FORM 4 (Chapter 6) : Coordinate Geometry

Evaluate Yourself 1. Calculate the distance between the origin O( 0,0 ) and point A( 6,8 ). 2. A(1,7) C B D(9,1) In the diagram, C is the midpoint of AD and B is the midpoint of CD. Find the coordinates of point B. 3. State the modulus value of each of the following. (a) |-6| (b) |-

(c) |-2.8| 4. Describe the locus of the moving point (a) P which is always 5 cm away from the fixed point O, (b) T which is always at the same distance from points P and Q. 6.1 Distance Between Two Points The distance between points ( ) and is

Example 1 Find the distance between the points A( 2, -2 ) and B( -4, -5 ). Example 2 Find the possible values of p if the distance between two points A( 1, 2 ) and B( p, 14 ) is 13. 6.2 Division of a Line Segment 6.2a Midpoints The midpoint of the points ( ) and is

Example 3 If M ( -3, is the midpoint of the points P( -4, -7 ) and Q, find the coordinates of the point Q. SPM (1) 2000 Given that the points E( 5, 6 ), F( 8, 7 ), g( 7, 3 ) and H are the four vertices of a parallelogram, find the coordinate of point H. 6.2b Point that Internally divides a Line Segment in the Ratio m : n ,

Example 4

The point T internally divides the line segment joining the points P(3, -3 ) and Q( -2, 4 ) in the ratio 2 : 5. Find the coordinates of point T. Example 5 N is a point on the line segment joining Q( -1, -3 ) and R( 4, 1 ) such that QN = 4NR. Find the coordinates of point N. Example 6 The point H( 1, -1 ) internally divides the line segment joining points A( -2, 2 ) and B in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the coordinates of point B. SPM (2) 2003 The coordinates of the points K and M are ( 5, 4 ) and ( 1, -2 ) respectively. If the point L( , k ) lies on the straight line KM, find (a) The ratio KL : LM, SPM (3) 2003 The points A(3m, 2n ), B( m, n ) and C( p, 2p ) lie on a straight line. The point B internally divides the line segment AC in the ratio 5 : 2. Express m in terms of n. 6.3 Areas of Polygons 6.3a To Find the Area of a Triangle based on the Areas of Specific Geometrical Shapes Example 7 The points A( 4, -2 ), B( 1, -1 ) and C( -1, 3 ) from a triangle. Find the area of ABC based on the area of specific geometrical shapes. 6.3b To Find Areas of Polygons Using Formulae (b) the value of k.

Example 8 Calculate the area of C( 6, 7 ). Example 9 Calculate the area of quadrilateral TUVW with the vertices T(-2, 13), U( 10. 12 ), V( 2, 3 ) and W( -10, 4 ). Example 10 Find the values of p if the points A( 2, 1 ), B( 6, p ) and C( 3p, ) are collinear. Example 11 PQR has the vertices P( 3, 4 ), Q( 5, -3) and R( 7, 3 ). (a) Calculate ( i ) the area of PQR, ( ii ) the distance of PQ. (b) Hence, find the perpendicular distance from point R to PQ. 6.4 Equations of Straight Lines 6.4a Axes Intercepts and Gradients ( ) ABC with the vertices A( 1, 3 ), B( 5, 1 ) and

Example 12 Given the points P( 3, 4 ) and Q( -4, 2 ), find the gradient of the straight line PQ.

Example 13 The -intercept and -intercept of the straight line PQ are 3 and -9 respectively. Find the gradient of PQ. Example 14 Find the values of k if the points R( -3, -2 ), S( 1, k+1 ) and T(3, 2k+1) are collinear. 6.4b Equations of Straight Lines 1. Case 1 The gradient and the coordinates of a point are given The equation of the straight line is

Case 2 The coordinates of two points are given The equation of the straight line is

Case 3 The -intercept and -intercept are given The equation of the straight line is

2. The equation of a straight line can be expressed in three forms : Equation in the gradient form

Equation in the general form

Equation in the intercept form

Example 15
Find the equation of a straight line that passes through the point (3, -2) and has a gradient of .

Example 16 Find the equation of a straight line that passes through the points (-2, -3) and ( -4, 7 ). Example 17 The -intercept and the -intercept of the straight line MN are 4 and 3 respectively. State the equation of the straight line MN in the intercept form.

Example 18 Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the points R( 3, 5 ) and S( 6, 4 ), expressing your answer in each of the following forms. (a) Gradient form (b) General form Example 19 Find the gradient and the -intercept of the straight line that has the equation 6.4c Intersection Points Example 20 Point T is the intersection point of the straight lines and The coordinates of point U are ( 3, 2 ). Find the equation of the straight line TU. 6.4d Further Examples on Equations of Straight Lines SPM (4) 2002 y A(-2,2) C 0 B(-3,-5) The diagram shows ABC with an area of 18 square units. The equation of the straight line BC is Find the coordinates of point C. x (c) intercept form

6.5 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines 6.5a Parallel Lines Example 21 Given the points G( -3, -1 ), H( 0, 8 ), T( 1, 4 ) and U( 5, 16 ), show that GH is parallel to TU. Example 22 Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the point ( -1, 3 ) and is parallel to the straight line 6.5b Perpendicular Lines Example 23 Given the points A( -2, 4 ), B( 4, 2 ), P( -1, -3 ) and Q( 2, 6 ), show that AB is perpendicular to PQ. SPM (5) 2003 The straight lines PQ and RS are perpendicular to each other. If the equation of PQ and RS are and respectively, find the value of Example 24 The coordinates of points A, B, P and Q are ( 2, 1 ), ( 4, 9 ), ( 1, 6 ), and ( 6, -1 ) respectively. Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the midpoint of AB and is perpendicular to the straight line PQ.

SPM (6) 2004 y L(-4,5) M(0,1) 0 N In the above diagram, point M( 0, 1 ) internally divides the line segment joining the points L( -4, 5 ) and N in the ratio 2 : 3. Find (a) The coordinates of point N, (b) The equation of the straight line that is perpendicular to the straight line LN and passes through the point N. Example 25 The coordinates of the points P and Q are ( -3, 1 ) and ( 5, 11 ) respectively. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ. SPM (7) 2001 P(2,7) J R(5,3) L K Q(9,5) x

In the above diagram, the points P( 2, 7 ), Q( 9, 5 ) and R ( 5, 3 ) are the midpoints of the straight lines JK, KL and LJ respectively. Find (a) The equation of the straight line KL, (b) The equation of the perpendicular bisector of JL.

6.5c Further Examples on Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines Example 26 C(2,5) B(5,3) D

A(4,k) In the above diagram, ABCD is a trapezium. The point D lies on the ), where is a constant, find (a) The equation of the straight line CD, (b) The value of B(0,6) SPM (8) 2004 C A(-3,0) O

D In the above diagram, the straight lines AB and CD are perpendicular to the straight line BC. Find the equation of the straight line CD in the intercept form.

Example 27 P(6,7) S T Q R (10,-1) In the above diagram, the points P( 6, 7 ) and R( 10, -1 ) are the opposite vertices of a rhombus PQRS. The point Q lies on the -axis and T is the midpoint of PR. Find (a) The equation of the straight line QTS, (b) The coordinates of point Q, (c) The area of rhombus PQRS. SPM (9) 2001 The straight line cuts the -axis and the -axis at points A and B respectively. A point C is such that the gradient of the straight line CB is 2 and the straight line AC is perpendicular to the straight line CB. Find (a) The equation of the straight line CB, (b) The equation of the straight line AC, (c) The coordinates of point C.

6.6 Equation of a Locus that Involves Distance Between Two Points 6.6a Equations of Loci that Involve Distance Between Two Points Example 28 Find the equation of the locus of a moving point P such that its distance from the point A( 2, 4 ) is 2 units. Example 29 Find the equation of the locus moving point Q such that its distance from the points B( 3, -7 ) and C( -5, 1 ) are equal. Example 30 P( 2, 0 ) and Q( 0, -2 ) are two fixed points. The point T moves in such a way that PT : TQ = 1 : 2. Find the equation of the locus of point T. 6.6b Further Examples on the Equation of Loci SPM (10) 2004 If the points P( 0, 8 ), Q( 8, 0 ) and R( ) lie on the circumference of a circle with a diameter PQ, find the equation of the locus of the moving point R. SPM (11) 2001 Given the points A( 0, 1 ) and B( 6, 4 ), find the equation of the locus of a moving point P such that the triangle APB always has a right angle at P.

SPM (12) 2002 A point Q moves in such a way that its distance from the point T( 2, 3 ) is twice its distance from the point S( 0, 3 ). (a) Find the equation of the locus of point Q. (b) Hence, determine whether the locus of point Q intersects the -axis or not. SPM (13) 2001 Point P( ) moves in such a way that its distance from point Q( 3, 1 ) is always two times its perpendicular distance from the straight line Find the equation of the locus of the moving point P. SPM (14) 2003 Point R moves along the circumference of a circle, with centre M( 1, 3 ). The circumference of the circle passes through points A( -3, 0 ) and B( ). (a) Find ( i ) the equation of the locus of the point R, ( ii ) the values of (b) The tangent to the circle at the point A cuts the -axis at point C. Find the area of the triangle OAC.