INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SUBSTATION PRACTICE
BSES New Delhi
Project report on 8 weeks industrial summer training done in BSES, New Delhi as a part of my B.Tech curriculum.

ASHISH MALIK ROLL NO - 0824031012 B.TECH (EC) S.D.E.C COLLEGE U.P.T.U

PREFACE
This Report is prepared during my 8 weeks industrial training in BSES New Delhi, as a part of my B.Tech curriculum. It was a very great learning experience, as it was full of observation and knowledge. This period also provided a chance to give theoretical knowledge a Practical shape. Most importantly I also got a view of the latest technology in the world called SCDA. Joining BSES as a trainee gave me a solid platform in the beginning of my professional career. I wholeheartedly thank the company for giving me the opportunities to work on the latest technology and bring out the best in me and developing my technical skills. The most important virtue that I gained here is how to work in an organizational team. This will surely prove to be an advantage in my professional career.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A training of such a comprehensive coverage cannot be realized without help from numerous sources and people in the organization. I am thankful to Mr. C.P Upadhyay(Senior Manager Operations and Maintenance), for providing necessary facility to carry out my training successfully. I like to take this opportunity to show my gratitude towards Mr. Sachin(J.E NDPL) who guided me in the field operations .He has been a motivator & source of inspiration for me to carry out the necessary proceedings for the project to be completed successfully. Finally I would like to take this opportunity to thank the organization, BSES who helped me to acquire proper knowledge and success in my training. I shall cherish the memories of the co-operation and help extended by the staff of this organization to a trainee and shall feel honored if I could be of any help to this organization.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Company Profile. 2. Delhi Power Network. 3. BSES Yamuna Power Ltd. 4. BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. 5. BSES Rajdhani and Yamuna. 6. Delhi distribution network detail. 7. Introduction. 8. Components of Power system. 9. Representation of Power system. 10.Conclusion.

COMPANY PROFILE
4

BSES Limited is Indias premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Formerly known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited, it was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in suburbs of Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted, reliable, and quality power to customer and provide value added services for the development of power and infrastructure sectors. BSES caters to the needs of 2.07 million consumers over an area of 3.84 sq. km. With a maximum system demand of approximately 1198 MVA. With 7 decades in the field of power distribution, the electricity supply division of BSES has achieved the distinction of operating its distribution network with 99.98% on-line reliability and has a distribution loss of only 11.6%. BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in 1967 to meet the increasing workload and to improve services to its customers. As a part of its active support to the privatization process, BSES has recently acquired an equity stake of 51% in two of the three distribution companies of Delhi after unbundling and privatization of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board. The two distribution companies, BSES Rajdhani Power Limited covering South & West area and BSES Yamuna Power Limited covering Central & East regions provide electricity to around 1.7 million consumers spread across an area of 900 sq kms (approx.)

Delhi Power Network

5

Road Map to Privatization

Through out this process, governments primary goal was improving the performance of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB), by privatizing the distribution system, which would be the key to successful reforms in this sector. DVB has been unbundled into six companies: 1 2 3 4 One holding company One generation company (GENCO), One transmission company (TRANSCO) and Three distribution companies (DISCOMS)

REL has acquired a controlling interest in two of the distribution companies, viz. BRPL &BYPL & NDPL has taken over the management of third distribution company viznorthwest Delhi distribution company Limited. DVB distribution area (1397 sq. km.) divided into six circles (Central, North, West, East, South, North west). NDMC (43 sq.km.) and MES (43 sq.km.) cater to government areas and cantonment areas. The two distribution companies, BRPL covering south & west areas & BYPL covering east and central regions provide electricity to around 17 lakhs consumers spread across an area of 900 square kms (approx).

BSES Yamuna Power Limited

Covers East and Central regions 7

1. Yamuna Vihar 2. Krishna Nagar 3. Chandni Chowk 4. Paharganj 10 Districts

5. Nand Nagri

8.49 lacs Consumer

6. Mayur Vihar 7. Daryaganj 8. Jhilmil 9. Laxmi nagar 10. Shankar Road

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

Covers South and West regions Nehru Place RK Puram Vikaspuri Najafgarh Alaknanda 9 11 Districts 8.61 lacs Consumer

Mehrauli Palam Nangloi Nizamuddin Janakpuri Punjabi Bagh

10

BSES (RAJDHANI & YAMUNA)

BSES (Brihan-Mumbai sub-urban electricity supply) is an electricity distribution company supported by Reliance Energy. This company was established nearly 50 years back in Mumbai. Now it has been over 4 years since BSES took up the responsibility of distributing electricity in Delhi. During this period BSES has invested over Rs.2000Crores on upgrading and augmenting the infrastructure. BSES is responsible for electricity distribution only. It can contribute no more than it receives power from the generating stations in Delhi and the Northern Grid. To provide reliable and quality power supply to its consumers, the company has been divided into two branches that is BSES-YAMUNA and BSES-RAJDHANI. BSES-RAJDHANI looks over the electricity distribution to West Delhi and South Delhi. Whereas BSES-YAMUNA is responsible for electricity distribution in Central Delhi and East Delhi .

11

DELHI DISTRIBUTION NEWTWORK DETAILS

The existing RELIANCE ENERGY distribution network in Delhi is being operated at 66 kV/33kV/11kV and 0.415 kV, with bulk supply at 66 KV/33kV/11kV voltage levels available from TRANSCO. Presently Delhi network is operated sub-optimally and is predominantly manual at a local level based on instructions conveyed from the central location at Balaji Estate through telephone / VHF radios. The decision making at the central location is based on wall mounted static mimic diagrams of the primary network. Globally distribution networks of similar sizes are operated using centralized data acquisition and control with optimized operation of the network based on real time information, improved availability and flexibility with reduced subjective ness. Delhi draws power from 400kV Northern Grid at 400/220kV stations. Delhis transmission system at 220 kV consists of twenty-three 220 kV interconnected sub-stations. The powers from these 220/66 & 220/33 kV substations of Transco are fed to RELIANCE ENERGY Delhi area through 20 injection points at 66 & 33 kV voltage 12

level; which are further distributed to 108 substations of BRPL/BYPL . There exist some 11 KV feeds also from TRANSCO to BRPL/BYPL. There are presently 118-grid substations of 66/11 kV, 33/11 kV & 66/33 kV, in addition to this grid stations are also under construction / commissioning and in planning stage. The Primary distribution network operates essentially at 11 kV emanating from the 66 kV and/or 33 kV sub-stations. There are about 1300 numbers of such 11 kV feeders. These 11 kV feeders in turn are feeding to about 8500-Distribution Transformer of 11/0.415 kV.

Present operating procedures

Need for SCADA

13

OVERVIEW OF DELHI NETWORK

1.1 Introduction
The main purpose of power systems is to generate, transmit, and distribute electric energy to customers without interruptions and in the most economical and safe manner. To achieve these objectives, power systems are divided in generation, transmission and distribution subsystems. Generation consists of converting energy from different forms, such as thermal, hydraulic or nuclear, to electrical energy. Transformation consists of changing the voltage levels to those that are convenient for transmitting or distributing electrical energy. The role of transmission is to transport energy from generally geographically far away locations, where electric energy is generated, to load centers where it is consumed. The distribution consists of supplying energy to customers at a convenient voltage level.

1.2 Components of Power System

1.2.1 Generators
An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other source of mechanical energy. 14

1.2.2 Transformers
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling, without requiring relative motion between its parts. A transformer comprises of two or more coupled windings, and a magnetic core to concentrate magnetic flux. A changing voltage applied to one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a voltage in the other windings. The transformer is one of the simplest of electrical devices, yet transformer designs and materials continue to be improved.

1.2.3 Transmission Lines

A transmission line is the material medium that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of electrical energy. Transmission lines can be classified into two categories i.e overhead lines and underground cables.

a. Overhead Lines
In overhead lines bare conductors are used to transmit electrical energy and air acts as the insulating medium. Necessary insulation between the conductors can be provided by adjusting the spacing between them. Other components of overhead lines are: 1. Supports They are poles or towers used to keep the conductors at a suitable level above the ground. 2. Insulators They are attached to supports and insulate the conductors from the ground. 3. Cross Arms They provide support to the insulators.

b. Cables
An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protective cover. Although several types of cables are available, the type of cable to be used depends on working voltage and service conditions. The under ground cables have several adavntages such as less liable to damage through storms or lightning, low maintenance cost, less chances of faults, smaller voltage drop and better general appearance. However, their major drawback is that they have a greater installation cost and introduce insulation problems at high voltages compared with equivalent overhead system. For this reason, underground cables are employed where it is impracticable to use overhead lines. Such locations can be thickly populated areas where overhead lines cannot be used for reasons of safety, or around plants and substations or where maintenance conditions do not permit the use of overhead construction. The chief use of underground cables for many years has been for distribution of electric power in congested urban areas at comparatively low or moderate voltages. However, improvements in the design and manufacture have led to the development of cables suitable for use at high voltages.

1.2.4 Circuit Breakers

15

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers operate based on different principles associated with physical means of interrupting the flow of power. As a result, vacuum, air blast, and oil filled breakers are commonly used depending on the voltage level and required speed of operation. All breakers try to detect the zero crossing of the current and interrupt the flow at that time since the energy level to be interrupted is at a minimum. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

1.2.5 Isolators
An isolator does exactly what its name suggests in that it electrically isolates the circuit or circuits that are connected to it. It either isolates circuits that are continually powered or is a key element which enables an electrical engineer to safely work on the protected circuit. Isolator switches may be fitted with the ability for the switch to padlock such that inadvertent operation is not possible. In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated. Major difference between isolator and circuit breaker is that isolator is an off-load device, whereas circuit breaker is an on-load device.

1.2.6 Current Transformers

Current Transformers (CTs) are used to reduce the current levels from thousands of amperes in power systems to a standard output of either 5 A or 1 A for relaying and metering purposes. Most of the current transformers in use today are simple magnetically coupled iron core transformers. They are input/output devices operating with a hysteresis of magnetic circuit and as such are prone to saturation. The selection of instrument transformers is critical for ensuring a correct protective relaying operation. They need to be sized appropriately to prevent saturation. If there is no saturation, instrument transformers will operate in a linear region and their basic function may be represented via a simple turns ratio. Even though this is an ideal situation, it can be assumed to be true for computing simple relaying interfacing requirements. If remnant magnetism is present in an instrument transformer core, then the hysteresis may affect the time needed to saturate the next time the transformer gets exposed to excessive fault signals. The current transformers come as free standing solutions or as a part of the circuit breaker of power transformer design. If they come preinstalled with the power system apparatus, they are located in the bushings of that piece of equipment.

1.2.7 Voltage Transformers

Voltage Transformers are used to step down the power system voltages to levels suitable 16

for measurement and relaying. They come in two basic solutions: inductive voltage transformer (PT) with iron core construction and capacitor coupling voltage transformer (CVTs) that use a capacitor coupling principle to lower the voltage level first and then use the iron core transformer to get further reduction in voltage. Both transformer types are typically free standing. PTs are used frequently to measure voltages at substation busses, whereas CVTs may be used for the same measurement purpose on individual transmission lines. Since the voltage levels in the power system range well beyond kilovolt values, the transformers are used by protective relays. They come in standard solutions regarding the secondary voltage, typically 63.5 V or 110V, depending if either the line to ground or line to line quantity is measured respectively. In an ideal case, both types of instrument transformers are assumed to be operating as voltage dividers and the transformation is proportional to their turns ratio. In practice, both designs may experience specific deviations from the ideal case. In PTs, this may manifest as a nonlinear behavior caused by the effects of the hysteresis. In CVTs, the abnormalities include various ringing effects at the output when a voltage is collapsed at the input due to a close in fault as well as impacts of the stray capacitances in the inductive transformer, which may affect the frequency response.

1.2.8 Relays
Relays are controllers that measure input quantities and compare them to thresholds, commonly called relay settings, which in turn define operating characteristics. The relay characteristics may be quite different depending on the relaying quantity used and the relaying principle employed. In general, the relay action is based on a comparison between the measured quantity and the operating characteristic. Once the characteristic thresholds (settings) are exceeded, the relay assumes that this is caused by the faults affecting the measuring quantity, and it issues a command to operate associated circuit breaker(s). This action is commonly termed as a relay tripping, meaning opening a circuit breaker. The relays may come in different designs and implementation technologies.

1.2.9 Capacitor Banks

Many power system components in a network consume large amounts of reactive power. For example, transmission line shunt reactors, and other industrial and commercial loads need reactive power. Reactive current supports the magnetic fields in motors and transformers. Supporting both real and reactive power with the system generation requires increased generation and transmission capacity, because it increases losses in the network. Shunt-connected capacitors are another way to generate reactive power. Shunt capacitors have the advantage of providing reactive power close to the load centers, minimizing the distance between power generation and consumption, and have low costs. Controlling capacitance in a transmission or distribution network could be the simplest and most economical way of maintaining system voltage, minimizing system losses, and maximizing system capability.

1.2.10 Lightning Arresters

Power systems installations are subject to surge voltages originating from lightning 17

disturbances, switching operations, or circuit faults. Some of these transient conditions may create abnormally high voltages from turn to turn, winding to winding, and from winding to ground. The lightning arrester is designed and positioned so as to intercept and reduce the surge voltage before it reaches the electrical system. Lightning arresters are similar to big voltage bushings in both appearance and construction. They use a porcelain exterior shell to provide insulation and mechanical strength, and they use a dielectric filler material (oil, epoxy, or other materials) to increase the dielectric strength. Lightning arresters, however, are called on to insulate normal operating voltages, and to conduct high level surges to ground. In its simplest form, a lightning arrester is nothing more than a controlled gap across which normal operating voltages cannot jump. When the voltages exceeds a predetermined level, it will be directed to ground, away from the various components (including the transformer) of the circuit. There are many variations to this construction. Some arresters use a series of capacitances to achieve a controlled resistance value, while other types use a dielectric element to act as a valve material that will throttle the surge current and divert it to ground.

1.3 Power System Representation

Power systems are extremely complicated electrical networks that are geographically spread over very large areas. For most part, they are also three phase networks each power circuit consists of three conductors and all devices such as generators, transformers, breakers, disconnects etc. are installed in all three phases. In fact, the power systems are so complex that a complete conventional diagram showing all the connections is impractical. Yet, it is desirable, that there is some concise way of communicating the basic arrangement of power system components. This is done by using Single Line Diagrams (SLD). SLDs are also called One Line Diagrams. Single Line Diagrams do not show the exact electrical connections of the circuits. As the name suggests, SLDs use a single line to represent all three phases. They show the relative electrical interconnections of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, loads, circuit breakers, etc., used in assembling the power system. The amount of information included in an SLD depends on the purpose for which the diagram is used. For example, if the SLD is used in initial stages of designing a substation, then all major equipment will be included in the diagram major equipment being transformers, breakers, disconnects and buses. There is no need to include instrument transformers or protection and metering devices. However, if the purpose is to design a protection scheme for the equipment in the substation, then instrument transformers and relays are also included. 18

Single line diagram of a simple system is shown in figure 1.1. There is no universally accepted set of symbols used for single line diagrams. Often used symbols are shown in figure 1.2. The variations in symbols are usually minor and are not difficult to understand. Concept of bus in single line diagrams is essentially the same as the concept of a node in an electrical circuit. Just keep in mind that there is one bus for each phase. Buses are shown in SLDs as short straight lines perpendicular to transmission lines and to lines connecting equipment to the buses. In actual substations, the buses are made of aluminium or copper bars or pipes and can be several meters long. The impedance of buses is very low, practically zero, so electrically the whole bus is at the same potential. Of course, there is line voltage between the buses of the individual phases.

Circuit Breaker

Power Transformer

Generator

Transmission Line

Load

Bus

Bus

Figure 1.1 - Single Line Representation of a Simple Power Network

19

A . C GENERATOR OR MOTOR

TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER

A TRANSFORMER THREE WINDING

AUTO TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

DISCONNECTED SWITCH

CIRCUIT BREAKER

FUSE

REACTOR

LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Figure 1.2 Graphical Symbols for Single Line Diagrams

20

CONCLUSION
Through the logic of SCADA, implementation of various methods to improve the energy distribution efficiency of BSES( DISCOMM) were closely monitored and tested for their feasibility. Hence, the need and necessity for SUBSTATION AUTOMATION in Delhi is realized. Control and monitoring of substations is done by developing Single Line diagram (SLD) of that particular substation through WS500 software purchased from ABB. A sample SLD is presented in the appendices

. .

21