8 Kundur Overlap Save Add

Overlap-Save and Overlap-Add
Circular and Linear Convolution
The Discrete Fourier Transform Pair

Dr. Deepa Kundur
University of Toronto
DFT and inverse-DFT (IDFT):

N 1
X (k ) = 1 N
x (n)e j 2k N ,
n=0 N 1
k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
n
x (n ) =
X (k )e j 2k N ,
k =0
n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
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Important DFT Properties
Circular Convolution
Property Notation: Periodicity: Linearity: Time reversal Circular time shift: Circular frequency shift: Complex conjugate: Circular convolution: Multiplication: Parsevals theorem:
Time Domain x (n) x (n) = x (n + N ) a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 (n) x (N n) x ((n l ))N x (n)e j 2ln/N x (n) x1 (n) x2 (n) x1 (n)x2 (n) N 1 n=0 x (n)y (n)
Frequency Domain X (k ) X (k ) = X (k + N ) a1 X 1 ( k ) + a2 X 2 ( k ) X (N k ) X (k )e j 2kl /N X ((k l ))N X (N k ) X1 (k )X2 (k ) 1 X (k ) X2 (k ) N 1 N 1 1 k =0 X (k )Y (k ) N
x1 (n) x2 (n) Q: What is circular convolution?
X1 (k )X2 (k )
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Assume: x1 (n) and x2 (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. Examples: N = 10 and support: n = 0, 1, . . . , 9
Assume: x1 (n) and x2 (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
N 1
x1 (n) x2 (n) =
k =0 N 1
x1 (k )x2 ((n k ))N x2 (k )x1 ((n k ))N

k =0
1
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-3
-2
-1
where (n)N = n mod N = remainder of n/N .

1
-3
-2
-1
10
11
12
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Modulo Indices and Periodic Repetition

(n)N = n Example: N = 4 n -4 -3 -2 (n)4 0 1 2 mod N = remainder of n/N
Modulo Indices and Periodic Repetition

(n)N = n Example: N = 4 -4 -3 -2 n (n)4 0 1 2 mod N = remainder of n/N
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
nonneg integer < N n = integer + N N 5 1 =1+ 4 4 2 2 = 1 + 4 4
x ((n))4 will be periodic with period 4. The repeated pattern will be consist of: {x (0), x (1), x (2), x (3)}. Thus, x ((n))N is a periodic signal comprised of the following repeating pattern: {x (0), x (1), x (N 2), x (N 1)}.
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Overlap During Periodic Repetition

A periodic repetition makes an aperiodic signal x (n), periodic to produce x (n).
Overlap During Periodic Repetition

A periodic repetition makes an aperiodic signal x (n), periodic to produce x (n). There are two important parameters: 1. smallest support length of the signal x (n) 2. period N used for repetition that determines the period of x (n) smallest support length > period of repetition
there will be overlap
x (n) =
l =
x (n lN )
smallest support length period of repetition

there will be no overlap x (n) can be recovered from x (n )
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Periodic Repetition: Example N = 4

l=-2 l=-1 l=0 l=1 l=2
Period Repetition: Example N = 4

l=-2 l=-1 l=0 l=1 l=2
x (n)
2 1
x (n+2N)
x (n+N)
+
x (n)
+
x (n-N)
+
x (n-2N)
x (n)
2
x (n+2N)
x (n+N)
x (n)
+
x (n-N)
x (n-2N)
+
...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
...
7
...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+ +
+
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
no overlap support length = 4 = N
overlap
x (n)
2 1
support length = 6 > N
~ x (n)
2 1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
= x (n)
Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto) Overlap-Save and Overlap-Add 11 / 58 Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
=x(n)
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Modulo Indices and the Periodic Repetition

x(n)
2 1
Assume: x (n) has support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x ((n))N = x (n mod N ) = x (n) =

l =
x (n lN )
Note: Because the support size and period size are the same, there is no overlap when taking the periodic repetition x ((n))N .
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x(n)
2 1 2 1 0 1

x(n)
2 1 2 1 0 1
x((n))N
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0
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x(n)
2 1 2 1 0 1

x(n)
2 1 0 1
x((n))N
15 11 7 3 -1
x (n)
2 1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...
Therefore x ((n))N = x (n).

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Circular Convolution: One Interpretation

Assume: x1 (n) and x2 (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. To compute
N 1 k =0 x1 (k )x2 ((n
Circular Convolution: One Interpretation
k ))N (or
N 1 k =0 x2 (k )x1 ((n
k ))N ):
N 1 N 1
1. Take the periodic repetition of x2 (n) with period N :
x 2 (n) =
l =
x2 (n lN )
k =0
x1 (k ) x2 ((n k ))N =
k =0
x1 (k ) x 2 (n k )
2. Conduct a standard linear convolution of x1 (n) and x 2 (n) for n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1:

N 1
. . . which makes sense, since x ((n))N = x (n).
x1 (n) x2 (n) = x1 (n) x 2 (n) =

k =
x1 (k ) x2 (n k ) =
k =0
x1 (k ) x2 (n k )
Note: x1 (n) x2 (n) = 0 for n < 0 and n N .
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14 10 6 2 -2
14 10 6 2 -2
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15 11 7 3 -1
1
12 8 4 0 -4 13 9 5 1 -3
0
x((n))N
2 1
12 8 4 0 -4
1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13 9 5 1 -3
0
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Circular Convolution: Another Interpretation

Assume: x1 (n) and x2 (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. To compute
N 1 k =0 x1 (k )x2 ((n
Using DFT for Linear Convolution

Therefore, circular convolution and linear convolution are related as follows:
k ))N (or
N 1 k =0 x2 (k )x1 ((n
k ))N ):
1. Conduct a linear convolution of x1 (n) and x2 (n) for all n:

N 1
xC (n) = x1 (n) x2 (n) =

x1 (k )x2 (n k )
l =
xL (n lN )
xL (n) = x1 (n) x2 (n) =

k =
x1 (k )x2 (n k ) =
k =0
for n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1 Q: When can one recover xL (n) from xC (n)? When can one use the DFT (or FFT) to compute linear convolution? A: When there is no overlap in the periodic repetition of xL (n). When support length of xL (n) N .
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2. Compute the periodic repetition of xL (n) and window the result for n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1:
x1 (n) x2 (n) =
l =
xL (n lN ),
n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
Filtering of Long Data Sequences

Let x (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , L 1. Let h(n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. We can set N L + M 1 and zero pad x (n) and h(n) to have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
1. Take N -DFT of x (n) to give X (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 2. Take N -DFT of h(n) to give H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 3. Multiply: Y (k ) = X (k ) H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 4. Take N -IDFT of Y (k ) to give y (n), n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
The input signal x (n) is often very long especially in real-time signal monitoring applications. For linear ltering via the DFT, for example, the signal must be limited size due to memory requirements.
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Recall, for N = 8 the 8-FFT is given by
x(0) x(4) x(2) x(6) x(1) x(5) x(3) x(7)

Stage 3
X(0) X(1)
Stage 1
Stage 2
All N -input samples are required simultaneously by the FFT operator. Complexity of N -FFT is N log(N ). If N is too large as for long data sequences, then there is a signicant delay in processing that precludes real-time processing.
signal input Data Acquisition Delay Data Processing Delay signal output
W8
-1 W8 -1
2 W8 0
X(2) X(3)
W8 -1 W8
1 0
W8
-1
-1
X(4) X(5) X(6) X(7)
W8
-1
0 W8 2 W8
-1
-1 W8
0 W8 2
-1 W8
3
-1
-1
-1
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Strategy:
1. Segment the input signal into xed-size blocks prior to processing. 2. Compute DFT-based linear ltering of each block separately via the FFT. 3. Fit the output blocks together in such a way that the overall output is equivalent to the linear ltering of x (n) directly.

Goal: FIR ltering: y (n) = x (n) h(n) Two approaches to real-time linear ltering of long inputs:
Overlap-Add Method Overlap-Save Method
Assumptions:
FIR lter h(n) length = M Block length = L M
Main advantage: samples of the output y (n) = h(n) x (n) will be available real-time on a block-by-block basis.
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
Deals with the following signal processing principles: The linear convolution of a discrete-time signal of length L and a discrete-time signal of length M produces a discrete-time convolved result of length L + M 1. Addititvity: (x1 (n)+x2 (n)) h(n) = x1 (n) h(n)+x2 (n) h(n)
Overlap-Add Method
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
x(n)
1
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
* h(n)
n
L=4 L=4 L=4 L=4
Overlap-Add Filtering Stage

Input into blocks length
n
x1(n)
=
-3 -2 -1 0
1
10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
* h(n)
L=4
x (n) is divided non-overlapping xm (n) each of L.
makes use of the N -DFT and N -IDFT where: N = L + M 1

Thus, zero-padding of x (n) and h(n) that are of length L, M < N is required. The actual implementation of the DFT/IDFT will use the FFT/IFFT for computational simplicity.
x2(n)
+
-3 -2 -1 0
1
4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
* h(n)
n
L=4
x3(n)
Each input block xm (n) is individually ltered as it is received to produce the output block ym (n).
+
-3 -2 -1 0
1
10 1 2 3 6 7 8 9
* h(n)
L=4
+ ...
n
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method

Let xm (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , L 1. Let h(n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. We set N L + M 1 (the length of the linear convolution result) and zero pad xm (n) and h(n) to have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Linear Convolution via the DFT

Length of linear convolution result = Length of DFT
l=-2 l=-1 l=0 l=1 l=2
x (n)
2 1
x (n+2N)
x (n+N)
+
x (n)
+
x (n-N)
+
x (n-2N)
...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
...
7
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1. Take N -DFT of xm (n) to give Xm (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 2. Take N -DFT of h(n) to give H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 3. Multiply: Ym (k ) = Xm (k ) H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 4. Take N -IDFT of Ym (k ) to give ym (n), n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
no overlap support length = 4 = N ~ x (n)

2 1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
= x (n)
Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
x(n)
1
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
x(n)
* h(n)
n
L=4
-3 -2 -1 0
1
4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
* h(n)
n
L=4 L=4 L=4 L=4
L=4
L=4
L=4
x1(n)
=
-3 -2 -1 0
1
10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
* h(n)
n
L=4
Input into blocks length
x (n) is divided non-overlapping xm (n) each of L.
y1(n)
=
-3 -2 -1 0
These extra M-1 samples (i.e., tail) due to convolution expanding the support must be added to the begininning of the next output block
10
Output blocks ym (n) must be tted together appropriately to generate: y (n) = x (n) h(n) The support overlap amongst the ym (n) blocks must be accounted for.
x2(n)
+
-3 -2 -1 0
1
4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
* h(n)
n
L=4
x3(n)
Each input block xm (n) is individually ltered as it is received to produce the output block ym (n).
y2(n)
L=4 ADD to next block
M-1=2
+
-3 -2 -1 0
4 1 2 3
6 6 7
10
y3(n)
M-1=2
+
-3 -2 -1 0
1
10 1 2 3 6 7 8 9
* h(n)
L=4
+ ...
n
+
-3 -2 -1 0
+ ...
10 8 9
n
M-1=2
L=4
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Addition Stage

-3 -2
x(n)
1
4 -1 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
* h(n)
n
L=4 L=4 L=4 L=4
From the Addititvity property, since:
y1(n)
x (n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) + x3 (n) + =

m=1
xm (n)
=
-3 -2 -1 0
These extra M-1 samples (i.e., tail) due to convolution expanding the support must be added to the begininning of the next output block
10
Output blocks ym (n) must be tted together appropriately to generate: y (n) = x (n) h(n) The support overlap amongst the ym (n) blocks must be accounted for.
x (n) h(n) = (x1 (n) + x2 (n) + x3 (n) + ) h(n) = x1 (n) h(n) + x2 (n) h(n) + x3 (n) h(n) +

y2(n)
M-1=2
+
-3 -2 -1 0
=
m=1
xm (n) h(n) =
m=1
ym (n)
4 1 2 3
6 6 7
10
y3(n)
M-1=2
+
-3 -2 -1 0
+ ...
10 8 9
n
M-1=2
L=4
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
Input signal:
Overlap-Add Method
=
-3 -2 -1 0
1. Break the input signal x (n) into non-overlapping blocks xm (n) of length L. 2. Zero pad h(n) to be of length N = L + M 1. 3. Take N -DFT of h(n) to give H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
zeros
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
zeros
4. For each block m:

zeros
Output signal:
Add points Add points
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Zero pad xm (n) to be of length N = L + M 1. Take N -DFT of xm (n) to give Xm (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. Multiply: Ym (k ) = Xm (k ) H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. Take N -IDFT of Ym (k ) to give ym (n), n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
5. Form y (n) by overlapping the last M 1 samples of ym (n) with the rst M 1 samples of ym+1 (n) and adding the result.
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Add Method: Cautionary Note

Output signal:
Add
If you DO NOT overlap and add, but only append the output blocks ym (n) for m = 1, 2, . . ., then you will not get the true y (n) sequence. Q: What sequence will you obtain instead?
points
Add points
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Overlap-Add Method
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
zeros zeros zeros
Overlap-Save Method Overlap-[Discard] Method
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Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Deals with the following signal processing principles: The N = (L + M 1)-circular convolution of a discrete-time signal of length N and a discrete-time signal of length M using an N -DFT and N -IDFT. Time-Domain Aliasing:
yL(n) linear convolution 2 result

1
yL(n+2N)
yL(n+N)
yL(n)
+
yL(n-N)
yL(n-2N)
+
...
n
+ +
...
n
+
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
Add and keep points only at n=0, 1, ..., N-1

overlap since N < L+M-1
yC (n)
2 1
xC ( n ) =
xL (n lN ) ,
l = support=M + N 1
n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
circular convolution result

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
corruption from previous repetitions
= yL(n) at n=M-1, M, ..., N-1
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Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Convolution of xm (n) with support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1 and h(n) with support n = 0, 1, . . . , M 1 via the N -DFT will produce a result yC ,m (n) such that:
yC ,m (n) = aliasing corruption yL,m (n) n = 0, 1, . . . , M 2 n = M 1, M , . . . , N 1
Overlap-Save Input Segmentation Stage

1. All input blocks xm (n) are of length N = (L + M 1) and contain sequential samples from x (n). 2. Input block xm (n) for m > 1 overlaps containing the rst M 1 points of the previous block xm1 (n) to deal with aliasing corruption. 3. For m = 1, there is no previous block, so the rst M 1 points are zeros.
where yL,m (n) = xm (n) h(n) is the desired output.
The rst M 1 points of a the current ltered output block ym (n) must be discarded. The previous ltered block ym1 (n) must compensate by providing these output samples.
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Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method

Input signal blocks:
x1 (n) = {0,
0, . . .
M 1 zeros
0, x (0), x (1), . . . , x (L 1)}
zeros
x2 (n) = {x (L M + 1), . . . x (L 1), x (L), . . . , x (2L 1)}

last M 1 points from x1 (n)
x3 (n) = {x (2L M + 1), . . . x (2L 1), x (2L), . . . , x (3L 1)}

point overlap point overlap
last M 1 points from x2 (n)
. . . The last M 1 points from the previous input block must be saved for use in the current input block.
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Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Filtering Stage

makes use of the N -DFT and N -IDFT where: N = L + M 1
Only a one-time zero-padding of h(n) of length M required to give it support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. L < N is
Using DFT for Circular Convolution

N = L + M 1. Let xm (n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. Let h(n) have support n = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. We zero pad h(n) to have support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
1. Take N -DFT of xm (n) to give Xm (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 2. Take N -DFT of h(n) to give H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
The input blocks xm (n) are of length N to start, so no zero-padding is necessary. The actual implementation of the DFT/IDFT will use the FFT/IFFT for computational simplicity.
3. Multiply: Ym (k ) = Xm (k ) H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 4. Take N -IDFT of Ym (k ) to give yC ,m (n), n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
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Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Circular Convolution via the DFT

Length of linear convolution result > Length of DFT
yL(n) linear convolution 2 result
1
Overlap-Save Output Blocks

yL(n)
+
yL(n+2N)
yL(n+N)
yL(n-N)
yL(n-2N)
+
...
n
+ +
...
n
+
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
Add and keep points only at n=0, 1, ..., N-1

overlap since N < L+M-1
yC , m ( n ) =
aliasing n = 0, 1, . . . , M 2 yL,m (n) n = M 1, M , . . . , N 1
yC (n)
2 1
circular convolution result

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
corruption from previous repetitions
where yL,m (n) = xm (n) h(n) is the desired output.
= yL(n) at n=M-1, M, ..., N-1
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Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save [Discard] Output Blocks

y1 (n) y2 (n) y3 (n) = {y1 (0), = {y2 (0), = {y3 (0), y1 (1), . . . y2 (1), . . . y3 (1), . . . y1 (M 2), y (0), . . . , y (L 1)} y2 (M 2), y (L), . . . , y (2L 1)} y3 (M 2), y (2L), . . . , y (3L 1)}
Overlap-Save Output Stage

Output signal blocks:
Discard points Discard points Discard points
M 1 points corrupted from aliasing
where y (n) = x (n) h(n) is the desired output.
The rst M 1 points of each output block are discarded. The remaining L points of each output block are appended to form y (n).
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
Overlap-Save Method
1. Insert M 1 zeros at the beginning of the input sequence x (n). 2. Break the padded input signal into overlapping blocks xm (n) of length N = L + M 1 where the overlap length is M 1. 3. Zero pad h(n) to be of length N = L + M 1. 4. Take N -DFT of h(n) to give H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 5. For each block m: 5.1 Take N -DFT of xm (n) to give Xm (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 5.2 Multiply: Ym (k ) = Xm (k ) H (k ), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. 5.3 Take N -IDFT of Ym (k ) to give ym (n), n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Overlap-Save Method
Input signal blocks:
zeros
point overlap
Output signal blocks:

Discard points Discard points
point overlap
5.4 Discard the rst M 1 points of each output block ym (n).

6. Form y (n) by appending the remaining (i.e., last) L samples of each block ym (n).
Discard points
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8 Kundur Overlap Save Add

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8 Kundur Overlap Save Add

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Circular and Linear Convolution

The Discrete Fourier Transform Pair

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DFT and inverse-DFT (IDFT):

Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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Circular and Linear Convolution

Important DFT Properties

Frequency Domain X (k ) X (k ) = X (k + N ) a1 X 1 ( k ) + a2 X 2 ( k ) X (N k ) X (k )e j 2kl /N X ((k l ))N X (N k ) X1 (k )X2 (k ) 1 X (k ) X2 (k ) N 1 N 1 1 k =0 X (k )Y (k ) N

x1 (n) x2 (n) Q: What is circular convolution?

Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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Circular and Linear Convolution

x1 (k )x2 ((n k ))N x2 (k )x1 ((n k ))N

where (n)N = n mod N = remainder of n/N .

Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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Circular and Linear Convolution

Modulo Indices and Periodic Repetition

Modulo Indices and Periodic Repetition

nonneg integer < N n = integer + N N 5 1 =1+ 4 4 2 2 = 1 + 4 4

Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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Circular and Linear Convolution

Overlap During Periodic Repetition

Overlap During Periodic Repetition

smallest support length period of repetition

Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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Circular and Linear Convolution

Periodic Repetition: Example N = 4

Period Repetition: Example N = 4

no overlap support length = 4 = N

support length = 6 > N

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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Circular and Linear Convolution

Modulo Indices and the Periodic Repetition

Modulo Indices and the Periodic Repetition

Assume: x (n) has support n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.

x ((n))N = x (n mod N ) = x (n) =

Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Dr. Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

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Circular and Linear Convolution

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