Transient Harmonic Analysis of Transformer

TRANSIENT HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Technology In Electrical Engineering By Nikhil Mallikarjun(10502040) Devdutta Sahoo(10502044)
Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela

2009
TRANSIENT HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Technology In Electrical Engineering By Nikhil Mallikarjun(10502040) Devdutta Sahoo(10502044)
Under the Guidance of Prof. Sharmili Das
Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela

2009
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled TRANSIENT HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER submitted by Shri Nikhil Mallikarjun and Shri Devdutta Sahoo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electrical Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (Deemed University) is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Date : Place:
Prof. Sharmili Das Dept. of Electrical Engg. National Institute of technology Rourkela-769008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to articulate our deep gratitude to our project guide Prof. Sharmili Das who has always been our motivation for carrying out the project. We wish to extend our sincere thanks to Prof. B.D. Subudhi, Head of our Department, for his invaluable guidance. It is our pleasure to refer Microsoft Word exclusive of which the compilation of this report would have been impossible. Also it would not have been possible to complete the project without the simulation softwareMATLAB. A project of this nature could never have been attempted with our reference to and inspiration from the works of others whose details are mentioned in references section. We acknowledge our indebtedness to all of them. Last but not the least, our sincere thanks to all our friends who have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.
Nikhil Mallikarjun Devadutta Sahoo
ABSTRACT
The project focuses on the harmonic analysis of transformer during the switching transient period. Analysis is made using Discrete Time Fourier Transforms (DTFT). Measuring fundamental and second harmonics of differential current, an algorithm based on the Discrete Fourier Transform and an amplitude estimator are used to simulate and list various harmonic components of current and flux. Generalized functions for describing the relationships between resultant flux and harmonic components are derived. This is important to find these relations for further use in detecting non-linearity and elimination of harmonic components.
PROJECT DEFINITION:
This project will focus on carrying a transient analysis of a transformer. The components of current and magnetizing flux are derived and the hysteresis loop is to be plotted. The current and flux relations with respect to time are simulated for different conditions of phase angle and Residual Flux. Generalized functions for describing the relationships between resultant flux and harmonic components were derived.
AIMS:
Determine the relationship between Magnetizing Field (H) and harmonic components of flux. Determine the magnitude and relative percentages of the different harmonic components of current in a single-phase transformer in variation with respect to the phase angle (switching constant) and Residual Flux. Simulate the harmonic distribution and hysteresis relations derived from above.
INTRODUCTION
A literature survey to document the transient behavior of CT's behavior was conducted. Harmonic analysis of current transformer is made using Discrete Time Fourier Transforms (DTFT). Measuring fundamental and second harmonics of differential current, an algorithm based on the Discrete Fourier Transform and an amplitude estimator which uses 20 samples in order to find the magnitudes of harmonics are used. Magnitudes of harmonic frequencies are obtained by discrete Fourier transform, using a sliding window of one cycle.
Harmonic analysis shows high even harmonics in current. Even harmonics are the characteristic harmonics of transformer saturation and they are used to restrain the operation of differential protection of the transformer during energizing. Even harmonics are not common in power systems and basically depict the asymmetry between the positive and negative half-cycle of waveform.
Transients and Switching transients
Transients: It means any sudden change in the circuit, i.e. either closing the circuit or opening the circuits. The transients are two types in power transformer, switching transients and over-voltage transients. Due to transients the behavior of a system has got two components, steady state and transient. Sometimes the initial transient of a system has a very high value, it is known as inrush.
Transients in a 1- R-L circuit in switching operation

The equation of the given circuit is Ri + L (di/dt) = Vmax (sin(wt + )) I(t) = Imax (sin(wt + - )) + A e-(R/L)t & A = -I max (sin(- )) = atan(wL/R) Imax = Vm/ (R2 + (w L) 2 )1/2 And If = ; There will be no transient; the current has got only steady part. (1) (2) (3)
Case 1: Initial inrush will be minimum, When switching angle = power factor angle And inrush will be maximum, when - = 90 II Switching of a 1- Transformer: Neglecting the leakage reactance of the primary and secondary & assuming the no-load, the transformer primary side emf equation can be written as: Vs = rpip + Ip(dip/dt) +es; ep -> Primary induced voltage es -> Secondary induced voltage es -> equivalent Secondary induced voltage ep = -(d/dt) = npm; m = f(ip); Solving eqn (4) & (5), the behavior of current transient of transformer can be predicted, but for that m has to be determined correctly. m is dependent of the nature of the core, since it is nonlinear in nature, it introduces certain complexity. So overall eqn (4) & (5) and the non-linear nature of transformer core determines the initial transient or inrush nature. (5) (4)
Introduction
Transformer exhibit inrush phenomenon during initial energization. Due to flux symmetry or temporary over fluxing, which gives rise to high current at the initial energization of a transformer core. The saturation of one or more cores results in high magnitude of current. Being high magnitude of current, the transformer energizing current is full of harmonics. Both even and odd harmonics occur during energization. They can excite system resonance resulting in dynamic over voltage.
Factors: Point on voltage wave switching Magnitude and polarity of remnant flux Total resistance of primary winding circuit Inductance of the air core Geometry of the transformer core Maximum flux carrying capability of the core material
Impacts Large inrush current causes the voltage dips in the supply system. Which leads to mal operation of sensitive electronics equipment and interrupt manufacturing process. It will be highly unbalanced among 3-, unbalance caused by inrush current could easily result in motor tripping. The waveform of an inrush current is far from sinusoidal containing a lot of high frequency component; such harmonics excite resonances in the system causing significant magnification of voltage or currents at various locations in the system which can damage sensitive electronics equipment, surge suppressor over heating, capacitor fuse blowing and failure. The dc component of the inrush current can lead to oscillatory torque in motors resulting in increase in motor vibration and aging.
Mitigation Over sizing fuse Series resistance insertion Ground resistor insertion Controlled closing or controlled energization or point on voltage wave switching. Soft starting
Inrush analysis can be carried out in four steps these are Identification Determination and discrimination Calculation Mitigation This current has been a problem in the design and performance of differential protective relays used in power transmission and distribution system. Power transformers play an important role in power system, so in order to ensure the safe operation of these transformers.
Calculation
Inrush magnetizing current and its waveform is calculated -> Numerical analysis using MATLAB Transformer equivalent model can be represented as Ri + [L (i) + LL](di/dt) = (2)1/2Emax (sinwt); The magnitude and peak of inrush current waveform is dependent On instant of switching Remnant flux density
For a single phase transformer, equation can be written as Ri + L di +dm/dt = Emax sin(wt); Neglecting L Ri +dm/dt = Emax sin(wt); m = Nm
m = f(im) dm = [(Emax sin(wt) Ri)dt]/N; dBm =d(m)A; Bm = Bm + dBm; as Hm = F(Bm) Im = (Hml)/N; So, the value of current can be determined by solving above equation. Generally an inrush current transient is 10 to 20 times the rated value and it lasts for 20 to 3600 cycles. Without considering Residual Flux Considering Residual Flux Transformer Rating -> 150 MVA, 500 KV ASSUMPTION i> ii> Residual flux is generally in the range between 20 to 70% Flux Pattern is like one near zero and other two +/- values.
This method is applicable to both 1 and 3 transformer circuit. The basic assumptions behind induced flux linkage (prospective flux) are the integral of the applied voltage and it lags it by 90. As given by the equation: Ri + L (di/dt) +dm/dt = Emax sin(wt)dt; Neglecting the drops Or, m dt = 1/N Emax sin(wt)dt; Or, t = r + 1/N Emax sin(wt)dt;
If residual flux left in the core, then flux builds up from that level and sinusoidal flux wave symmetry will be dc offset by the residual flux amount. In order to limit such asymmetry, at the instant of energization the residual flux should be equal to the applied flux (i.e. prospective flux). So that flux wave follows the normal pattern without any offset.
Case 1: Single phase transformer As given in the equation & the figure given above, without residual flux, flux will maintain steady state if it starts from zero. i.e. if t = 0.0, at (t=0 & r=0) -> steady state symmetry (no inrush) Here = 90. In case of loaded circuit optimal instant of switiching is
= -> w.r.t. flux wave = 90 + -> w.r.t. voltage wave
Case 2: Single phase transformer with residual flux As given previously the reason behind magnetic asymmetry which resulted either due to residual flux or point on switching voltage wave. Point on voltage switching means the different instant on voltage wave at which the transformer is re-energized, depending on that instant flux builds up from a particular dc offset level. i.e. minimum, when Vs(t) = Emax -> = 90; & maximum, when Vs(t) = 0.0 -> = 0 or = 180 and t = 2max or -2max; For the remnant flux case, when transformer is re-energized, the flux builds up from the previous remnant value and the maximum value of remnant to which the flux builds up depends upon the instant of switching. At, Worst switching -> t = r + 2max; This asymmetry can be nullified if transformer is switched on when; The applied flux value is same as residual flux i.e. = sin-1 (r/max) -> w.r.t. flux wave = 90 + sin-1 (r/max) -> w.r.t. voltage wave Where -> Switching instant optimal -> power factor angle.
Simulation MATLAB MODEL
t Clock T
Scope
A N B C
CB2
i -
iexc 1 2 iexc
Source
Tr1
A N B C
Source1
Scope5
CB1
Continuous pow ergui
4 Multimeter
<> Demux
Scope2 Scope1 iexc1 iexc1
Scope4
iexc2 iexc2
Phase Angle = 0, Residual Flux = 0.0

FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
DC component = 56.69 , THD= 246.07% 100 80

Mag
60 40 20 0
200
400 600 Frequency (Hz)
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 150 100 50 0 -50 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 Time (s)
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 18.64 , THD= 261.56% 35 30 25

Mag
20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
Current vs. Time
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

DC component = 63.68 , THD= 241.67% 120 100 80

Mag
60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 19.88 , THD= 262.87% 40
30
Mag
20
10
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s) 0.05
DC component = 70.78 , THD= 237.40% 140 120 100

Mag
80 60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 21.06 , THD= 263.80% 40
30
Mag
20
10
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

DC component = 78.07 , THD= 233.12% 150
100
Mag
50
200
800
1000
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 22.21 , THD= 264.28%
40 30
Mag
20 10
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 600 400 200 0 -200
0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
DC component = 85.49 , THD= 228.95% 150
100
Mag
50 0
200
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 Time (s) DC component = 23.31 , THD= 264.52%
40 30
Mag
20 10 0
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
150
Mag
100
50
200
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 Time (s) DC component = 25.35 , THD= 264.77% 50 40 30 20 10 0
Mag
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
0.05
DC component = 108.1 , THD= 217.72% 200
150
Mag
100
50
200
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 Time (s) 0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 26.28 , THD= 264.85% 50 40

Mag
30 20 10 0
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
0.05
DC component = 115.8 , THD= 214.17% 200
150
Mag
100
50
200
800
1000
DC component = 27.2 , THD= 264.70% 50 40

Mag
30 20 10 0
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
0.05
200 150
Mag
100 50 0
200
800
1000
50 40
Mag
30 20 10 0
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time
600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
DC component = 131.6 , THD= 207.36% 250 200 150

Mag
100 50 0
200
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 Time (s) 60 50 40
Mag
0.062 0.064 0.066
30 20 10 0
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
DC component = 139.6 , THD= 204.06% 250 200 150 100 50 0
Mag
200
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 Time (s) DC component = 29.74 , THD= 263.82% 60 50 40
Mag
30 20 10 0
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
DC component = 147.5 , THD= 200.99% 250 200

Mag
150 100 50 0
200
800
1000
DC component = 30.5 , THD= 263.63% 60 50 40

Mag
30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
Current vs. Time

600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
Flux vs. Time

2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

DC component = 163.6 , THD= 194.97% 300 250 200

Mag
150 100 50 0
200
800
1000
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 31.93 , THD= 263.04% 60 50 40

Mag
30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
Current vs. Time

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Flux vs. Time

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

DC component = 171.9 , THD= 191.97% 300 250 200

Mag
150 100 50 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 32.61 , THD= 262.64% 60 50 40

Mag
30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
Current vs. Time

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Flux vs. Time
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16

DC component = 180 , THD= 189.08% 300 250 200

Mag
150 100 50 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
0.062 0.064 0.066
DC component = 33.25 , THD= 262.29% 60 50

Mag
40 30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000
Current vs. Time

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000 -100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Flux vs. Time

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Phase Angle = 90; Residual Flux = 0.0

FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 10 5 0 -5 -10
0.034 0.036 0.038
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)
0.05
Fundamental (60Hz) = 6.241 , THD= 24.35% 1.5
1
Mag
0.5
200
800
1000
FFT window: 1 of 9 cycles of selected signal 10 5 0 -5 -10 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06 Time (s)
0.062 0.064 0.066
Fundamental (60Hz) = 6.621 , THD= 24.73% 1.5
1
Mag
0.5
200
800
1000
Current vs. Time

6
-2
-4
-6
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Flux vs. Current
-2
-4
-6 -6
-4
-2
Flux vs. Time

6
-2
-4
-6
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Tabulation r
DC offset (0 Hz)
Fund h1 (60 h2 (120 Hz) Hz) 104.14 116.36 128.67 141.11 153.61 178.52 190.87 203.27 215.60 227.90 240.14 252.13 275.82 287.52 298.96 75.23 83.00 90.49 97.69 104.55 117.20 122.97 128.35 133.32 137.86 141.96 145.68 151.72 153.99 155.81
h3 (180 Hz)
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80
56.69 63.68 70.78 78.07 85.49 100.52 108.10 115.84 123.65 131.56 139.58 147.51 163.63 171.85 180.04
47.26 50.45 53.09 55.13 56.59 58.00 58.01 57.48 56.47 55.00 53.07 50.91 45.43 42.10 38.59
Calculation
Resultant Flux vs. DC offset (0 Hz)

200 y = 2.9e+004*x 10 - 1.2e+005*x 9 + 2e+005*x 8 - 1.7e+005*x 7 + 8.3e+004*x 6 - 2.1e+004*x 5 + 2e+003*x 4 + 1.4e+002*x 3 - 7.6*x 2 + 1.4e+002*x + 57 150
100 data 1 10th degree
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Resultant Flux vs. Fundamental Harmonic (h1 60 Hz)
300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 data 1 10th degree y = 4.1e+004*x 10 - 1.7e+005*x 9 + 2.8e+005*x 8 - 2.5e+005*x 7 + 1.3e+005*x 6 - 3.6e+004*x 5 + 5.4e+003*x 4 - 3.2e+002*x 3 + 21*x 2 + 2.4e+002*x + 1e+002
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Resultant Flux vs. 2nd Harmonic (h2 120 Hz)
160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 data 1 10th degree y = - 2.1e+004*x 10 + 9.4e+004*x 9 - 1.7e+005*x 8 + 1.8e+005*x 7 1.1e+005*x 6 + 4e+004*x 5 - 9.1e+003*x 4 + 1.1e+003*x 3 1.2e+002*x 2 + 1.6e+002*x + 75
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Resultant Flux vs. 3rd Harmonic (h3 180 Hz)
60 y = - 4.7e+004*x 10 + 2e+005*x 9 - 3.4e+005*x 8 + 3.2e+005*x 7 55 1.8e+005*x 6 + 5.8e+004*x 5 - 1.1e+004*x 4 + 1e+003*x 3 1.6e+002*x 2 + 70*x + 47
50
45
40
data 1 10th degree
35
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Results:
The Generalized Functions where calculated to be:
Resultant Flux vs. DC offset (0 Hz) -> 2.9e + 004*x10 1.2e + 005*x9 + 2e + 005*x8 1.7e + 005*x7 + 8.3e + 004*x6 2.1e + 004*x5 + 2e + 003*x4 1.4e + 002*x3 7.6*x2 + 1.4e + 002*x + 57 Resultant Flux vs. Fundamental Harmonic (h1 60 Hz) -> 4.1e + 004*x10 1.7e + 005*x9 + 2.8e + 005*x8 2.5e + 0.005*x7 + 1.3e + 005*x6 3.6e + 0.004*x5 + 5.4e + 003*x4 3.2e + 002*x3 + 21*x2 + 2.4e + 002*x + 1e + 002 Resultant Flux vs. 2nd Harmonic (h2 120 Hz) -> -2.1e + 004*x10 + 9.4e + 004*x9 1.7e + 005*x8 + 1.8e + 005*x7 + 1.1e + 005*x6 + 4e + 004*x5 9.1e + 003*x4 + 1.1e + 003*x3 1.2e + 002*x2 + 1.6e + 002*x + 75 Resultant Flux vs. 3rd Harmonic (h3 180 Hz) -> -4.7e + 004*x10 + 2e + 005*x9 3.4e + 005*x8 + 3.2e + 005*x7 - 1.8e + 005*x6 + 5.8e + 004*x5 1.1e + 004*x4 + 1e + 003*x3 1.6e + 002*x2 + 70*x + 47
Exponential Form: Resultant Flux vs. DC offset (0 Hz) -> 1.1e5x - 11e4x +46e3x - 1.3e002e2x + 3e002 ex 1.5e002 Resultant Flux vs. Fundamental Harmonic (h1 60 Hz) -> 1.4e5x 17e4x + 92e3x 2.9e002e2x + 6.1e002ex 2.9e002 Resultant Flux vs. 2nd Harmonic (h2 120 Hz) -> 3.3e5x - 39e4x + 1.9e002e3x - 5 e002e2x + 7.2 e002ex - 3 e002 Resultant Flux vs. 3rd Harmonic (h3 180 Hz) -> 9.3e5x 95e4x + 4 e002e3x 8.5 e002e2x + 9.2 e002ex - 3.3 e002
Conclusion
The study of inrush currents and its effects on harmonics was carried out in detail. The harmonic distortion was simulated using MATLAB for various residual fluxes; the relationships for characteristics of current and flux were plotted over time. Generalized functions for describing the relationships between resultant flux and harmonic components were derived.
Future Plans:
Harmonic components are identified to get the non-linearity of the core, this can be used in the elimination of the harmonics.
REFERENCES
[1] Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice, S.V.Kulkarni and S.A.Khaparde, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (Mumbai), India. 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. [2] Influence of design and operating practices on excitation on generator step-up transformer. G.W. Alexander, S. L. Corbin, and McNutt. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-85, No. 8, August 1966, pp. 901909. [3] Tian Mingxing School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Li Qunfeng R & D Department Harmonic analysis of a exciters exciting current on a brushless AC Generator with a rotary rectifier. [4] Harmonic Power Flow Determination using FFT, Timothy A. George, IEEE [5] Measurement and characterization of Harmonic and high frequency distribution in an industrial load. [6] C-L Huang C. E. Lin, C.L Cheng and J.C. Yeh. Investigation of magnetization inrush current in transformer. (i) Numerical Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 8(1):246-254, Jan 1993 [7] C-L Huang C. E. Lin, C.L Cheng and J.C. Yeh. Investigation of magnetization inrush current in transformer. (ii) Harmonic Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 8(1):256-263, Jan 1993

Transient Harmonic Analysis of Transformer

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TRANSIENT HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER

Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela

TRANSIENT HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER

Under the Guidance of Prof. Sharmili Das

Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela

National Institute of Technology Rourkela

Nikhil Mallikarjun Devadutta Sahoo

Transients and Switching transients

Transients in a 1- R-L circuit in switching operation

= -> w.r.t. flux wave = 90 + -> w.r.t. voltage wave

Simulation MATLAB MODEL

Continuous pow ergui

Scope2 Scope1 iexc1 iexc1

Phase Angle = 0, Residual Flux = 0.0

DC component = 56.69 , THD= 246.07% 100 80

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

0.062 0.064 0.066

DC component = 18.64 , THD= 261.56% 35 30 25

20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000

Current vs. Time

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50

Flux vs. Current

Flux vs. Time

Phase Angle = 0, Residual Flux = 0.05

DC component = 63.68 , THD= 241.67% 120 100 80

60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000

0.062 0.064 0.066

DC component = 19.88 , THD= 262.87% 40

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

Current vs. Time

Flux vs. Current

Flux vs. Time

Phase Angle = 0, Residual Flux = 0.1

DC component = 70.78 , THD= 237.40% 140 120 100

80 60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 Frequency (Hz) 800 1000

0.062 0.064 0.066

DC component = 21.06 , THD= 263.80% 40

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

Current vs. Time

Flux vs. Current

Flux vs. Time

Phase Angle = 0, Residual Flux = 0.15

DC component = 78.07 , THD= 233.12% 150

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

0.062 0.064 0.066

DC component = 22.21 , THD= 264.28%

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

Current vs. Time

Flux vs. Current

Flux vs. Time

Phase Angle = 0, Residual Flux = 0.2

0.034 0.036 0.038

0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 Time (s)

DC component = 85.49 , THD= 228.95% 150

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

400 600 Frequency (Hz)

Current vs. Time

Flux vs. Current