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    Course Goals The basic objective of Calculus is to relate small-scale (differential) quantities to large-scale (integrated) quantities. This is accomplished by means of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Students should demonstrate an understanding of the integral as a cumulative sum, of the derivative as a rate of change, and of the inverse relationship between integration and differentiation. Students completing 18.01 can: Use both the definition of derivative as a limit and the rules of differentiation to differentiate functions. Sketch the graph of a function using asymptotes, critical points, and the derivative test for increasing/decreasing and concavity properties. Set up max/min problems and use differentiation to solve them. Set up related rates problems and use differentiation to solve them. Evaluate integrals by using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Apply integration to compute areas and volumes by slicing, volumes of revolution, arclength, and surface areas of revolution. Evaluate integrals using techniques of integration, such as substitution, inverse substitution, partial fractions and integration by parts. Set up and solve first order differential equations using separation of variables. Use L'Hospital's rule. Determine convergence/divergence of improper integrals, and evaluate convergent improper integrals. Estimate and compare series and integrals to determine convergence. Find the Taylor series expansion of a function near a point, with emphasis on the first two or three terms.

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    202 views5 pages
    Course Goals The basic objective of Calculus is to relate small-scale (differential) quantities to large-scale (integrated) quantities. This is accomplished by means of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Students should demonstrate an understanding of the integral as a cumulative sum, of the derivative as a rate of change, and of the inverse relationship between integration and differentiation. Students completing 18.01 can: Use both the definition of derivative as a limit and the rules of differentiation to differentiate functions. Sketch the graph of a function using asymptotes, critical points, and the derivative test for increasing/decreasing and concavity properties. Set up max/min problems and use differentiation to solve them. Set up related rates problems and use differentiation to solve them. Evaluate integrals by using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Apply integration to compute areas and volumes by slicing, volumes of revolution, arclength, and surface areas of revolution. Evaluate integrals using techniques of integration, such as substitution, inverse substitution, partial fractions and integration by parts. Set up and solve first order differential equations using separation of variables. Use L'Hospital's rule. Determine convergence/divergence of improper integrals, and evaluate convergent improper integrals. Estimate and compare series and integrals to determine convergence. Find the Taylor series expansion of a function near a point, with emphasis on the first two or three terms.

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    Course Goals The basic objective of Calculus is to relate small-scale (differential) quantities to large-scale (integrated) quantities. This is accomplished by means of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Students should demonstrate an understanding of the integral as a cumulative sum, of the derivative as a rate of change, and of the inverse relationship between integration and differentiation. Students completing 18.01 can: Use both the definition of derivative as a limit and the rules of differentiation to differentiate functions. Sketch the graph of a function using asymptotes, critical points, and the derivative test for increasing/decreasing and concavity properties. Set up max/min problems and use differentiation to solve them. Set up related rates problems and use differentiation to solve them. Evaluate integrals by using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Apply integration to compute areas and volumes by slicing, volumes of revolution, arclength, and surface areas of revolution. Evaluate integrals using techniques of integration, such as substitution, inverse substitution, partial fractions and integration by parts. Set up and solve first order differential equations using separation of variables. Use L'Hospital's rule. Determine convergence/divergence of improper integrals, and evaluate convergent improper integrals. Estimate and compare series and integrals to determine convergence. Find the Taylor series expansion of a function near a point, with emphasis on the first two or three terms.

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    202 views5 pages

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    akirank1
    Course Goals The basic objective of Calculus is to relate small-scale (differential) quantities to large-scale (integrated) quantities. This is accomplished by means of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Students should demonstrate an understanding of the integral as a cumulative sum, of the derivative as a rate of change, and of the inverse relationship between integration and differentiation. Students completing 18.01 can: Use both the definition of derivative as a limit and the rules of differentiation to differentiate functions. Sketch the graph of a function using asymptotes, critical points, and the derivative test for increasing/decreasing and concavity properties. Set up max/min problems and use differentiation to solve them. Set up related rates problems and use differentiation to solve them. Evaluate integrals by using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Apply integration to compute areas and volumes by slicing, volumes of revolution, arclength, and surface areas of revolution. Evaluate integrals using techniques of integration, such as substitution, inverse substitution, partial fractions and integration by parts. Set up and solve first order differential equations using separation of variables. Use L'Hospital's rule. Determine convergence/divergence of improper integrals, and evaluate convergent improper integrals. Estimate and compare series and integrals to determine convergence. Find the Taylor series expansion of a function near a point, with emphasis on the first two or three terms.

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    of 5

    MIT OpenCourseWare

    http://ocw.mit.edu

    18.01 Single Variable Calculus


    Fall 2006

    For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
    Lecture 12 18.01 Fall 2006

    Lecture 12: Related Rates

    Example 1. Police are 30 feet from the side of the road. Their radar sees your car approaching at
    80 feet per second when your car is 50 feet away from the radar gun. The speed limit is 65 miles
    per hour (which translates to 95 feet per second). Are you speeding?
    First, draw a diagram of the setup (as in Fig. 1):

    Police

    30
    D=50

    Car
    Road
    x

    Figure 1: Illustration of example 1: triangle with the police, the car, the road, D and x labelled.

    Next, give the variables names. The important thing to figure out is which variables are changing.
    dD
    At D = 50, x = 40. (We know this because it’s a 3-4-5 right triangle.) In addition, = D� =
    dt
    −80. D� is negative because the car is moving in the −x direction. Don’t plug in the value for D
    yet! D is changing, and it depends on x.
    The Pythagorean theorem says

    302 + x2 = D2

    Differentiate this equation with respect to time (implicit differentiation:

    d � 2 2DD�
    30 + x2 = D2 =⇒ 2xx� = 2DD� =⇒ x� =
    �
    dt 2x
    Now, plug in the instantaneous numerical values:
    50 feet
    x� = (−80) = −100
    40 s
    This exceeds the speed limit of 95 feet per second; you are, in fact, speeding.

    1
    Lecture 12 18.01 Fall 2006

    There is another, longer, way of solving this problem. Start with


    �
    D = 302 + x2 = (302 + x2 )1/2
    d 1 dx
    D = (302 + x2 )−1/2 (2x )
    dt 2 dt
    Plug in the values:
    1 dx
    −80 = (302 + 402 )−1/2 (2)(40)
    2 dt
    and solve to find
    dx feet
    = −100
    dt s
    √
    2 2
    (A third strategy is to differentiate x = D − 30 ). It is easiest to differentiate the equation in its
    simplest algebraic form 302 + x2 = D2 , our first approach.
    The general strategy for these types of problems is:

    1. Draw a picture. Set up variables and equations.


    2. Take derivatives.
    3. Plug in the given values. Don’t plug the values in until after taking the derivatives.

    Example 2. Consider a conical tank. Its radius at the top is 4 feet, and it’s 10 feet high. It’s being
    filled with water at the rate of 2 cubic feet per minute. How fast is the water level rising when it is
    5 feet high?

    Figure 2: Illustration of example 2: inverted cone water tank.

    From Fig. 2), the volume of the tank is given by


    1 2
    V = πr h
    3

    2
    Lecture 12 18.01 Fall 2006

    The key here is to draw the two-dimensional cross-section. We use the letters r and h to represent
    the variable radius and height of the water at any level. We can find the relationship between r and
    h from Fig. 3) using similar triangles.

    10 r

    Figure 3: Relating r and h.

    From Fig. 3), we see that


    r 4
    =
    h 10
    or, in other words,
    2
    r= h
    5
    Plug this expression for r back into V to get
    � �2
    1 2 4
    V = π h h= πh3
    3 5 3(25)
    dV 4
    =V� = πh2 h�
    dt 25
    dV
    Now, plug in the numbers ( = 2, h = 5):
    dt
    � �
    4
    2= π(5)2 h�
    25
    1
    h� =
    2π

    Related rates also arise on Problem Set 3 (Fig. 4). There’s a part II margin of error problem
    ΔL
    involving a satellite, where you’re asked to find .
    Δh

    3
    Lecture 12 18.01 Fall 2006

    satellite

    h
    c

    Figure 4: Illustration of the satellite problem.

    L2 + c2 = h2
    2LL� = 2hh�
    ΔL L� h
    Hence, ≈ � =
    Δh h L

    There is also a parabolic mirror problem based on similar ideas (Fig. 5).

    Δa

    Δθ

    Figure 5: Illustration of the parabolic mirror problem.

    Δa Δθ
    Here, you want to find either or . This type of sensitivity of measurement problem
    Δθ Δa
    matters in every measurement problem, for instance predicting whether asteroids will hit Earth.

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