Module 1 - Introduction To Networking: CCNA 1 Version 3.1

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Module 1 Introduction to Networking

CCNA 1 version 3.1
Hc vin mng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com 2
Overview
Understand the physical connection that has to take place for a
computer to connect to the Internet.
Recognize the components that comprise the computer.
Install and troubleshoot network interface cards and/or modems.
Use basic testing procedures to test the Internet connection.
Demonstrate a basic understanding of the use of web browsers and
plug-ins.
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Requirements for Internet connection
A physical connection is made by connecting a specialized
expansion card such as a modem or a network interface
card (NIC) from a computer (PC) to a network.
The logical connection uses standards called protocols.
The application that interprets the data and displays the
information in an understandable form is the last part of the
connection.
Web browser
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
PC basics
Small, Discrete Components
Transistor Device that amplifies a
signal or opens and closes a circuit.
Integrated circuit (IC) Device made
of semiconductor material that contains
many transistors and performs a specific
task.
Resistor Device made of material that
opposes the flow of electric current.
Capacitor Electronic component that
stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field that consists of two
conducting metal plates separated by an
insulating material.
Connector The part of a cable that
plugs into a port or interface.
Light emitting diode (LED)
Semiconductor device that emits light
when a current passes through it.
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PC basics
Personal Computer Subsystems
Printed circuit board (PCB)
CD-ROM drive
Central processing unit (CPU)
Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
Microprocessor
Motherboard
Bus
Random-access memory (RAM)
Read-only memory (ROM)
System unit
Expansion slot
Power supply
Backplane Components
Backplane
Network interface card (NIC)
Video card
Audio card
Parallel port
Serial port Mouse port
Power cord
Network interface card
When selecting a NIC, consider the following factors:
Protocols Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI
Types of media Twisted-pair, coaxial, wireless, or fiber-
optic
Type of system bus PCI or ISA
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NIC and modem installation
A modem, or modulator-
demodulator, is a device that
provides the computer with
connectivity to a telephone line.
PCMCIA wired and wireless
NICs.
Desktop systems may use an
internal or external NIC.
Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivity
Inevitably the high-speed services used in the corporate environment,
such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem access,
moved to the consumer market.
These services no longer required expensive equipment or a second
phone line.
These are "always on" services that provide instant access and do not
require a connection to be established for each session.
This gives greater reliability and flexibility, and has led to the ease of
Internet connection sharing by small office and home networks.
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TCP/IP description and configuration
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is
a set of protocols or rules developed to allow cooperating
computers to share resources across a network.
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Verify IP Configuration: Win 9x
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2
3
4
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Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000
ipconfig
ipconfig /all
Testing connectivity with ping
The ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to a
specified destination. Each packet sent is a request for a reply.
The ping command is used to test the NIC transmit/receive function,
the TCP/IP configuration, and network connectivity.
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Testing connectivity with ping
ping 127.0.0.1 - This ping is unique and is called an internal
loopback test. It verifies the operation of the TCP/IP stack and NIC
transmit/receive function.
ping IP address of host computer - A ping to a host PC
verifies the TCP/IP address configuration for the local host and
connectivity to the host.
ping default-gateway IP address - A ping to the default
gateway verifies whether the router that connects the local network
to other networks can be reached.
ping remote destination IP address - A ping to a remote
destination verifies connectivity to a remote host.
Web browser and plug-ins
plug-in applications
These applications work in conjunction with the browser to launch the
program required to view the following special files:
Flash plays multimedia files, which was created by Macromedia
Flash
Quicktime plays video files, which was created by Apple
Real Player plays audio files
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Troubleshooting Internet connection problems
Network Math
- Computers work with and store data using
electronic switches that are either ON or OFF.
- Computers can only understand and use data
that is in this two-state or binary format.
- 1 is represented by an ON state, and 0 is
represented by an OFF state.
- The ones and zeros are used to represent the two
possible states of an electronic component in a
computer. They are referred to as binary digits or
bits.
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Binary presentation of data
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII) is the most commonly used code for representing
alpha-numeric data in a computer.
Bits and bytes
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Base 10 number system
The decimal number system is based on powers of 10.
Each column position of a value, from right to left, is multiplied by the
number 10, which is the base number, raised to a power, which is the
exponent.
The power that 10 is raised to depends on its position to the left of the
decimal point.
2134 = (2x10
3
) + (1x10
2
) + (3x10
1
) + (4x10
0
)
Base 2 number system
10110
2
= (1 x 2
4
= 16) + (0 x 2
3
= 0) + (1 x 2
2
= 4) + (1 x 2
1
= 2) + (0 x 2
0
= 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)
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Four-octet dotted decimal representation of 32-
bit binary numbers
Currently, (IP) addresses assigned to computers on the
Internet are 32-bit binary numbers.
To make it easier to work with these addresses, the 32-bit
binary number is broken into a series of decimal numbers.
To do this, split the binary number into four groups of eight
binary digits.
Then convert each group of eight bits, also known as an
octet into its decimal equivalent.
Hexadecimal
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Why Hexadecimal?
Hexadecimal is perfect for matching 4 bits. 16 Hex values and 16 4 bit possibilities.
Hexadecimal
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Boolean or binary logic
Boolean logic is based on digital circuitry that accepts one or two
incoming voltages.
Based on the input voltages, output voltage is generated. For the
purpose of computers the voltage difference is associated as two
states, on or off.
These two states are in turn associated as a 1 or a 0, which are the two
digits in the binary numbering system.
Boolean or binary logic
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IP addresses and network masks
To inform a computer how the 32-bit
IP address has been split, a second
32-bit number called a subnetwork
mask is used.
This mask is a guide that indicates
how the IP address should be
interpreted by identifying how many of
the bits are used to identify the
network of the computer.
The subnetwork mask sequentially
fills in the 1s from the left side of the
mask.
A subnet mask will always be all 1s
until the network address is identified
and then be all 0s from there to the
right most bit of the mask.
The bits in the subnet mask that are 0
identify the computer or host on that
network.
Performing a Boolean AND of the IP address 10.34.23.134 and the
subnet mask 255.0.0.0 produces the network address of this host:
10.34.23.134 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110
255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
10.0.0.0 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000
Converting the result to dotted decimal, 10.0.0.0 is the network portion
of the IP address, when using the 255.0.0.0 mask.
Host with the IP address of 10.34.23.134 is a member of the
10.0.0.0 network.
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Performing a Boolean AND of the IP address 172.16.122.204 and the
subnet mask 255.255.0.0 produces the network address of this host:
172.16.122.204 10101100.00010000.01111010.11001100
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
172.16.0.0 10101100.00010010.00000000.00000000
Converting the result to dotted decimal, 172.16.0.0 is the network
portion of the IP address, when using the 255.255.0.0 mask.
Host with the IP address of 172.16.122.204 is a member of the
172.16.0.0 network.
What is the network address?
Is the default gateway on the
same network?
What does the IP address and
subnet mask tell you and your
computer?
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Summary
An understanding of the following key points should have been achieved:
The physical connection that has to take place for a computer to connect to the
Internet
The primary components of a computer
Installation and troubleshooting network interface cards and/or modems
Basic testing procedures to test the Internet connection
Web browser selection and configuration
The Base 2 number system
Binary number conversion to decimal
The hexadecimal number system
Binary representation of IP addresses and network masks
Decimal representation of IP addresses and network masks
Web References
http://library.albany.edu/internet/
http://library.albany.edu/internet/ connect.html
http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/ course/lan-pages/nic.html
http://www.linfield.edu/~darnett/helpages/ NICinstall/NICStart.html
http://www.wown.com/j_helmig/tcpip.htm
http://howto.lycos.com/lycos/step/ 1,,26166+25551+19875,00.html
http://www.learnthenet.com/english/html/ 12browser.htm
http://www.jsifaq.com/SUBJ/tip4800/ rh4873.htm
http://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/computing/ subindex_f1ncomp5topic1.html
http://www.jbase.com/knowledgebase/ manuals/3.0/ 30manpages/man/ AsciiChart.htm
http://csep1.phy.ornl.gov/guidry/phys594/ lectures/performance_prog/data.html
http://www.psinvention.com/zoetic/ base10.htm
http://www.psinvention.com/zoetic/ base2.htm
http://www.netlingo.com/more/binary.html
http://www.netlingo.com/more/binary.html
http://www2.rad.com/networks/1994/ ip_addr/tcpip2.htm
http://www.math.ohiou.edu/~just/hex.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/boolean.htm
http://support.wrq.com/tutorials/ tutorial.html

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