FORMULAS SPUR GEARS

TO FIND:-

Technical Section

MODULE

IMPERIAL

PCD

= No. of TEETH x MOD

(mm) =

= (No. of TEETH + 2) x MOD

(mm) =

DP

MODULE

No. of TEETH

=
=

CP

25.4
MODULE
CP

PCD MODULE
MODULE x

ADDENDUM

= MODULE

DEDENDUM

= 1.4 x MOD
(0.25-1 MOD)

=
(mm) =
(mm) =
(mm)
=
(mm)
= 1.25 x MOD
(1.25-8 MOD)

CORRECTED TEETH FOR 8 - 17 TEETH

ON REQUEST OR WHERE LISTED
Corrected PCD = (No. of Teeth + 1) x MOD
[(No. of Teeth + 1) / DP]
Corrected D = (No. of Teeth + 3) x MOD
[(No. of Teeth + 3) / DP]
Our SPUR GEARS are made to give 0.07-0.3*
Approx. backlash at standard centres. Housing
centres should be nominal +0.00 +0.05mm.
PCD (A) + PCD (B)
=
* Depends on pitch
2

FROM NOMINAL
CENTRES mm

INCREASE IN
BACKLASH mm

0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050

0.0037
0.0074
0.0111
0.0148
0.0185
0.0221
0.0259
0.0295
0.0328
0.0370

27.48

=
=

No. of TEETH
(ins)
DP
No. of TEETH + 2
(ins)
DP

CP
25.4
DP
PCD x DP

(ins)
DP
1
(ins)
DP
1.4 (100-24 DP)
1.25 (20-6 DP)
=
DP
DP

Whole depth = Addendum + Dedendum

Tooth thickness
Dedendum

CP
Whole depth

Addendum

PCD

Centre
distance
Nominal
+0.00
+0.05

Root clearance

PCD

Outside Diameter

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

FORMULAS
HELICAL GEARS

Technical Section

Made to give 0.07-0.3mm* approx. backlash at standard centres. Housing centres should be
nominal +0.00 - +0.05mm.
TO FIND:-

MODULE

IMPERIAL

No. of TEETH x MOD

COS. Where <) = helix angle
= PCD + (2 x MOD)
=

P.C.D.
D

No. of TEETH

25.4
=
MODULE
CP
=

PCD x COS. <

)
=
MODULE

CP (NORMAL)

= MODULE x

DP (NORMAL)
MODULE

ADDENDUM

= MODULE

Lead

PCD x
=
TAN <)

(mm)
(mm)

=
=
=

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)

=
=

No. of TEETH
DP x COS. HELIX <)
PCD. + 2
DP

CP
25.4
DP
(DP x COS. <)
) x PCD

(ins)

DP
1
=
DP
=

(ins)
(ins)

* dependent on pitch

CROSSED AXIS
DRIVER
LH

LEFT hand runs with LEFT hand.

RIGHT hand runs with RIGHT hand.

DRIVER
RH

DRIVER
LH

LH

RH
DRIVEN

DRIVEN

LH

LH

RH

RH

RH

DRIVEN

LEFT hand runs with RIGHT hand.

RH

General Direction of Force

DRIVER
LH

RH

LH

DRIVEN

PARALLEL AXIS

DRIVER
RH

LH

DRIVEN
Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

27.49

LOAD CALCULATIONS
SPUR & HELICAL

Technical Section

SPUR GEARS, BSI 436 : 1940

ALLOWABLE TANGENTIAL LOAD, 20 P.A.
Xb

= Speed factor for strength

Xc

= Speed factor for wear

= Strength factor

= Zone factor

Sc

= Material rating (surface stress)

Sb

= Material rating (bending stress)

= Pitch factor DP 0.8 power

= Face width (inches)

DP

= 25.4
MOD

WEAR
Xc Z Sc F
K

lbs.

STRENGTH
Xb Y Sb F
DP

lbs.

1N = 0.2248 lbs

Allowable tangential teeth load lbs = Torque lbs ins x 2

Torque lbs ins x .113 = Torque Nm
pcd
1kg
1 lb = 1N x .2248 =
The lowest of the four values for pinion and wheel gives the gear
2.20462
rating. The normal rating for gears is based on 12 hours/day.
Torque Nm
= Torque lbs Ins
BSI 436 : 1940 .113

HELICAL GEARS,

ALLOWABLE TANGENTIAL LOAD OF 30 HELIX ANGLE, 20 P.A.

Xb

= Speed Factor for Strength

Xc

= Speed Factor for Wear

Xc Z* Sc F

= Strength Factor

= Zone Factor

Sc

= Material Rating (surface stress)

Sb

= Material Rating (bending stress)

= Pitch Factor DP 0.8 Power

= Face Width (inches)

= Helix Angle

DP

= 25.4
MOD

27.50

WEAR
K

lbs.

STRENGTH
Xb Y* Sb F
DP

lbs.

*for other helix angles

multiply Z by
0.75 sec2

*for other helix angles

multiply Y by
1.33 cos2

1.33 Cos2 1745 = 1.206

0.75 Sec2 1745 = 0.862
Cos = Cosine
Sec = Secant

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

SPEED FACTORS SPUR & HELICAL

Xc FOR WEAR
Rpm
.5
1
3
6
10
30
60
100
200
400
500
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
7000
10000

RUNNING TIME (hours per day)

12

18

24

2.60
2.14
1.80
1.57
1.43
1.18
1.02
0.935
0.825
0.730
0.700
0.680
0.635
0.610
0.520
0.450
0.415
0.380
0.340
0.305

2.10
1.80
1.44
1.25
1.13
0.92
0.82
0.735
0.650
0.580
0.550
0.530
0.500
0.480
0.415
0.355
0.325
0.305
0.270
0.240

1.65
1.44
1.14
0.97
0.90
0.73
0.64
0.585
0.520
0.460
0.440
0.425
0.400
0.380
0.325
0.280
0.260
0.240
0.215
0.190

1.45
1.25
1.0
0.87
0.79
0.64
0.57
0.515
0.460
0.400
0.380
0.370
0.350
0.335
0.290
0.250
0.225
0.210
0.190
0.165

1.31
1.15
0.90
0.79
0.72
0.58
0.52
0.470
0.415
0.360
0.350
0.340
0.320
0.305
0.260
0.225
0.207
0.190
0.170
0.152

1.16
1.00
0.78
0.68
0.63
0.51
0.45
0.410
0.360
0.320
0.305
0.290
0.270
0.260
0.220
0.195
0.180
0.165
0.150
0.130

1.00
0.86
0.67
0.60
0.54
0.43
0.39
0.350
0.310
0.270
0.260
0.250
0.240
0.230
0.200
0.170
0.155
0.145
0.130
0.115

0.90
0.78
0.62
0.54
0.48
0.40
0.35
0.320
0.280
0.250
0.240
0.230
0.220
0.210
0.180
0.155
0.145
0.132
0.118
0.105

Xb FOR STRENGTH
Rpm
.6
1
4
10
30
50
80
100
200
400
500
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
7000
10000

RUNNING TIME (hours per day)

12

24

1.06
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.65
0.62
0.600
0.525
0.435
0.420
0.415
0.410
0.385
0.325
0.285
0.260
0.240
0.215
0.192

0.9
0.86
0.76
0.69
0.61
0.56
0.53
0.510
0.425
0.400
0.380
0.370
0.345
0.330
0.285
0.245
0.225
0.208
0.185
0.165

0.82
0.77
0.69
0.63
0.55
0.51
0.48
0.430
0.405
0.360
0.345
0.330
0.310
0.295
0.255
0.220
0.200
0.185
0.165
0.148

0.73
0.70
0.63
0.57
0.48
0.46
0.43
0.410
0.360
0.320
0.310
0.300
0.285
0.270
0.230
0.200
0.182
0.168
0.150
0.135

0.67
0.64
0.57
0.52
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.375
0.330
0.295
0.285
0.275
0.255
0.245
0.210
0.180
0.165
0.152
0.138
0.120

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

27.51

ZONE FACTORS SPUR & HELICAL Technical Section

SPUR GEARS, 20P.A.
Z
No. of
NUMBER OF TEETH ON PINION
Teeth
in Gear 400 200 150 100 80 60 50 40 30 26 20
10
12
15
20
26
30
40
50
60
80
100
150
200
400
Rack

1.09
1.40
1.84
2.48
3.09
3.50
4.27
4.95
5.60
7.00
8.00

1.08
1.38
1.79
2.39
2.94
3.32
3.95
4.58
5.11
6.14
6.88
8.32

1.08
1.36
1.75
2.32
2.85
3.16
3.79
4.30
4.81
5.62
6.34
7.44
8.32

1.07
1.34
1.69
2.20
2.64
2.90
3.50
3.84
4.21
5.00
5.51
6.34
6.88
8.00
9.70

1.07
1.32
1.64
2.12
2.53
2.76
3.27
3.65
3.89
4.57
5.00
5.62
6.14
7.00
8.40

1.06
1.28
1.58
2.00
2.36
2.54
2.93
3.28
3.57
3.89
4.21
4.81
5.11
5.60
6.50

1.05
1.26
1.53
1.89
2.23
2.40
2.76
3.00
3.28
3.65
3.84
4.30
4.58
4.95
5.50

1.05
1.25
1.48
1.75
2.06
2.30
2.53
2.76
2.93
3.27
3.50
3.79
3.95
4.27
4.65

1.04
1.24
1.43
1.68
1.88
1.98
2.30
2.40
2.54
2.76
2.90
3.16
3.32
3.50
3.70

1.03
1.22
1.41
1.63
1.80
1.88
2.06
2.23
2.36
2.53
2.64
2.85
2.94
3.09
3.20

1.02
1.19
1.34
1.53
1.63
1.68
1.75
1.89
2.00
2.12
2.20
2.32
2.39
2.48
2.55

15

12

10

0.97
1.10
1.21
1.34
1.41
1.43
1.48
1.53
1.58
1.64
1.69
1.75
1.79
1.84
1.90

0.92
1.01
1.10
1.19
1.22
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.28
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.47

0.85
0.92
0.97
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.12

HELICAL GEARS
FOR 30 HELIX ANGLE, 20P.A.

For other helix angles, multiply zone factor by 0.75 x Sec2 helix angle.
NOTE 0.75 x Sec2 17 45 = 0.826

No. of
NUMBER OF TEETH ON PINION
Teeth
in Gear Rack 400 200 150 100 80 60 50 40 30 26

20

15

12

10

10
12
15
20
26
30
40
50
60
80
100
150
200
400
Rack

1.29
1.44
1.61
1.82
2.02
2.17
2.38
2.55
2.66
2.87
2.97
3.17
3.25
3.35
3.44

1.18
1.28
1.43
1.60
1.73
1.83
2.00
2.14
2.22
2.36
2.43
2.52
2.68
2.69
2.81

1.09
1.17
1.29
1.43
1.54
1.60
1.72
1.81
1.87
1.98
2.05
2.14
2.19
2.26
2.36

1.00
1.09
1.18
1.27
1.38
1.45
1.52
1.58
1.64
1.75
1.78
1.84
1.88
1.94

2.03 1.95 1.88 1.85 1.76 1.74

2.35 2.26 2.19 2.16 2.06 1.99
2.80 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.44 2.36
3.43 3.35 3.24 3.18 3.00 2.90
4.27 4.10 3.90 3.80 3.58 3.42
4.89 4.69 4.47 4.27 3.95 3.76
6.11 5.80 5.48 5.18 4.72 4.44
7.47 6.74 6.30 6.00 5.41 4.94
8.42 7.38 6.83 6.50 5.83 5.35
10.88 8.89 7.94 7.50 6.70 6.15
10.67 9.26 8.40 7.35 6.71
11.30 10.00 8.42 7.50

11.20 9.17 8.00

10.55 9.11

10.92

27.52

1.64
1.89
2.25
2.70
3.14
3.46
3.98
4.47
4.76
5.42
5.88
6.50
6.88
7.48
8.50

1.58
1.81
2.16
2.56
2.96
3.22
3.70
4.18
4.39
4.94
5.36
5.92
6.20
6.67
7.34

1.50
1.71
2.01
2.39
2.74
2.93
3.34
3.70
3.93
4.42
4.67
5.07
5.33
5.68
6.00

1.45
1.61
1.83
2.16
2.44
2.61
2.92
3.20
3.38
3.74
3.94
4.24
4.37
4.63
4.91

1.40
1.55
1.74
2.03
2.29
2.44
2.72
2.94
3.12
3.41
3.60
3.84
3.96
4.14
4.36

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

STRENGTH FACTORS SPUR & HELICAL

HELICAL GEARS WITH 30 HELIX ANGLE, 20 P.A.
AND 20 P.A. SPUR GEARS

For other helix angles, multiply zone strength by 1.33 x Cos2 helix angle. NOTE: 1.33 x Cos2 17 45 = 1.206

No. of
NO. OF TEETH ON MATING GEAR OR PINION
Teeth
in Gear Rack 400 200 150 100 80 60 50 40 30 26 20 15
10
12
15
20
26
30
40
50
60
80
100
150
200
400
Rack

.600
.658
.714
.770
.813
.838
.876
.900
.913
.928
.931
.930
.928
.924

.585
.639
.697
.750
.790
.813
.854
.872
.883
.896
.897
.893
.889
.882
.869

.580
.630
.687
.738
.776
.796
.837
.858
.865
.875
.875
.870
.867
.861
.850

.579
.625
.681
.731
.768
.788
.824
.848
.856
.863
.864
.858
.855
.850
.839

.575
.618
.670
.720
.753
.772
.803
.822
.833
.839
.840
.835
.833
.828
.820

.573
.614
.664
.713
.742
.759
.788
.806
.815
.821
.822
.820
.818
.814
.808

.568
.605
.653
.698
.725
.738
.761
.776
.783
.791
.793
.780
.793
.791
.789

The zone factor (Z) is a factor dependent on the total

contact between mating teeth and the radii of curvature
of the tooth surfaces.
Internal Gears - The zone factor for internal gears shall be
equal to that for the same combination of external teeth
multiplied by:R + 1 0.8 Power
R1
R=Ratio
The Strength Factor (Y) is a factor dependent on the
number of teeth in contact, the cantilever strength of an
individual tooth, and the distribution of load over the face
of the tooth.
Internal Gears - The strength factor for the pinion gearing
with an internal gear shall be the same as that for a pinion
of the same number of teeth gearing with a rack. The
strength factor for the internal gear shall be the same as
that of a rack gearing with a pinion having the same
number of teeth as the actual pinion, multiplied by:-

1 + 3
T
where T is the number of teeth in the internal gear.
Idler Gears The idler gears in which the teeth make
contact on one side with the driving gears and on the
other with the driven gears, should be calculated on the

.566
.600
.646
.686
.699
.716
.736
.752
.758
.765
.767
.770
.771
.772
.767

.563
.597
.638
.677
.671
.677
.693
.705
.716
.728
.734
.740
.743
.747
.755

.561
.593
.631
.652
.633
.623
.642
.644
.654
.673
.683
.697
.703
.713
.728

.558
.591
.626
.642
.627
.611
.607
.620
.630
.645
.661
.676
.681
.695
.714

.554
.585
.617
.626
.614
.602
.574
.582
.590
.602
.613
.628
.638
.654
.684

.548
.573
.598
.605
.595
.582
.555
.544
.549
.562
.571
.584
.591
.607
.642

12

10

.542
.562
.580
.579
.572
.560
.535
.517
.523
.533
.541
.552
.561
.576
.606

.533
.550
.563
.562
.551
.543
.518
.490
.500
.511
.518
.533
.537
.550
.582

normal basis for wear, but the speed co-efficient used in

calculating the load capacity for strength must be half the
normal value.
Multiple Contact - If a gear makes contact on the same set
of flanks with more than one other gear, the equivalent
running time per day is to be taken as the sum of those
applying to the separate mating gears.

GEAR LUBRICATION

Given the variety of gear types, service requirements,

environmental influences and service temperature
ranges, the choice of lubricant is an important factor for
the service reliability and service life of the machine
concerned. The following are recommended, on the
basis of DIN 51 509 (Selection of Lubricants for Gears):1. At peripheral velocities up to v = 2 m/s:
High-consistency adhesive lubricants are used on large
open gears.
2. At peripheral velocities up to v = 4 m/s:
Here, splash-lubrication using a soft gear-grease is
customary into which the gear wheel dips
3. At peripheral velocities up to v = 15 m/s:
Here it is oil splash-lubrication which predominates
4. At peripheral velocities above v = 15 m/s:
In this range, oil spray lubrication is required in most cases.

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

27.53

FORMULAS BEVEL GEARS Technical Section

TO FIND:-

PINION

WHEEL

n
or n x mod
DP
(ins)
(mm)
n = No. of teeth.
-1
n
Y = tan
(deg)
N
d =

PCD
PITCH ANGLE
(for 90 shaft angle)
PITCH ANGLE
(for shaft angle <90)

-1

Y = tan

[( ) ]
[
]
sin

N + cos
n

N
or N x mod
DP
(ins)
(mm)
N = No. of teeth.

D =

= 90 Y (deg)
= Y

= SHAFT ANGLE
PITCH ANGLE
(for shaft angle > 90)

-1

Y = tan

sin (180 )
N cos (180 )
n

= Y

D
See Pinion * see note
2 sin
* A pitch angle () greater than 90 indicates an internal gear. Please contact Technical to determine if the gear can be cut.
CONE DISTANCE

Ao =

FORMULAS - WORMS & WHEELS

MODULE

TO FIND:-

IMPERIAL

(2 x MODULE) + PCDmm

2 + PCD
DP

TANGENT OF THE
LEAD ANGLE

MODULE x No. of STARTS

PCD

CP x No. of STARTS
PCD x

CENTRE DISTANCE

PCD (Worm) + PCD (Wheel)

in mm
2

PCD (Worm) + PCD (Wheel)

2

MODULE

TO FIND:-

IMPERIAL
No. of TEETH + 2
(inches)
DP

THROAT

= (No. of TEETH + 2) x MOD (mm)

TIP

= (No. of TEETH + 3) x MOD (mm)

No. of TEETH + 3
(inches)
DP

P.C.D.

= No. of TEETH x MOD (mm)

No. of TEETH
DP

REDUCTION RATIO

(inches)

No. of TEETH in WHEEL

No. of STARTS in WORM

Our WORMS and WORMWHEELS are made to give 0.08 - 0.15mm backlash at standard centres.
Housing centres should be nominal +0.00 +0.05mm.
CENTRE DISTANCE =

27.54

PCD (WORM) + PCD (WHEEL)

2

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

LOAD CALCULATIONS
BEVELS

Technical Section

BEVEL GEARS, BSI 545 : 1949

ALLOWABLE TANGENTIAL LOAD AT PITCH RADIUS
Xc

= Speed factor for wear

= Zone factor (see chart)

Sc

= Material rating (surface stress)

Sb

= Material rating (bending stress)

= Pitch factor DP 0.8 power

= Face width (inches)

STRENGTH

Xb

= Speed for strength

Xb Sb Y F

WEAR
Xc Sc Z F
K x 1.33

= Strength factor

= Cone distance (inches)

= DP

( )

lbs.

( )

lbs.

C-F

1.1 x C

C-F

1.1 x C

Based on 12 hour day.

Cone Distance C =

PCD" of Gear
2 x Sin Pitch Angle of Gear

Allowable tangential load at PCR = Torque lbs ins x 2

PCD
Pitch Angle of Gear = 90 Pitch Angle of Pinion

lbs

The lowest of the four

values for pinion and wheel
gives the gear rating. The
normal rating for gears is
based on 12 hours/day.

Pitch Angle of Pinion = tan 1 No. of Teeth Pinion

No. of Teeth Gear

hrs per day

Approx.

Total hours
life

Wear
multiply by

Strength
multiply by

3.0

2.0

0.5

100

2.91

1.89

1000

2.38

1.55

5000

1.66

1.27

10000

1.35

1.14

12

26000

1.0

1.0

24

52000

0.79

0.9

Gear torque =
allowable Tangential Load x PCD
2
Allowable Tangential Load =
Gear Torque x 2
PCD

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

27.55

Technical Section

BEVEL GEARS

ZONE FACTORS Z

maximum ratio 4:1 Gleason

No. of
Teeth
in Gear

15

16

19

20

24

25

26

30

32

45

48

60

72

15
16
19
20
24
25
26
30
32
45
48
60
72

1.800
1.850
2.050
2.100
2.245
2.250
2.255
2.350
2.380
2.450
2.500
2.600

1.850
1.950
2.235
2.240
2.260
2.265
2.265
2.455
2.500
2.650
2.700
2.740

2.050
2.235
2.300
2.355
2.600
2.600
2.650
2.750
2.755
3.000
3.000
3.100
3.150

2.100
2.240
2.355
2.450
2.730
2.740
2.750
2.770
2.775
3.200
3.300
3.350
3.400

2.245
2.260
2.600
2.730
2.850
2.900
2.950
3.200
3.250
3.600
3.650
3.750
3.800

2.250
2.265
2.600
2.740
2.900
2.900
3.050
3.250
3.300
3.750
3.750
3.800
3.950

2.255
2.265
2.650
2.750
2.950
3.050
3.200
3.400
3.450
3.800
3.850
4.000
4.100

2.350
2.455
2.750
2.770
3.200
3.250
3.400
3.650
3.700
4.100
4.200
4.500
4.700

2.380
2.500
2.755
2.755
3.250
3.300
3.450
3.700
3.700
4.200
4.300
4.700
4.850

2.450
2.650
3.000
3.200
3.600
3.750
3.800
4.100
4.200
5.000
5.200
5.800
5.950

2.500
2.700
3.000
3.300
3.650
3.750
3.850
4.200
4.300
5.200
5.400
5.900
6.100

2.600
2.740
3.100
3.350
3.750
3.800
4.000
4.500
4.700
5.800
5.900
6.600
7.000

3.150
3.400
3.800
3.950
4.100
4.700
4.850
5.950
6.100
7.000
7.700

NUMBER OF TEETH IN MATING GEAR

STRENGTH FACTORS Y
No. of
Teeth
in Gear
15
20
30
40
60
80

NUMBER OF TEETH IN MATING GEAR

15

20

30

40

60

80

.625
.585
.570
.580
.600

.660
.625
.620
.625
.640
.650

.670
.705
.710
.715
.720
.720

.705
.730
.765
.770
.765
.760

.710
.745
.795
.825
.830
.790

.750
.810
.840
.860
.855

SPEED FACTORS Xc FOR WEAR

Rpm

Xc

Rpm

1
2
4
6
8

1.00
0.88
0.77
0.70
0.67

10
20
40
60
100

Xc
.635
.550
.485
.460
.425

Rpm
200
400
600
800
1000

Xc

Rpm

Xc

.375
.330
.310
.285
.275

2000
4000
6000
8000
10000

.230
.180
.165
.140
.125

SPEED FACTORS Xb FOR STRENGTH

Rpm

Xc

Rpm

1
2
4
6
8

.66
.64
.62
.59
.58

10
20
40
60
100

27.56

Xc
.570
.525
.480
.460
.425

Rpm
200
400
600
800
1000

Xc
.375
.330
.310
.285
.275

Rpm
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000

Xc
.230
.180
.165
.140
.125

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

LOAD CALCULATIONS
WORMS & WHEELS

Technical Section

BSI 721 : 1937

WEAR

TORQUE CAPACITY (based on 12 hour day)

Xc

= Speed factor for wear (see chart)

0.18

= Constant value

Sc

= Material rating - surface stress (see tables)

Sb

= Material rating - bending stress (see tables)

efw

= Effective face width of wheel

Xb

= Speed factor for strength

1.8

= Constant value

= Addendum in inches

= Wheel PCD

Lr

= Length at root of wheel teeth in inches

0.18 Sc Xc efw D1.8

lbs. Ins.

STRENGTH
1.8Sb Xb Lr M D Cos lbs. ins.

Lr

Cos = Cosine of lead angle of worm

efw

Rubbing Speed Feet/Minute = Worm pcd x x RPM x secant lead angle

12
efw = 2 x

Cos =

Addendum Worm O/D Addendum

Lr = 2 x x Worm O/D
2

x 0.01745

PCD of Worm
O/D of Worm

Note : The lowest of the four

values for Worm and Wheel
gives the gear rating.

Angle = Cos -1

RUNNING TIME (hours per day)

Xc and Xb to be divided by factors below for different hrs/day
Wear
Strength

1/6

1/4

1/2

10

18

24

0.50

0.38
0.54

0.42
0.56

0.47
0.59

0.55
0.64

0.62
0.68

0.68
0.72

0.78
0.79

0.87
0.87

0.94
0.94

1.15
1.15

1.24
1.24

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

27.57

SPEED FACTORS
WORMS & WHEELS

Technical Section

Xc FOR WEAR
RPM of
Worm &
Wheel

RUBBING SPEED (ft/min)

10

40

100

200

600

1000

2000

2500

.19

.17

.165

.145

.13

.118

.099

.090

.078

2000

.21

.185

.18

.155

.140

.13

.107

.097

.085

1000

.26

.24

.23

.195

.175

.16

.135

.125

.106

800

.27

.25

.24

.21

.19

.175

.15

.135

.115

500

.32

.3

.28

.245

.23

.20

.17

.155

.135

200

.42

.38

.36

.32

.28

.260

.220

.20

.17

100

.48

.46

.43

.37

.34

.31

.26

.23

.20

40

.58

.55

.51

.45

.40

.36

.31

.28

.24

20

.65

.6

.56

.50

.45

.41

.34

.32

.27

10

.71

.7

.61

.54

.48

.44

.37

.34

.29

.82

.8

.71

.65

.57

.54

.45

.42

.36

Xb FOR STRENGTH
RPM

Speed
Factor

RPM

Speed
Factor

RPM

Speed
Factor

RPM

Speed
Factor

10

0.560

90

0.420

500

0.310

3000

0.200

15

0.540

100

0.415

600

0.300

3500

0.190

20

0.520

150

0.384

700

0.290

4000

0.180

30

0.500

200

0.365

800

0.280

4500

0.175

40

0.480

250

0.350

900

0.270

5000

0.170

50

0.460

300

0.340

1000

0.260

6000

0.160

60

0.450

350

0.335

1500

0.240

7000

0.150

70

0.440

400

0.330

2000

0.225

8000

0.140

80

0.430

450

0.320

2500

0.210

9000

0.135

27.58

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

BENDING AND SURFACE Technical Section

STRESS FACTORS WORMS & WHEELS
Wheel
WHEEL Materials

A
B

Phosphor Bronze
Sand Cast
Phosphor Bronze
Chill Cast
Phosphor Bronze
Centrifugally Cast
Cast Iron (Gray)

Find surface stress factor Sc for

wheel, under worm material
classification letter

Bending Stress
Factor Sb
Pounds per
Sq. In.

7,000

600*

600

700

1400*

8,500

800*

800

900

1600

10,000

1000*

1000

1100

2000

6,000

900*

600*

600

600

750

HPC standard wheels use sand cast PB2

*For standard hardened worms use 1400 Sc value for wheels
Find surface stress factor Sc for
Bending Stress
wheel, under worm material
Factor Sb
WORM Materials
classification letter
Pounds per
A
B
C
D
E
Sq. In.

Worm

C
D

0.4% Carbon Steel

Normalised
0.55% Carbon Steel
Normalised
Low-carbon
CasehardeningSteel
3.5% Nickel
Casehardening Steel
5% Nickel
Casehardening Steel
3.5% Nickel Chromium
Casehardening Steel
High Nickel-chrom
Casehardening Steel

20,000

1400

900

22,000

2000

1100

27,000

6000

4000

40,000

6500

4000

2000

47,000

7000

4000

2000

47,000

7000

4000

2000

47,000

8000

4000

2000

NOTE: Section E - hardened, ground and polished.

HPC Standard Worms

Unhardened - Sc = 1400 Sb = 17,000

Hardened
- Sc = 6000 Sb= 27,000
* Maximum permissible rubbing speeds, 500 feet per minute.
Should not be used except for hand operated gearing.
Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003

27.59

EFFICIENCY
WORMS & WHEELS

Technical Section

Excluding bearing and oil churning losses. Values are based on PB2 Wheels and case
hardened and ground and polished worms lubricated by mineral oil. The efficiency may
be improved after the running in period. NOTE: As HPC standard worms are not
hardened ground and polished lower efficiency values can be expected.

Efficiency (%) =

= TAN-1

TAN <
)
TAN (+ <)
)

X 100

<
) = Lead Angle
f = Coeffieient of friction

INPUT TORQUE =

Output Torque
100
x
Ratio
Efficiency

OUTPUT TORQUE = Input Torque x Ratio x Efficiency

100
Coefficients of Friction for Worm Gearing
Rubbing
Speed
Ft. per
min.

Coefficients of
Friction

Rubbing
Speed
Ft. per
min.

Coefficients of
Friction

Rubbing
Speed
Ft. per
min.

Coefficients of
Friction

Rubbing
Speed
Ft. per
min.

Coefficients of
Friction

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170

0.073
0.070
0.066
0.062
0.060
0.058
0.056
0.054
0.052
0.051
0.050
0.049
0.048
0.047
0.046

180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500

0.045
0.044
0.043
0.041
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.033
0.032
0.031
0.030
0.030

550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

0.028
0.027
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.018

1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000

0.0175
0.0170
0.0165
0.0165
0.0160
0.0160
0.0155
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
0.0145
0.0145
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140

27.60

Unit 14, Foxwood Ind. Park, Foxwood Rd. Chesterfield, Derbyshire S41 9RN

Telephone+44(0)1246 268080 Fax +44(0)1246 260003