Fluid 08
Fluid 08
Fluid 08
Jyh-Cherng Shieh
Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering National Taiwan University 12/24/2007 1
MAIN TOPICS
General Characteristics of Pipe Flow Fully Developed Laminar Flow Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow Pipe Flow Examples Pipe Flowrate Measurement
Introduction
Flows completely bounded by solid surfaces are called INTERNAL FLOWS which include flows through pipes (Round cross section), ducts (NOT Round cross section), nozzles, diffusers, sudden contractions and expansions, valves, and fittings. The basic principles involved are independent of the cross-sectional shape, although the details of the flow may be dependent on it. The flow regime (laminar or turbulent) of internal flows is primarily a function of the Reynolds number. BLaminar flow: Can be solved analytically. BTurbulent flow: Rely Heavily on semi-empirical theories and experimental data.
3
Pipe System
A pipe system include the pipes themselves (perhaps of more than one diameter), the various fittings, the flowrate control devices valves) , and the pumps or turbines.
11
V = 2100 / D = 0 .486 ft / s
V V = = .... = 8 .85 s t= 2 Q ( / 4 ) D V
12
13
14
15
ll = 0.06R e D
ll 1/ 6 = 4.4R e D
16
17
The magnitude of the pressure gradient is larger than that in the fully developed region.
p p = <0 x l
18
20
r V =0 t
r r u Fully developed V V = u i = 0 x
21
Fx = ma x
The force balance
2
p 2 p1r (p p )r l(2r ) = 0 = r l
2
Basic balance in forces needed to drive each fluid particle along the pipe with constant velocity Independent of r
Not function of r
Not function of r
p 2 = l r
? = Cr
B.C. r=0 =0 r=D/2 = w
2 w r = D
22
Laminar du = dr
23
4 l w p = D
2r 2 2r 2 1 = VC 1 D D 2 r w D 1 u(r) = 4 R pD 2 u(r) = 16 l
24
Poiseuilles Law
Valid for Laminar flow only
25
26
p p l sin
p l sin 2 = l r
Vaverage
( p l sin )D 2 =
32l
(p l sin )D 4 Q= 128l
27
28
The flow is laminar flow 128 l Q p = p1 p 2 = = ... = 20 .4 kPa 4 D If the pipe is on the hill of angle with p=0
sin =
30
r r p r r V r 2 + V V = + g + V t
Steady flow
For steady, fully developed flow in a pipe, the velocity contains only an axial component, which is a function of r r only the radial coordinate V = u ( r ) i
31
r r 2 p + gk = V
The flow is governed by a balance of pressure, weight, and viscous forces in the flow direction.
r V = 0
32
p p p = const. = x x l
Integrating
p = F ( V , l, D , )
Dimensional analysis an unknown function of the length to diameter ratio of the pipe.
D p l = V D
34
l V 2 p = f D 2
D p l f= V 2 2
f is termed the friction factor, or sometimes the Darcy friction factor.
64 8 w f= = Re V 2
4 l w p = D
36
38
pD4 = Kp Q= 128l
1 .60 10 5 K=
pD 4 l w p = w = = ... = 1.24lb / ft 2 D 4l
39
The values of these two forces are the same. The net force is zero; there is no acceleration.
40
46
1 u= T
tO +T
tO
u (x , y, z, t )dt
u' = u u
u = u + u'
47
t +T
O
tO
(u')2 dt > 0
t O +T 2
tO
(u') dt u
2
The larger the turbulence intensity, the larger the fluctuations of the velocity. Welldesigned wind tunnels have typical value of =0.01, although with extreme care, values as low as =0.0002 have been obtained. 48
yx
du = dy
51
u' v'
u' v' 0
is called Reynolds stress introduced by Osborne Reynolds. As we approach wall, and is zero at the wall (the wall tends to suppress the fluctuations.)
52
53
54
turb
?
du = dy
This extension of of laminar flow terminology was introduced by J. Boussubesq, a French scientist, in 1877.
There is no general, all-encompassing, useful model that can accurately predict the shear stress throughout a general incompressible, viscous turbulent flow.
56
u * = ( w / )
1/ 2
yu * 0 5
58
u yu = 2 .5 ln + 5 .0 u y
Determined experimentally
yu for > 30
U u R = 2 .5 ln u y
for
yu * 5-7 30
59
u yu = * u
yu u = 2.5 ln + 5.0 u y
60
r = 1 R
1/ n
62
su =5
*
s = 5 * u
Dp w = = ... = 64.8N / m 2 4l
u * = ( w / )
1/ 2
= ... = 0 .255 m / s
The centerline velocity can be obtained from the average velocity and the assumption of a power-law velocity profile
Q 0 .04 m 3 / s V= = = 5 .09 m / s 2 A ( 0 .1m ) / 4
R e = VD / = ... = 5 .07 10 5
63
u y = U R
1/ n
r = 1 R
1/ n
V 2n 2 = Vc ( n + 1)( 2 n + 1)
Vc = ... = 6 .04 m / s
2 w r D
n=8.4
R e = VD / = ... = 5 .07 10 5
64
lam
du Vc r = = 1 dr nR R
(1 n ) / n
= 0.0266 N / m 2
65
66
& +W Shaft
in
& Q net
r r r r e d V + e V n dA in + nn V n dA = CS CV CS t r r r r & + WShaft in = e d V + e V n dA nn V n dA CS CS t CV
Energy equation
r r r p V2 & & + + + gz)V ndA = Q e dV + ( u net in + WShaft in CS t CV 2
V2 e=u+ + gz 2
67
68
p + Enthalpy h = u
& m
p out
out u in q net u
in
=0
Frictionless flow
70
out u in q net u
in
>0
Frictional flow
= loss
71
& m
2 2 p out Vout pin Vin out u in q net in ) + + gzout = + + gzin + w shaft net in ( u 2 2
g
Shaft head
hS =
w shaft net in g
Head loss h L =
loss g
72
For turbine h s = h T ( h T > 0 ) hT is turbine head For pump h s = h P hp is pump head The actual head drop across the turbine The actual head drop across the pump
h T = ( h s + h L )T
h p = (hs h L )p
73
h L = h L major + h L min or
74
p1 p 2 p >>> = = hL g g
75
64 l V 2 = 64 VD R e D 2
Friction Factor
f = p(D / l ) / (V 2 / 2 )
f la min ar
64 = Re
76
p = F(V , D , l, , , )
77
l p = Re, 2 1 D D 2 V
f Re, D
78
79
80
82
83
f=64/Re==0.0467
l 1 p = f V 2 = ... = 0 .179 kPa D2
84
85
87
l eq V 2 V2 =f h Lmin or = K L 2g D 2g D l eq = K L f
The actual value of KL is strongly dependent on the geometry of the component considered. It may also dependent on the fluid properties. That is
K L = (geometry, Re)
88
K L = ( geometry)
90
92
94
A1 KL = 1 A 2
95
Carefully designed guide vanes help direct the flow with less unwanted swirl and disturbances.
96
(a) globe valve (b) gate valve (c) swing check valve (d) stop check valve
97
98
99
100
p 9 V9 2 p1 V12 + + z1 = + + z 9 + h L19 2g 2g
h L19
p1 p 9 =
p1 p 9 hp = = h L19
The actual power supplied to the air (horsepower, Pa) is obtained from the fan head by
Pa = Qh p = A 5 V5 h p = A 5 V5 h L19
102
103
The hydraulic diameter concept can be applied in the approximate range <ar<4. So the correlations for pipe flow give acceptably accurate results for rectangular ducts.
105
106
108
109
h L f V2 = l D 2g
For given pressure and temperature =1.8910-4ft2/s
VD Re = = 35300
110
(2)
Have three unknown (a,f, and Reh) and three equation Eqs. 1, 2, and either in graphical form the Moody chart or the Colebrook equation
Find a
111
L major
+ h L min or
by judicious choice of points 1 and 2 we can analyze not only the entire pipe system, but also just a certain section of it that we may be interested in.
Major loss
h Lmajor
l V f D 2g
Minor loss
h Lmin or
V = KL 2g
113
114
115
116
The flow rate leads to the Reynolds number and hence the friction factor for the flow. Tabulated data can be used for minor loss coefficients and equivalent lengths. The energy equation can then be used to directly to obtain the pressure drop.
117
The flow rate leads to the Reynolds number and hence the friction factor for the flow. Tabulated data can be used for minor loss coefficients and equivalent lengths. The energy equation can then be rearranged and solved directly for the pipe length.
118
119
p1 = z 2 + ( V2 V ) + h L
1 2
2 1
(b) If the only losses included are the major losses, the head loss is
l V12 hL = f D 2g
Moody chart
= 0.000005 / D = 8 10 5 Re = 45000
p1 = z 2 + 1 1 ) + f 2 ( V2 V
2 2 2 1
f=0.0215
V2 p1 = 21.3psi + K L 2
2 ( 8 . 70 ft / s ) = 21.3psi + (1.94slugs / ft 3 ) [10 + 4(1.5) + 2] 2
123
124
p 2 V2 p1 V1 + + z1 + h P = + + z2 + h L 2g 2g
Assume that z1=z2, p1=p2=V1=V2=0 (large, open tank) Minor losses are negligible because of the large length-todiameter ratio of the relatively straight, uninterrupted pipe.
l V2 hL = hP = f = ... = 17700ft D 2g
f=0.0124 from Moody chart /D=(0.00015ft)/(4ft), Re=..
125
126
128
129
130
131
(1)
132
We have three relationships (Eq. 1, 2, and the /D=0.0015 curve of the Moody chart) from which we can solve for the three unknowns f, Re, and V. This is done easily by iterative scheme as follows. Assume f=0.022V=10.4ft/s (Eq. 1)Re=19,300 (Eq.2)f=0.029 Assume f=0.029 V=10.1ft/sRe=18,800 f=0.029
Q = AV = ... = 0.881ft /s
3
133
134
Where p1=V1= p2=z2=0, z1=90ft, and V2=V, the fluid velocity in the pipe
l V2 hL = f = 0.0932V 2ft D 2g
3
hT =
Pa 561 = ... = ft Q V
136
137
Q 2.55 V= = 2 A D
D = 0.404f
1/5
(1)
138
We have four equations (Eq. 1, 2, 3, and either the Moody chart or the Colebrook equation) and four unknowns (f, D, /D, and Re) from which the solution can be obtained by trial-and-error methods.
140
Q 33.1 V= = 2 A D
We have four equations (Eq. 1, 2, 3, and either the Moody chart or the Colebrook equation) and four unknowns (f, D, /D, and Re) from which the solution can be obtained by trial-and-error methods.
Multiple-Path Systems
Series and Parallel Pipe System
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 h LA B = h L1 + h L 2 + h L 3
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
h L1 = h L 2 = h L 3
143
Multiple-Path Systems
Multiple Pipe Loop System
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
2 2 p B VB p A VA + + zA = + + z B + h L1 + h L 2 (1 2 ) 2g 2g 2 2 p A VA p B VB + + zA = + + z B + h L1 + h L 3 (1 3) 2g 2g h L 2 = h L3
144
Multiple-Path Systems
Three-Reservoir System
If valve (1) was closed, reservoir B reservoir C If valve (2) was closed, reservoir A reservoir C If valve (3) was closed, reservoir A reservoir B Q With all valves open . 1 = Q 2 + Q3
2 2 p A VA p B VB + + zA = + + z B + h L1 + h L 2 (A B) 2g 2g 2 2 p B VB pC VC + + zB = + + z C + h L 2 + h L 3 (B C ) 2g 2g
145
146
l 1 V12 l 3 V32 + f3 z A = f1 D1 2g D 3 2g
l 2 V22 l 3 V32 + f3 zB = f2 D 2 2g D 3 2g
No solution to Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 with real, positive values of V1, V2, and V3. Thus, our original assumption of flow out of
148
(5) (6)
Solve
V1 = 15.9ft / s V2 = 2.88ft / s
149
150
A 2 2 1 A 1
V2 =
2 ( p1 p 2 ) 1 ( A 2 / A1 )2
Q ideal = V2 A 2 = A 2
2(p 1 p 2 ) (1 (D 2 /D 1 ) 4 )
Q ideal
Q actual ??
152
Q actual = C o Q ideal = C o A o
A 0 = d 2 / 4
2 ( p1 p 2 ) (1 4 )
Orifice meter discharge coefficient
153
C o = C o ( = d / D , Re = VD / )
Q actual = C n Q ideal = C n A n
2 ( p1 p 2 ) (1 4 )
Q actual = C V Q ideal = C V A T
A T = d 2 / 4
2 ( p1 p 2 ) (1 4 )
156
157
158