Exergy Lecture PDF

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008
Chapter 8 EXERGY: A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL

Procesos Trmicos y de Fluidos
Basado en el material preparado por Mehmet Kanoglu.
Objectives
Examine the performance of engineering devices in light of the second law of thermodynamics. Define exergy, which is the maximum useful work that could be obtained from the system at a given state in a specified environment. Define reversible work, which is the maximum useful work that can be obtained as a system undergoes a process between two specified states. Define the exergy destruction, which is the wasted work potential during a process as a result of irreversibilities. Define the second-law efficiency. Develop the exergy balance relation. Apply exergy balance to closed systems and control volumes.
EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY

The useful work potential of a given amount of energy at some specified state is called exergy, which is also called the availability or available energy. A system is said to be in the dead state when it is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment it is in.
At the dead state, the useful work potential (exergy) of a system is zero.
A system that is in equilibrium with its environment is said to be at the dead state.
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A system delivers the maximum possible work as it undergoes a reversible process from the specified initial state to the state of its environment, that is, the dead state. This represents the useful work potential of the system at the specified state and is called exergy. Exergy represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device can deliver without violating any thermodynamic laws.
The immediate surroundings of a hot potato are simply the temperature gradient zone of the air next to the potato.
The atmosphere contains a tremendous amount of energy, but no exergy.

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Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy

Exergy of kinetic energy:
Exergy of potential energy:
The exergies of kinetic and potential energies are equal to themselves, and they are entirely available for work.
The work potential or exergy of potential energy is equal to the potential energy itself.
Examples 1 & 2
Unavailable energy is the portion of energy that cannot be converted to work by even a reversible heat engine.
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REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY

Reversible work Wrev: The maximum amount of useful work that can be produced (or the minimum work that needs to be supplied) as a system undergoes a process between the specified initial and final states. As a closed system expands, some work needs to be done to push the atmospheric air out of the way (Wsurr). The difference between reversible work and actual useful work is the irreversibility. For constant-volume systems, the total actual and useful works are identical (Wu = W).
Examples 3 - 4
Irreversibility exergy destroyed
SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, II
Two heat engines that have the same thermal efficiency, but different maximum thermal efficiencies. Second-law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a device relative to its performance under reversible conditions.
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General definition of exergy efficiency
The second-law efficiency of naturally occurring processes is zero if none of the work potential is recovered. Second-law efficiency of all reversible devices is 100%.
Example 6
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EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM
EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM

Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy
Exergy of a closed system
The exergy of a specified mass at a specified state is the useful work that can be produced as the mass undergoes a reversible process to the state of the environment.
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Closed system exergy per unit mass Exergy change of a closed system
When the properties of a system are not uniform, the exergy of the system is
The exergy of a cold medium is also a positive quantity since work can be produced by transferring heat to it.
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Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy

Exergy of flow energy
Flow exergy Exergy change of flow

The exergy associated with flow energy is the useful work that would be delivered by an imaginary piston in the flow section.
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The energy and exergy contents of (a) a fixed mass (b) a fluid stream.
Examples 7 & 8
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EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK, AND MASS

Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q
Exergy transfer by heat When temperature is not constant The transfer and destruction of exergy during a heat transfer process through a finite temperature difference. The Carnot efficiency c=1T0 /T represents the fraction of the energy transferred from a heat source at temperature T that can be converted to work in an environment at temperature T0.
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Exergy Transfer by Work, W
Exergy Transfer by Mass, m

There is no useful work transfer associated with boundary work when the pressure of the system is maintained constant at atmospheric pressure. Mass contains energy, entropy, and exergy, and thus mass flow into or out of a system is accompanied by energy, entropy, and exergy transfer.
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THE DECREASE OF EXERGY PRINCIPLE AND EXERGY DESTRUCTION
The isolated system considered in the development of the decrease of exergy principle. The exergy of an isolated system during a process always decreases or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant. In other words, it never increases and exergy is destroyed during an actual process. This is known as the decrease of exergy principle.
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Exergy Destruction
Exergy destroyed is a positive quantity for any actual process and becomes zero for a reversible process. Exergy destroyed represents the lost work potential and is also called the irreversibility or lost work. Can the exergy change of a system during a process be negative? The exergy change of a system can be negative, but the exergy destruction cannot.
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EXERGY BALANCE: CLOSED SYSTEMS

The exergy change of a system during a process is equal to the difference between the net exergy transfer through the system boundary and the exergy destroyed within the system boundaries as a result of irreversibilities.
Mechanisms of exergy transfer.

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Closed system: no mass flow The heat transfer to a system and work done by the system are taken to be positive quantities. Qk is the heat transfer through the boundary at temperature Tk at location k.
Exergy balance for a closed system when heat transfer is to the system and the work is from the system.
Exergy destroyed outside system boundaries can be accounted for by writing an exergy balance on the extended system that includes the system and its immediate surroundings.
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EXAMPLES
Exergy balance for heat conduction
Exergy balance for expansion of steam

The exergy balance applied on the extended system (system + immediate surroundings) whose boundary is at the environment temperature of T0 gives
Examples 10 & 11
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Exergy balance for an air tank

20C 54C
20.6 kJ = 1 kJ 20C 1 kJ
Wpw,in=U=20.6 kJ Wrev,in = 1 kJ
19.6 kJ
1 kg 140 kPa 20C 20C
The same effect on the insulated tank system can be accomplished by a reversible heat pump that consumes only 1 kJ of work. Examples 12
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EXERGY BALANCE: CONTROL VOLUMES
The rate of exergy change within the control volume during a process is equal to the rate of net exergy transfer through the control volume boundary by heat, work, and mass flow minus the rate of exergy destruction within the boundaries of the control volume. Exergy is transferred into or out of a control volume by mass as well as heat and work transfer.
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Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

Most control volumes encountered in practice such as turbines, compressors, nozzles, diffusers, heat exchangers, pipes, and ducts operate steadily, and thus they experience no changes in their mass, energy, entropy, and exergy contents as well as their volumes. Therefore, dVCV/dt = 0 and dXCV/dt = 0 for such systems.
The exergy transfer to a steady-flow system is equal to the exergy transfer from it plus the exergy destruction within the system.
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Reversible Work, Wrev

The exergy balance relations presented above can be used to determine the reversible work Wrev by setting the exergy destroyed equal to zero. The work W in that case becomes the reversible work.
The exergy destroyed is zero only for a reversible process, and reversible work represents the maximum work output for workproducing devices such as turbines and the minimum work input for work-consuming devices such as compressors.
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Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, II

The second-law efficiency of various steady-flow devices can be determined from its general definition, II = (Exergy recovered)/(Exergy supplied). When the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible and the devices are adiabatic:
Turbine
Compressor Heat exchanger
Mixing chamber
A heat exchanger with two unmixed fluid streams.

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EXAMPLES
Exergy analysis of a steam turbine
Exergy balance for a charging process
Examples 15 & 17
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Summary
Exergy: Work potential of energy
Exergy (work potential) associated with kinetic and potential energy
Reversible work and irreversibility Second-law efficiency Exergy change of a system

Exergy of a fixed mass: Nonflow (or closed system) exergy Exergy of a flow stream: Flow (or stream) exergy
Exergy transfer by heat, work, and mass The decrease of exergy principle and exergy destruction Exergy balance: Closed systems Exergy balance: Control volumes
Exergy balance for steady-flow systems Reversible work Second-law efficiency of steady-flow devices
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Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008

Chapter 8 EXERGY: A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL

EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY

The atmosphere contains a tremendous amount of energy, but no exergy.

Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy

Exergy of potential energy:

REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY

Irreversibility exergy destroyed

General definition of exergy efficiency

EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM

EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM

Exergy of a closed system

Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy

Flow exergy Exergy change of flow

EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK, AND MASS

Exergy Transfer by Work, W

Exergy Transfer by Mass, m

THE DECREASE OF EXERGY PRINCIPLE AND EXERGY DESTRUCTION

EXERGY BALANCE: CLOSED SYSTEMS

Mechanisms of exergy transfer.

Exergy balance for expansion of steam

Exergy balance for an air tank

1 kg 140 kPa 20C 20C

EXERGY BALANCE: CONTROL VOLUMES

Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

Reversible Work, Wrev

Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, II

Compressor Heat exchanger

A heat exchanger with two unmixed fluid streams.

Exergy balance for a charging process

Reversible work and irreversibility Second-law efficiency Exergy change of a system

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