DISEASES Anthrax Jaundice

CAUSE Caused by bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Trans mitted through domestic animals Caused by virus. The various types are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and C. Spread through contaminated food and water caused by virus Most cases of campylobacteriosis are associated with eating raw or undercooked poultry meat or from cross-contamination of other foods by these items. Infants may get the infection by contact with poultry packages in shopping carts. Outbreaks of Campylobacter are usually associated with unpasteurized milk or contaminated water. Animals can also be infected, and some people have acquired their infection from contact with the stool of an ill dog or cat. The organism is not usually spread from one person to another, but this can happen if the infected person is producing a large volume of diarrhea.

Campylob acter

SYMPTOMS Running nose, breathing difficulty and finally death. Loss of appetite, yellow colouration due to excess bile pigment in the blood yellow urination fever, Most people who become ill with campylobacteriosis get diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever within two to five days after exposure to the organism. The diarrhea may be bloody and can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The illness typically lasts one week. Some infected persons do not have any symptoms. In persons with compromised immune systems,Campylobacter occasionally spreads to the bloodstream and causes a serious lifethreatening infection.

PREVENTION Course of 4 Anthrax vaccine injections Hepatitis B vaccine. Use purified water. Avoid contact with infected people Many different kinds of infections can cause diarrhea and bloody diarrhea. Campylobacter infection is diagnosed when a culture of a stool specimen yields the organism.

TREATMENT Can be cured if detected early. Antibiotics can control the disease. Diet control, fat free and limited amount of problem. Rest for patient. Plenty of sugarcane juice, rad dish Interferon injection. Patients should drink extra fluids as long as the diarrhea lasts. In more severe cases, antibiotics such as erythromycin or a fluoroquinolone can be used, and can shorten the duration of symptoms if given early in the illness. Your doctor will decide whether antibiotics are necessary. Most people who get campylobacteriosis recover completely within two to five days, although sometimes recovery can take up to 10 days. Rarely,Campylobacter infection results in long-term consequences.

Malaria

Caused by protozoan Plasmodium through the bite of the female anopheles mosquito Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA

High fever, rigours which is repeated on the 3rd or 4th day Subclinical infections, which account for the vast majority of polio cases. Symptoms may

Prevent mosq uitoes from biting and prevent them from breeding Passive immunization,Vaccine

A quinine derivative called chloro quinine Treatments vary according to the form of the disease, and may include antibiotics, pain-relieving medication, and physical therapy to strengthen

Poliomyelit is

virusescolonize the gastrointestinal tract[1] specifically the oropharynx and the intestine

include fatigue, headache, sore throat, mild fever, and vomiting. In some subclinical infections, no symptoms may appear. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Symptoms may include back pain, neck pain, fatigue, diarrhea, headache, leg pain, fever, muscle stiffness, painful rash, and vomiting. Paralytic poliomyelitis (the most serious kind of polio infection.) Symptoms may include fever, breathing difficulty, constipation, headache, muscle pain, muscle spasms, and muscle weakness on one side of the body. Muscle weakness comes on quickly and progresses to paralysis

weak muscles. In 90 percent of cases a complete recovery is possible. Paralytic cases account for the other 10 percent, which are rarely fatal but typically result in permanent disability.

Salmonello sis

Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals, including birds. Salmonella are usually transmitted to humans by eating foods contaminated with animal feces. Contaminated foods usually look and smell normal. Contaminated foods are often of animal origin, such as beef, poultry, milk, or eggs, but any food, including

Most persons infected with Salmonella develo p diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons, the

There is no vaccine to prevent salmonellosis. Because foods of animal origin may be contaminated with Salmonella, people should not eat raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, or meat. Raw eggs may be unrecognized in some foods, such as homemade Hollandaise sauce, Caesar and other homemade salad dressings, tiramisu, homemade ice

Salmonella infections usually resolve in 5-7 days and often do not require treatment other than oral fluids. Persons with diarrhea usually recover completely, although it may be several months before their bowel habits are entirely normal. A small number of persons withSalmonella develop pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes, and painful urination. This is called

vegetables, may become contaminated. Thorough cooking kills Salmonella.

diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.

cream, homemade mayonnaise, cookie dough, and frostings. Poultry and meat, including hamburgers, should be wellcooked, not pink in the middle. Persons also should not consume raw or unpasteurized milk or other dairy products. Produce should be thoroughly washed. Practice good hygiene.Avoid water that might be contaminated. If you are unable to avoid using or drinking water that might be contaminated, then you can make the water safe to drink by doing one of the following:Heat the water to a rolling boil for at least 1 minute, or Use a filter that has an absolute pore size of 1 micron or smaller, or one that has been NSF rated for "cyst removal."Avoid food that might be contaminated.Wash and/or peel all raw vegetables and fruits before eating.Use safe, uncontaminated water to wash all food that is to be eaten raw.Avoid eating uncooked foods when traveling in countries with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems. Avoid fecal exposure during sexual activity. Steps to prevent Lyme disease include using insect repellent, removing ticks promptly, landscaping, and integrated pest management.

Reiter's syndrome. It can last for months or years, and can lead to chronic arthritis which is difficult to treat. Antibiotic treatment does not make a difference in whether or not the person develops arthritis.

Giardia

Giardiasis is a diarrheal illness caused by a one-celled, microscopic parasite.

Diarrhea.Gas or flatulence.Greasy stools that tend to float.Stomach cramps.Upset stomach or nausea.

Treatment is not necessary when the child has no symptoms. However, there are a few exceptions. If your child does not have diarrhea, but is having nausea, fatigue (very tired), weight loss, or a poor appetite, you and your health care provider may wish to consider treatment. If your child attends a day care center where an outbreak is continuing to occur despite efforts to control it, screening and treating children who have no obvious symptoms may be a good idea. The same is true if several family members are ill, or if a family member is pregnant and therefore not able to take the most effective antiGiardia medications.

Lyme disease

Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. The ticks that transmit Lyme

Typical symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans.

Most cases of Lyme disease can be treated successfully with a few weeks of antibiotics.

disease can occasionally transmit other tick-borne diseases as well.

Meningitis

Rarer causes such as fungi can be seen, but often only in people with poor immune systems. Some of the more exotic causes of meningitis, such as parasites, usually are restricted to tropical countries.

E. Coli

You get an E. coli infection by coming into contact with the feces, or stool, of humans or animals. This can happen when you drink water or eat food that has been contaminated by feces.

High fever, headache, and stiff neck are common symptoms of meningitis in anyone over the age of 2 years. These symptoms can develop over several hours, or they may take 1 to 2 days. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness. The symptoms of STEC infections vary for each person but often include severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. If there is fever, it usually is not very high (less than 101F/less than 38.5C). Most people get better within 57 days. Some infections are very mild, but others are severe or even lifethreatening.

People with certain viral infections can sometimes develop meningitis. There are no vaccines for the most common causes of viral meningitis. Thus, the best way to prevent it is to prevent viral infections. However, that can be difficult since sometimes people can be infected with a virus and spread the virus even though they do not appear sick.

There is no specific treatment for viral meningitis. Antibiotics do not help viral infections, so they are not useful in the treatment of viral meningitis. Most patients completely recover on their own within 7 to 10 days. A hospital stay may be necessary in more severe cases or for people with weak immune systems.

Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the bathroom or changing diapers.Wash your hands thoroughly after handling animals, animal bedding, or any material contaminated with animal fecal matter.Eat only thoroughly cooked ground beef, pork, sheep meat, or sausage.Cook ground meat products to an internal temperature of 160FAvoid drinking unpasteurized milk and juices.Wash fresh fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating raw.Prevent cross contamination in food preparation areas by washing hands, counters, cutting boards, and utensils after they touch raw meat.Keep raw meat separate from ready-to-eat foods

STEC infections are usually diagnosed through lab testing of stool specimens (feces). STEC typically disappear from the feces by the time the illness is resolved, but may be shed for several weeks, even after symptoms go away. Young children tend to carry STEC longer than adults. A few people keep shedding these bacteria for several months. Good hand-washing is always a smart idea to protect yourself, your family, and other persons.

DISEASES Osteoporosis

SYMPTOMS Backache,A gradual loss of height and an accompanying stooped posture.Fractures of the spine, wrist, or hip

CAUSE Osteoporosis is caused by bones losing their density. Some people are more at risk than others.

TREATMENT Hormone replacement therapy Bisphosphonates Calcitonin Calcitonin (Miacalcic) is a hormone involved in the regulation of bone turnover. It is given by injection or nasal spray and is used for postmenopausal osteoporosis when treatment with bisphosphonates, strontium or raloxifene is unsuitable. Get enough sleep. Treating sleep disturbances caused by fibromyalgia can help ease your pain and fatigue.Exercise. Altho ugh pain and fatigue may make exercise and daily activities difficult, it's important to be physically active as possible.Make changes at work. Adjust your workspace, cut down your hours and explore your disability benefits.Eat well. Not only will proper nutrition give you more energy and make you

PREVENTION Exercise and lifestyle

Fibromyalgia

The defining symptoms of fibromyalgia are chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and heightened pain in response to tactile pressure (allodynia). Other symptoms may include tingling of the skin, prolonged muscle spasms, weakness in the limbs, nerve pain, muscle twitching, palpitations,[24] function al bowel disturbances,[6] and chronic sleep disturbances

The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown. However, several hypotheses have been developed including "central sensitization". This theory proposes that fibromyalgia patients have a lower threshold for pain because of increased reactivity of painsensitive nerve cells in the spinal cord or brain.[1] Neuropathic pain and major depressive disorder often co-occur with fibromyalgia the reason for this comorbidity appears to be due to shared genetic abnormalities, which leads to impairments in monoaminergic, glutamatergic, neurotrophic, opioidand proinflam matory cytokine signaling. In these vulnerable individuals psychological stress or illness can

Medication Nondrug and Alternative Therapies Self-Help Strategies

Alzheimer's disease

Emotional behavior or personality Language.Memory.Perception.Thin king and judgment (cognitive skills)

cause abnormalities in inflammatory and stress pathways which regulate mood and pain. Eventually a sensitisation and kindling effect occurs in certain neurones leading to the establishment of fibromyalgia and sometimes a mood disorder.[2] The evidence suggests that the pain in fibromyalgia results primarily from pain processing pathways functioning abnormally. In simple terms it can be described as the volume of the neurones being set too high and this hyper-excitability of pain processing pathways and under-activity of inhibitory pain pathways in the brain results in the affected individual experiencing pain. Some of the neurochemical abnormalities that occur in fibromyalgia also regulate mood, sleep and energy, thus explaining why mood, sleep and fatigue problems are commonly co-morbid with fibromyalgia The cause for most Alzheimer's cases is still essentially unknown

feel better, it will help you avoid other health problems.Reduce stress. Be careful not to overexert yourself. Set reasonable goals and set aside time to relax every day.

Slow the progression of the disease (although this is difficult to do) Manage symptoms, such as behavior problems, confusion, and sleep problems Change your home environment so you can better perform daily activities Support family members and other caregivers

Consume a low-fat diet. Eat cold-water fish (like tuna, salmon, and mackerel) rich in omega-3 fatty acids, at least 2 to 3 times per week. Reduce your intake of linoleic acid found in margarine, butter, and dairy products. Increase antioxidants like carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C by eating plenty of darkly colored fruits and vegetables. Maintain a normal blood pressure.

Stay mentally and socially active throughout your life. Consider taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), sulindac (Clinoril), or indomethacin (Indocin). Statin drugs, a class of medications normally used for high cholesterol, may help lower your risk of AD. Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of using these medications for prevention. Having good medical care and practicinghealthy habits during pregnancy. Learning and applying good parenting skills, including setting consistent behavior limits.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD HD

Hyper activity

Rickets

Baby is floppy.Bone pain.Bone tenderness.Bones break easily.Costochondral swelling prominent knobs of the bone at the costochondral joints are prominent; large beads show up under the skin of the rib cage.Harrizon's groove - a horizontal line is visible at the lower margin of the thorax, where the diaphragm attaches to the ribs.Low calcium blood levels (hypcalcemia).Older children may have knock knees (genu valgum)

The causes of ADHD remain an area of controversy - prenatal and perinatal risks such as exposure to lead and other environmental toxins, genetic contributions and social factors have been considered as possible causes. There is evidence that a combination of factors rather than a single cause explains ADHD. Lack of vitamin D and genetic defect,

Taking medicine

The patient's dietary intake of calcium, phosphates and vitamin D is increased. This may involve exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet B light), consuming fish oils, and voisterol.

Estimating the exact vitamin D needs of each human is very difficult, because it is hard to measure how much of the vitamin is synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays (sunlight). In countries that are not near the tropics and sunlight intensity is lower, it is important to provide a supplementary intake of vitamin D to prevent rickets. This may involve enriching milk, baby foods and some other food products, the administration of a daily vitamin D supplement, and

Urinary tract infection

Cloudy or bloody urine, which may have a foul or strong odor.Low fever (not everyone will have a fever).Pain or burning with urination.Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen (usually middle) or back.Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied.

Urinary tract infections are caused by germs, usually bacteria that enter the urethra and then the bladder. This can lead to infection, most commonly in the bladder itself, which can spread to the kidneys.

Antibiotics taken by mouth are usually recommended because there is a risk that the infection can spread to the kidneys.

massive doses of vitamin D when it is impossible for socioeconomic reasons to provide a vitamin supplement. Bathing,hygiene,diet Avoiding eating salty foods.

ASTHMA

wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.

Asthma is caused by a combination of complex and incompletely understood environmental and genetic interactions.[4][25] These factors influence both its severity and its responsiveness to treatment.[26] It is believed that the recent increased rates of asthma are due to changing epigenetics (heritable fac tors other than those related to the DNA sequence) and a changing living environment.

Lifestylemodification, Medications, Alternativ e medicine

The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak.[93] Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.[93] Early pet exposure may be useful.[94] Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive[95] and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet.[96] Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended.[96] Reducing or eliminating compounds known

Appendicitis

Dull pain near the navel or the upper abdomen that becomes sharp as it moves to the lower right abdomen. This is usually the first sign. Loss of appetite Nausea and/or vomiting soon after abdominal pain begins Abdominal swelling Fever of 99-102 degrees Fahrenheit Inability to pass gas Almost half the time, other symptoms of appendicitis appear, including:

Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, often by stool, a foreign body, or cancer. Blockage may also occur from infection, since the appendix swells in response to any infection in the body.

Doctors may decide to treat the patient with antibiotics. This is rare and the infection would need to be very mild. In most cases an appendectomy will be performed - the appendix will be surgically removed.

to sensitive people from the work place may be effective.[ The best way to prevent appendicitis is to eat plenty of green leafy vegetables. More about this is covered below under "Nutrition". However, if you find you do have symptoms of appendicitis already, there are some herbs that have been known to help reduce the effects.

Cerebral palsy

Dull or sharp pain anywhere in the upper or lower abdomen, back, or rectum Painful urination Vomiting that precedes the abdominal pain Severe cramps Constipation or diarrhea with gas

Everyone with cerebral palsy has problems with body movement and posture. But the physical problems are worse for some people than for others. Some people with cerebral palsy have a slight limp or a hard time walking. Other people have little or no control over their arms and legs or other parts of the body, such as the mouth and tongue, which can cause problems with

CP is caused by abnormal development of the brain or damage to the developing brain that affects a childs ability to control his or her muscles. There are several possible causes of the abnormal development or damage. People used to think that CP was mainly caused by lack of oxygen during the birth process. Now, scientists think that this causes

NO TREATMENT

Seek appropriate prenatal care as early as possible in the pregnancy. Many women schedule a prepregnancy visit so they can be properly prepared for a healthy pregnancy. Appropriate care is available from physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and certified nurse-midwives.Avoid using

eating and speaking. People with severe forms of cerebral palsy are more likely to have other problems, such asseizures or intellectual disability.

only a small number of CP cases.

cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs during pregnancy; these increase the risk of premature delivery.

Glaucoma

Peripheral vision is gradually lost. This nearly always affects both eyes.In advanced stages, the patient has tunnel vision

Old age, Ethnic background, Some illnesses and conditions, Eye injuries or conditions and Myopia - people with myopia (nearsightedness) have a higher risk of glaucoma.

Eye drops and surgery

Most of the risk factors (such as age, race, and family history) forglaucoma are beyond your control. If you are under age 40 and have no known risk factors, you need to have an eye exam that includes tests for glaucoma every 5 to 10 years.7 These tests may be done by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist. If there is a history of glaucoma in your family or if you have other risk factors for glaucoma, talk with your doctor about having more frequent exams. If you are at increased risk, you need to have regular eyeexams by an ophthalmologist.

SUBMITTED BY: JAYPEE L. SATURNO IV A LIBRA

SUBMITTED TO: MAAM AURELIA COTONER