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small hydraulic
structures
BY D. B. KRAATZ
HYDRAULIC ENGINEER
AND I. K. MAHAJAN
SECRETARY, lCID
VOLUME I
Page
PREFACE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IRRIGATIONNETWORKOPERATION
2. 1 General Considerations
2.2 Entirely Manually Operated Systems
2.3 Hydro-Mechanically Automated Flow Control Systems
2.4 Electrically-Electronically Automated Flow Control
2.5 Manual Versus Automated Control
2.6 Water Distribution on the F a r m
3. INTAKE STRUCTURES
Introduction 33
Intakes of Small Canals (Punjab Type) 38
Silt Selective Head Intake 55
Constant-Head Orifice (CHO) Intake 63
Neyrpic Orifice Module Intake 81
Double Orifice Module Intake 90
Open Intake Structure made of P r e - C a s t Reinforced Concrete
(U. S.S. R.) 91
Intake Structure Discharging into a Flume Channel (U. S. S. R. ) 107
Pipe Regulator with Crossing made qf P r e - C a s t Reinforced
Concrete (U. S. S. R. ) 110
Intake Structure on Secondary Canals (Calombia) 119
Gate Valve Intake (Czechoslovakia) 128
Venturi Head Intake 134
Square Head Intake 138
Dupuis Canal Intake 142
Intake with Stone ' ~ e s Weir
h (~ustralia) 151
Groyne Intake and Ancillary Works (Cyprus) 158
King's Silt Vanes 162
Gibbl s Groyne 166
Table of Contents
Cont'd.
Page
4. 1 Introduction
4. 2 Fixed Proportional Divisors
4. 3 Structures with Adjustable Splitter
4.4 Proportional Distributors
4.5 Division o r Diversion Boxes
Introduction
Constant-Head Orifice F a r m Turnout (U. S. A. )
Neyrpic Orifice Module (France)
Double Orifice Module o r Siphon Module
Dethridge Meter (Australia)
P l a s t i c Siphon Outlet fitted with an Intake Tube (Turkey)
Open Flume Outlet (India and Pakistan)
Adjustable Orifice Semi-Module (India and Pakistan)
J a m r a o Type Orifice Semi-Module (Sind, Pakistan)
Pipe Semi-Module (India and Pakistan)
Fayoum Standard Weir F a r m Outlet (Arab Republic of Egypt)
Scratchley Outlet (India and Pakistan)
Pipe Outlet (India and Pakistan)
F a r m Outlet (U. S. S. R. )
P r e - Cast F a r m Turnout (Turkey)
Adjustable Weir F a r m Outlet (Malaysia)
PVC Pipe Turnout (Republic of Korea)
Pipe Outlet (Philippines)
Gated Pipe Outlet ( F e r r a r a Type, Italy)
Outlet Structures on the F a r m
Table of Contents
Cont'd.
Page
LIST OF REFERENCES
Page
Figure
2- 1. - Sketch of a typical irrigation system (Punjab) 7
2- 2. - Diagrammatic layout of an upstream controlled network. 15
2-3. - Diagrammatic layout of a downstream controlled network. 17
2-4. -
Example of tampering. Brush and stone dam built by f a r m e r s
across a minor irrigation canal to increase flow through a pipe outlet 28
3-1 (a) and (b). - Silt deposition at the intake to a secondary canal.
3-2. - Intake to small c a n a s (Punjab type) - details of pre-cast RC
roof block.
3-3. - -
Intake to small canals (Punjab type) standard sections for wing
walls and abutments of CDO type fall (Punjab).
3-4. - Intake to small canals (Punjab type) - intake structure for a
minor canal at 60°.
3-5. - Silt selective head intake.
3-6. - Diagram of a constant-head orifice intake o r turnout. ,
3-7. -
Constant-head orifice f a r m turnout with check-gate in foreground -
East Ghor Canal Project, Jordan.
3- 8. - A single-barrel constant-head orifice turnout.
3- 9(a). - Standard constant- head orifice intake o r turnout design guide.
3-9(b). - Constant head orifice intake o r turnout.
3- 10. - Stilling baffles to reduce water surface fluctuations a t staff gauges.
3- 11. - Dimensions for a constant head orifice.
3-12. -
Various arrangements of Neyrpic orifice module with auxiliary
equipment and structures.
3- 13. - Perspective views of Figures 3- 12(a).to 3- 12(c).
3-14. -' Neyrpic orifice module before and after installation of the fixed
plate.
3-15. - Neyrpic distributor with compartments for 5, 10, 15 and 30 11s .
Figure Page
3-17. -
P e r cent variations in discharges of modules types X and XX for '
Figure Page
4- 1. -
Simple fixed proportional flow divisor on small irrigation canal in
Cyprus.
4-2. - Simple fixed proportional flow divisor of low accuracy.
4-3. -
Fixed proportional divisor splitting a given flow into four s t r e a m s
of exact constant proportion:
4-4. - Dimensions of a fixed divisor splitting flow into two equal s t r e a m s .
4-5. - Fixed flow divisor - Relationship between discharge capacity and
m a t e r i a l s required.
4- 6. - Unflumed divisor with a triangular sill.
H(c-b)
4- 7. - Divisor with triangular sill - -
Relation ship between Y2 and
Hc . Hc
4-8. - Flow divisor with adjustable splitter, Argentina.
4-9. - Flow divisor with adjustable splitter, Spain.
4- 10. - Flow divisor with adjustable splitter, U. S. A.
4- 11. - Flow divisor with adjustable splitter, F r e n c h type.
4- 12. - Flow divisor ( ~ e ~ r ~ iOned
c ) , Fodda network, Algeria.
4- 13. - Three-way distribution by m e a n s of two consecutive flow divisors.
4- 14. - Three examples of proportional distributors.
4- 15. - Proportional distributor (Punjab - India).
4- 16. - Khosla's safe exit gradient curve.
4- 17. - USBR Division boxes - types 5 and 6.
4-18. - Sketch of standard division box for e a r t h canals - Italy
4- 19. - P l a n for a concrete rectangular division box - U. S. A.
4-20. -
Distribution s t r u c t u r e with proportional weirs constructed f r o m
prefabricated p a r t s - E a s t Ghor Extension P r o j e c t - Jordan.
4-21. - Standard division structure using prefabricated parts.
List of Figures
Cont'd.
Figure Page
Figure Page
Figure Page
This publication i s the result of a joint effort by the Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage (ICID) in producing a Handbook on small hydraulic structures and devices used
in open- channel irrigation distribution systems. There has been general recognition of
a need to review the abundant information and experience available on the subject and to
condense and dovetail them into a comprehensive and practical Handbook. Much basic
material for the Handbook has been generously provided by National Committees of the
ICID and by F A 0 projects and contacts in Member Countries, while complementary data
and information have been assembled from the extensive survey of the literature.
The scope of the Handbook i s confined a s the title suggests to small structures
used a t the f a r m level in fields, and in networks with small discharges at the intakes,
such a s from small surface o r ground water resources. Such. structures, having
capacities of l e s s than 1 cubic m e t r e per second, and, indeed, many of them having
capacities of l e s s than 300 l i t r e s per second, account for more than 70 per cent of all
the hydraulic structures installed in many irrigation networks.
In the past these small structures have not always received the attention they
deserve from planners and designers. It .should be recognized that irrigation head
works, and other irrigation engineering works, however spectacular, would have little
value without an efficient distribution system (requiring small structures) extending
right down to the f a r m e r s ' fields. The heavy investments normally involved in an
irrigation system can be justified, through conversion into cash benefits and the social
welfare of the r u r a l population, only by paying full attention to the function and place of
each of the small structures described in this Handbook.
xiv.
Since the Handbook attempts to assemble and describe many types of small
hydraulic structures which have proved successful in certairi countries, and which
may be used elsewhere under similar conditions, i t i s hoped that i t will prove useful
to.young engineers, technicians and extension workers involved in the remodelling
of existing irrigation systems o r in the design of new projects. It i s also hoped that
the Handbook will stimulate exchanges of ideas and information on techniques and
designs which have often been evolved in isolation.
and personnel of F A 0 and individual contacts who have rendered valuable information
and advice, and to Mr. I. Constantinesco for his lucid editing of the manuscript.
Dated
Irrigation, with an adequate water supply, suitable soil, and good management,
should ensure sustained high yields of c r o p s 2 e r unit a r e a of land. When the water
supply i s l e s s than adequate o r costly, the a i m m u s t be to obtain the best possible yields
p e r unit of water in combination with carefully selected agronomic and managerial
practices. The success of an irrigation project in meeting these requirements depends,
to a l a r g e extent, on the proper functioning of i t s water conveyance and distribution
system. P r o p e r functioning i s essentially identified with proper operation of the system
so that equitable and reliable apportionment of water among u s e r s and the conveyance of
water with minimum l o s s e s can be ensured. While operation i s dependent on good
organizational and institutional backing, i t s effectiveness i s basically dependent on awe11
planned, designed and constructed network f r o m the source of the water supply down to
the f a r m e r ' s field.
In view of their g r e a t impact on the savinp, equitable delivery and reliable supply
of water, small hydraulic s t r u c t u r e s m u s t be designed, built and operated with much the
sarne completeness, efficiency and accuracy a s l a r g e ones.
The factors governing the design and subsequent construction and operation of
irrigation works a r e the water r e s o u r c e s available, the methods of water delivery to
f a r m e r s , and the methods of water application practised by them. Successful operation
r e q u i r e s adequate facilities for the control and measurement of flow at all strategic
points along the whole network, including the f a r m and field levels. Each small
hydraulic structure m u s t be efficient, simple in design, construction and operation,
and m u s t be durable.
Whenever the slope of the land i s g r e a t e r than the grade required of the irrigation
canal, the difference i s adjusted by constructing drops ( o r falls) o r chutes a t suitable
intervals. Generally, a water level control structure will be called a drop o r fall when
the reduction of the slope i s accomplished over a short'distance. When water i s con-
veyed over longer distances and along slopes that a r e m o r e gentle, but still steep enough
t o maintain high velocities, the s t r u c t u r e s used a r e known a s chutes.
Escapes act a s safety valves for dioposing of surplus water resulting from
conditions such a s the follo+ng: slack c r no demand for irrigation water due to
excessive rainfall on the comrrianded area; sudden closure of a canal due to a breach o r
breaches; admittance of drain water into the canal through inlet and level crossings;
temporary closure of a canal for urgent repairs; e r r o r s in regulation; and failure of
P-PS
-.
The regulation and distribution of flow through a hydraulic structure on an
irrigation system i s , to a large extent, controlled by gates of various types. The type
1
of gate required for a particular purpose depends on the dimensions of the gate, the
water pressure, the mode of operation and on the availability and cost of local materials.
The wide range of types of gates available has merited a special chapter in this
handbook, to deal in detail with the design of gates which have proved successful in
practice.
Automatic mechanical gate control has become a common asset in headworks and
large conveyance canals, while in the terminal distribution system and on the farm such
means of control a r e still quite r a r e .
&ideal completely automatic irrigation system i s one in which the water require-
ments of the plants a r e m e t by means of devices which m e a s u r e soil moisture and
initiate a s e r i e s of operations to convey the necessary water through the network a t the
right moment and a t the required r a t e and duration. Technically, automation i s much
m o r e difficult to introduce in open flow networks than in p r e s s u r e pipe systems. There-
fore, in new projects where labour and other conditions favour automatic delivery on
demand, the trend i s toward's piped, systems, rather than open-channel systems.
However, existing open-channel systems cannot be readily converted into closed pipe
systems. Yet social changes and changes in cultivation practices (multiple cropping,
use of high yielding varieties, etc.) may call for modification of traditional gravity flow
networks.
The problem h e r e is how to provide economically for the large capacities required,
whilst minimising modification of existing engineering works. This requires recon-
.
sidering existing safe limits with a view to increasing water levels and velocities, i. e.
flow capacity and reduction of spill and other losses, especially in the terminal portion
,, of a network.
The large number of structures of the same types and sizes used in l a r g e projects
lends itself to standardization and centralized production. In fact many small irrigation
structures have been standardized and a r e m a s s produced o r precast in quantity in
central workshops. The advantages a r e savings in costs; better co-ordination of
supply and transport; reduction in time of construction; better quality and uniformity
of the final products; and quicker r e p a i r s o r replacements. (It i s noteworthy also that
the off-demand periods of irrigation in many a r e a s coincide with unsuitable weather for
--
in situ construction.) Furthermore, stock-piled precast components of structures can
be installed relatively quickly a t any convenient time. Savings of 20 to 30 per cent in
precast a s compared with in situ construction have been cited from experience in the
e
of water to be suppli d to each f a r m plot varies f r o m year to year, and even
during the same year, depending on the crops grown and the needs of the plants
during the various stages of their growth. And, lastly, the effects of the weather
during the growing period have to be taken into account.
Upstream Control
Downstream Control
If the supply available a t the head is always g r e a t e r than the demand, dis-
chsrge control considerations become l e s s imperative, and each u s e r can be
allowed to regulate his own supply, providing that the effect of the amount he
draws i s transmitted step by step to the head of the system and causes the overall
supply to the network to be adjustec?.to suit the cumulative demand. In the
practical application of downstream control some form of automatic control
equipment i s necessary. (See 2 . 3 and 2 . 4 below. )
F o r the safety of the canal system, i t i s important that the amount of water
in each.cana1 be within i t s safe capacity. In o r d e r to allow for mis-regulation
and for e r r o r s and omission by gauge r e a d e r s and gate operators, for unforeseen
rainfall and for preventing canal breaches, safety devices (such a s escapes) a r e
provided in the system for the disposal of surplus water.
Under the "fixed-turn" system, individual holdings take water for a definite
period according to the size of the fields, so that the'tarn of each holding o c c u r s
once a week on a fixed day at a fixed hour for a fixed time. The t u r n s a r e so
computed that the total of their periods i s equal to one week. The advantage of
this system i s that every cultivator knows exactly when he i s responsible for
handling the discharge from the watercourse. On the other hand, should i t be
n e c e s s a r y to employ rotational running and different t i m e s of delivery because
of a water shortage one o r m o r e of the cultivators may completely m i s s a turn, o r
even two, and the crops may suffer in consequence.
Under the "follow-on" system, the turn t i m e for each cultivator is cal-
culated on the basis of s o many hours u s e of discharge per 100 a c r e s . The
rate varies in different localitiee according to the crops grown and other relevant
factore. When one cultivator has finished his turn, he hands over the supply to
the next on the roster. The obvious advantage of thie aystem i s that every
cultivator gets his turn in due course.. The cultivator who irrigates at the end
of one period of the channel rotation, resumes irrigation at the next running and
thus finishes his allotted turn. This requires careful assignment of hours to
each area.
Under both these systems the roster l i s t s have to be prepared very care-
fully. The water should be turned into the fields nearest to the outlet, first to
the right and then to the left, but always proceeding down the watercourse. On
reaching a branch watercourse irrigation should proceed down that branch and
be completed on all areas covered by it. Then irrigation should s t a r t again from
the junction and proceed down the o ~ p o s i t ebranch, if any, in a similar manner.
Finally, irrigation should then proceed down the main watercour se again. This
method ensures that water i s utilized a s soon a s there i s water in the supply line.
When a cultivator's turn a t the end of a rcain watercourse o r branch water -
course i s over, the branch watercourse i s closed off and the water left in the
channel may run into his field. This 'balance' of water compensates the
cultivator for any shortfall in supply because of the distance of his field from the
water source. When the watercourse i s long the volume of water left in i t i s
eubetantial. Even so, disputes can a r i s e among the cultivators at the extreme
end of a watercourse a s to their share in this 'balance' water. These disputes
can be settled by letting the cultivators take turns at being last to receive water
and by making due allowance for the amount of balance water received by
adjusting the time. The problem of irrigating high areas, too, may be eettled
by experimenting on the site, in the presence 01 all the cultivators involved. The
exact extra time of flow required for the cultivator concerned in such a r e a s
during a turn would be accepted by all once they had seen the justice of the
arrangements made.
In order to avoid hardship to any cultivator whose turn falls during the
night, two sets of r o s t e r s a r e drawn up, each differing from the other by twelve
hours. Each of these sets i s operated by rotation in alternate years.
1/
2.3 HYDRO-MECHANICALLY AUTOMATED FLOW CONTROL SYSTEMS--
Figure 2-2 illustrates the function of this system; in a given canal reach
the smallest level range between full and z e r o discharge o c c u r s immediately
upstream of the gates o r weirs, while the highest level range o c c u r s downstream
\ I
I . I Duckbill Weir (as alternative to
I the upstream constant water
e I level gate)7
Upstream constant
~ ~ ~ o c l u l
water level gate7
V II" I
Downstream constant -- - .
'TI
water level gate Module
FIGURE'2-2. -
Diagrammatic layout of an upstream
controlled network.
of these control structures. Consequently i t i s desirable to group offtakes in the
vicinity upstream of the control structures (Zone B). Offtakes which for other
reasons have to be located near the downstream side of a control structure (Zone
A) have to be equipped with a device for automatic constant downstream level
regulation (e. g. an AVIO o r AVIS gate) in order to ensure that the discharge in
the offtaking canal is independent of variations of water level in the parent canal.
Alternatively, the distances between the constant upstream control gates in the
parent canal may be reduced. The optimum design to employ has to be arrived
a t by comparing the results, and construction costs, of using a given number of
small level gates in the offtaking canals with the addition of one large gate in the
parent canal.
---------- arge
i
-----
-
Offtake canals
Downstream Downstream cons-
.constant water tant water level
Supply channel -
tant water level ITI
However, the supply of water to the head of the s y s t e m and the sharing out
of the water available among the u s e r s r e q u i r e s a l a r g e and highly experienced
operating staff. It i s practically impossible t o s e t all the individual discharges
in a network exactly equal to the sum of the discharge drawn off f r o m the supply
canal plus leakage and evaporation. Thus deficits in distribution, o r some
wastage due t o over-distribution, can hardly be avoided. Since the lower
r e a c h e s a r e only supplied when the upper r e a c h e s a r e full, a certain amount of
e x c e s s water h a s to be kept in r e s e r v e u p s t r e a m a s a safety m a r g i n . This i s
obviously wasteful, causing a l o s s of a s much a s 100/o of the total water supplied,
even assuming a carefully drawn up p r o g r a m m e and painstaking distribution (69).
Electrically operated gates can be used for any of the previously described
control methods - upstream, downstream and combined. They can be controlled
either locally o r remotely. Control is usually based on electrical sensing of the
water level using floats o r electric probes. Variations in water level in the
control section of the canal a r e conveyed to the gate by means of a transmitter,
an amplifier and an integrator in accordance with the operational scheme adopted.
Thus individual control gates can act automatically in much the same way a s
hydro-mechanically operated gates. Electrically controlled gates a r e usually
chosen for intakes and other structures on large canals, where a supply of
electricity i s readily available and where gate dimensions a r e too l a r g e for
hand operated o r hydraulically automated devices. Usually the controls a r e set
to operate one gate while the other gates o r stop-logs have to be adjusted manually
a s demand changes during the season.
Telemetering and remote control
- little maintenance
Unfavourable points a r e :
With dynamic regulation, the flow at the head of each main branch of
a canal is adjusted, for example, in line with the state of the water r e s e r v e s a t
a given moment and in accordance with estimated consumption. If the
probability of this estimate i s known a s a result of a preliminary statistical
study, the amount of regulation can be determined in conformity with the
standards chosen by the operator. Fine adjustments to distribute the volume of
water in line with demand among the various reaches i s achieved by the
automatic hydraulic devices on the basis of water levels, a s mentioned e a r l i e r .
Thus the average water level in the canal will often be low. In c a s e of an
accident this leaves a much g r e a t e r margin of manoeuvre before the accident
causes over- spill.
In o r d e r to apply water efficiently to the fields the water level in the head
channel should be 15 to 30 c m above the level of the ground to be i r r i g a t e d . If
possible the channels should be nearly level ( l e s s than 10 c m p e r 100 m fall) so
that the water can be backed up for a maximum distance, thus requiring a
minimum of checks and labour to control the flow. It should be kept in mind,
however, that the higher the water h a s to be dammed up in the head channel, the
l a r g e r will be the wetted p e r i m e t e r , and the water l o s s e s in the channel, i f i t be
unlined. Accurate distribution of water to the various fields i s controlled by
various types of s t r u c t u r e s . F o r efficient operation i t i s important that the
c o r r e c t type of s t r u c t u r e be selected and properly located. F a r m irrigation
s t r u c t u r e s m a y be permanent, semi-permanent o r portable. Although i t i s
desirable to u s e permanent s t r u c t u r e s f r o m the very beginning of the construction
of f a r m irrigation s y s t e m s , i t i s sometimes hardly possible to avoid e r r o r s in
location o r elevation, with the r e s u l t that the s t r u c t u r e s work ineffectively and
have to be removed l a t e r on; thus i t i s e a s i e r to u s e ' s e m i - p e r m a n e n t s t r u c t u r e s
such a s wooden division boxes, checks and outlets o r portable checks o r siphons.
When i t i s known that no changes will be made in the elevation o r location of a
s t r u c t u r e , both the original and replacement s t r u c t u r e s a r e usually made of
concrete o r masonry.
Auto-Mechanization of s u r f a c e Irrigation
3.1 INTRODUCTION
When the water in the parent canal i s silt-free, the centreline of the offtake
canal may be a t any angle with the centreline of the parent c a n d . When the water
i s laden with silt an important function of.the intake i e to control the entry of silt
into the offtake canal so that i t draws i t s fair share of the sediment charge, which
should a s far a s possible, be carried in suspension to the fields. This may
require either having a suitable offtake from the outside of a curve in the parent
canal, o r a suitable alignment of the offtake to the centreline of the parent canal,
or silt-excluding devices in the parent canal a t the head of the intakes. Figure
3- 1 (a and b) illustrates the magnitude of the silt problem when an intake i s not
properly located or designed. In this case the silt content i s very high, while
the intake - a gated pipe - i s taking off laterally instead of being inclined towards
the direction of flow.
A. INTAKES
(a) Under constant water supply in the parent canal (at designed
discharge) and f r e e from silt.
Use one of the intake s t r u c t u r e s 3. 1 o r 3.3 to 3.8, o r 3. 10
to 3. 13. All these s t r u c t u r e s may be used in combination
with falls o r bridges if required.
(b) Water supply in the parent canal lower than the designed
discharge and f r e e f r o m silt.
Use one of the intake s t r u c t u r e s 3. 1 o r 3. 3 to 3.8, o r 3. 10
to 3.13 with a check o r c r o s s regulator i n the parent canal,
o r constant upstream o r downstream water level gates.
3. 18 i s used when both the offtaking and the supply canals have the same
sediment carrying capacity. When the effect of this device i s not sufficient to
control the entry of silt into the offtaking canal, the device 3. 17 may be used in
addition to enhance the performance of 3.18.
The silt platforms (3.20) a r e suitable only where the parent canal i s deep.
The device 3.20 (b) has the advantage that (on account of the slight heading caused
by the curved wing) a small head of 3 to. 4.5 cm i s created a t the offtake which
increases the velocity of the water and prevents silt being deposited in the head
reach of the offtaking canal.
When a canal divides into two canals, one of which sil!s up very badly, and
there i s not enough room to accommodate vanes, the device 3.21 may be built to
pass m o r e silt into the canal which does not silt.
The device 3.22 i s suitable for small canals whose bed widths a r e l e s s than
3 metres. It requires that some extra discharge be let into the offtaking canal
f o r the operation of the tube.
A. INTAKES
3.2.1 General
The intakes for minor and sub-minor canals developed in Punjab and
Haryana a r e designed for proportional distribution of supplies. The types in
common u s e a r e the "Open Flume" and the "Adjustable Proportional Flume
(APF)". Whichever of the two types a r e adopted the following conditions should
be satisfied.
(a) F o r open flumes the setting of the c r e s t should be a t 0.9 of the full supply
depth of the parent canal (Y i ) ; the c r e s t m u s t be above the level of the
downstream canal bed; the width of the c r e s t a c r o s s the flow must be a t
l e a s t 6 cm.
No control work i s required in the parent canal. Even paving of the bed
section of the parent canal opposite the intake i s not needed. However, when a
bridge i s required over the parent canal a t the site of the intake, a common wing
wall i s provided between the intake and the bridge. The intake structure itself
may have a bridge over it, i f required.
Structural Design
When t h e r e i s no bridge on the parent canal, the radius for the curve
joining the u p s t r e a m side walls of the throat of the intake to the toe of the 0 . 5 : 1
o r 1 : 1 side slopes of the parent canal should be equal to 7 . 5 , The downstream
Y1
side walls of the throat should be c a r r i e d straight into the parent canal to m e e t
i t s side slopes.The depth of the u p s t r e a m curtain wall (including concrete
grouting) should be equal to Y 1.
3
3.2.2.2 Crest
horizontal base which would diverge it). The reinforced roof block should be
about 30 c m thick.
rr~~ Bar 3mm
Bar No.1
Front elevation
Bar 3 m m
Bar No. 2
Bar No.3
Detoils of precast R. C. Roof I F A O - I C I D I
INTAKE TO SMALL CANALS (PUNJAB T Y P E )
DETAILS O F P R E C A S T R . C . R O O F BLOCK
I Figure No. 3 -2 I
The c r e s t should be joined with the upstream bed level of the parent canal
with a radius R(b,c) = 2.5 H(crt). ,
where H(b.c) is the height of the c r e s t above the upstream bed level.
The downstream glacis should have a 2.5 : 1 slope and will join the c r e s t
with a curve of radius 0.60 m .
Then L(gl) -- 2. H ( c - ~ ~ )
3.2.2.4 Cistern
Hc
L.
for the calculated value
3.2.3 Design
3.2.3. 1 Open F l u m e
-3
Value of 'C' to be a s follows:
\
Road level
-125-
Floor
F A 0 - ICID
INTAKE TO SMALL CANALS (PUNJAB TYPE)
STANDARD S E C T I O N S FOR
WING W A L L S AND ABUTMENTS OF
C.D.O. TYPE F A L L ( P U N J A B )
3.2.3.2 Adjustable ~ r o p o r t i o n a lF l u m e ( A P F )
3.2.4. 1 Design an intake s t r u c t u r e for a minor canal with the following data:
Discharge
Bed level
, (above s e a level)
F u l l supply depth
F u l l supply level
Bed width
Angle of offtake
Working head
(100.96 -
100.36)
(i) C r e s t l e v e l and t h r o a t width
-- 0 . 9 ~ ~
H(crt)
- 0.9 . 0.96
-- 0.864 m .
-- 1 . 60 ( f r o m section 3. 2. 3.1).
Length of c r e s t ,
L(crt) = ycrt)
(ii) Glacisandcistern
working head,
?wi> -
h(wk) - 0.60 1
Now h(wk) -- -
0.60
I% 0.42
-- 1.43
-
E2 - 2. 181 1 (by interpolation)
Hc
Length of downstream
glacis - 2.5 . 0.652
Length of c i s t e r n - Y2 + ywk)
-- 0.50 + 0.6
-- 1. l m .
Then dwc2
Minimum r e q u i r e d - 0.5m.
H(b- c )
-- 100.096 - 1oo.00
- 0.096
3.3.1 General
The design of a s i l t selective intake was evolved by the l a t e K. R.
(a) Under ideal conditions, the ability of the intake to conduct silt does
not vary with the discharge of an offtaking canal so long a s the
depth in the approach chamber i s not changed;
Figure No. 3 -5
parent canal.
The floor of the approach chamber m u s t be higher than the canal bed. The
slope from the platform to the approach chamber i s set a t 0.5 : 1 because a
vertical wall would cause disturbance. The width of the approach i s determined
by the formula -
The length of the c r e s t i s 2.5 H(crt), and the vertical approach curve f r o m
floor to c r e s t has a radius of 2H(crt).
~ - ~~
Type of s i l t Value of C
F o r s o i l s of Punjab and
U t t a r P r a d e s h (UP)
C o a r s e s i l t and sand 0.70 ( a s in South India)
Sandy l o a m 0.65 ( a s in T a m i l Nadu)
Light sandy s i l t of c o a r s e r 0.59 ( a s in B u r m a )
variety
F i n e sandy s i l t 0.55 ( a s i n Punjab and UP)
V e r y fine s i l t 0.41 ( a s in Sind)
P e a gravel 0.85 ) in r i v e r s o r head
G r a v e l and P e a g r a v e l 1.83 ) r e a c h e s of c a n a l s
Boulders, e t c . 2.1 )
- ( x f d ) 3 t o d e t e r m i n e floor l e v e l
I(sch) - 0 . 9 ~ of the approach c h a m b e r
B(,p) . 0.9~1
(d) Work out B
(a.1
= C , where
Y(ac)
(e) Work out the c r e s t H(crt) f r o m the formula
2
Q = 1.71 B where B ( q = B(ac)
(t) H(crt)
2
See F i g u r e 3-5.
Ql = 8.5m3/s Q2 = 0.8m3/s
B1 = 1.30 m B2 = 0.60 m
Y1 = 9.5m y2 = 3.00
(ss) = 0.5 : 1 ( s s ) = 0.5 : 1
F u l l supply l e v e l = 10 1.30 F u l l supply level = 100.50
3.3.4.3 Depth i n approach chamber for 85% selection of silt in the parent canal
Y(ac)
- 0.85~ . 1.17 = 0.719 m
say 0.72
-- 0.955 m say O . 9 6 m
lm5yl t 6
3.3.4.5 Radius of downstream wing R -
( dsw) 291 r 2 f + B(t)
-- B 0 . 9 ~
3.3.4.6 Width of approach B(ac) K t
Y(ac)
where K = 1.5
- 1.17m; say 1 . 2 0 m
3
3.3.4.8 Discharge in offtaking canal, ' 2 = 1.71B(t) Hz
(crt)
3
= 1.86 m ;
straight portion upstream =) 2 . 5 H(.crt) = 1.33 m
3.4.1. General
the orifice gate to i n c r e a s e the accuracy of head readings, and hence of the
discharge measurement. F o r existing structures, small wooden o r metal
baffle-type stilling devices a c r o s s the entrance passage and a c r o s s the stilling
d
3.4.2.1 Dimensions
The distance between the inlet cut-off and orifice gate should be a minimum
of 1.5 times the difference in elevation between the invert a t the cut-off and a t
the orifice gate. In an earth canal., the top of the sloping inlet walls should
i n t e r s e c t the canal side slope a t o r a few inches above normal water level. The
inlet walls a r e usually,sloped steeper than the canal side slope and set back into
the bank so that they will not be out in the canal i f i t i s widened at the bottom
during cleaning o r reshaping. The following tabulation shows recommended
inlet wall slopes corresponding to various canal side slopes.
1.5: 1
s e t into the bank
12 to 24 inches
depending on size
of canal and local
conditions .
The dimensions of other p a r t s a r e given in Table 3- 2.
3.4.2.2 ~ i d velocities
e
The top of the pipe a t the outlet should have a minimum submergence of
hv(~)
Hydraulic P r o p e r t i e s
The opening of the orifice for the desired discharge i s obtained from
discharge Tables 3-3, 3-4, o r 3-5. With the upstream gate o r gates set at
the opening, the downstream gate o r gates a r e adjusted until the differential
head a c r o s s the orifice, a s measured by the staff gauges in the stilling wells,
i s a t 6 cm ( 0 . 2 ft). The discharge will then be a t the d e s i r e d value.
s e e section 3.4.4.
Flow through the structure i s controlled by the size of the orifice and the
head a c r o s s the orifice. The l o s s through the structure i s computed and this -
f o s s will determine the maximum elevation to which delivery can be made. If
the canal below a turnout i s dry and the turnout gate i s opened some manipulation
of the gate may be required until the canal fills. (This would be t r u e of any
gated structure. ) f i t s i d e of this fining operation, tall-wtKtCr docs nat cmtrol
the flow through a turnout.
FAO- ICID
Figure N o . 3 - 9 ( a )
offle for vortex
, prevention ot upstreom ownstreom staff
FIGURE 3 - 10. - -
Stilling baffles to reduce water surface
fluctuations at staff gauges .
W. S.
W.S.
4) *
Hoa q+01
I 1
*
h(
b
must be equol to or greoter than for mox. O . (ln'
'hib; is equol to or greoter thon 'qgo;for good occurocy.
3 I 3
For 0 up t o 10 ft/s, LI must be ot leost 2~ qg0) or IT^^^,),
whichever ir grcotcr . (i- minimum 1.
3
For 0 above 10 f t / s , LI :2 $ minimum.
On the other hand chokingby weeds that become lodged within the
m e a s u r i n g orifice can be serious. Moreover, choking can be difficult to detect
when sediment-laden water is flowing because the orifice cannot be seen. The
principal cause of choking i s the p r e s e n c e
\
of waterlogged weeds that get caught
in the opening. These weeds may t r a p other p a r t i c l e s and eventually plug the
turnout. The m e a s u r i n g accuracy of constant-head orifice turnouts i s sensitive
t o the condition of the orifice and i s greatly reduced by the p r e s e n c e of even a
few weeds. Therefore, during regular operation, c a r e m u s t be taken to e n s u r e
that the orifice and the a r e a u p s t r e a m of i t a r e kept completely c l e a r of weeds
and other d e b r i s .
The t e s t s c a r r i e d out show that for bhe general case, the r a t e of flow can
be computed f r o m the formula
=Q = coefficient of discharge
Studies show that when the depth of water u p s t r e a m of the orifice gate i s
four o r m o r e t i m e s the height of the opening of the orifice, the coefficient of
discharge, CQ, r e m a i n s essentially constant a t 0.65. However, when the depth
of water u p s t r e a m i s l e s s than four t i m e s the orifice opening, the coefficient
increases. The r a t e of i n c r e a s e i s moderate a t submergence r a t i o s between
4 and 2.5, but i s rapid a t submergence r a t i o s below 2.5. It i s i m p r a c t i c a l and
inaccurate to attempt to predict the coefficients for different installations having
low submergence r a t i o s , and the p r a c t i c e of doing so i s not recommended.
Instead, and i f possible, the s t r u c t u r e s should be installed so the water depth in
front of the orifice gate be 2.5 t i m e s , and preferably four o r m o r e times, the
maximum expected gate opening. In some c a s e s , to place the s t r u c t u r e low
enough, i t may be n e c e s s a r y to slope the inlet channel downward ( F i g u r e 3 - 9 (b) ).
An alternative design in which the inlet floor i s stepped abruptly downward i s
a l s o used.
TABLE 3-3
3
D i s c h a r g e of ,Constant-Head O r i f i c e Turnout in ft / s,
Capacity 10 ft3, Gate Size 24 by 18 Inches
TABLE 3-5
~
2 f t 3 / s Turnout (width of orifice 9 ft 3/ s Turnout (width of orifice
1. 5 ft) 2. 5 ft)
Discharge Orifice gate Discharge Orifice gate
ft3/ s opening, ft ft3/ s opening, ft
3 0.40 6 0.60
i,
4 0.53 8 0.80
1
Porent conol
-----I*
------------ -------------------
-
1 I
Constant
0d)ustoble
dischorqe --"' 1
(b)
--Offtoke conol .
0- Module
Porent chonnel
-
Figure No. 3 12 -
3.4.5 Numerical Example
Designs can be worked out on the basis of the data and tables in the
preceding paragraphs.
3.5.1 General
In order that the module may draw the amount of water for which i t h a s been
designed the water level in the parent canal should be m o r e o r l e s s constant. If
there is only a small variation in the water level in the parent canal the intake is
installed directly on the bank of the parent canal (Figure 3- 12 (a) ). If the water '
level in the parent canal fluctuates beyond tolerable limits for constant flow in
the offtaking channel, a constant downstream level gate must be installed a t the
head of the offtaking channel upstream of the module, ( s e e also section 6.15).
Figure 3- 12 (b) shows a combination used when the discharge of the intake
i s small compared to the discharge of the parent canal. The intake structure has
a protection gate and a constant downstream water level gate before the orifice
module.
Figure 3-12(c) h a s a constant upstream water level gate in the parent canal
below the intake structure. This arrangement i s systematically used in upstream
controlled networks. Figure 3- 12 (d) shows an arrangement where the module
intake i s set immediately below the constant downstream water level gate
installed in the parent canal. This arrangement i s systematically used in
downstream-controlled systems.
F o r this type of intake, only structural and design details of the orifice
module intake a r e given h e r e . 'Information about the constant upstream and
downstream water levels gates and the w e i r s a r e given ih Chapter 6.
Figure 3-14 shows the module before and after'installation of the fixed
plate, the sliding plate and the sill. Dimensions for different types of the module
a r e shown in Table 3-6.
TABLE 3-6
(Dimensions in cm)
TABLE 3-7
--
Advantage s .
The head l o s s through the module i s low, because of the hydraulic jump
being formed oh the downstream slope of the sill. The device h a s a wide range
of operation. Wear and tear i s almost nil. Any discharge (in multiples of 5)
can be obtained by employing the minimum number of compartments. It i s not
easy to tamper with the outlet. Operation i s simple ; all that is required i s to
-
Module X
-~O/o-sO/o Q +S0/o +loO/o
9 9.5 10 10.5 I I r h e c
20 21 221hec
-10°/o-50/o 0 +SO/O+lOO/~
open o r shut the gates a s required; once set, the combination can be locked once
and for all. The amount of water withdrawn from the supply canal o r supplied to
u s e r s can be determined merely by noting the opening times of the gates.
Disadvantages
Type Discharge
d~ (4 h(1) H
.
of - per 10 cm
H ( ~ r t ) m i n H(crt)
nor
H(crt)
max ('"Imin
mod- width of Q- Q-
ul e sill 10% 5%
The discharge of the outlet follows the formula for a weir with shooting
flow conditions (and i s thus always independent of the downstream water level) -
When the upstream water level r i s e s and i s above the lower tip of the fixed
plate o r the baffle, the weir flow changes to orifice flow conditions. The
discharge falls off slightly a t f i r s t - due to the vena contracta effect downstream
of the baffle and because the reduced section i s not quite compensated by the
increased flow velocity - before beginning to increase again, thus obeying the
characteristics of flow through orifices under pressure, (coefficient C tending to
decrease a s the height of water increases). Due to i t s momentary increase in
the initial stages of orifice flow, the discharge varies between very narrow limits
(5% to 10%) over a comparatively wide range of upstream water levels. Under
designed water level upstream, the module gives exactly the discharge indicated
on the shutter (Figure 3- 17).
r C o n t r o l of locks
Open locked 9ote
3. 6. 1 General
T h e double o r i f i c e m o d u l e i s a n i m p r o v e m e n t o v e r t h e N e y r p i c o r i f i c e
module and c a t e r s f o r g r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n s of d i s c h a r g e i n t h e supply c a n a l . Its
v a r i o u s a r r a n g e m e n t s with c o n s t a n t u p s t r e a m a n d d o w n s t r e a m w a t e r l e v e l g a t e s
a n d r e g u l a t i n g c h e c k s t r u c t u r e s a r e t h e s a m e a s given u n d e r s e c t i o n 3.5.
3. 6 . 2 Structural Characteristics
TABLE 3-9
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Double O r i f i c e Module
for Q = 2 5 p e r cent
Type Unit H H H dH J . H
No. discharge ( c r t )m i n (crt) (max) (crt) mln (b- c )
l/ s/dm Dimensions i n centimetres
Hydraulic Characteristics
T h u s t h i s i m p r o v e m e n t a l l o w s a l a r g e r r a n g e of v a r i a t i o n i n t h e u p s t r e a m
l e v e l s t o give n e a r l y c o n s t a n t d i s c h a r g e . F o r e x a m p l e , f o r m o d u l e Type 2
able +
3-9) t h e p e r m i s s i b l e r a n g e f o r Q = - 570 i s 11 c m w h e r e a s i t i s 8 c m f o r
t h e N e y r p i c m o d u l e Type XX. T h i s p e r m i t s t h e p a s s i n g of 50°/0 m o r e d i s c h a r g e
f o r t h e s a m e width, a g r e a t a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h e N e y r p i c s i n g l e o r i f i c e module.
Design
T h e h y d r a u l i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e m o d u l e a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 - 9 .
Numerical Example
LJB a s e d on i n f o r m a t i o n
supplied by A. T . Koshkina, E . P . ' M a r t i n , A. V. Shatalova,
D . D. A l e v a n d B . V . K a z a r i n o v (u. S. S. R . )
Cross section A A Cross section B B
Cement mortar
Cross section C C
FA 0 - ICID
OPEN INTAKE STRUCTURE MADE OF
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
3
Discharge, m / s
h(k), c m
Type of 5 10 15 20
H'
structure (crt) qgo), cm
L i s t of P a r t s
AO- 60 1, 170 1
RO-60 . 40 14
P-60 . 120 110 13
AO- 60 1 , 170 1
RO-60 . 60 P-60 . 120 110 7 12
P-60 . 180 325 4
AO-80 2,435 1
RO-80 . 60 12
P-120 . 180 325 11
AO-80 2,435 1
RO-80 . 80 14
P-120 . 180 325 13
TABLE 3- 10 (Cont'd. )
Design Dimensions
Volume of m a i n works
Type of s t r u c t u r e
Name Material Unit
RO-60 . 40 RO-60 . 60 R O - 8 0 . 60 RO-80 . 80
Rein- Concrete m3 1.04 1. 30 2.40 2.66
forced
concrete Reinfor-
kg 52.5 57.2 107.9 113.6
parts cement
TZRM
Cement m 0.31 0.43 0.77 0.91
100
Sand-
m3 1.0 1.4 2.5 2.9
filling
Rock-
m 0.5 0.9 1.1 2.1
filling
Metal con-
kg 73.1 72.5 38.4 93.1
struction s
a r e given i n Table 3- 10. The intake o p e r a t e s n o r m a l l y a t a l l h e a d s given i n that
Table.
Design
Calculating f o r m u l a
7
3
where
Q = proposed d i s c h a r g e of the r e g u l a t o r ( m3 / s ) ;
= d i s p e r s i o n coefficient;
C(ds~)
where
= velocity of approach
"(~PP)
TABLE 3-11
formula :
where
where
C r i t i c a l depth i s d e t e r m i n e d by the f o r m u l a H =
C g
q
where q = = d i s c h a r g e p e r unit w i d t h ;
B(go)
Incident energy = total height of u p s t r e a m energy line over downstream
floor on apron
rH( go) =l
-- i s defined by using Table 3-12 in t e r m s of
EI E
, SB1 SB 1
SB 1
TABLE 3-12
r~
q (no) A rH(go) 3 2 )
E' E E' E' 2- E'
SB 1 SB 1 SB 1 SB 1 SB 1 SB 1
SB 1
1 1
where C = '
0. 17 f 0 . 8 3 C"
3.7.4.1 -
Data
= 0.57 m
0.57
F o r value % = - - - 0.814
H 0.70
(crt)
C
(dsp) = 0.91, f r o m Table 3-11
f r o m f o r m u l a (1)
3
q = 0.91 . 0.825 . 0.40 . 0.80 Jm.
0.7
Z
= 0.62 m 3 / s
c r i t i c a l depth, Hc ;/
-- 3 q = *j
H(go)
= 1.0 . 0.157 = 0.157 m.
Y2 - H(j)Z
= ( 0 . 7 0 - 0 . 13) - 0 . 5 1 - O . OE m
H(s) -
-
(0.7 - 0.13) = 1.12. Hence, t h e j u m p i s
(js) =
H ( 12
j
0.52
FAO- lClD
Flume -
3.8. 1 General
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
3.8. 3 D e sign
Calculating f o r m u l a
where Ax(p) = sectional a r e a of a pipe, rnZ
= d i s c h a r g e coefficient
c~
9f-p)
-
- .?bd- = pipe length r e s i s t a n c e coefficient with
cz ~ ( ~ ) coefficient of roughness N = 0.012;
= pipe length;
L(~)
C = 72 = Chezy f r i c t i o n coefficient;
= hydraulic r a d i u s ;
R ( ~ ) = 4
g = 9.81 = gravity a c c e l e r a t i o n
3.8.4 N u m e r i c a l Example
Data
D i s c h a r g e Capacity
Type of .
Structure h(wk), cm 5
--
Design Dimensions
Type of D Y2 HTS HWL BWL d(toe)
Structure ( P) cm cm cm cm cm L
cm(~)
L i s t of P a r t s
TR - 8 660 6
SH - 60 2,200 1
VKLV- 60 P - 1 220 1
D - 1 7 25 1
S 125 4
TR - 10 1,140 6
SH - 8 0 2,500 1
VKLV- 8 0 P - 1 220 1
D - 2 875 1
S 125 4
It i s n e c e s s a r y t o calculate the working head h(,k).
Solution
= 0 . 1 8 7 m o r 19 c m .
3.9.1 General
P i p e r e g u l a t o r s a r e u s e d f o r the d i v e r s i o n of water to s m a l l c a n a l s . As
c o m p a r e d with e a r l y types in u s e , the l a t e s t s t r u c t u r e p r o v i d e s b e t t e r dissipation
of energy on the d o w n s t r e a m side and a l s o h a s only one joint in the pipeline.
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
Cross section A - A
FAO-ICID
Plon
Slope stabilization a t the inlet sill and the downstream apron i s secured by
p r e - c a s t reinforced plates; the side slope i s 1 : 25: 1. In front of the inlet sill
t h e r e i s a well and a t the end of the downstream apron t h e r e i s a rock-filled
knife-edged support. The height of the embankment above water level on the
u p s t r e a m side of the s t r u c t u r e i s 25-30 cm and on the downstream side
30-35 c m .
Design
Calculating formula
T y p e of h(wk)* c m L i s t of P a r t s
Structure 10 15 20 25 30
D(P), cm
T y p e of T y p e of Weight of Number Total
T R - 60- 125 60 0 . 29 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.51 structure part one p a r t of number
kg parts
T R - 8 0 - 150 80 0.53 0.66 0.76 0.85 0.93
T R - 60 1,350 2
ON- 60 450 1
= discharge coefficient
C~
- 0.5 = i n l e t .friction coefficient, accepted
C(f-IN) -
according to laboratory data;
L = pipe length, m ;
(P)
C -
- Chezy coefficient;
-
- hydraulic m e a n radius, m ;
4
-
- pipe c r o s s - sectional a r e a .
*X(P)
where
= velocity in the pipe, m / s;
"(P)
Data
What i s the discharge of the structure, and basin length on the downstream
side ?
Solution
where:
hence :
Q = 0.758 . 0.503J 2 . 9.81 . 0.17 = 0.696 m3/s
Assume average velocity, allowed for wash-out, in the canal v(flu) = 0.8
m / s (for medium loam), then determine the basin length :
-
L ( ~ m t )- 2.2 . V(p> D(~> = 2.2 .-
0.8 '
0.8 = 3,l m
"( flu)
Section D-D
Compacted fill of
selected material
Note: All dimensions are in metres.
F A 0- ICID
General
The s t r u c t u r e d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n m e e t s the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r w a t e r l e v e l
control f o r the d i v e r s i o n of w a t e r into t e r t i a r y c a n a l s , providing a t the s a m e
t i m e the n e c e s s a r y d r o p i n the secondary canal.
Section 1-1
Section F-F
Element Iembedded\ / I I 0'05' Qrnbedment of the
in concrete slab- L element
H
Gote I Gote 2
d
4
-- SectionI D-D
F Reinforcement detail
Plon of bottom slob Section G-G Cotwolk- Longitudinol section Note:
A and B type structures For structures A and D -
2cm mortar finish for rmll crest LfcotW) = 2'20 rn E
For structures B and E
2 cm mortar joint
4cotwj = 1.80 m
* Wall detoil
6 5+0 4 . + - d b
Plon of bottom slob
Weep holes detoil
Note :
Section J-J
I INTAKE STRUCTURE ON SECONDARY I
$steel bars anchored to the
CANALS
bottom slob by Ineons of 3 0 cm CONSTRUCTION D E T A I L S
souore hooks.
I Figure No. 3 - 23
I
load and the m a x i m u m w a t e r p r e s s u r e . To e n s u r e adequate strength of the p r e -
c a s t concrete side w a l l s and head walls, s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l b a r s a r e embedded in
the joints of the blocks, anchoring t h e m to the slab foundation ( F i g u r e 3- 23).
This reinforced c o n c r e t e slab h a s cut-off walls and weep holes t o reduce the
uplift p r e s s u r e . At the inlet and outlet of the s t r u c t u r e , t h e r e a r e r e v e t m e n t s
consisting of 50 c m x 50 c m x 6 c m p r e - c a s t s l a b s which a r e placed o v e r a thin
l a y e r of concrete. This lining i s provided with a cut-off apron a s indicated on
F i g u r e 3-22.
3.10.3 Design F o r m u l a e
where:
-
- flow in r n 3 / s ;
-
- discharge c o e f f i c i e n t
-
- width of w e i r n o r m a l to flow;
= depth of u p s t r e a m w a t e r s u r f a c e l e v e l o v e r
the w e i r .
The wall height of the s t r u c t u r e i s obtained by adding to H ( c r t ) the weir
height over the floor s l a b and an adequate f r e e - b o a r d .
where:
= length of the stilling basin
L~~
H(j)Z = t h e o r e t i c a l water depth downstream of the hydraulic
jump
= t h e o r e t i c a l water depth u p s t r e a m of the hydraulic
H(j) 1
jump.
where:
h ( e . ent) = l o s s of head a t e n t r a n c e
.
h ( l f) = l o s s of head through the pipe
3. 1 0 . 4 . 2 Height of the w a l l s
Data: Q = 1 m3/s
CQ = 2.00
B(t) = 1.00 m
we obtain H = 0.63 m
(4
Applying an approximate f r e e - b o a r d of 3070 of the depth of the w a t e r , we obtain:
On t h e o t h e r hand
Therefore:
v = 5.38m,/s
(jIl
where :
v(j)l
F(j)l = (gH(j),) i / 2 = 3.98
from where
H(j)2 = 0.96
and t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s t i l l i n g b a s i n
= s(0.96-0.19) = 3.85m.
L~~
J = h + h + h
(HR) (l. ent) ce. f) (l.
OL)
= 1 . 5 &) ( e n t r a n c e l o s s e s )
h([. ent)
2g
= 0.023 (friction l o s s e s )
D ( ~ ) 2g
h = 1.0 (outlet l o s s e s )
(C. out) 2g
10 0
J
(HR)
= (1.5 + 0.023 t.1 ) 2g = :146 ,
.
3.11.1 General
3.11.2.1 P a r t s of the s t r u c t u r e
( c ) outlet wall;
Variable p a r t s - ( a ) earthwork;
3.11.2.2 Types of s t r u c t u r e
TABLE 3-16
Inside d i a m e t e r Lifting
Type and height of inlet wall, c m
of pipe, c m mechanism
RS 1 301 125
30 unshielded
RS 1 301 175
50 unshielded RS 1 501175
3.11.2.3 Instructions f o r u s e
3.11.2.4 Building m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d
TABLE 3-17
' V o l u m e of Main S t r u c t u r e s
3. 1 1 . 3 Design
3.11.4 N u m e r i c a l Example
Design a gate valve s t r u c t u r e f o r a d i s c h a r g e of 500 11s and a head of
60 c m . The height of the inlet wall i s 175 c m .
~ectionol'view 1-1 Sectionol view 2-2 1 Sectional view 3-3
Czechoslovakia
Note: All dimensions ore in centirnetres.
Figure No. 3 - 27
F r o m F i g u r e 3-26, the r e q u i r e d d i a m e t e r of the pipe f o r 500 11s d i s c h a r g e
and f o r the head of 60 c m i s 50 cm.
General
The design of t h i s venturi head intake was evolved in the 1920's during the
construction of the S a r d a Canal in Uttar P r a d e s h , India, to effect economy by
providing a flumed t h r o a t with suitable wing wall connections to r e s t o r e the full
bed width of the offtake canal.
H(crtl
(a) The h e a d l o s s i s o r l e s s and the d i s c h a r g e i s a little over the
9
t h e o r e t i c a l value due t o the s t r e a m l i n e d approach.
0
(b) The venturi head may be designed for any angle of offtake f r o m 60 to 90°
and f o r any bed width of the offtake canal up to 7 ? 5 m .
(c) The design i s such that the e x c e s s energy of the w a t e r i s dissipated by the
formation of a hydraulic jump.
3.12.2 S t r u c t u r a l Design
The width of the t h r o a t should not be l e s s than one t h i r d the bed width of the
offtake canal nor l e s s than the width determined f r o m the f o r m u l a
- -3 where B(t) = t h r o a t width, and H
B(t) - - (crt)
i s the head over the
1 . 2 ~ ~
(crt)
sill.
width o r to -: Q .
1 . 4 ~ '
- whichever i s g r e a t e r , subject to a minimum of 0. 60 m .
(crt)
The d r o p in the water s u r f a c e should be a s s u m e d a t a t l e a s t to be on the
8
safe side.
If the bed of the offtake canal i s below the th.roat sill, the drop, i f l e s s than
, 0 . 1 5 m, should be negotiated by a g l a c i s a t a slope of 1 : 10 and a minimum floor
length of 1. 5 m should be provided below the glacis. If the d r o p exceeds 0.15 m ,
Bed and side pitchings should be provided in the offtake canal a f t e r the wing
w a l l s u p to a d i s t a n c e o f ' 3 m , and t h i s should be followed by side pitching only of
equal length.
y1 = 1.2 m
B e d elkvation = 200
Design
The width of the t h r o a t B(t) should b e not l e s s than the lower of the
following values -
Sill l e v e l
Lengthofcurvedsill (
= f i ~ l . ~ 0 . 7 1 ) =~ 1.041-11
(4
2 2
Radius of s i l l -
-
(app) + (b-c) -- +
1 . 0 4 ~ (0.49)'
H(b-c) 2 . 0.49
F l o o r t h i c k n e s s and length
m a x i m u m floor t h i c k n e s s will be
0.80 . 4
= 0.64 m , say 0. 65 m . The
5
D o w n s t r e a m wing w a l l s
General
S t r u c t u r a l Design
Hydraulic Design
A depth equal to the full supply depth of the offtake canal i s maintained
d o w n s t r e a m of the grooves.
Design
-20 cm brick
pitching
I
0.30,
I Longitudinal section
-
Porent
channel
Note : Sections of mosonry wolis ore odopted os given in Figure No.2 SQUARE HEAD INTAKE
of Intakes of Smoll Conols (Punjob Type).
H ( ~ ~ - b )= 0.74
subject to m a x i m u m head, will be 25 = 0.60m.
3. 14. 1 General
Longitudinal section
i
Figure No. 3 - 30
canal ( d i s t r i b u t a r y ) should be proportional to the a r e a i t s e r v e s . The installation
of this s t r u c t u r e i s now a common p r a c t i c e in Egypt. These intakes a r e
generally spaced a t 200 to 300 m a p a r t .
3. 14.2 S t r u c t u r a l Design
F r o m the two top c o r n e r s of the canal bank through which the pipe p a s s e s ,
l i n e s of 1 . 5 : 1 slope a r e drawn t o m e e t the points on the b a s e on which the pipe
rests. F r o m those b a s e points lines of 1 : 1 a r e projected 0. 25 m above the full
supply line on the u p s t r e a m side and about a m e t r e o r so above the bed of the
offtake canal on the downstream side. The two points s o obtained become
respectively the top levels of the u p s t r e a m and downstream head walls. The
u p s t r e a m face of the u p s t r e a m headwall i s obtained by drawing a line a t a slope
of 0 . 5 : 1. The downstream face of the downstream headwall i s generally kept
vertical ( F i g u r e 3-30).
Hydraulic Design
TABLE 3-19
P e r c e n t a g e Differences
f o r Headings-up Below o r Above 25 C e n t i m e t r e s
Cm. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TABLE
- 10
Diam. Lengths of pipes i n m e t r e s and a r e a s e r v e d i n F e d d a n s a s s u m i n g :
-4 k
in
s .Y' cm 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
r3 !&
Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed.
10 10.0 16 13 11 9 9 8 7 7 7
20 12.5 25 22 19 17 15 14 13 12 12
30 15.0 41 34 30 27 24 23 21 20 19
45 17. 5 58 49 43 39 36 33 31 30 28
65 20.0 78 67 59 54 50 46 44 41 39
85 22.5 101 88 78 72 66 62 58 55 53
110 25.0 126 111 100 92 85 80 75 71 68
135 27.5 157 138 125 115 107 101 95 90 86
165 30.0 188 167 152 140 131 123 117 111 106
235 35.0 262 236 217 201 188 177 168 167 154
315 40.0 348 316 292 272 256 242 231 221 212
405 45.0 447 406 380 356 337 320 305 293 28 1
510 50.0 555 513 479 451 427 407 389 374 360
625 55.0 680 630 590 558 530 506 488 465 45 0
760 60.0 817 760 715 678 647 618 593 578 551
900 65.0 960 900 847 840 772 740 710 687 663
1,060 70.0 1,120 1,051 998 952 909 873 840 813 785
1,220 75.0 1,290 1,220 1,158 1,105 1,060 1,018 983 950 920
1,400 80.0 1,478 1,398 1,330 1,273 1,222 1,177 1,137 1,100 1,066
1,590 85.0 1 , 675 1,590 1 , 515 1,452 1 , 397 1 , 347 1 , 303 1, 262 1, 223
1 , 790 90.0 1,880 1,790 1 , 7 1 2 1 , 644 1,585 1,530 1,480 1,435 1, 395
2,000 95.0 2, 100 2,000 1,922 1,846 1,785 1,723 1 , 670 1, 618 1,575
2,230 100.0 2, 330 2, 230 2, 140 2,060 1,990 1,925 1,865 1,813 1,760
105.0 2,575 2,465 2, 370 2, 285 2, 205 2,140 2,080 2, 020 1,970
110.0 2,840 2,720 2,620 2,530 2,455 2,370 2,305 2,240 2,180
115.0 3, 100 2,980 2,870 2,770 2, 690 2, 610 2,540 2,470 2,410
120.0 3 , 390 3,260 3,150 3,050 2,960 2,870 2,790 2, 720 2, 650
I r r i g a t i o n Pipes and Areas Served
Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed.
, 0 I "
Covers 4 - 3 x 1 - 7 i x 2
Rein.-Arc Ref.- No. 610
Exposed section
to be scabbled
Plon
Section A-A
Port section of gote
connection
F A 0 - ICID
Notes : I . Concrete to hove a minimum compressive strength
of 3 5 0 0 psi ot 28 days. Concrete works shall conform
with specification C- S- 5 9
2 . All fillets 2 inches. PRECAST CONCRETE INLET BOX
FOR INTAKE WITH STONE MESH WEIR
= 10m3/s 3
Q Q = 0.44m / s
y2 =
1.0 m
B2 = 2.0 m
(320 ha)
3.15.1 General
3.15.2 S t r u c t u r a l Design
Design
Numerical Example
Design
3. 16. 1 General
The groyne type of intake i s in u s e i n Cyprus on r i v e r s with g r a v e l beds and
widths up to about 183 m (600 ft). In such c a s e s i t i s uneconomical to build a
w e i r a c r o s s the full width of the r i v e r . These intake s t r u c t u r e s have been
developed to o v e r c o m e t h i s difficulty. They have only a m a s o n r y groyne
extending out into the r i v e r bed.
Alternative positi
of extension woll
Level
River
Downstreom toe of
No. 3 - 38
I Figure
I
f r o m high floods in the r i v e r . The i r r i g a t i o n canal between the intake and the
overflow spillway i s built to withstand s u b m e r s i o n during heavy floods. (The
d e t a i l s a r e shown in F i g u r e 3- 38. )
3. 17. 1 General
3. 17. 2 S t r u c t u r a l Design
TABLE 3-21
Width of offtake channel = B2 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.8
in m e t r e s
F o r strong Value of X i 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.4
effect Value of X2 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1 . 8 2.4 2.7
Value of R 9.0 10.5 12.0 12.0 13.5 13.5 15.0
Parent channel =/ L
QG = GP
Of ftake channel
The channels between the vanes and the vanes themselves should be
plastered.
The bed of the parent canal covered by the vanes, and for a distance of 15 m
to 30 m u p s t r e a m of the vanes, m u s t be smoothly pitched and i t should be 15 c m
higher than the n o r m a l silted bed level. The upstream 4.5 m of the pitching
should be built a t a slope of, 1 in 10.
The side slope of the parent canal on the side of the offtake m u s t be pitched
up to the length of the pitched floor.
It should be noted that King's silt vanes a r e not suitable in the following
situations: where the offtake canal discharge i s m o r e than one-third of that of
the parent canal; where the offtake canal i s very small and takes off f r o m a deep
parent canal; where the parent canal does not have adequate width; and where
violent approach with a strong 'draw' towards the intake head exists.
Design King's silt vanes for an intake head with the following data:
P a r e n t canal Offtake canal
5 1
6 3
1.2 0. 6
Design
1 1
Heightofvanes = - t o - of yl = 0.4to 0.3m; adopt 0 . 3 m
3 4
Thickness of vanes in m a s o n r y = 12 cm
3
Width of channel between vanes = - 0. 3 = 0.45 m ; number of
2 -
vanes
3.18. 1 General F e a t u r e s
It i s not necessary to pitch the bed and side of the parent canal.
Normally the Gibbls groyne would project far enough to enclose enough of
the discharge of the parent canal to run the offtake canal full when the parent
canal i s running a t i t s lowest supply level. The amount of projection would also
depend upon the actual velocities existing near the offtake head.
Numerical Example
BB 6.0 3.0
V, mls 1.O -
v, near the offtake 0.80
.
t a k e will b e
1.1
(T) . 6 . 1
( -)
0.8
= 1.65 m. F i g u r e 3-42 shows the
details.
Portnt chonnel
Groyne
-
channel
3.20.1 General
Design of a Simple P l a t f o r m
The u p s t r e a m edge of the platform a t the edge of the parent canal may
be 1 . 5 m u p s t r e a m of the u p s t r e a m edge of the offtake.
A width equal to the depth of the parent canal will do, provided i t i s
not possible to a r r a n g e for a g r e a t e r width.
Mean side velocity (near the offtake) of the upper water flow in the
0-3
15 m t o 30 rn
brick pitching 0-23 rn thick
guide wall
---------------------
Side pitching
Plon Of ftake channel
FA0 - lClD
SILT P L A T F O R M
CUM- GUIDE W A L L
3.20.2.3 N u m e r i c a l example
Solution
The s i l t p l a t f o r m should allow to p a s s o v e r i t a d i s c h a r g e of
1.0 m3/ s + 25 p e r cent = 1. 25 m 3 / s . Width of the p l a t f o r m placed a t 0. 6 m
below the w a t e r l e v e l with m i n i m u m d i s c h a r g e in the p a r e n t canal =
1. 25
= 3.47 m , say 3 . 5 m . The p l a t f o r m to be supported on p i e r s
0 . 6 . 0.6
of 23 c m t h i c k n e s s . P r o v i d e bed pitching and side pitching e a c h 15 m long.
3. 20. 3 . 2 N u m e r i c a l example
Solution
The s i l t p l a t f o r m should p a s s 1 + 1070 = 1. 10 m 3 / s . The width of
the p l a t f o r m , placed a t 0 . 6 m below the full supply of the p a r e n t canal will be
1.10
= 3. 05 m , say 3. 0 m . P r o v i d e a p i e r t o support the p l a t f o r m .
0 . 6 . 0.6
3.2 1 R E V E R S E VANES
3.22.1 General F e a t u r e s
The velocity of the water over the tube m u s t be great enough to supply the
energy n e c e s s a r y to cause rotation of the water in the tube. Usually a velocity
of 1 . 2 to 1.8 m / s i s required. In operation, sand drops into the tube, the
rotation k e e p s i t agitated and the longitudinal flow in the tube t r a n s p o r t s i t to the
outlet. The outlet end should be equipped with a slide gate for control of the
flow since i t does not need to be fully open to function.
Design C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The canal section where the tube i s installed should be the s a m e a s the
canal width but with the bottom r a i s e d . The F r o u d e n u m b e r of the flow a c r o s s
the canal section containing the tube should approximate to 0.8. Where the flow
v a r i e s widely, d e s i g n flow should be selected that will e x i s t for a g r e a t e r
portion of t i m e . The length of the r a i s e d platform i s 2.5 t i m e s the width of the
canal.
- 0.06
-
*(tube) - B(tube) L(tube)' where A(tube) = A r e a of tube,
fi
B(tube) = Tube opening; L(tube) = Length of the tube.
2
The depth ih the tube, d(tube) is -
3 of the tube opening in
practice.
Offtake canal
1
f o r rect'angular section, velocity = = 0.56 m / s
3.0 . 0.6
Solution
L(tube) =
= 16.96 say 17
B(tube) 0. 25
O 6 B(tube) L(tube)
A r e a of tube A(tube) =
a-
v - 0.989
F r o u d e .Number = = 0.544.
J( 9 . 8 1 . 0.337
Adopt H(crt) = 0. 26
v - 1. 28
F r o u d e Number = = 0.80
J g ~(crt) J 9.81 . 0.26
T h i s value i s s a t i s f a c t o r y .
3. 23. 1 General F e a t u r e s
The t h e o r e t i c a l f o r m u l a i s a s follows :
2v 2
, = g
tan -
0<
2
ac. '32
A$ = 35 fr
; where B 2 = bed width of the offtake
canal i n m e t r e s .
3 . 23. 2 N u m e r i c a l Example
-
Data
P a r e n t canal Offtake canal
Design
1 1
A s s u m e a depth between 3 and - of the p a r e n t canal over the sill, i. e .
4
between 0 . 5 and 0.375 m. Adopt 0 . 4 m .
To find value of b /3
2 v2 a 2 0 5 2
F r o m theoretical formula,A2 = - tan - =
981
= 0.051 m
g 2
Average value of A ' = 0.047 m = 4.7 cm, say 5 cm.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Section A-A
F A O - ICID
General f e a t u r e s
The thickness of walls (i.e . the head walls, side walls, downstream
side walls and wing walls, except the dividing wall of the two offtakes) should be
a s given in Table 4- 1 .
TABLE 4-1
Thickness in c m
Q in 11s
Concrete Masonry
10 t o 80 15 30
TABLE 4-2
Thickness in c m
Q in l / s
Concrete Masonry
(D
\
200
0,
P
0
C
0
ul
a loo
0
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3
Volume of ordinary concrete or of masonry in ril
Design
TABLE 4-3
Discharge H H
C (b- c) Y1 qb-bk)
in l / s .............................. cm ...........................
4.2.1.3 N u m e r i c a l example
General f e a t u r e s
- Yl + { YI + (FBI) (ss)
(FB) = f r e e board,
(ss) = side slope of the canal section.
The u p s t r e a m g l a c i s h a s a slope of 1 : 4 to 1 : 5.
TABLE 4-4
Divisor with a T r i a n g u l a r Sill - Thickness of Walls
Thickness
Concrete Masonry
10
29
59
103
162
239
283
333 and above up to 1,000
-
Plan
Section A-A
FA0 - ICID
TABLE 4-5
Thickness
Concrete Masonry
cm cm
10
29
59
103
162
239
283
333 and above u p t o 1 , 0 0 0
4.2.2.2 Desi~n
equal t o - whereQisthedis~hargeinm~/softheparentchannelandB(~)
B(t)
i s the width of the control section i n m e t r e s .
Calculate Hc f o r q
H m a y be calculated a s follows:
(c-b)
4.2.2.3 N u m e r i c a l example
B1 = 2.5 m
B2 = 1.85m
If the discharge of the parent channel = 0.60 m 3 / s
1
0.24 . 0.24 -
then Hc (corresponding to q = 0 . 2 4 m 3 1 s ) = ( 9.8 1
.
FIGURE 4-7 - Divisor with triangular s i l l .
Relationship between Y2 a n d H ( ~ - ~ )
- .
From Figure 4-7, y2 =
for - 2 . 2 2 and X j = 2Hc
Hc
W a t e r depth u p s t r e a m , Y1 = H t H
(c-b) ( cr t )
= 0.61t0.27 = 0.88m
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 F r e n c h Divisor
Section
P Ion
Adjustable blade
FA 0 - ICID
where:
Q = d i s c h a r g e of the p a r e n t channel in m 3 / s
= height of u p s t r e a m w a t e r l e v e l o v e r c r e s t in m
H(crt)
. TABLE 4-6
- -
Adjustable Blade
Type Number Maximum Maximum Head L o s s f o r
Radius Height Discharge Head Maximum Q
of S t r u c t u r e
in c m in c m C r eOver
st
Q in l / s h(wk) in c m
Hicrt)
In cm
6 60 35 54 17.5 7.0
8 80 45 110 23.0 9.0
10 100 54 193 29.0 11.5
12 120 65 305 35.0 13.5
16 160 84 625 46.5 18. 0
20 200 104 1,093 58.0 23. 0
*
-
03
*0 .Y2 *
v, C I
W E
3 c
"I-
o a 2 .
.:-
a0
=
0
2
0 =Fpo 0
3
a
0
-. 0
ii
LL C
U
z
"
.%
e-
a
a
/'\
/ /
openings, which, however, a r e grouped to f o r m a single s t r u c t u r e . Each
opening o r offtake i s constructed a s a flume o r f r e e overfall weir and i s
dimensioned so a s to p a s s a given fraction of the total flow. In o t h e r words, the
controlling section (flume section, elevated floor, o r weir c r e s t ) i s not in the
supply channel, a s in the d i v i s o r s d i s c u s s e d in section 4. 2, but i s in the
individual offtakes. This a r r a n g e m e n t r e q u i r e s a c c u r a t e calibration by model
t e s t s o r field rating and g r e a t a c c u r a c y in construction.
where H ( c r t ) i s the head over the c r e s t , (and this will depend on the throat
widths).
When the fall in the supply channel i s combined with a bridge, the
minimum r a d i i should be 2.55 m and 2.1 m for 60° and 45O offtakes respectively.
This will e n s u r e a 6 m r a d i u s for the centreline of the r o a d leading f r o m bridge
to bridge. Both ends of the a r c s of the walls m u s t be tangential to the side walls
of both the p a r e n t channel and flume and the offtakes.
Q = total d i s c h a r g e ,
%&) .
Hc
E2
F r o m Table 3-1 i n Chapter 3, find out the value of - f o r the
Hc
calculated value of (wk) . Then E 2 can be worked out.
Hc
The depth of the c i s t e r n below the bed level of the offtake channel,
HSB , will be E2 - y 2 , and in no c a s e should be l e s s than 7 . 5 c m .
y1
The depth of the c u r t a i n walls should be equal to (-
3
+ 0. 3 ) m and
y2
( 3 + 0.3) m a t the u p s t r e a m and downstream ends of the m a s o n r y work
Shingle
C o a r s e sand
F i n e sand 0. 17 to 0.14
1
F o r the calculated value of . a, read the value of
~0-
Then, the exit gradient, s ( ~ -~ ~ ~ ) -
H* 1
dwc2 V K
The m i n i m u m thickness of the f l o o r s should b e 0. 12 m in b r i c k
m a s o n r y and 0 . 1 5 m in c o n c r e t e .
4.4.1.3 Desivn f o r m u l a
T h e design f o r m u l a u s e d i s :
Value of C
Q
Angle of Angle of
m3/ s
offtake 60° offtake 45O
Concrete plonks
S e c t i o n A-A
Section B-B
up to say 350 l / s into two o r t h r e e take-off s t r e a m s . Supply and/or take-off
channels may be open o r piped. A typical design for open channel flow i s shown
i n F i g u r e 4-17. Reference (107) provides standard designs for 9 other types of
division boxes, including piped and open channels . The proportional division of
a given flow i s accomplished by weir s t r u c t u r e s a t each offtake. The w e i r s may
be of the fixed c r e s t type to ensure a permanent proportion between the outlets o r
they may be fitted with slide gates o r stop-logs for variation of flow proportions.
It i s often desirable to use the weir for water measurement, in which c a s e i t s
design m u s t follow the standard weir conditions described in the USBR Water
Measurement Manual, r e f e r e n c e (81). In any case, i t i s recommended that a
staff gauge be provided on the wall of the structure to m e a s u r e the head on the
weirs.
FA0 - ICID
I FOR E A R T H C A N A L S
621k4P
F i g u r e 4-20 (a) and (b) shows a standard division box constructed with p r e -
fabricated p a r t s . This type i s exclusively used in the E a s t Ghor Extension
P r o j e c t in Jordan, where a total of some 225 s t r u c t u r e s have been installed.
Figure 4-21 shows a standard design adopted for a project in the San
F r a n c i s c o Valley ( ~ r a z i l ) . The s t r u c t u r e i s composed of t h r e e types of p r e -
fabricated p a r t s . These together with a variable gate opening can be used for
a wide range of design flows. The p a r t s a r e placed in an in situ concrete bed
and t h e i r vertical sides a r e held together by steel clamps. The joints can be
left unsealed if the backfill i s impermeable m a t e r i a l o r can be sealed by plastic
FIGURE 4 - 2 0 ( a ) and (b). - Distribution structure with proportional
weirs constructed f r o m prefabricated p a r t s - E a s t Ghor Extension
P r o j e c t , Jordan.
o r rubber s t r i p s . F o r a c c e s s to the gates, wooden planks a r e placed over the
structure. (The fixing of the gate will be de'scribed in Volume 111. )
Viewed on the plan, the division box i s a rectangle with four sides open for
inserting flashboards ( s e e Figure 4-23). In the two diagonal directions of the
rectangle, four baffle walls made of prefabricated concrete a r e placed with the
head enlarged to accommodate flashboard grooves and with the tail portion
projected into e a r t h ditch banks for stabilization. The lower portion of the walls,
fastened together by connecting plates, i s buried underneath the bottom of the
ditches a s cut-offs.
The e a r t h ditch banks into which the baffle walls of this structure a r e
projected for stabilization may deteriorate after some time. This will endanger
the stability of the s t r u c t u r e so the earthen banks should be examined f r o m time
to time and be repaired i f n e c e s s a r y .
Every port con be costed In Iron model with re~nforced concrete ond then
15 9 mm screw hole
When the blocks have been laid, a coping should be placed on the top c o u r s e
and on the c r e s t of the openings. This can be done with a coping block o r the
c o r e s of the block can be filled with concrete.
BILL OF MATERIAL
SIZE L-F 0-F -
l x4 15'-4" 5.0
1" x 4" 39'-4" 26.2
2"x 6" 34'-0" 34.0 .
2"xl2" 70'- 0" 140.0
Total 205 2
Nails 16-d 3.5 Ibs
4.5.5 Irrigation D i v e r t e r
5.1 INTRODUCTION
(c) To work with high 'heads' a s well a s low - down to t h r e e inches o r so.
(i) To indicate f r o m outside when the working head i s insufficient to give the
full discharge, and t h e r e f o r e a l s o the n e c e s s i t y for c l e a r a n c e of the
watercourse.
(m) D i s c h a r g e s to be provided for may be anything between half and four cusecs-2 /
with possible duplication above the l a t t e r figures.
Selection of c l a s s e s of f a r m outlets
A. Modules
B. Semi-modules
C. Non-modular f a r m outlets
- immunity f r o m tampering.
5.5.1 Background
" I,
of vones 5 - 0 (4;0),, ,
, ,
Width of wheel 2 - 6 (1-8)
Cleoronces between wheel ond
emplocernent : I/ I#
Project,Region, Country
Austrolio
Figure No. 5-1
of water c h a r g e s .
The device i s widely used in the State of Victoria and other States in
A u s t r a l i a and to some extent in the U . S. A. and in Asian countries. Approximately
15,500 l a r g e m e t e r s and 7, 000 s m a l l m e t e r s a r e in operation in Victoria.
S t r u c t u r a l Design
The vanes a r e "V" shaped a s shown ( F i g u r e 5- l ) , with the apex of the "V"
leading in the direction of rotation. At the b a s e of each vane, and a t the apex of
the "V", t h e r e i s an a i r vent to facilitate the filling and emptying of adjacent com-
p a r t m e n t s a s they e n t e r and leave the s t r e a m of water passing under the wheel.
The outer c o r n e r s of the vanes a r e chamfered to suit the fillets a t the junction of
the walls and floor of the concrete emplacement.
The co.mplete wheel unit i s galvanized for protection against corrosion. The
wheel unit i s supported accurately in the emplacement with the ends of the axle
r e s t i n g on ball bearings in a Delrin r a c e fixed on the walls of the flume. (~imbew
bearing blocks w e r e originally u s e d . )
At the entry to the flume a cut-off wall extends to either side into the canal
bank, and downward below the n a t u r a l s u r f a c e of the ground to prevent seepage
around the s t r u c t u r e . The galvanized steel sluice gate to control discharge
through the m e t e r i s fitted in neoprene guide s t r i p s s e t in r e c e s s e s so that they
a r e flush with the walls and floor a t the entry f r o m the channel.
F i g u r e s 5-3 ( a ) , 5-3 (b), 5-4 ( a ) and 5-4 (b) show details of both l a r g e and
small m e t e r s .
-----
C d i o . bolh G o n g . set 5 s bl
block-OUI 01 8 centres for
Anthony brorinqr. For lumber
9"blocks 3bmdto bolts o n
Anthony bearing
er 6 feet transition
, ,
,
7-10 - .- -- --
S e c t ~ o n C C ( s e e Flgure 3 (01
P
Upstreorn View o f D r u m
Sect~on D D
N be~ngcons~dered
Developmsnt o f Vane
P o s ~ t ~ oonf Wheal In E m p i o c e r n e n t
FA0 -ICID
SECTION CC OF FIGURE 3(0) AND
C---------
I Groove to be pointed block
I with chlorlnoted rubber pain
Notes Plan
If the derlgned rnlnlmum free board lo the lop of bonks 1% less than < / F B ~ ~
equal to or greater thDn 2 ' then /FB,,/ = 12"
4,
= / 11 11 0s
The helght of the heodwaliond gote lo ttxed from Ihe D 0 L of the channel
The moilmum h e q N ot gote su8toble for hond lhfttng IS 3'-0'where
type 'C' lhfttng gear should be used
larger gate s necessary, FA0 - ICID
Anthony bearongs ore adopted as stondord
Concrete tor emplacement should be of mcsmum compnssse strength 3,500 p n I ot 2 8
doys for durobll~ty
Backfoll should be well compacted around the heodwoll ond sfde walls
Protectton of metal work on currenl use
Goter - Galvobond plate Wheels- Golvon~rcd, together w~th oxle
All bolts galvonlsed
Feld tests are on hond for cold potnl ~ p p l t c o l l ~ non
r gates e g,Galvofrotd woth Mvconox SMALL DETHRIDGE METER OUTLET
re01 coat ond for olumlnlum wheels
Rofmg of smo// meter out/et
The odopled rotlng IS I 2 45 f?/revolutnon cquwalent to 3 500 revclvttont = I ocre-foot
bosed on collbrattan tests w ~ l hfree outfoll owr the end 91;
Hfgher to#lwatcrs lncreose the volume possed
The cyclometers read directly I n ocre-fecl/r p m = 3 ocrt-tcet/doy opproxlmately
Clearances between the wheel ond emplacement should be accutotely mo~nto8ned ond
Ihe wheel should not be ollowed to turn ot less than 3 r p m P r o j e c t , Region, Country
Austrolia
F i g u r e No 5 - 4 ( 0 )
Section C-C
See Figure 3 ( 0 )
t
Dovies Shephord
pendant weight counter
fi- a+
On@ vona
rhown-
\6ntcrnol diameter stondord
rned~urnplpe (not golvonlsed.
not vornished, not oil painfed)
- dio. M.S.apokes welded l o drum
I
Sectlon D - D
Upstreom V ~ e w o f Drum
Side E l e v o t l o n
,vote use of o/um~n~um wheels of whfed or
nveled construmon IS &IW consd8nd
7-0
rodlur
Oevelopment of Vans
Meter Wheel D e t o ~ l
Sa@ note 7 ond 8 on F ~ g u r e4 (0) POSI~IO~of Wheel ln Emplocemenl
'/;; C S
x racers for cover plate
of C I housing (on counter $~de bolts ~n centre of blocks
only I
FA0 - ICID
Hydraulic Characteristics
The supply level of the canal i s fixed by the designed upstream level of each
canal regulator and i s taken a s a horizontal pool a t this level extending upstream
f r o m the regulator to the next regulator. This level i s fixed in relation to the
land to be supplied.
3
A d i s c h a r g e r a t e of one acre-foot p e r day (14 l / s o r 0 . 5 f t / s ) c o r r e s p o n d s
1
closely to one revolution p e r minute of the l a r g e r wheel o r 27 revolutions p e r
minute of the s m a l l wheel. These relationships provide a v e r y convenient guide
to the canal o p e r a t o r o r water-bailiff i n setting a m e t e r gate to give whatever f-
discharge r a t e i s required.
Design r a t i n g s
(a) Ratings and settings adopted i n relation to the supply canal l e v e l s for
the two m e t e r s a r e a s indicated below:
annel regulator
- I
L!7f
t
Min. drop 0 . 2 0
-- --
--
L L.M.0 Floor level ( 1 )
Bed
+
3 maximum stripping
of drop bars
1
0 - 30 6
30-490 8 -'1 6" ] 9"
> 490 12 2'- 0" 12" il
P r o j e c t , Region, Country
Aus trolio
i
F i g u r e No. 5-7
counting the revolutions p e r minute of the.whee1 and reference to the table i s not
necessary.
Accurate ratings have been obtained in the laboratory to give graphs for
volume passed per revolution of the wheel over a range of discharges and for
different canal levels and tailwater levels. Other s e r i e s of t e s t s have been
c a r r i e d out for non-standard clearances. These ratings a r e not required for
operations o r normal design purposes because average ratings have been adopted
for the counter gearing. Detailed ratings a r e , however, available for special
investigations.
small m e t e r outlet
l a r g e meter outlet
Maintenance
The main item of regular maintenance for the old type of m e t e r was
recoating the wheel with t a r , for protection against corrosion. This was done
each year in the winter months, when t h e r e was no irrigation. This h a s now been
eliminated by using galvanized metal parts. When the canal operator takes a
reading of the counter o r adjusts the discharge, he should check that the wheel,
the bearings and counter a r e operating correctly. Any damage to the galvanizing
should be treated with a cold zinc-rich epoxy paint. The f a r m e r ' s ditch m u s t be
checked to ensure that i t i s clean of weeds which would increase the water level
and cause high tailwater levels on the m e t e r .
--
(Large Meter Outlet) 12 Inches tallwater
Dfscharge In ft3/s
Approximate No of r p m of wheel given in brackets
angle"^" angle“^"
FA0 - ICID
Project, R e g i o n , Country
Precast frame wlth gate locked In closed pos~t~onUpstream vtew A U S r0li0
~
angle"^" ~ n g l e ~ ~ *
F ~ g u r eNo. 5 - 8
Numerical Example
Refer to the Tables on Figure 5-8, which show that for standard ratings and
settings ( s e e 5 . 5 . 3 . 2), the l a r g e m e t e r outlet will give a discharge of 2.5 f t3 / s
5 3
with a gate opening of 5g inch and a discharge of 3.8 ft / s with the gate fully open.
Summary
The accuracy drops off sharply with high tailwater levels. The water level
in the f a r m e r ' s ditch must be controlled to keep i t a t l e a s t 7.5 c m ( 3 inches) below
the m e t e r supply level. Even a t the 3 inch control level the e r r o r i n c r e a s e s to
6. 7% a t 42 11s ( 1 . 5 f t 3 / s ) .
11
5.6 PLASTIC S I P H O N O U T L E T F I T T E D W I T H A N I N T A K E TUBE-
5.6.1 General
--!yoter
---'-is;
level
I
20
19
18
17 .
16
15 -
\" 14
Y
6 13
12 .
7 8 9 95
II
FAO-ICID
10
PLASTIC SIPHON FITTED wrrH AN INTAKE TUBE
9 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCHARGE
AND DEPTH OF SUBMERGENCE
8.
4 5 6
Project ,Region, Country
yb, , Depth of submergence , cm Turkey
Figure No. 5-10
canals and thus they a r e adaptable to a wide range of f a r m layouts.
Structure
Hydraulics
The angle between the siphon inlet and the intake tube h a s been selected a t
90°. The discharge capacity of the siphon d e c r e a s e s with the i n c r e a s e of this
angle.
Design
F o r example:
5.7 1/
OPEN FLUME OUTLET (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) -
5.7.1 General
?-I P a r t i c u l a r s
not furnished in this Handbook. The J a m r a o type open flume outlet
r e q u i r e s m o r e working head than the Punjab type open flume outlet.
r e m a i n s within the parallel throat a t all discharges up to the maximum. A flared
u p s t r e a m head wall and a gradually expanding flume, i s provided a t the outfall to
obtain the maximum recovery of head. The entire s t r u c t u r e i s built in brick
masonry; but to prevent tampering and also to help in the construction of a
p r e c i s e section of the throat o r gullet, an i r o n b a s e plate of about 6 m m thickness
and about 30 c m long should be fitted in the centre of the controlling section in the
gullet. Cast i r o n plates, 300 m m x 300 m m x 10 m m , should also be provided on
the side of the gullet in conjunction with the base plate a s shown in F i g u r e 5-14.
In c a s e of need to widen o r n a r r o w the controlling section a t a l a t e r stage, check
plates can be adjusted by the required width by m e a n s of sliding bolts. Mild
steel plates may also be used, after welding to size. The thickness of the base
plate and the check plate should be 5 to 6 m m when mild steel plates a r e used
and 10 to 12 m m when with c a s t i r o n plates.
The length of the throat should be equal to 2H(crt) and the controlling
section s t a r t s a t a distance of 2H
( 4f r o m the toe of the side slope of the supply
canal. In o r d e r to obtain the maximum recovery of head, the downstream side
walls a r e splayed at 1 : 10 for a length of 1 . 5 m (5 ft), having a width at the end
equal to 30 c m ( 1 ft) plus bed width of the watercourse o r f a r m canal. At the
downstream end t h e r e a r e wing walls on both sides. The s t r u c t u r e i s fitted
with a gauge on the u p s t r e a m s.ide to read H(,,t).
The slope of the downstream glacis depends on the bed level of the water-
course o r f a r m canal.
The f r e e board on the supply canal water surface up to the downstream end
of the throat i s 15 cm ( 6 inches). Downstream side walls o r wing walls a r e a t
l e a s t 15 c m ( 6 inches) above the water surface level in the watercourse o r f a r m
canal.
Check plates
* f
Base plate
------
in base plate
I
10-
L-375
Sectional Plan A - A
Base plates to check plates to be 10 mm to 12 mm thick when
of cost iron and 5 mm to 6 mm thick when of mild steel plates
FA0 - ICID
ADJUSTABLE PLATE IRON
BLOCK FOR OPEN FLUME OUTLETS
Section B-I3 FOR ej)
6 cm TO 2 0 cm
5.7.3 Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
5.7.3.1 Accuracy
5.7.3.2 Flexibility
. .
*-I.
I
30
Roof Block
I
This clearance i s generally set a t 1.,5 cm in the head reach and 3 cm in the tail
reach of the distributing canals. The roof block should be fixed a t a distance
equal to H (crt) below the upstream end of the throat and the bottom of the roof
block should be a t a height of 0.75 H(crt) above t h e c r e s t p l u s t h e clearance of
1.5 t o 3 cm. The roof block should have a square edge a t t h e bottom and it may
be of b r i c k masonry o r reinforced concrete, t h e height up t o t h e t o p of t h e s i d e
w a l l s and length along t h e flow varying from 1 2 cm t o 23 cm. This device enables
t h e open flume t o s t a r t working a s an o r i f i c e a s soon a s t h e supply l e v e l i n t h e
F e n t canal i s above t h e bottom of t h e roof block.
Silt-drawing capacity
The higher the c r e s t of the outlet compared with the bed level of the
supply canal, the l e s s i s i t s silt-drawing capacity. h practice, the width of the
throat of the outlet i s limited to a minimum of 6 c m ( 0 . 2 ft) and, because of this,
i t often becomes necessary to r a i s e the c r e s t of the outlet much above the bed
FIGURE 5- 16. - Arrangement of open flume outlet
upstream of a fall.
level of the supply canal. It i s apparent (except in small canals) that i t i s seldom
possible to place the c r e s t of an open flume outlet with a normal discharge of l e s s
than 56 11s ( 2 f t 3 / s ) a t the bed level of the canal.
This outlet can work a s a semi-module for all heads over the
minimum modular head and for all discharges generally required for outlets.
where
h i s the minimum working head corresponding to Qmi,
(wk)min
Qmin
For --- = 0.55
Ql
5.7.3.5 Tail c l u s t e r s
5.7.4 Design F o r m u l a
H(crt)
= height of the designed full supply l e v e l in the supply canal
above the c r e s t l e v e l of the outlet in c m o r ft; and
C = a coefficient having the following values f o r different widths
of t h r o a t ( i n m e t r i c and B r i t i s h u n i t s ) .
5.7.5 N u m e r i c a l Examples
2
Then 50 = 0.016. 6 . H ( r e f e r to f o r m u l a under 5. 7.4).
(4
This i s not too high but the outlet will not take i t s f a i r s h a r e of silt.
To s a v e m a t h e m a t i c a l calculation, r e f e r e n c e m a y be m a d e t o the
d i a g r a m in F i g u r e 5- 18. It will be seen that f o r H(,,.) = 75 c m the value of
B(,) i s l e s s than 6 c m . For B = 6 c m and Q = 50 1 / s , HtCrt) i s
(t>
64.73 cm.
Example 2 - A s s u m e the outlet in Example 1 i s located just above o r within
a s h o r t distance of a fall o r d r o p in the canal which h a s a depth over c r e s t under
full supply condition of 50 c m . Let the available working head of the outlet be
70 c m . Design a suitable outlet.
Since the outlet i s above o r close to a control point in the canal, H(crt) of the
open flume outlet should be the s a m e a s that of the fall, viz: 50 c m . This will
e n s u r e proportional distribution.
Thus Q = 50l/s
and C = 0.0160
Then = 8.84cm.
B(t)
The full supply depth of the distributing canal a t the tail i s 40 c m , and full
supply depth i s 100 m.
Adopt c r e s t l e v e l = 99.64 -3
2
Tail c e n t r e outlet 80 = CB(t) . 30
Data:
B(t)
A disadvantage i s that the outlet i s not provided with any gate arrangement
and i t i s not possible to shut i t when the supply canal i s running.
This outlet can be tampered with by placing a thin wooden plank, fitting the
throat, half way between the c r e s t and the water level. This i n c r e a s e s the
discharge if the outlet i s working a s a f r e e fall one by about 16%.
5.8 AD JUSTABLE ORIFICE SEMI-MODULE (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) I'
5.8.1 Gen e r a1
Ql, B1 and y a r e respectively the discharge, bed width and depth of the
1
supply canal section just u p s t r e a m of the outlet. Setting forward should only be
done when the bed width of the canal i s reduced below the outlet, keeping the
downstream wing wall a t the downstream end and the u p s t r e a m wing wall a t the
u p s t r e a m toe slope.
Bar 3 mm
I
Bar No.2
I!
-&,I+ 7 4
Cross section on 0 - 8
Detoils of precast R.C. Roof
S W.G. (Standard wire gauge1
G x
Lonqitudinol section through outlet
I F A 0 - I C I D I
ADJUSTABLE ORIFICE
Note AN dimensions ore III centfmefres SEMI - MODULE
DETAILS AND FIXING O F ROOF BLOCK
r
-
-. P r o j e c t , R e g i o n , .Country
lndio and Pokiston
I
I Figure No. 5-21
I
Roof block
Hydraulic P r o p e r t i e s
Flexibility
When the outlet i s s e t n e a r bed level, with any r i s e in the full supply
level, the value of 3 f a l l s and the outlet tends t o move f u r t h e r f r o m
H
(4
proportionality in the direction of rigidity. A fall in the full supply level
similarly i n c r e a s e s the flexibility and the outlet moves towards proportionality.
With the outlet s e t a t bed level, the flexibility remains constant at 0. 3 .
This outlet draws a t bed level about 1470 and below bed level at 12/ 10th
setting) about 29% m o r e silt than i t would draw a t 6110th setting when i t i s
proportional.
5.8.3.3 Adjustability
The outlet can work semi-modularly for all heads and.with all working
heads above the minimum modular head and for all discharges f r o m 28 l / s to
150 11s ( 1 f t 3 / s to 5 ft 3/ s ) - i. e . the discharge range generally required for
outlets.
5.8.3.5 Suitability
C = 0.0403
B = width of the throat in cm
(t)
Example 1
Design an orifice semi-module having a discharge of 60 l / s on a canal
with full supply depth of 90 cm. Available working head i s 54 c m .
Given Data
Q = 60 l / s
y1 = 90cm
If i t i s d e s i r e d that the o r i f i c e semi-module should be proportional, then
H(crt) = 0 . 6 ~= ~ 0 . 6 . 90 = 54 cm.
I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , n e c e s s a r y t o reduce H( s o f ) l . An inspection of F i g u r e
5-23 shows that with B(t) = 7 . 5 c m and H 90 c m f o r a d i s c h a r g e of
( 4=
60 l / s , H(orf) should be 24.5 c m and h = 50 c m which i s l e s s than the
(wk)min
available working head.
Example 2
An o r i f i c e semi-module i s found t o be working non-modularly
during an inspection of the outlet. The actual working head on m e a s u r e m e n t i s
found to be 30 c m . How can the outlet be adjusted to give i t s design d i s c h a r g e ?
Given Data
H(,,f) = 36.5 c m which gives h(wk)min = 29.0 cm. This would involve
Summary
The discharge of the outlet i s independent of the water level in the water-
course provided a standing wave f o r m s .
This outlet requires m o r e working head than the open flume outlet and i s
not suitable for use a t t a i l s o r immediately upstream of control points.
5.9 JAMRAO TYPE ORIFICE SEMI-MODULE (SIND, PAKISTAN)
Gener a1
Structural C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The outlet works proportionately when the centre of the orifice below the
full supply level, H(c,t) , i s a t 0. 3 of the depth in the parent canal.
Longitudinal secrion
This orifice type module with H(cnt) l e s s than 0.45 m (1.5 ft) i s
susceptible to upstream variation but a s i t works proportionately at 0 . 3 y of
the full supply level, i t can be used on canals with depths g r e a t e r than 1.37 m
(4.5 ft) so a s to give H(cnt) of 0.45 m ( 1 , 5 ft) a t least.
This module r e q u i r e s m o r e working head than an open flume type for the
s a m e H(crt) a s H in this device. Consequently i t can be employed where
( cnt)
a g r e a t e r working head i s available. This generally happens a t heads of l a r g e
distributaries, and so these semi-modules a r e used in head reaches of l a r g e
canals.
The capacity to draw silt will depend on the setting, and in this r e s p e c t i t
may be considered similar to the Adjustable Orifice Semi-Module except that the
upstream approaches of the AOSM a r e likely to be m o r e conducive to silt
induction than the truncated square pyramid set back in the bank.
Numerical Example
F o r proportionality H
(4
= 0.3 . 200 ' = 60 cm.
By t r i a l and e r r o r L ' i t i s found that for H = 60 cm, and an orifice of
(cnt)
14 c m x 14 cm, the discharge i s 60. 37 l / s , which i s satisfactory.
for 9 baffles -- %
4.55
= 13cm
h(wk)
. . u s e six baffles.
5.10.1 General
The Pipe Semi-Module i s widely used in Haryana and Punjab (India) and
in Pakistan. The outlet may be regarded a s a development of the Stoddard-
Harvey improved irrigation outlet. This outlet i s eminently suitable when the
supply canal h a s wide banks and/or i s in high filling because an open flume o r
an orifice semi-module built in such a bank would be much m o r e expensive.
This type of device i s a l s o used in lined canals. F u r t h e r , the outlet i s suitable
for drawing i t s share of silt when i t i s not possible to achieve a deep setting a s
required by an open flume o r an orifice semi-module. The lead-in pipe i s s e t
a t o r n e a r the bed level and it opens into a tank on the downstream side to which
an open flume o r an orifice semi-module (Punjab o r J a m r a o type) o r a
Scratchley outlet (with f r e e flow conditions) i s fitted.
The outlet (Figure 5-28) consists of a lead-in pipe from the supply canal
which discharges into a tank on the outer side of the bank of the supply canal.
The upstream end of the lead-in pipe can be placed a t any suitable level in the
supply canal depending upon the desired silt-draw. The downstream end of the
Bank
Pipe-cum- A . O . S . M .
5.10.3 Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Flexibility
orifice semi-module
5.10.3.2 Efficiency
Pipe size
Discharge (11s)
Width (cm) Height (cm)
Q = discharge in 11s.
F r o m this the water level in the tank can be determined a s the FSL in the
supply canal minus the l o s s of head through the pipe. The semi-modular outlet
(open flume, orifice semi-module, Scratchley etc.) can now be designed, the type
depending on the head available and other conditions.
J a m r a o type
AOSM
o r i f i c e semi-module
5.10.6 Summary
5.11.1 General
- width of w e i r ,
B(t)
- height of w e i r , H(bmc)
- length of c r e s t , L(crt)
- upstream corners
- velocity of approach, v
(~ P P )
- aeration.
- by correctly adjusting the radius of the corners to the width of the weir
a s e r i e s of weirs of widths from 0.01 m upwards may be constructed, for
which the discharge per m e t r e width i s the same for all widths.
- the discharge can be determined accurately from the upstream gauge with
a probable e r r o r of l e s s than bne per cent.
The standard Fayoum type weir (Figure 5-29) i s essentially a very simple
construction of rough masonry. It consists of a masonry wall 0.5 m thick a t the
c r e s t , vertical on the upstream face, and with a 1: 0.5 slope on the downstream
side. The c r e s t i s usually of dressed stone and the width of the weir i s defined
by blocks of masonry on the c r e s t itself. Sometimes pre-cast concrete blocks
with a smooth surface a r e used. In this way the width of the weir can be
adjusted to a very high degree of accuracy. The standard height has been
adopted a t 0.65 m which, with a full supply depth 0.5 m dver the weir, will
give a depth of 1.15 m in the canal,. which i s believed to be about the mean depth
of Fayoum small canals. Variations from this depth will inevitably occur, but
this will not result in e r r o r s of more than 2%.
The total discharge of any outlet i s usually known from the cultivated a r e a
i t serves and the crop water duty. According to the depth of water in the canal
and land levels, the water head (over the c r e s t level) can be easily determined.
As the water head i s fixed and the discharge i s known, the width of the weir (i. e.
4
the defined width between the blocks) can be calculated either from the formulae
( (1) or (2) ) given under 5. 11.4, or i t can be taken directly from Table 5-1.
Section A-A
Plan
------
*-/c---
4~~ Discharge stondord7
I
' I
-/-t----1-
/ ~ ~ i s c h o r g eI per cent below standard
5. 1 1 . 3 . 1 Accuracy
5. 1 1 . 3 . 2 Silting
5. 1 1 . 3 . 3 Range of operation
Design F o r m u l a e
5. 1 1 . 4 . 1 C l e a r overfall weir
H ( c r t ) = 0 m a n d H( 4
= 0. 14 m and a slightly curved line above H(,,.) =
From H = 0 m to 0 . 1 4 m
(crt)
I
From H
(crt)
= 0.14 t o 1 . 0 0 m q = 1.956H
( 4
+ 0.014 (2)
w h e r e H(crt) = depth of u p s t r e a m water l e v e l on the w e i r , and
5. 1 1 . 4 . 2 Submerged w e i r
?
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10
H/,I in m
FA0 - lClD
THE FAYOUM STANDARD WEIR
FARM OUTLET
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H,CrIl AND
ys,FOR,ALL VALUES OF &r&qr OR OF Q
= 0.14 to 1.00 m .
H(crt) Discharge = 1.9555 H
( 4
+ 0.014
pp --
TABLE 5-2
Depth a s
Reduction in discharge
clear
overfall 5% 10% 15% 20%
Percentage sub-
mergence causing
reduction in
discharge
Numerical Examples
= 0.194 m 3/ s p e r m e t r e width
F r o m Table 5-1, q for H = 0.25 can be r e a d off
(4
= 0.1941 m 3 / s p e r m e t r e width
Example 2 - submerged w e i r
F o r a c l e a r o v e r flow w e i r of H ( ) = 0 . 5 m , the d i s c h a r g e
( T a b l e 5-1) = 0. 608 m 3 / s p e r m e t r e width.
= 16.3 p e r cent.
The s a m e reduction percentage can be taken for H(crt)eq, = 0.45 m from
Table 5-2 a s 1 6 . 3 p e r cent.
( c ) A weir of 1.00 m width with an u p s t r e a m depth of 0.60 m i s
What will be the new weir.width if it i-s s u b m e r g e d with
working f r e e l y .
H(s) = 0 . 4 6 m so a s to give the s a m e d i s c h a r g e ?
5.12.1 General
This non-modular type of outlet differs f r o m the pipe outlet only a t its
downstream end. I t s advantage o v e r the pipe outlet i s i t s e a s y adjustment and i t
h a s a m o r e o r l e s s constant coefficient o f discharge.
L/ B a s e d on a contribution by A.D.
Chaudhry. Chief Engineer, I r r i g a t i o n Works.
Haryana, and K. C. Gupta, Executive Engineer, C e n t r a l Designs I r r i g a t i o n Works,
Haryana (India).
. insertion of
stop-logs t o
close the outlet )e!Jt?l of the ~OtarCOurSe
Plan
c-wr,-I
Note: Dimensions ore in cm.
Section A-A
TABLE 5-3
C r o s s section of b a r r e l
C r o s s section of orifice (cm2)
Breadth (cm) Height (cm)
The sill of the b a r r e l i s generally placed a t the bed of the supply canal and
J
the orifice a t bed level of the f a r m watercourse, unless i t can work a s a f r e e fall,
when the sill of the orifice i s placed higher than the.water level in the watercourse.
Stone blocks a r e used on the side of the orifice to discourage tampering. The
s t r u c t u r e o p e r a t e s automatically.
The size of the orifice can be modified i f required with the channel running.
The cost of alteration i s small. (It i s only the downstream end-wall which h a s to
be dismantled and rebuilt. ) The tolerances in the capacity of the b a r r e l a r e
l a r g e enough to allow for a small change in the designed discharge.
-
The coefficient of discharge i s the same for all orifices, provided the length
of the orifice along the axis of flow i s f r o m 1 . 5 to 3 t i m e s the l e a s t of the
dimensions of width ( a c r o s s the axis of flow) o r height of the orifice.
Silt entry into the outlet can be better controlled by placing the upstream
end of the inlet pipe a t , above, o r below the bed of the supply canal.
C = coefficient of d i s c h a r g e = 0.0354
5. 1 2 . 4 N u m e r i c a l Example
5.13 11
P I P E OUTLET (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) -
5. 13. 1 General
The pipe outlet i s the s i m p l e s t and oldest known type of outlet. Originally
the pipes w e r e of earthenware but w e r e gradually replaced, in m o s t p l a c e s , by
rectangular wooden and m a s o n r y b a r r e l s . C a s t iron, s t e e l and concrete pipes w e r e
p r o g r e s s i v e l y introduced a t l a t e r s t a g e s .
The f r e e fall pipe outlet may have a horizontal pipe with i t s downstream end
above the water surface level in the watercourse but in that case i t cannot, usually,
draw i t s fair s h a r e of silt. In an attempt to fix the pipe a t the bed level of the
supply canal and yet obtain f r e e fall conditions (where levels permit), some pipes
have been laid with their upstream ends a t bed level of supply canals and sloping
upwards through the banks s o that the downstream lips reach a height of 15 cm
above the highest water level in the watercourse. There a r e practical limits to
the amount of slope that can be given and i t should not generally be m o r e than 1 in
12 (based on experience on the Western Yarnuna Canal).
Hydraulic Characteristics
Haryana (India), wherever pipe outlets a r e used, i t has been the general practice
to place them a t the bed level of the supply canal. This setting i s given to enable
the outlets to draw their f a i r s h a r e of silt from the supply canal.
5. 1 3 . 3 . 4 Efficiency
5. 13.3.5 Adjustability
A,
- c r o s s sectional a r e a of the pipe in cm2;
ywk)
-- difference in water surface levels in the supply
channel and the water course in cm;
Where
Q -- discharge of the outlet in 11s;
Example 1
or D -- 23.3 cm.
(P)
Example 2
48.6 cm.
Summary
The pipe outlet i s the simplest and the cheapest type of outlet. It can
function with very small working heads, even a s small a s 2.5 cm. Under
submerged conditions the discharge of the pipe outlet depends on the downstream
water level (i. e. the level in the watercourse). The discharge can be
increased by lowering the water level in the watercourse. On the other hand,
if the watercourse should silt up, the working head will reduce, resulting in a
d e c r e a s e in discharge. In a f r e e fall outlet, i r r i g a t o r s may be tempted to r a i s e
the water level in the watercourse to make the outlet partially submerged and
thus obtain an increased discharge. The discharge coefficient of the pipe outlet
i s not con stant.
5.14 FARMOUTLET ( U . S . S . R . ) - 1/
5.14.1 General
The early f a r m outlets of this type were controlled by wooden flap gates.
The main shortcomings of these early outlets were their short life and frequent
failures. The wooden gates havenow been r e p l a c e d b y steel discs. These
outlets a r e .the smallest s t r u c t u r e s on irrigation systems but they a r e also the
m o s t numerous, accounting for m o r e than half of the total number of s t r u c t u r e s
in a system.
The main p a r t s of the f a r m outlet a r e : a pipe; a disc gate; and, for drops
over 20 cm, a damper o r a stilling basin.
5. 14. 3 Hydraulics
L i s t of details
Outlet submerged
1
-
O 1
a,
8;-
..
50
Discharge
100
0s
150
a 0
a:
P
VT-300
1 F E. o g h ~ ~ k l Y s d 4 4 c r t ) 4 w k )
,
-.= z* cm rn/s cm cm cm
29110067 7 0-75 13 49
V
V Y
Yss~ '
'q
~ ff h
h%q)bltl
% rr // )) 'IWXI
)brt)
m/scrn crn crn N s c m cm
- - - - - - - -
-
'IWXI vV
hfwklL-- 2 0 cm
List of detoils
L = 4 0 0 cm
cm
( A l l dimensions ore in c m )
1
where C = = 0.65
1 + s C(Hr) +
(f-P)
i n which ( s s ) - -
750 = 0.833
90°
C(f-~)
= frictional r e s i s t a n c e coefficient = C" -
with C1I = 8 N2 ( -4 l
) 7 = 0.0612
4P)
with L(p) = 4 m
D(p)= 0.389m
H c ( ~ ~ =) c r i t i c a l inlet depth,
=v = coefficientofvelocity = 0.85,
= pipe d i a m e t e r .
D ( ~ )
The value of the critical depth Hc(cir) depends upon q and according to
the following table:
The height of the embankment above the water surface on the downstream
side i s 20 c m and on the upstream side 30 cm o r more.
Depending upon the conditions of operation of the disc gates, the upper
inlet edge of the pipe should not be submerged by m o r e than 20 cm.
1/
5.15 PRE-CAST FARM TURNOUT (TURKEY) -
5. 15. 1 General
5. 1 5 . 2 S t r u c t u r a l and Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
,
Section H-H
The detoll of downstream head wall
of the turnout
F A 0-ICID
PRECAST FARM
TURNOUT
Section B-B
30 r
25,
I
0
.
Note: Dimensions are in centimetres.
P
.
.-CC
b
F A O - ICID
Q,
t
5. 15.3 Design F o r m u l a
5. 1 5 . 4 Numerical Example
General
<J
5. 1 6 . 3 Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
5.16.5 N u m e r i c a l Examples
Example 1
D e t e r m i n e the head o v e r the w e i r H(crt), if
-
(i) the d i s c h a r g e Q r e q u i r e d i s 3 f t 5 / s ;
Example 2
.. Flow i s submerged
5.17 11
PVC P I P E TURNOUT (REPUBLIC O F KOREA) -
5. 17.1 General
The PVC pipe h a s a length equal to the bottom width of the canal embank-
ment plus 20 cm. The bell-mouth inlet and the outlet device a r e connected to
each end of the pipe with synthetic bond.
Discharge through the outlet i s accurate provided the head and the length
and diameter of the pipe a r e carefully designed.
Figure 5-47 i s a standard design drawing for a PVC pipe turnout with D(
P) =
107 m m . Table 5-4 shows velocity and discharge of a PVC turnout for D(p) =
107 mm. Figure 5-48 i s a discharge diagram for a PVC turnout with D(p) =
107 mm.
FIGURE 5-48. -
Discharge diagram for a PVC pipe
turnout for D(p) = 107 m m .
The difference in the designed full supply level in the supply canal above
the water level in the field canal i s 0.5 m . The internal diameter of the P V C
pipe i s 107 m m and i t s length i s 6 m . Calculate the discharge of the outlet.
We have h
(wk)
-- 0.5m
2 g x
d d
. . . .
m m o o
N N
NCOmCO
sat-r-
d d d d
. . . .
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
II I I L
r-df*m m m o o a s o r - m m m d a ~ a1 - 4 ~
--.IP-~N;
A
p, m o ~ N da o o a m a m m m m
1 - 4
m c o m a mcoNa, E
JV
I ~ m m w
. . I . .
O O , d d
m a a t -
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d
C O
d H d d
C O ~0 ~
0 - 4
N N N N
N N
N N N N
~ Mv ~ ~ m m ' o
. . . . ; u
N N N N
1 I E
Nt-Nt- Nt-Nt- N t - N P 1 O
m m o o --INN mmv*;L2
4 4 N N N N N N N N N N
. . . . . . . . . . . . uG
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
.I
1
aN CO m m m o a ( Y t - m C O ; FI
mmd'o m 4 t - N COmm*'
. . .
d d N ? ???? ?gat-:
N N N N N N N N NNN'N'l
I---------' +
t-mCO,*
N m m
mm-t-
* m a 9
g
N NNIS N N N N
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
ddd;d
. . . .
0 0 0 0
k
Q
a
COamm
mat-t-
d d
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
4 d
a m m m
COmmo
d H d N
. . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
N C Q * d
- 4 m m
N N N N
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
I-mm'a
m**'m
NNNIN
00010
. . . I .
0 0 0 , o
NCO*O
Gar-CO
N N N N
. . . .
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
-
*
a,
w
0
a,
M
. . . .
O H N N
N N N N
?**In ar-t-:co
N N ' N ' N ' N'N'N'IN'
. . . .
- m o d
N N m m
&
a,
I 9
mt-'ofi
COmldN
~ 0 m - u
mTd.'m
9 m
~ - 1 ~ *- H P - ~ O t - m o t - m ~ ~ ~ m
at-cOcO
2NNN *mml\D .a - J ~
N P * O
~ ~
. . . . . . . . . . . . O. d d d . . . . . . . . .I:
O O 1 d d d d d d d d d d d N N N NNN,N N N N N
oo]oo 000.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
dd;dd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 ' 0
I
0 0 0 0 a,
4
P- N 0 t-
NcOaN
. . . .
O O d N
m m m m
(- - - --I I
,omr-CO d O m m CO m l N 0
I D O d N O O d N m a ~ r - a
O d - 4 d N N N N N N N N
1 0 0 0 0
; o o o o
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 010 0
d dl6 d
r
I d c o d * t- 9 ' N 4 mt-mm d m't- a m m * *
. m. m. *. m.a t.- P. C. . m ' 0 . mN. Nm. mm. m* .
I O a o N m ~ m m
m m d m t- *IN d 0CQmm
I d d m * N CQ
I . . . . . I .
l d d d d N N N N N N N N N NImm
I
r - -C-Q- -m-h-l --
CO a m1d
-----I
o r-d'Nd M O N O
4 N mud' d'mat- t-COmo 4 N m m
N N N N N N N N N N N m m m m m
.
0 0 010
0 0 O ( 0
. I .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dddd
. . . .
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
;P-+CQN L O P - C O OO O ~ a m m l ~o r - m e
F ~ o m m - d * ~ '')
m ~ m N
o ~ V I P -t - t - m m N - ~ I C O a m - 0 m a d ' * a a m m 6 . 1
; O N m m at-CQm O d N m *mm1a t-CQmo O d N m * m a 0 0 E
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. 0
I ~ 4 - d- 1 4 4 , N N N N N N N ~ NN N N ~
z
m o m 0 m o m o m o m 0 m o m o m o m o m o m 0 m o m 0
. . . . . .
d N N m m * * m
0 0 0 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m. * .* m. .
m a a t - I-COCOm m o o 4
O d d +
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d N N 0
F i d d d d d d d
0.107'
4
Now
R ( ~ ) -
- % = n 0.107
= 0.02675 m
P(w) -
5.18.1 General
g 8
= acceleration due to gravity;
= head of water - the difference in water level a t the
h(wk)
inlet and outlet of the structure;
Longitudinal section
Open,
~inished
Ti Plan
-Ti--
F A 0 - ICID
Note: Unless otherwise stated, oll dimensions ore
GATED PIPE O U T L E T
in centirnetres.
(FERRARA T Y P E )
FAO-ICID
FAO-ICID
FOR 4 4 0 0 m m PIPE
Project , R e g ~ o n Country
,
lfoly
F ~ g u r eN o 5-55 (b)
1
Materials required for a 10 m long outlet a r e :
3
pipe - 9 m prefabricated concrete pipe; 2.3 m
in situ concrete; 69 kg reinforcement
steel.
This outlet i s a simple and reliable structure adaptable to any bank width.
It i s particularly suited to a r e a s where the working head of outlets has to be kept
small, i. e. where outlets have to work under submerged conditions. Operation
of the s t r u c t u r e i s simple and tampering i s not possible. The gate can be used
for instantaneous discharge measurements. Outlet gates for smaller pipe
diameters a r e being developed.
In Table 5-5 the gate opening i s converted into the number of revolutions
of the screw used to lift the gate. This enables the table to be used directly for
determining the discharge for any given head. The head i s r e a d f r o m staff
gauges permanently installed at both ends of the outlet. The table shown i s a
sample extract f r o m the original table which ranges from 3 to 32 screw revolutions
and correspondingly f r o m 2.5 to 407 l i t r e s per second. A discharge formula for
this outlet i s not available.
TABLE 5-5
"Number of s c r e w revolutions
?wk)
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
D i s c h a r g e in l / s
/ GATE
GUIDE DETAIL
% ..
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
The type and capacity 'of field outlets depends primarily on the method of
irrigation. In basin irrigation, outlets a r e spaced along each side of the supply
ditch. Each outlet may s e r v e one o r s e v e r a l successive basins inter connected
with control gates. Capacities of outlets m a y be a s high a s 500 l i t r e s p e r second.
Outlets should be provided with slide gates o r flashboards in o r d e r to allow control
of flow and basin water level; this i s of paramount importance in r i c e irrigation.
TABLE 5-6
Diameter
of pipe
P r e s s u r e head - cm
(cm) 5 10 15 20 25
SECTION
PERSPECTIVE OF TAP
Figures .5-58, 5-59 and 5 - 6 0 show commonly used wooden outlet boxes.
For the selection of a suitable width for such outlets reference may be made to
Table 5-7.
FIGURE 5-58. - Wooden outlet for furrow irrigation ( 1 3)
TABLE 5-7
Depth of w a t e r o v e r D i s c h a r g e p e r 10 c m
the s i l l a t the intake width of sill-1/
cm l i t r e s p e r second
TABLE 5-8
Diameter I P r e s s u r e head - cm
of syphon
cm 1 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20
R A W SCREEN
f INLET END CLAWS - TO
In border irrigation the same type of outlets a s used for basin irrigation
can be installed a s well a s siphons. Outlet capacity depends on the width of the
check between two borders, the slopes and the' soil, and may range from a few
l i t r e s per second up to 300 11s. Structures may be temporary (portable) or
permanently installed and a r e usually equipped with flashboards or slide gates.
FrequentIy used materials a r e wood and concrete. The bottom of the outlets
should be placed a t a lower elevation than the surface of the border so that the
water will discharge into a pool at the downstream end.
Dii~mmmotioSution
Through Open TIP~ Box
Houk, I. E. Irrigation Engineering. Vol I and 11. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York
1951
Mahbub, S. J. and Gulhati, N. D. Irrigation Outlets. 184 p. Atma Ram & Sons,
1951 K a s h m e r e Gate, Delhi.
31. Cantor, L. M. A World Geography of Irrigation. Olives & Boyd, Tweeddale Court,
Edinburgh and 3 9 Welbeck
~ Street, London.
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Cont'd.
51. .
Skogerboe, G. V. e t a l . R e s e a r c h Topics f o r Small I r r i g a t i o n S t r u c t u r e s . J o u r n a l
1970 of the I r r i g . & Drainage Division. P r o c e e d i n g s of the ASCE. IR 3. Sept.
p p 309-317.
,-
72. De L o s R i o s R o m e r o , D . F . Consideraciones Sobre F u t u r o s P r o y e c t o s d e O b r a s
19 63 en l a s Zonas Regables. Ministry of Agriculture, Spain.
83. Tsu- Yang Wu. Effects of Settlement on .Flume Ratings. Water Management
1971 Technical Report No 12, Colorado State University, F o r t Collins
Colorado.
L' 4
84. S e c r e t a r i a t d l E t a t aux Affaires ~ t r a n ~ k r -e sTechniques R u r a l e s en Afrique.
1970 4. L e s Ouvrages dlun petit r g s e a u d l i r r i g a t i o n .
95. King, H. TN. Handbook of Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.
97. V e r d i e r , J. and ~ a ~ n \ e r e J.
s , ~ i f f g r e n t stypes d e stations de pompage
automatiques. L a Houille Blanche, 5: pp 593- 61 0.
104. Bos, M. G. The Romijn Movable Measuring c u m Regulating Weir. Working Paper,
1972 International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement,
Wageningen, the Netherlands. 1972.
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Cont'd.
105. Khushalani, K.B. Irrigation, Vol VI, Distribution Works. C e n t r a l Water and
1954 P o w e r Commission, India.
122. Neyrpic - /
M a t e r i e l d'irrigation, Notice A P 211.
1951
?
131. S h a r m a , K. R. Silt Conduction by I r r i g a t i o n Outlets. Punjab Engng. Congr P r o c . . ,
1934 Vol XXI, P a p e r No 168.
132. Neyrpic - The Distribution of Water i n I r r i g a t i o n Networks with the Help of Neyrpic
1950 Apparatus. Grenoble .
133. Coeuret, C. Regulation dynamique du t r a n s p o r t e t de l a distribution d e l t e a u
d t i r r i g a t i o n - a s p e c t s the/oriquea - p r e r n i i r e s applications pratiques.
Working P a p e r f o r the Regional Meeting of ICID, Aix-en-Provence.
L i s t of References
Contld.
-
141. B r i t i s h Standards Institution Methods of Measurement of Liquid Flow in Open
1969 Channels. B r i t i s h Standard 3680; P a r t 4B, Weirs and Flumes. London.
NO TATIONS AND SYMBOLS-11
-
A
Area
A r e a of c r o s s section
A r e a of critical section
-11 F o r
terminology and definitions reference should be made to the Multilingual
Technical Dictionary on Irrigation and Drainage published by the ICID in
1967.
c_
coefficient of d i s c h a r g e
Coefficient of roughness
Coefficient of submergence
Coefficient in Chezy's f o r m u l a
Depth of canal
S m a l l i n c r e m e n t in d i s c h a r g e
D i s t a n c e s and spacings
Efficiencies
Flexibility
F r e e board
Froude number
Working head
Length of glacis
Length of pipe
Length of jump
Proportionality
Radius
Hydraulic radius
Ratio
Sensitivity
Shear stress
Slope (longitudinal)
Side slope
Thickness
Velocity
Critical velocity