Fmcpra2 Lab Report PDF
Fmcpra2 Lab Report PDF
Fmcpra2 Lab Report PDF
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Sample calculation of the Theoretical 2
nd
Moment h for a partially submerged
quadrant:
m
d
H h 185333 . 0
3
044 . 0
2 . 0
3
" = = =
Sample calculation of the Experimental 2
nd
Moment h for a partially submerged
quadrant:
( )
m
Bd
mL
h 189394 . 0
044 . 0 075 . 0 1000
275 . 0 05 . 0 2 2
"
2 2
=
= =
P a g e | 8
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
Sample calculation of the Theoretical 2
nd
Moment h for a fully submerged quadrant:
m
D
d
D
d
D
H h 16462 . 0 107 . 0
2
1 . 0
107 . 0
2
1 . 0
107 . 0
12
1 . 0
2 . 0
2
2 12
"
2
2
2
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
Sample calculation of the Experimental 2
nd
Moment h for a fully submerged quadrant:
m
D
d BD
mL
h 160819 . 0
2
1 . 0
107 . 0 1 . 0 075 . 0 1000
275 . 0 25 . 0
2
" =
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Graphs
THRUST vs DEPTH OF IMMERSION
Depth of immersion (m)
H
y
d
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c
F
o
r
c
e
(
N
)
P a g e | 9
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
2
n
d
M
o
m
e
n
t
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
m
)
Depth of immersion (m)
2
n
d
M
o
m
e
n
t
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
(
m
)
Depth of immersion (m)
P a g e | 10
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
Discussion of results
From the above graphs we can inconspicuously conclude that as the depth of the
water increased, the hydrostatic thrust increased and the distance to the centre of
pressure decreased. The centre of pressure moved closer to the centre of the vertical
face as the depth increased. The experimental values for the distance to the centre of
pressure were smaller than the theoretical distances at nearly all submersion depths.
Since the same hydrostatic force is used to calculate the turning moments, the
experimental turning moment was also smaller than the theoretical turning moment at
nearly all submersion depths, this is the reason why the relationship between the 2
nd
moment theoretical and the depth of immersion is purely linear and that of the 2
nd
moment experimental and the depth of immersion is more or less linear.
The reader should also bear in mind that as the depth of immersion increased, the
second moment turning moment decreased.
1.6 CONCLUSION
In this practical the turning moment and the distance to centre of pressure in relation to
depth were determined. The objectives of this practical were to determine the
hydrostatic thrust acting on a plane surface immersed in water when the surface is
partially submerged or fully submerged, to determine the position of the line of action of
the thrust and to compare the position determined by experiment with the theoretical
position.
The objectives of this endeavour were accomplished using a F1-10 Hydraulics Bench
and F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus. As the depth of the water increased, the
hydrostatic thrust increased and the centre of pressure moved closer to the centre of
the vertical face.
Causes of inaccurate readings
The experimental distances to the centre of pressure were lower than the theoretical
distances to the centre of pressure. Many factors may have contributed to this
discrepancy. Water splashing onto the balance arm or quadrant would cause
overestimation of the water depth for equilibrium, changes in water temperature would
cause variations in the water density, and excess weight on the masses would cause
underestimation of the experimental distance to the centre of pressure.
What was learnt from this experiment?
Besides the theoretical part about hydrostatic forces acting on plane surfaces, I have
gained a lot in terms of familiarising myself with equipment that can be used in a Fluid
Mechanics Lab: I was unaware of the fact that there is a countless of manufacturers of
such equipment to advance the cause of science and technology in the country.
Furthermore, I have gained more insight in the use of software such as Excel in the
generation of graphs for results comparison.
P a g e | 11
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
2. BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
2.1 AIM OF EXPERIMENT
The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoull is
equation when applied to steady flow of water in a tapered duct.
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS
The equipment used to for the test is:
The F1-15 Bernoullis theorem demonstration Apparatus
F1-10 Hydraulics Bench (water source)
The test section is an accurately machined clear acrylic duct of varying circular cross
section. It is provided with a number of side-hole pressure tappings which are
connected to the manometers housed on the rig. These tappings allow the
measurement of static pressure head simultaneously at each of 6 sections.
Fig. 3 accurately machined clear acrylic duct of varying circular cross section
The apparatus has the following elements:
- Venturi meter
- Pad of manometer tubes
- Pump
- Water tank equipped with valves water controller
- Water hosts and tubes.
In addition to the above students should also use:
- A stop watch
- Water
P a g e | 12
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
Fig. 4 Photo of the Bernoullis Theorem Apparatus
2.3 SHORT SUMMARY AND THEORY
In fluid dynamics, Bernoullis principle is best explained in the application that involves
inviscid flow, whereby the speed of the moving fluid is increased simultaneously whether
with the depleting pressure or the potential energy relevant to the fluid itself. In various
types of fluid flow, Bernoullis principle usually relates to Bernoullis equation.
Technically, different types of fluid involve different forms of Bernoullis equation.
Bernoullis principle complies with the principle of conservation of energy. In a steady
flow, at all points of the streamline of a flowing fluid is the same as the sum of all forms of
mechanical energy along the streamline. It can be simplified as a constant practice of
the sum of potential energy as well as kinetic energy.
Fluid particles core properties are their pressure and weight. As a matter of fact, if a
fluid is moving horizontally along a streamline, the increase in speed can be explained
due to the fluid that moves from a region of high pressure to a lower pressure region
and so with the inverse condition with the decrease in speed. In the case of a fluid that
moves horizontally, the highest speed is the one at the lowest pressure, whereas the
lowest speed is present at the highest pressure.
Bernoullis principle relates much with incompressible fluids flow. Below is a common
form of such an equation, where it is valid at any arbitrary point along a streamline
when gravity is constant.
constant
2
2
= + +
p
gz
v
[1]
P a g e | 13
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
Where v: the fluid flow speed at a point on a streamline;
g: the acceleration due to gravity
z: the elevation of the point above a reference plane, with the positive z-
direction pointing upward so in the direction opposite to the gravitational
acceleration.
p: the pressure at the point, and
: the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid.
If equation [1] is multiplied with fluid density, , it can be rewritten as follows:
constant
2
1
2
= + + p gz v [2]
or constant = + = + gz p gh q
o
[3]
Where:
2
2
1
v q = is the dynamic pressure,
g
p
z h
Velocity (V) = s m
A
Q
/ 1019 . 0
10 9 . 490
10 5
6
5
=
Dynamic head =
( )
m
g
v
0005 . 0
62 . 19
1019 . 0
2
2 2
= =
Total head = Static head + Dynamic head
= 0.274 + 0.0005
= 0.2745m
Graphs
Velocity (m/s)
A
r
e
a
o
f
d
u
c
t
(
m
2
)
P a g e | 19
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
2.6 DISCUSSION
From the above graphs we can easily deduce that as fluid flows from a wider pipe to a
narrower one, the velocity of the flowing fluid increases. This is also shown in all the
tables, where the velocity of water that flows in the tapered duct increases when the
duct area decreases, regardless of the pressure difference and type of flow of each
result taken. For instance, the velocities at pressure head H5 at pressure difference of
29mm, 31mm and 76mm are 0.637, 0.678 and 1.1592 respectively.
2.7 CONCLUSION
From the experiment conducted, the total head pressure increases and the velocity is
increasing along the same channel. This is following exactly the Bernoullis principle for a
steady flow of water.
Cause of inaccurate readings
There must be some error or weaknesses when taking the measurement of each data.
One of them is, the observer must have not read the level of static head properly,
where the eyes are not perpendicular to the water level on the manometer, this may
cause some minor defects on the calculations.
2.8 RECOMMENDATION
Repeat the experiment several times to get the average value;
Make sure the bubbles are fully removed and not left in the manometer;
The eye of the observer should be parallel to the water level on the manometer;
The values should be controlled slowly to maintain the pressure difference
unchanged;
The valve and bleed screw should regulate smoothly to reduce the errors;
Make sure there is no leakage along the tube to avoid the water flowing out.
T
o
t
a
l
h
e
a
d
(
m
)
Static head (m)
P a g e | 20
MABENGO N.D. STUDENT NO. 48591238 July 2013
REFERENCES
1. B.R. Munson, D.F. Young, and T.H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluids Mechanics, 3
rd
ed.,
1998, Wiley.
2. C.F. Meyer, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 2
nd
ed, 1995, CM TEK Lecture materials cc.
3. Armfield Limited, 2002, Instruction Manual F1-16, Ringwood, Hampshire. BH24 1DY
England