comes may
The Romance
is
from which
this
is
and
compiled,
or,
better,
Vulgata
(resp.
Com;
(6)
Apocrypha
in the widest
sense
;
(c)
Elucidarium
Hispalense
of Honorius
;
Augustodinensis
(d)
(e)
the Chronicon
of Isidorus
source.
what
due to
Isidorus's
Chronicon
insufficient,
acknowledge that
namely, the division into periods. This similarity accidental, beis absolutely irrelevant and merely
cause
we
same division
in
all
above
(p.
167).
The comparison
in the
Eomance Chronicle and the Elucidarium shows Out of the sixty-seven even more discrepancy. M
178
APPENDIX
A.
columns the
vol. clxxii.,
Migne,
alike,
and then we
must assume that the author of the Eomance Chronicle had selected them out without any visible
order, a portion
The apparent
com-
He
how they
following.
The
Cross,
which
is
very
well
known
Historiale, and
we need not
Ehode
Denar
father,
legend,
has
its
Oriental writer,
a fact
was
also
The
further legends of
pp. 79-81.
179
further
ascertain
the
unknown
Two
legends
a legend of Abraham,
destroys the idols of
according to which
his father,
Abraham
supreme
save
idol, left
to
all
the
dishes
for
himself alone.
is
The
the
source, which
to the
same
lines are
taken
while considered, as I
is
of one piece, of
one and the same source, and corresponds entirely to other compilations belonging to the same class
of works.
the principal characteristics, such as Bible history interwoven with Apocryphal tales, the mystical
exeo-esis,
and the
New
Old,
the legend
of the
the chronological
also one pecu-
recapitulations, as in
Herman, and
In this short
180
APPENDIX
A.
listen
see
"
the editors
But
all
if
we
bear in
mind
not at
at least a defective
Quite otherwise
is
the meaning
when we com-
when
describing
it.
It is a polemical
work
in the
Jew
In the
it.
we
incomprehensible address.
Before
now
expressed tendency.
the Old Testament
is
To each deed
or
command
in
the
New
It begins with Dante, who, as I have said, was well acquainted with the " Legend of the Cross " and
noteworthy
fact
is,
181
many
spurious sources
by Jacobus
a Voragine.
A Bible Historiale
At the Council
the
title
of Trent (1545-63), a
. .
.
book bearing
. . .
Fioretti
di tutta la Biblia
was condemned
Eonsch
called
El
I regret that
;
they
as
Museum.
But
\ these
are
be
nothing
else
than
Italian
Bible
contents.
(viz.,
Ronsch describes
it
as follows
"
Both
Fioretti
and El Fiore)
are in the
main part
in both
The matter
is
latter,
first
and
has
number
of chapters
is different.
The
far 137 (short) chapters, and the second 156. As as could be ascertained at a fleeting glance, the matter was not derived directly from the Book of
'
the Jubilees,' but from other books like PseudoMethodius ; and from our comparison with regard
to the legends of
* Vet. Test.,
to be in nearer
122
cf.
i.
864.
p.
4^9-
"
82
APPENDIX
Gadela
A.
relation to the
Adam
Book
of the
To
cius,
this description
we add
it
who
says that
the creation
down
to the
time of Christ.
It is full
of absurd legends,
and those
In the life of Adam there is also a reference to the " Legend of the Cross," according to the quotation of Wesselofsky.
Thus we have here the principal elements constituting the Bible Historiale, the legendary his-
Book
of the Jubilees," of
though
only through
the
mediation
Pseudo-Metho-
Biblical
personages,
and
the
apocryphal Infancy
versified
fairly
occurring also in
some of the
"We
may now
and nearer
to the PalcBa.
Here
also
must leave
It
remains
in the
now to pursue the Bible Historiale German literature also. More than forty
and
oi.
of Literarischer Verein,
Stuttgard.
183
far
favour that book enjoyed in Germany, and consequently the great influence it exercised. More
than one literary point, however, is left unsettled. In his valuable introduction, Merzdorf classifies
the different extant versions, and comes to the conclusion that there are
two
One
of Comestor,
is
more
or less a prose
It
transcription of Eudolf
is
now
1286 or 1289)
by
upon
is
based.
edited
by
Merzdorf
As
such,
we have nothing
Besides
this,
Group
II. is
subdivided by Merz(b),
the
first corre-
more
amplified, belonging,
as he asserts, to a later
nicle,
due to
another anonymous
xiii.
30
ff. s. v.
Romaniscbe
84
APPENDIX
A.
We
Ha.
It is
not
my
purpose to enter
now
question as to
for
my own
poem
is
only
work of
identity
Herman
of Valenciennes, &c.
original.
and
is
no doubt based
upon a prose
which
form.
It
may
influence
we may assume
Ems.
the proall
poem
of Eudolf of
it is
so with "
Barlaam
"War
French by Benoit de
in the
known
West
Good
I
It is therefore
not unjusoriginal
presume
also a foreign
and prose
Unfortunately the
poem
is
185
draw our information from the pamby Vilmar, who was the
The conclusion he arrived at was, that Eudolf is dependent upon Comestor, but only in a remote way, and he may have also made use of the Pantheon
of Godfrey of Viterbo
13).
and
is
Solinus'
Poly-
histor (Vilmar, p.
That
to say,
that the
Group
I.
Historiales which
might rightly
Moreover,
it
also
Speculum Historiale of Vincentius of Beauvais, as his chronicle was finished c. 1251, whilst the latter
composed
the
his
Speculum
after 1254.
to call
Romance Bible Historiale "Chronicle" induced the German writers to give the same name to the poem of Rudolf, which does not extend farther
than to the time of Solomon, in a manner identical with that of all the other Bible Historiales and
the Palcea.
86
APPENDIX
A.
happened
in
also,
resp.,
German
will
hope
known by some
also considered as
which
is
a transliteration of a
tion based
poem
Herre
is
distinguished as
116. is
nothing
else
than
Pantheon
of
Godfrey of Viterbo.
unpublished
But
if
we
Among
To these belongs
also
a MS., once
it.
copy from
c.
contempo-
It contains
an abstract of
187
The text
is
not couched
older
German
is
codex."
*
is,
What
that
it
of the Bible
is
the author
proof.
is full
A
with
noted by
Von
der Hagen,
who
Adam
of
Adam
in the Palcea,
&c, and a
parallel to it
and
also arranged it
amongst those of
tunately considered
irrelevant,
fied
to
be
He
was of secondary importance to him, although a better inquiry would have disclosed to him the
real value of this version.
There
to the
J.
still
D. Muller, afterwards in that of the Pastor Goetze, famous through his controversies with Les* Merzdorf, pp. 34-35.
88
APPENDIX
and
at present in
A.
sing,
Hamburg.
tracts of
fifteenth century
some ex-
by
Fabricius,*
The history begins with the dispute between Mercy and Justice, as in the French Mystery. The mystical
parallelism
is
New
Testament
Very
fell,
who
is
of the angels
explicitly stated.
how
it is
Adam were created follows, aud Adam fell into a deep slumber, wherein
During
this
known
tury), t
in
Jewish
Alfabetum Pseudo-Siracidicum
eighth cen-
to
36-47.
f.
23a.
lSg
serpent which deceived Eve was Lucifer, and the serpent walked upright and had a woman's head. After the sin Adam and Eve repented of it by a
severe penitence in the waters of Gihon. This episode corresponds exactly with the version published
We
Calmana,
and Abel with Delbora,whom he marries afterwards, just as in the Mystery and Pseudo-Methodius.
Amply
it.
Adam and
1
appears,
and
tells
him
the sin of
Adam
come with the oil of mercy. Seven days after Adam dies, and also Eve all as in the similar
will
;
Son
same apocryphal
source.
it
The
suffices to
before us a
work quite
the
analogous to the Bible Historiale described above. Naturally the more modern a copy
probable
it is
is
more
that
it
similar
works,
as, for
But,
nevertheless,
One
point (which
we
190
APPENDIX
A.
description of this
is
of
and
earth,
"When God was going to create heaven He created first the angel Satael, and
This Satael
is
nobody
is
also
mentioned in
is
Satan
sarius,
adversary
El
to
God
(sic
El
Deo
(Glosse to Genesis,
c.
iv.)
This
As
others,
sources,
Comestor himself mentions, among Methodius and Josephus. The former is,
as I
the Jubilees
"
and as
to Josephus, it is
remarkable
that
many
191
nowhere to be found in
and
in the
Talmud*
is
really
On
French
ou^ht not to be forgotten that these latter also very often refer to Josephus and Hieronymus,
although they certainly never made direct use of
their works.
Noteworthy
is
is
avowedly quoted,
and
here,
also,
The source
in
for the
some way
learn,
from the
One
is
blending together in one of apocrypha and their not appear before that Bible. These apocrypha do
* Traotat Sotab,
f.
136.
i92
APPENDIX
A.
to
have
Herman
sify the
Gospels.
who was the first to verBible, was also the first who versified the Comestor did not know them only a
of Valenciennes,
;
century later
of Vincentius.*
Not
ment
able
did
and develop-
and here
At the beginning
a society in
Metz
only
known in
The
result of
members
began
to despise
the priests and the bishops, whose deeds and doctrines did not at all
*
rom.
u.
1879, pp,
16-18.
193
The
clerics
of the Church
getically against
members
of the Bible-
Pope
himself.
Abbot
of Cistercium, and
gate
it,
society.
The
result
and
With
secution of the
Bible in the
vernacular by the
Catholic Church, which finally decreed the prohibiat the tion of reading the Bible in the vernacular
Council held at Toulouse in the year 1229. After unless in Latin.* this no layman dared read the Bible
pp. 37-42.
194
APPENDIX
A.
by the
society
one,
brought
thither
by the Waldenses,
are thus
expressly stated.*
We
it,
South of France.
There
is
now every
sects, said
by
all
This
senting
is
common
in the history
The
separation
based
upon
and
supported
by the real or pretended better understanding Without going into further of Holy Scripture.
details,
translation of the
and that
its
their
women
contents.
Cedrenus
* Neander,
I,
c.
195
at
in
pages.
In the year
in
the
New
And
finally,
who
is
ledge
about
the
knew
at least the
New
Testament by heart
in the vernacular.*
And
as the Latin
the
LXX.
One
at least of the
German
texts
the
view
is
German
The
genses
t
vol.
but
translation,
and a
different one
literary
is
and missionary
We
Stuttgart, 1845,
p. 94.
96
APPENDIX
A.
tells
us that the
and
in
his
own words
their
number exceeded by far that of the theologians, and they had more pupils, who disputed openly and
induced the people to enter into discussions with
them
fields,
and
numerous
those of
protectors.
Germany and
vernacular
1 1
France." t
translation of the Bible
the
(c.
Valdo
denses,
70),
is
who
as at
command they
translated
the
Bomance
Soon afterwards (1179), that is, only eight years later, a deputation of the Waldenses
waited upon the Pope, Alexander
III.,
during the
Psalms with
glosses,
t
Ibid.,
p.
and several
c, p. 361.
I. c, p. 358 S. + Neauder, I. c.
1.
viii. p.
409
Faber,
456.
197
New
Testament.
The
result
was a scornful
There
is
no doubt,
but was
was a paraphrastic
is
Further noteworthy
the difference
in the
New
Testament
spoken
of.
are
This
is
easily explained
when we
bear
mind
rest,
and therefore
is
only spoken
we might draw a
Bible,
temporary Jewish
paraphrastic
glosses,
or
Bible
with
explanatory
similar to the
Commentary
who
lived in Troyes,
and
all is
* Faber,
c, p. 471.
gallica Qui librum Domino Papae praesentaverunt lingua conscriptum plurimorumque Legis utriusque Hbrorum in quo textus et glossa Psalterii
"
continebatur."
APPENDIX
A.
may be
exis
Lyra, who
It
is
is
not
my
Jews
and the
say,
and how
far they
Suffice it to
many
Church complained
course.*
by
and no
to be
and condemned
it
to the pile.
prominent peculiarity
is
The
Europe
diffusion
is
of the
apocryphal literature in
c.
viii. p.
43 S.
199
Thence they
also
carried
West, and it is by no means an exaggeration to presume the original identity of the Western Bible Historiale with the Palcea.
The coincidence
consideration
is
of so
many
facts
brought under
and
in different countries.
The
main
we have been
able to
and
of
Beam, Provence,
and Catalonia.
same
time stamped
rature.
What wonder
by
all
similar works.
But the influence could not be totally obliterated, and even in the orthodox disguise we could recognise the old Bible Historiale.
Merely
wide
field
as
an additional remark,
conjecture
for it leaves a
studies,
for
and
special
venture to give an explanation of the name of that illustrated Bible commonly called Bible of the Poor.
200
APPENDIX
to
A.
Up
explaining
is
its
name.
Berjeau, if I
am
not mistaken,
the last
who devoted
man
Pauperum).
:
He
describes
the Biblia
Pauperum
as follows
" The Biblia Pauperum- is a set in the first edition of forty, and in the second of fifty woodcuts, disposed in three horizontal compartments, which we will call upper, middle, and lower, each heing itself arranged in three vertical divisions, which may
be distinguished as
left, centre,
and
right, all
of
the upper
compartment contains a
with
is
New
Testament.
The
reference to the
same subject
of
the
New
the
upper compartment
The name
under his
is
which generally holds the end of written some sentence from that prophet,
"
on which
subject.
its
three vertical
and
this
New
Testament
201
centre, in a double
holding a
prophecies,
and
above
In order to make
"
it clearer, I
Upper
com-
partment,
"We
thirty-third chapters of
had come
to
the
foot of
Mount
Sinai,
he alone
Law
and
this
Moses himself having thrown away the Tables, destroyed the calf and broke it up which well
;
figured the
idols falling in
a heap
when
Christ
entered Egypt."
Next
'
to it the double
window
at the left
is
the
bust of the Prophet Hosea, with the inscription He shall break down (their altars)/ taken from
In the next window, to the right, is Out of the house of thy Nahum with the scroll gods will I cut off the graven image and the
Hosea
x. 2.
'
molten image' (Nahum i. 14). The next white consquare, forming the upper right compartment,
* Berjeau, Biblia Pauperum, London, 1859, pp. 3-4.
"
202
APPENDIX
'
:
A.
We
read in the
first
had
Dagon
lying on
:
which
was truly
fulfilled
came with
the idols of the
Virgin,
Christ,
Egypt
fell
into a heap
and
it
figures
state
who with
which
Christ
enters
the
of trial into
collapsed.'
infidels
The middle
described,
is
By
:
calf
was destroyed.'
I will
'
earth
2).
Next
'
:
to
it
is
the bust of
will
The Lord
ii.
famish
it
:
'
(Zeph.
1 1).
Above
The ark
made
Dagon.'
just
And
finally, at
The
idols fell
swiftly
when
Christ was
present.'
203
who was the author of the Biblia Pauperum, who conceived the idea of such a book, and who composed the three lines of poetry which
explain the three subjects on each page.
The
rest
compartment
is
not rhythmical, as
it
New Testament."
that
Neverof
Berjeaut
suggests
Vincentius
now acknowledged
to
whom
the engravings
Pauperum
point,
are attributed.
of this, for
most important
this text
artist
who made
the designs.
The
between the drawing of the subject and its Latin explanations shows sufficiently that the artist did not understand the literal meaning of the Latin
This text belongs, therefore, to an earlier period, and the original manuscript may be traced
text." \
* Zoo.
cit., p. 5.
Loc. tit, p. 5.
204
APPENDIX
A.
verse
this
first
arose,
to
which
to the
owes
its origin, is
"By
its
architectural
said to belong
Duomo
Ministo di Firenze.
by John van Eyck, ornamented some costly MS. before being engraved on wood by some of the
figuersnyders so numerous in the Netherlands at
the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the
fifteenth century.
by the
early
German
painters
Hans Hemmling,
&c."
I will
which
11.
2D5
How did
this
and in a time at which a strong religious, or more properly heterodox, movement was prevalent in that country ? How was it that it was just there that art for the first
time emancipated
influence?
itself
kind of picture
from the
official
Byzantine
another very interesting point, viz., when and how far did the apocryphal tales creep into the Christian art of painting
in our block-book
;
on
folio
2,
where
which Christ
of
is
lying,
though no mention
is
made
them
in the Gospels.
They
Or on
folio 6,
fall
left for
moment
as to
as
was
much
older
tried to ex-
plain the
Poor, as
name Biblia Pauperum, or Bible of the the name given to the block-book, which
illustrated
MS.,
zo6
APPENDIX
A.
and
every
is
man was
enabled to buy
it.
But whoever
by a poor man.
text itself,
The name
and
is
must
which
Indeed,
if
we again
to the
New
What
is
two
less
in the
(fol.
i,
5,
8,
10
bis,
12,
18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34,
(2, 6, 9, 18, 26, 35); one from Leviticus (4) four from Numbers (2, 9, 13, 25); one from Deuteronomy (38); four from
38,
39); six
from Exodus
;
(3, 4, 5,
14,
19
bis,
22,
; ;
207
three from
Song
of
Solomon
(30, 31,
40)
one from Ezra (15); one from Esther (36) one from Job (39) two from Maccabees (15, 21)
; ;
New
Matthew
(20)
From
this proportion
we
Bible Historiale
Prophets.
is
The text
itself closely
by us
here
Thus we again
Joseph
with
find
the
is
identification
of
Christ.
Joseph
The quotations
as
To
also
it
bears as
Biblia Pauperum.
The Waldenses were best known under the name of the Poor of Lyons (Pauperes Lugdunenses). Under this name they appeared at the Council in Eome, and under the same name they became famous
for centuries.
208
APPENDIX
a
A.
Many
their
common
And
so
it
got the
name
of
as
the
first
by the
heretical sects,
and
Legend of
are
among the
we have become
The identification of the Poor with the Waldenses, or the Poor of Lyons, is not only not far-fetched, as
it
might seem
is
title,
209
APPENDIX
B.
time
drew attention to a mode of writing employed in some Slavonic books totally different from the
Cyrillian.
name
philology was to
the date and the probable origin of this long-forgotten or totally neglected alphabet.
The most
upon the
at least
agreed upon,
alphabet and
viz.,
its
philo-
and
palseographical.
210
litic
APPENDIX
texts proves
it
B.
to be of the
and to approach
guage which
is
to be the basis of
or
the
Slavonic dialect,
Slavonic literature,
is
more
as
chiefly
Bulgarian
peculiarities,
is
only natural,
when we remember
we do not
is
Among
so hoar
possess,
these texts
find anything of
considered to be
So
To
graphical
as
now comes
as a powerful support.
Just
we
is,
find in the
West
of Europe palimpsests,
that
find
liar
them
thing
Glagolitical,
text written
upon
it.
We know
of
no
211
For these two reasons the Glagolitza, as we will in future term this alphabet, calling the other
Cyrillitza, is
now
universally accepted to
be the
older
by
the opposite of
this,
as
was formerly
The palimpsests
had
Is
also
Cyrillian writers
and
if
the
is
latter,
it
whence
?
is it
formed
My
the
purpose
is
Glagolitic
literature, that
and pub-
myself to the
this oft
We
letters,
have to consider
first
the
forms
of
the
and then the order in which they are Of minor importance, and yet still imarranged.
names the
letters of this
alphabet possess.
The
212
APPENDIX
B.
More-
form of some
letters
of the Cyrillian
As regards this alphabet, it is now proved that the main part of it was taken from the Greek uncial
writing,
to the
for
sounds strange
was
St.
Clemens
it
is
916) in Bulgaria,
his
biography
wise Cyrill
fudraiv
km
-wpbs
to
cra(pecrTpov
e^evpev
crocpos
KvpiWoi).*
The Greek
literature
known
in Bulgaria at that
and
it
known
to adopt
Glagolitic was,
Greek alphabet,
turies before,
at the
just
as
was
done
many
cen-
same spot
in Bulgariaby
Bishop Ulfilas
when he invented the so-called Gothic alphabet. Not so, however, with the order and the names
of the letters
* Miklosich,
;
1859, p. 413.
213
the form
letters
The
of the
alphabet serve
further as ciphers
By
golitza,
More complete than the Cyrillitza is the Glawhich numbers forty signs, as the plate at
There are the forms of
I
now
give the
name
translation,
numerical value,
and pronunciation,
and
vice versa.
number in the plate, and is the same adopted by Kopitar and Miklosich :
the
1.
azii
ego,
:
1, a.
2.
bukuvi
ved^
:
littera, 2, b.
3. 4.
5.
scio, 3, v.
:
glagoli
loquere, 4, g.
dobro
esti
:
bonum,
e.
5, d.
6.
est, 6,
:
7. 8. 9.
zivete
zillo
:
valde, 8, dz.
:
zemiya
:
terra, 9,
i.
z.
10. ize
11.
i
qui, 10,
20,
i.
214
12. 13.
APPENDIX
dya
30,
:
B.
dy (only Glagol.)
k.
1.
kako
quomodo, 40,
:
14. lyudiye
homines, 50,
:
cogitate, 60,
m.
noster, 70, n.
ille,
:
onii
80,
o.
18.
19.
pokoy
rici
:
quies, 90, p.
r. s. t.
die, 100,
:
20. slovo
21.
verbum, 200,
:
tvrudo
:
durum, 300,
22. ukii
doctrina(?), 400, u.
23. frutii
24. 25.
26. 27. cherii
otii
:
500,
f (pb).
600, h.
ab, 700,
o.
sta
ci
:
800,
it (sht).
(tz).
900, c
28. cruvi
29. &a
30. yerfi:
31. yeruy: 32. 33-
(a dull sound).
yen
gti
1.
^ (a kind of yea).
y
^ }
(?n)
(only Cyrill.)
>
(nasal vowels).
(|n)
ye-
40.
ya-
41.
42.
4344.
x (only
th.
u.
Cyrill.)
ps (only Cyrill.)
The
translation
is
The
moods and
215
who
tried to bring
them nearer
to
their
own understanding by
if I
nised,
may
made
was the
It
difficulty
would be
useless to
summarise here
all
that
and mastery
summed up
the
He
upon the
latter to
be
In order
may have
been
Cyril
in use
among the Slovenes, and that therefore " Nevertheless," and Method adopted it.
is
not a
else,"
without, however,
whence
*
it
was
derived.
of
Allgemeine Encyclopiedie
s.
:>.
vol.
Ixviii.,
1859,
pp. 403-422,
Glagolitisch.
216
APPENDIX
B.
is
The
that the
an alphabet originally destined for another language, and in later times adapted to
Glagolitza
the Slavonian.
From
this point of
superfluous
richness
observable
in
the
enumeration above.
original,
serving for
much
so as the other.
the
Glagolitza
has
already
been mentioned.
condemnation renders
reiterate
it
unnecessary for us
to
them and
refute
them.
But
after the
now
deal shortly.
is
The
first
who
suggests
that the Greek cursive alphabet and the combination of signs in the tachygraphical writing of the
complicated
other, that'
mode
To
of passing
be rejected.
may further
217
that sounds like sh, ch, j, and others not existing in the Greek could not be borrowed from these,
letters,
o-^
retained for
as <?x and only nowadays do we decompose the combined sounds into their elements
sound
by
used.
Not much
developed
it
remarkable treatise.*
He assumes
derived was
some
Albanian manuscripts.
characters, but also
Not only the form of the their names are derived from
part has been thoroughly
the Albanian.
The
first
Jagic
and
as to the names,
it
will suffice to
show
and there-
by Cyril
before.
is,
six centuries
from
plural of mesel,
;
lula
Die Albanesischen und Slavischen Schriften, Wien, 1883. + Archiv fur Slav. Philologie.
218
is
APPENDIX
B.
Glagois
my
view
that
Cyril
we must
the time
when
sounds and
it
could
not easily be
known by
Cyril.
Coptic, there
among
signs.
all
This view
may
therefore be disregarded.
and
difference of
form and
which
order, also
consideration,
I
and
it
Nobody has up till now taken into consideration the Armenian alphabet and the other kindred
alphabet of Georgia, so rich in sounds and signs,
that they are unequalled and unsurpassed
others.
by any
litza
The relationship and dependence of the Glagoupon this or another alphabet akin to it of
*
v.
Geitler,
I.
c, pp.
68-1 71.
219
doubt,
and
I will
endeavour to prove
in the following
pages.
Let us
first
examine the
historical conditions
and
alphabets.
As
it
(p.
136), Cyril
was
brought up at the court of Constantinople, receiving the best education, and his knowledge of Eastern
One
of the
most
literature
and a
in
rdle
the
history of Manichaeism.
further noteworthy
that
the Armenians
sent
emissaries
everywhere
halls
and the
of the
and
disputes.
Cyril, the learned
There
is
no doubt that
monk,
who
who took
tinople.
It is
no matter of consequence
to ask
itself,
now
the
origin of the
Armenian alphabet
this
but even
the history
of
invention
is
so
striking
it
an
is
220
APPENDIX
it
B.
(fifth
century),
who succeeded
by
these
means
and
influence
genuine Armenian
first
Church
Bible
and
literature.
He
translated
the
into the
There are
for his
new alphabet.
for
my own
part, derive
against
which
the
Armenians were
avowedly well
ac-
quainted.
similarity
One
show the
But the
Zendic
not so
is
many
supplied from
other
sources.
The
If
chief source
we remember
Moses of
pupils,
Chorene,
famous Armenian
chronicler,
and
nia and
Egypt
easily removed.
Academy
* Sitzungsberichte of the
221
oldest
Greek manuscripts of the Bible preserved in the great library of Alexandria, with their translation
into Armenian.
of a Christian
it
own new
From Armenia
it
own
for instead of
This
makes that alphabet somewhat more similar to the Glagolitza, also characterised by its spirals and
flourishes.
The same alphabet no doubt also spread in South Eussia, and most probably was known in the empire of the Khazars, at that time very powerful,
and having a language judging from the other Turko-Turanian languages to which this belonged rich in both vowels and consonants.
It is at least
same way
as in the
Armenian
alphabet,
562-576, and
vol. xxix.
166-167.
222
APPENDIX
is
B.
which
the same as
we have noted
here in the
Glagolitza,
and hence
in the Cyrillitza.
Our
investigation
if
and this a more modern copy, the Hebrew letter sent by the Khazars to Hisdai ibn Shaprut
in Spain.
genuine,
recently
discovered
and considers
it,
to be from Crete.
As
it
and a any
was no need
the case
to introduce
different letter, as
is
when writing
prove
Nevertheless,
such an influence, as
it offers
way
blance to
What
ence
further induces
me
is
to see in this
MS.
test written by a
Khazar
that there
is
no
differ-
made between
unknown
also to the
this point, it
; ;
223
because the
life
of Cyril
is
many
details his
purpose.
He
the
now
unknown origin of the Glagolitic alphabet, and we proceed to a minute examination to ascertain how far the historical explanation is backed by
the
similarity
between
the
Glagolitza
and
an
alphabet
Georgian.
If
closely
resembling
the
Armenian
and
we now
litical
alphabet in the annexed plates, we can easily detach at least seven as composed from two other
number
are the
The composed
following
31, of
: No.
22, out of 17
+ 3
26, of 29
30+
37
;
10; 38, of 17
40, of 10
37; 39, of 11
37 or
of 6
37 or 30
37 (Miklosich)
224
APPENDIX
B.
side.
30
17
this latter
turned on one
Nos. 30
and 32 seem
that for the
we
leave
moment
unsettled.
i,
The elements of
(it),
q,,
g,
forming
is
No. 26
is
t.
now noteworthy
u.
9,
formed
viz.,
of
and
We
Nos. 8 and
sound,
both
i.
two signs
although
for 0, Nos.
and
25
and what
4,
more
g,
both
same number of
signs,
them representing a
If
distinct sound.
alphabet,
we
shall find it
sibilants, ex-
considered to be doublets of
fore left out, and
c, z,
and
tz,
and
there-
exactly correspond-
ing
number
shall
we
soon
of the Glagolitza.
The similarity
225
vowels,
we
i,
find
in the
vowels
(Glagol., Nos.
;
( = No. 3 3) we find further twice (= Nos. and twice i( = Nos. 10, 11), just as in the 17, 25), Glagolitza, and also that one of the i signs is equally employed as the consonant y, as No. 10 is employed in the combination of Nos. 3 1 and 40. No. 3 1 has an exact parallel in the Armenian ey. In the Arme-
teristic 4
nian
of
we have
and
also a
combined sign
Greek
o-v,
for u, consisting
u, like the
goes
much
observes,* in
old
MSS.
this
sometimes
7),
(No.
is
and in
else
way
the Armenian
nothing
but
We
pass
now
to the consonants,
and
see that
By
this similitude
we
to settle
two
difficult
much
disputed No.
1 2.
To the
texts,
re-
Roumanian
With
gard to the
latter,
we
identify
cit., p.
it
* Loc.
404.
226
APPENDIX
B.
"The
* s now pronounced everywhere as the Arabic ghain y, although it is proved that it was
in
many
cases formerly,
and
still
tury, a kind
of soft
distinI,
the
l."i
now
common
That
is
sented
a special kind of g.
of Miklosich,
Supporting this
is
the view
who
is
to be noted in the
little different
number
was increased to
aspirates,
thirty-eight,
We
v,
compound
u,
composed of
and
We
g,
and everything mentioned in discussing the Armenian. But what is especially characteristic is
the order of the letters in this alphabet, which, I
may
+
Hiibschmann, Ueber Aussprache und Umschreibung des Zeitschrift d. D. M. G-., vol. xxx. 1870, pp. 53-73 ; and Gardthausen, Ueber den griechisohen Ursprung des armenischen AlphaCf. also
Altarmeuischen.
227
The
that
first
come the
letters correspond-
Greek
o-v,
<f>,
^,
and
Georgian
sounds.
of v (consonant) at the
while
r,
little
disturbed between
n and
where y (short ie) is introduced instead of s, and q left out, which is added at the end. Here all the kindred sounds are arranged after their affinity, the gutturals together and the sibilants together and
;
the whole
list finishes
with two
signs,
given in the
and
is
hoe.*
Almost
Only
in the
Georgian and
in the latter
we
alphabet, although not in exactly the same place. The difference to be observed in the Glagolitza
comes from the system of its arranger, who, following his original, grouped the kindred sounds together, so that we have v and b; z, dz, and z; i and i;
g and k;
tz,
ch,
and sh;
;
u, uy,
and
i,
and
all
the
Lepsius,
45
cf.
228
APPENDIX
y,
B.
combinations with,
sponding, as
I
and
lastly the e
and
a, corre-
Georgian
hae and
hoe.
If
we now
this
ment caused by
classification,
we
find
the
exactly
it
the
same
corresponds
varying
only
little
from
it,
for the
same
cause.
can under no
proves,
circumstances
be accidental, and
is
from the
latter.
In the annexed
the graphic
To
In expressing this
the Glagolitic
my
alphabet, I
names of the
and
have
left their
explanation to others,
229
for
my own
part,
seeing in
them undoubted
was
sufficient for
me
by
scholars,
and to
the
origin of the
THE END.
CO.
GLAGOLITIC
GLAGOLITIC
(cyrillian).
ARMENIAN
GEORGIAN.
MODERN AND OLD
PRONUNCIATION.
Z3
&
J(tJy
?
3
/ah.
//
O O
zs
o 9
o
$
it
Q
ui
[VJ
f
c
<*
3
<p>
13 do
4i( bJ,)n&
ly
i*pkcL.e]kce.
3/ 4T[z/J
JL
(Us
p
2
e.
e
e.
35
36
3>1
(l*j
(X)
<
"
H t
M U H
39
*iO
I c
OL
trie
<t
T<
fj
LiOL
44 b
(cy)
hj
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'
deals."
Tablet.
. . .
is not only on the whole the best but the only manual of the religions of from Buddhism, which we have in English. The present work shows not only great knowledge of the facts and power of clear exposition, but also great insight into the inner history and the deeper meaning of the great religion, for it is in reality only one, which it proposes to describe." Modern Review. " The merit of the work has been emphatically recognised by the most authoritative Orientalists, both in this country and on the continent of Europe, But probably there are few Indianists (if we may use the word) who would not derive a good deal of information from it, and especially from the extensive bibliography provided in
" This
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viii.
152,
The
An
By
The system
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M.R.A.S.
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xii.
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CONTENTS OF
I. Some Accounts
II.Report made
of
VOL.
I.
Barton, of his several Surveys. III. Substance of a Letter to the Court of Directors from Mr. John Jesse dated July 20, 1775, at Borneo Proper. IV. Formation of the Establishment of Poolo Peenang.
'
Quedah.
By
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Gum Vine
of
Prince-Wales Island.
By James
IX.
A Botanical
and Pulo-Pinang. By William Roxburgh, M.D. X. An Account of the Inhabitants of the Poggy, or Nassau Islands lyinff off Sumatra. By John Crisp. XI. Remarks on the Species of Pepper which are found on Prince-Wales Island By William Hunter, M.D. XII. On the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations Bv 3 J Leyden, M.D. XIII. Some Account of an Orang-Outang of remarkable height found on the Island of Sumatra. By Clarke Abel, M.D. XIV. Observations on the Geological Appearances and General Features of Portions of the Malayan Peninsula. By Captain James Low. XV. Short Sketch of the Geology of Pulo-Pinang and the Neighbouring Islands
'
"
of Singapore.
Laidlay. XXII. On an Inscription from Keddah. By Lieut. -Col. Low. XXIII. A Notice of the Alphabets of the Philippine Islands. XXIV. Succinct Review of the Observations of the Tides in the Indian Archipelago. XXV. Report on the Tin of the Province of Mergui. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere. XXVI. Report on the Manganese of Mergui Province. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere. XXVII. Paragraphs to be added to Capt. G. B. Tremenheere's Report. XXVIII. Second Report on the Tin of Mergui. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere.
of Iron Ores from Tavoy and Mergui, and of Limestone from Dr. A. Ure. Visit to the Pakchan River, and of seme Tin Localities in the of a XXX. Southern Portion of the Tenasserim Provinces. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere. XXXI Report on a Route from the Mouth of the Pakchan to Krau, and thence across the Isthmus of Krau to the Gulf of Siam. By Capt. Al. Fraser and Capt. J. G.
XVII. Inscription on the Jetty at Singapore. XVIII. Extract of a Letter from Colonel J. Low.
XIX. Inscription at Singapore. XX. An Account of Several Inscriptions found in Province Wellesley. By Lieut. Col. James Low. XXI. Note on the Inscriptions from Singapore and Province Wellesley. By J. W.
XXIX. Analysis
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Mergui.
Report
Forlong.
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,
CONTENTS OF
VOL.
II,
XXXV.-Catalogue of Mammalia inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. By Theodore Cantor, M.D. XXXVI. On the Local and Relative Geology of Singapore. By J. R. Logan. XXXVII. Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting 4the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. By Theodore Cantor, M.D. XXXVIII. Some Account of the Botanical Collection brought from the Eastward, in 1841, by Dr. Cantor. By the late W. Griffith. XXXIX. Oa the Flat-Horned Taurine Cattle of S.E. Asia. By B. Blyth.
XL. Note, by Major-General G.
Index Index
General Index. of Vernacular Terms.
of Zoological
B. Tremenheere.
II.
treat of almost every aspect of Indo-China its philology, economy, geography, geology and constitute a very material and important contribution to our accessible information regarding that country and its people." Contemporary Review.
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St.
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THE
NITI
LITERATURE OF BURMA.
of the
By JAMES GRAY,
Author of "Elements
of Pali Grammar," "Translation Dhammapada," &c.
The Sanscrit-Pali word Niti is equivalent to "conduct" in its abstract and "guide" in its concrete signification. As applied to books, it is a general term for a treatise which includes maxims, pithy sayings, and
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MANAVA-DHARMA-CASTRA;
THE CODE OF MANU.
Original Sanskrit Text, with Critical Notes.
By
J.
JOLLY,
Ph.D.,
Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Wurzburg ; late Tagore ProfesBor of Law in the University of Calcutta.
Great
The date assigned by Sir William Jones to this Code the well-known Law Book of the Hindus is 1250-500 B.C., although the rules and
it
had probably existed as tradition for countless ages before. There has been no reliable edition of the Text for Students for many years past, and it is believed, therefore, that Prof. Jolly's work will supply a want long felt.
precepts contained in
In
Two
ALBERUNI'S INDIA:
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GEOGRAPHY, CHRONOLOGY, ASTRONOMY, CUSTOMS, LAW, AND ASTROLOGY (aboot a.d. 1031).
Translated into English.
Prof.
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University of Berlin.
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HWUI
LI and
YEN-TSUNG.
of I-TsiNG.
(Trin. Coll., Carat.); Professor of Chinese, University College, Rector of Wark, Northumberland, &c.
London;
Author
of
Legend
of
the Pilgrim Hiuen Tsiang returned from his travels in India, he took up his abode in the Temple of " Great Benevolence ; " this convent had been constructed by the Emperor in honour of the Empress, Wen-te-hau. After Hiuen Tsiang's death, his disciple, Hwui Li, composed a work which gave an account of his illustrious Master's travels ; this work when he completed he buried, and refused to discover its place of concealment. But previous to his death he revealed its whereabouts to Yen-tsung, by whom it was finally revised and published. This is " The Life of Hiuen Tsiang." It is a valuable sequel to the Si-yu-ki, correcting and illustrating it in many
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