PIPEPHASE 9.

1 Users Guide

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

The software described in this guide is furnished under a written agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms and conditions of the license agreement under which you obtained it.. The technical documentation is being delivered to you AS IS and Invensys Systems, Inc. makes no warranty as to its accuracy or use. Any use of the technical documentation or the information contained therein is at the risk of the user. Documentation may include technical or other inaccuracies or typographical errors. Invensys Systems, Inc. reserves the right to make changes without prior notice. 2006 Invensys Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, broadcasting, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Invensys Systems, Inc. PIPEPHASE, NETOPT, and Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR are trademarks of Invensys plc, its subsidiaries and affiliates. TACITE is a trademark of Institut Franais du Petrole (IFP). OLGAS 1.1, OLGAS TWO-PHASE, and OLGAS THREE-PHASE are trademarks of SCANDPOWER A/S. Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, and MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Compaq Visual Fortran is a trademark of Compaq Computer Corporation. Adobe, Acrobat, Exchange and Reader are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc. All other products may be trademarks of their respective owners. U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND The Software and accompanying written materials are provided with restricted rights. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data And Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 or in subparagraphs (c) (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19, as applicable. The Contractor/ Manufacturer is: Invensys Systems, Inc. (Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR) 26561 Rancho Parkway South, Suite 100, Lake Forest, CA 92630, USA. Printed in the United States of America, March 2006.

Copyright Notice

Trademarks

Contents
Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v About PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v About SIMSCI - ESSCOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Where to find additional help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Other Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Chapter 1 Getting Started

Starting PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Exiting PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Manipulating the PIPEPHASE Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Changing Window Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Working with On-screen Color Coding Cues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Using the Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4 Choosing a Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5 Using the Toolbar Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5 Using the File Manipulation Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6 Using the Structure and Unit Operation Buttons . . . . . . . . . .1-6 Using the Calculation Option, Optimization, and Property Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7 Using the Zoom and Redraw Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7 Using PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 Defining the Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 Global Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11 Defining Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13 Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . .1-14 Defining Properties for Non-compositional Fluids. . . . . . . .1-20 Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/ Non-Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-23 Generating and Using Tables of Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24 PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide iii

Structure of Network Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25 PIPEPHASE Flow Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28 Pressure Drop Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30 Equipment Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-37 Heat Transfer Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40 Sphering or Pigging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41 Reservoirs and Inflow Performance Relationships. . . . . . . . 1-41 Production Planning and Time-stepping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-42 Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling . 1-44 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-47 Nodal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-49 Starting the PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS) . . . . . . 1-53 Starting the PIPEPHASE Excel Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-55

Chapter 2 Tutorial
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Building the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Entering Optimization Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 Specifying Print Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28 Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 Viewing and Plotting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30 Using the RAS to Plot Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31 Generate and View Excel Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33 Including Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34

iv

Contents

Introduction
About This Manual
The PIPEPHASE Users Guide provides an introduction to PIPEPHASE. It describes how the interface modules work and includes a step-by-step tutorial to guide you through a PIPEPHASE example optimization problem. Also covered in this guide is PIPEPHASE Keywords. An outline of this guide is provided below.
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Introduction Getting Started Tutorial Introduces the manual, the program, and SIMSCI. Explains how to use PIPEPHASE. Provides a step-by-step tutorial for the optimization of an off-line pipeline design.

About PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE is a simulation program which predicts steady-state pressure, temperature, and liquid holdup profiles in wells, flowlines, gathering systems, and other linear or network configurations of pipes, wells, pumps, compressors, separators, and other facilities. The fluid types that PIPEPHASE can handle include liquid, gas, steam, and multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid. Several special capabilities have also been designed into PIPEPHASE including well analysis with inflow performance; gas lift analysis; pipeline sphering; and sensitivity (nodal) analysis. These additions extend the range of the PIPEPHASE application so that the full range of pipeline and piping network problems can be solved.

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

About SIMSCI - ESSCOR

SimSci-Esscor, a business unit of Invensys Systems, Inc., is a leader in the development and deployment of industrial process simulation software and systems for a variety of industries, including oil and gas production, petroleum refining, petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, electrical power generation, mining, pulp and paper, and engineering and construction. Supporting more than 750 client companies in over 70 countries, SimSci-Esscor solutions enable clients to minimize capital requirements, optimize facility performance, and maximize return on investment. For more information, visit SimSci - Esscor Web site at http:// www.simsci-esscor.com.

Where to find additional help

Online Documentation
PIPEPHASE online documentation is provided in the form of .PDF files that are most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 or Acrobat Exchange 5.0. You can install Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 from the product CD, which requires 5 MB of disk space beyond that required to for PIPEPHASE. Online manuals are stored in the Manuals directory and they remain on the CD when you install the program. To access these files, open the PIPEPHASE ONLINE HELP.HLP file in the Bin directory and click the appropriate link to navigate to the corresponding PDF.

Online Help
PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, features, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are available instantly, online, while you work. You can access the electronic contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar. Context-sensitive help is accessed using the F1 key or the Whats This? button by placing the cursor in the area in question.

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Other Documentation
The table below outlines the other existing PIPEPHASE documentation available in a hardcopy form.
Where to Find Additional Help
If you want to... Quickly learn how to simulate a simple flowsheet using PIPEPHASE Obtain detailed information on the capabilities and use of PIPEPHASE Learn how to install PIPEPHASE Obtain basic information on PIPEPHASE keywords See simulation examples To learn more on Well and Surface Models Obtain detailed information on using PIPEPHASE w/ NETOPT Obtain detailed information on using PIPEPHASE w/ TACITE Obtain basic information on PIPEPHASE calculation methods Obtain detailed information of component and thermodynamic properties See... This document This document PIPEPHASE Installation Guide PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual PIPEPHASE Application Briefs Well and Surface Examples NETOPT Users Guide TACITE Users Guide Online Help SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual

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viii

Chapter 1 Getting Started

Starting PIPEPHASE
If you do not see a PIPEPHASE 9.1 icon in a SIMSCI group window or in your Program Manager window, see the troubleshooting section in the PIPEPHASE Installation Guide. To start PIPEPHASE:

Double-click on the PIPEPHASE 9.1 icon.

The main PIPEPHASE window appears.

Figure 1-1: The PIPEPHASE Main Window

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1-1

You can now open a new simulation file (select File/New), open an existing file (select File/Open), or import a keyword file (select File/ Import Keyword File). The elements of the PIPEPHASE main window are described in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components Component
Control-menu Box Title Bar Minimize Button Maximize/Restore Button (Not shown) Menu Bar Toolbar Main Window

Description
Displays a menu with commands for sizing, moving and closing the active window. Identifies the application and the name of the open file; can be used to move the entire window. Enables you to reduce the application to an icon. Enables you to enlarge a window to full-screen or restore a window to its default size. Identifies the menus available in PIPEPHASE: File, Edit, View, General, Special Features, and Help. Provides push button access to various File, Edit, View, General, Special Features, and Help menu options. Provides the repository for placing sources, sinks, or junction, adding links, and calculator or hydrates units, i.e., for drawing the network diagram.

Horizontal Scroll Bar Provides a sliding scale for moving the flowsheet right or left in the PIPEPHASE main window. Vertical Scroll Bar Status Bar Border Handles Provides a sliding scale for moving the flowsheet up or down in the PIPEPHASE main window. Provides guidance, focus and error messages for the active feature or object. Enables you to quickly change window height, width, or size by grabbing the corresponding border handle and dragging it to a new position.

To learn how to build a network, enter data, and run and optimize a simulation, see Chapter 2, Tutorial.

Exiting PIPEPHASE
To exit PIPEPHASE, do one of the following:

Choose Exit on the File menu <Alt+F,X> Double-click on the Control-menu box in the upper left hand corner of the PIPEPHASE main window <Alt+F4>.

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Getting Started

Manipulating the PIPEPHASE Window

The PIPEPHASE window offers a variety of features that enable you to customize how PIPEPHASE appears relative to the full screen and relative to other applications.
Note: PIPEPHASE does not support multiple sessions for two different files located in the same directory.

Changing Window Size

The Windows interface provides tools for resizing each window. Some tools automatically change a window to a particular size and orientation, others enable you to control the magnification.
Tools Description/Action

Minimize/Maximize By clicking on the minimize and maximize buttons, you can Buttons automatically adjust the size of a window. Border Handles You can use the window border to manually change the size of the main window. The border works like a handle that you can grab with the cursor and drag to a new position. You can also use the Control menu to Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, or Maximize a window. You can change the position of the main window (or any pop-up window) by clicking on the title bar and dragging the window to a new position.

Control Menu Window Position

Control-menu Box You can also use the control-menu box to move a window.

To display the control-menu box:

Click on the control-menu box in the top left hand corner of the PIPEPHASE main window or use <Alt+Space>. Select the Move option from the menu.

Working with On-screen Color Coding Cues

PIPEPHASE provides the standard visual cue (grayed out text and icons) for unavailable menu items and toolbar buttons. In addition, on the network, PIPEPHASE uses colored borders liberally to indicate the current status of the simulation.
Table 1-2: Flowsheet Color Codes Color
Red Blue

Significance
Required data. Actions or data required of the user. On the main PIPEPHASE windows and Link PFD only. Data you have supplied.

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Table 1-2: Flowsheet Color Codes Color

Burgundy Gray

Significance
Calculated data. Data field not available to you.

Using the Menus

The names of the PIPEPHASE main menus appear on the menu bar. From these menus, you can access most PIPEPHASE operations. To display a menu:

Click on the menu name or press <Alt+n> where n is the underlined letter in the menu name.

For example, to display the File menu, either click on File, or press <Alt+F>.
Figure 1-2: File Menu Figure 1-3: Edit Menu

Figure 1-4: View Menu

Figure 1-5: General Menu

1-4

Getting Started

Figure 1-6: Special Features Menu

Figure 1-7: Help Menu

Choosing a Menu Item

To choose a menu item, do one of the following:

Click on the desired item. Use the arrow keys to highlight the item then press <Enter>. Use the accelerator keys.

Using the Toolbar Buttons

Figure 1-8: Toolbar Buttons

The toolbar contains four groups of buttons:

File Manipulation Buttons Structure and Unit Operation Buttons Calculation Options, Optimization, and Property Buttons Zoom and Redraw Buttons

Note: Grayed out icons indicate that the functions are currently in passive mode and will become active when necessary.

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Using the File Manipulation Buttons

These buttons enable you to open a new or existing simulation, import a keyword file, save a simulation, run a simulation, or view or print an output. These buttons duplicate menu options available on the File menu.
Button Menu Item
New Open

Description
Enables you to create a new simulation. Enables you to open an existing simulation.

Import Keyword File Enables you to import an existing input file. Save Run Excel Reports Print Enables you to save an open simulation. Enables you to run the simulation. Enables you to create Excel Reports. Enables you to print the output file or the flowsheet.

Using the Structure and Unit Operation Buttons

These buttons enable you to add sources, sinks, junction, calculator units, or hydrate units to the flowsheet.
Button Menu Item Description
Enables you to add a source to the flowsheet. Enables you to add a sink to the flowsheet. Enables you to add a junction to the flowsheet. Enables you to add a Manifold unit to the flowsheet. Enables you to add a calculator unit to the flowsheet. Enables you to add a hydrate unit to the flowsheet.

1-6

Getting Started

Using the Calculation Option, Optimization, and Property Buttons

These buttons enable you to customize your calculation options, input dimensions, and global defaults, add optimization, and add component and thermodynamic or PVT data. These buttons duplicate menu options available on the General menu.
Button Menu Item
Input Units of Measurement

Description
Enables you to specify your input units of measurements.

Component Library Enables you to specify your component slate for compositional fluids. PVT Data Enables you to specify your thermodynamic or PVT data.

Calculation Methods Enables you to enter network calculation methods. Global Defaults Optimization Data Enables you to enter global defaults. Enables you to enter network optimization data.

Using the Zoom and Redraw Buttons

These buttons allow you to refresh, zoom in and out, search an object/Device on the flowsheet.
Button Menu Item Description
Enables you to zoom in on the flowsheet. Enables you to zoom out of the flowsheet. Enables you to zoom in 100%, i.e., display the entire simulation in the main window. Enables you to refresh the flowsheet. Enables you to search an object/device in a flowsheet.

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Using PIPEPHASE
Defining the Application
This section contains information about the way PIPEPHASE works, the data that you need to supply, and the correlations used. This section is arranged according to what you want to do, the type of fluid you have, and the type of pipeline network. For each of the capabilities of PIPEPHASE, this chapter explains which data you are required to provide and which data you may optionally supply. Throughout this section, the right hand column (See...) provides the title of the GUI window where you can input that data, or the manual where additional information can be found. The first thing you should do before using PIPEPHASE is to decide what type of application you have. This depends on:

The properties of the fluid(s) flowing through the piping system, The flowrates and conditions at which those fluids enter and leave the piping system, The structure and elements of the piping system, and Other special processes you want to simulate, such as Gas Lift Analysis.

Properties of Fluids

There are seven types of fluids modeled in PIPEPHASE:

Compositional

Mixed phases Liquid Vapor

Compositional Blackoil Non-compositional:

Blackoil Gas Condensate Gas

Getting Started

1-8

Liquid Steam

The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the physical properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in empirical correlations, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a special case of a non-compositional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE uses the GPSA steam tables. Compositional fluids are defined as mixtures of chemical components with a known composition. For compositional fluids, PIPEPHASE will calculate the phase separation whenever prevailing process fluid conditions are required. However, you may instruct PIPEPHASE to assume the fluid is one phase at all times, thus reducing the time the program takes to solve by continually bypassing the vapor-liquid equilibrium (flash) calculation. Non-compositional gases and liquids are single-phase. Blackoil is a liquid-dominated, two-phase model. Gas Condensate is a gasdominated, two-phase model. Steam is a single component, twophase model.
Optimization

PIPEPHASE can optimize network problems of virtually any size. You can minimize or maximize any objective function or even tune your simulation to match measured data, while satisfying operational or design constraints. A PIPEPHASE model can be optimized over time resulting in efficient optimized design, planning, forecasting, and operation of a field.
Link to Reservoir Simulator Models

PIPEPHASEs Reservoir Interface allows you to link the network simulator to link to Reservoir Simulation models such as the Eclipse reservoir simulation model. This integrated solution provides greater simulation consistency and accuracy, resulting in savings of millions of dollars over the lifetime of a field in terms of planning and scheduling.
Flows and Conditions of Fluids

Fluids enter piping systems at sources and leave at sinks. Fluids with different properties may enter at different sources, but they must all be of the same type.
PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide 1-9

In general, you have to assign flowrates, temperatures and pressures to sources and/or sinks. For compositional fluids, you also have to assign compositions to the source fluids. The exceptions are explained below in What PIPEPHASE Calculates.
Gaslift and Sphering

Two special applications, relevant to oil production and gas transportation, can be modeled with PIPEPHASE. You can use PIPEPHASE to investigate the effects of lift gas on well production and optimize the allocation of limited lift gas for multiple wells. Sphering or Pigging is used to increase gas flow efficiency in wet gas and gas dominated multiphase pipelines.
Piping Structure

Before providing input problem data to PIPEPHASE, it is important that you convert the structure of the piping system into a simpler schematic representation of the relevant nodes (i.e., sources, junctions, and sinks) and links. You must label each node and link both uniquely and logically for future reference.
What PIPEPHASE Calculates

PIPEPHASE solves the equations that define the relationship between pressure drop and flowrate. PIPEPHASE can also calculate heat losses and gains. With a single link, PIPEPHASE will calculate the pressure drop for a known flowrate. Alternatively, for a given pressure drop, PIPEPHASE will calculate the flowrate. With a network configuration, you may supply a combination of known flowrates and pressures at sources and/or sinks and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. The combination of knowns that you are allowed to supply are explained later on.
Rating, Design, Case Studies, and Nodal Analysis

PIPEPHASE works in both rating and design modes. In rating mode, you supply data about the pipes, fittings and equipment and PIPEPHASE calculates the pressure and temperature profiles. In design mode, PIPEPHASE calculates line sizes. Case Studies can be performed in either mode. Nodal Analyses can be performed on single links.

1-10

Getting Started

Global Settings
Before you provide PIPEPHASE with information about the fluid and piping structure of your problem, global parameters may be set and the problem definition described. Choices can be made on control of the simulation, define the input units, specify how much output you want, and set global defaults for use throughout the simulation.

To provide...
Descriptive text You can further describe the problem using up to four lines of 60 characters each. This description appears once at the top of each page.

See...
Simulation Description

If you are using the Case Study facility, you may add Simulation one line of description for each case study. You will Description find further details about case studies later in this chapter. If you are using the Nodal Analysis facility, you may Simulation add two lines of description, one for inflow and one Description for outflow. You will find further details about nodal analysis later in this chapter. Input data checking You may use PIPEPHASE just to check your input syntax and topology and not to perform any calculations. Run Simulation and View Results

Units of Measurement

PIPEPHASE allows you to construct a group of units of measure (or dimensions) which are to be used throughout the entire simulation input. However, you can locally override individual units of measure where necessary. The output will always be in the units supplied on the Input Dimensions window, unless specific output overrides or supplements are provided on the Output Dimensions window.
To provide... See...

Input units Global units of measurement are defined at the Input Dimensions beginning of the input. PIPEPHASE has four pre-selected sets for user convenience: Petroleum, English, Metric, and SI. You should select the set closest to your requirements. You can then re-define units of measurement either globally at the start of the input or individually when you supply the data. If you do not select a set, PIPEPHASE defaults to the Petroleum set.

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Printout Options

PIPEPHASE generates a great deal of data during its calculations. The default printout is normally sufficient for most engineering applications. You may increase or decrease the amount of output depending upon your requirements.
To set the...
Output units The default units of measurement for output are the same as those defined globally for the input. You may define a separate set of units for the output.

See...
Output Dimensions

Input reprint

You will always get a reprint of your input file. Print Options PIPEPHASE then reprints its interpretation of the input. You may suppress this interpretation for the output. During solution of a network, PIPEPHASE iterates until Print Options it converges to within the set tolerance. You can request a printout that shows intermediate results. This can be useful in helping converge large or sensitive networks. In a compositional run, PIPEPHASE prints out phase equilibrium details and the properties of the phases at each node. This output can be suppressed. Print Options

Iterative results

Flash results

Devices Properties output Plotting options

You can request a range of detail for different devices. In Print Options addition, special outputs are produced for sphering. PIPEPHASE can output all properties used in the detailed calculations. Print Options

In addition to tabular data, plots of pressure and Print Options temperature versus distance may be requested. The Taitel-Dukler flow regime map may also be produced for links operating in two-phase flow. Phase Envelope and Nodal Analysis plots may also be generated.

Results Access Using the PIPEPHASE RAS, you may examine data that PIPEPHASE System (RAS) have been produced by a run of the program. You may RAS Main also print or plot the results using EXCEL. Window Optimizer Output You can set the printout level of optimizer cycle results Print Options and control the output of the intermediate results.

Defaults

Many of PIPEPHASEs data items are defaulted. If you do not explicitly specify an item or a calculation method, the program will automatically assign a value or method. These values for example 29 BTU/hr-ft-oF for pipe thermal conductivity and the Moody method for single-phase pressure drop calculations have been selected to be reasonable for normal engineering purposes, but are not necessarily the best for your particular application. They are there for your convenience and are not intended to replace engineering judgement. You should check that you do not get invalid results through their use.
1-12 Getting Started

For convenience, PIPEPHASE allows you to change some defaults globally at the start of the input.
To define...
Flow device parameters

See...
You can specify global values for the pipe, riser, tubing Global Defaults and annulus inside diameter, the surrounding medium, and the parameters associated with pressure drop and heat transfer. You can override these settings for individual pipes.

Heat Transfer You can define the heat transfer from pipes, risers, Global Defaults tubings, and annuli as an overall coefficient or by defining the parameters - viscosity, conductivity, velocity, etc. - for the surrounding soil, air, or water. You can select a medium and optionally override these settings for individual pipes. You can globally suppress heat transfer calculations and then reinstate them for individual pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli. Pressure drop You can globally set the pressure drop method and the Global Defaults methods Palmer parameters for liquid holdup. You can override the pressure drop method for individual pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli. Transitional flow Limits You can globally set the transitional Reynolds Number Global Defaults between laminar and turbulent flow regimes. You can change the maximum and minimum values of Global Defaults temperature and pressure for flash calculations. If the program detects conditions outside these limits, warning messages will be presented in the output.

Defining Fluid Properties

PIPEPHASE requires the properties of the fluid to calculate pressure drops and heat transfer, and phase ratios. There are two major classifications of fluid models: compositional and noncompositional. A fluid model is compositional when it can be defined in terms of its individual components either directly or through an assay curve. PIPEPHASE will then predict the fluids properties by applying the appropriate mixing rules to the pure component properties. Unless PIPEPHASE is instructed otherwise, it will perform phase equilibrium calculations for the fluid and determine the quantity and properties of the liquid and vapor phases. A fluid model is non-compositional when it is defined with average correlated properties.

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Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids

PIPEPHASE requires thermodynamic and transport properties to calculate phase splits, pressure drops, and heat transfer. All required properties of compositional fluids are predicted from the properties of the pure components. These are mixed to get the properties of the fluid. There are three methods for defining a component:

Selecting individual components from the PIPEPHASE library, Defining individual components as petroleum pseudocomponents, Defining an assay curve and having PIPEPHASE divide it into petroleum cuts.

The compositional fluid can be defined in terms of any combination of these options. You can have different compositions at each source.
Water as a Special Component

PIPEPHASE can rigorously predict phase separations involving more than one liquid phase. However, there is a simplified way of dealing with water in hydrocarbon systems. Because water is only sparingly soluble in oil, a hydrocarbon system with a significant amount of water will often form two liquid phases. PIPEPHASE will handle calculations involving water in hydrocarbons by one of three methods:

Rigorous three-phase flash to calculate composition in three phases. It can calculate the solubility of water in the hydrocarbon phase and put the excess water into a pure aqueous phase. All the aqueous phase properties will be calculated separately from those of the hydrocarbon phase. It can assume that the water is completely soluble.

Library Components

The SIMSCI library contains over 1700 components. A full list is available in the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual. For all components, the databank contains data for all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties necessary to carry out phase equilibrium calculations. For all
1-14 Getting Started

common components, the databank also contains a full set of transport properties necessary to carry out pressure drop and heat transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or override the library data with your own, you may do so.
Non-library Components

You may use components not found in the SIMSCI library. You must input all the necessary data for thermodynamic and transport properties. If you need help in determining data for such components, you may use SIMSCIs DATAPREP program.
To specify...
Library All fixed property data may be accessed from components the SIMSCI databank. All you need to do is supply the name of the component. You may override the SIMSCI constant properties for any or all of the components. You may override the SIMSCI variable (temperature-dependent) properties for any or all of the components. Non-library If you want to use a component that is not in components the SIMSCI Bank, you must supply its name and all the required properties.

See...

Component Data, Library Component Data Component Data, Edit Library Component SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual

SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual

Petroleum Pseudocomponents

To define hydrocarbon pseudocomponents, you must supply at least two of the following three parameters:

Molecular weight Gravity Normal boiling point

PIPEPHASE will predict the third if you omit it. PIPEPHASE uses industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent. You may select the method most suitable for your own mixture.
To supply ...
Pseudo Define petroleum pseudocomponents by supplying components at least two of the following: molecular weight, gravity, and normal boiling point.

See...

Component

Data, Library Component Data

Property You may select the method PIPEPHASE will use to Component Data calculation calculate the properties of your pseudocomponents. methods

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-15

To supply ...
Fixed Property Data Variable Property Data You can supply your own fixed property data to override the data that PIPEPHASE predicts.

See...

Component Data

You can supply your own temperature-dependent property data to override the data that PIPEPHASE predicts.

Component Data

Assay Curve

If your fluid is defined by an assay curve (TBP, D86, D2887, or D1160), PIPEPHASE will divide it into a number of cuts. You can control the number of cuts and the ranges they cover. Each of the cuts is then treated as a pseudocomponent, as described previously. You may also define a lightends analysis to go with the assay curve.
To supply ...
Assay Data You supply an assay curve, and PIPEPHASE will divide it into petroleum cuts. You supply it in the form of D86, D1160, D2887, TBP, or TBP at 10 mm Hg curves. You must also supply gravity as API or specific gravity or UOP K-factor either as a curve against percent vaporized or as an average value. PIPEPHASE will calculate molecular weight data, or you may supply it as an average or a curve against percent vaporized. You may define the number of petroleum fractions to be generated and their temperature ranges. You may select the method PIPEPHASE will use to calculate the properties of the generated petroleum fractions. Mixed You can mix defined components and component pseudocomponents with assay data by defining a types lightends composition and rate for each source.

See...

Component Data

Component Data

Component Data

Component Data, Temperature Cut Points Component Data

Component Data

Additional Component Capabilities

All the features of SIMSCIs industry-standard component property databank and methods have been incorporated into PIPEPHASE. These are summarized in Table 1-3. For details of these methods and their applicability, please consult the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual, in the chapter detailed below.

1-16

Getting Started

Table 1-3: Summary of Other Component Property Options

Synthetic Components Other fixed property requirements You may characterize a component as a synfuel of a Chapter 1 specific type or as a mixture of different petroleum types. Rackett parameter is required for the Rackett method for Chapter 1 liquid densities. Dipole moment and Radius of gyration are required for the Hayden-OConnell method for vapor properties. Hildebrand solubility parameter and liquid molar volume are required for various generalized and liquid activity thermodynamic correlations. Van der Waals area and volume are required for UNIFAC and UNIQUAC liquid activity thermodynamic correlations. Chapter 1

Properties You may define the structure of non-library components from Structure for use with the UNIFAC thermodynamic method.

Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation

PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correlation, an equation of state, or a liquid activity method to calculate thermodynamic properties at the flowing conditions and hence predict the split between the liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermodynamic property calculation method depends on the components in the fluid and the prevailing temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also provides a number of methods that can rigorously calculate vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium. Table 1-4 gives recommendations for the commonly found pipeline systems.
Table 1-4: Recommended Methods for Thermodynamic Properties Method Property
K-value Heavy Hydrocarbon Systems Braun K10 (<100 psia) Grayson-Streed Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Light Hydrocarbon Systems Natural Gas Systems

Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong Lee-Kesler-Plcker Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling Chao-Seader Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Lee-Kesler-Plcker BWRS Curl-Pitzer Lee- Kesler API Lee-Kesler Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong

Enthalpy Curl-Pitzer Johnson-Grayson Lee-Kesler Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Liquid Density Vapor Density API Lee-Kesler

API Lee-Kesler Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong

Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-17

To specify...
K-values, You must select a thermodynamic method for enthalpy, density calculating the vapor-liquid equilibrium and mixture properties from component properties. Either select a system with a predefined method for each property, or select an individual method for each property. Vapor-liquidliquid equilibria You can specify a VLLE thermodynamic system or K-value method or specify a second LLE K-value method.

See...

Thermodynamic Methods

Thermodynamic Methods Thermodynamic Methods Thermodynamic Methods Thermodynamic Methods

Different enthalpy You must include two enthalpy methods, one methods for for the liquid and one for the vapor. liquid and vapor Different density methods for liquid and vapor Aqueous phase enthalpy You must include two density methods, one for the liquid and one for the vapor. If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you may select a method for calculating aqueous liquid and vapor enthalpies either by a simplified method which assumes that the steam is at its saturation point or by a rigorous method which takes into account the degree of superheat of the vapor, if any.

Binary interaction For some systems, notably close-boiling parameters mixtures, the standard equations do not adequately reproduce experimental phase equilibria data. You may improve the predictability of many of the equations of state, or liquid activity coefficient methods by inputting your own binary interaction parameter values. For example, you can tune the PR, SRK, BWRS and LKP equations.

Thermodynamic Methods

Transport Properties

The SIMSCI databank contains pure component data for the thermal conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity of liquids and vapors as functions of temperature. You can choose to use these data and simple mixing rules to predict the flowing properties of the fluid. Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property prediction methods and mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons.

1-18

Getting Started

Some 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and thermal conductivity from the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose to use the TRAPP data, all of your components must be TRAPP components and you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay data.
To specify...
Prediction You may choose a method for calculating bulk methods transport properties from component properties. Select a system with predefined methods for each property, or select an individual method for each property. Overriding To override the mixture liquid viscosity predictions, viscosity you may supply a liquid viscosity curve for either the hydrocarbon liquid phase, the water phase or the total liquid. A different viscosity curve may be supplied for each source.

See...

Thermodynamic
Methods

Thermodynamic
Methods, User Viscosity Data

Using Multiple Methods

In most cases, a single set of thermodynamic and transport methods is adequate for calculating properties of all sources. However, your flowsheet may contain sources with widely varying compositions or conditions such that they cannot be simulated accurately using just one set. For this, you may define more than one set of methods (there is no limit) and apply different sets to different sources.
To specify...
More than one For each set use a separate METHOD thermodynamic set statement. Name the set using the SET keyword. The set used by a source Link the source to the thermodynamic set using the SET keyword.

See...

Fluid Property Data, Thermodynamic Methods Compositional Source Thermodynamic Methods

A default When a single set is present, all sources thermodynamic set use that set. If you do not link the source to a thermodynamic set, it will use the default set. Normally this is the first set that appears in the input. You can stipulate that another set is the default, by setting that set as the default.

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1-19

Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities

All of SIMSCIs industry-standard thermophysical property calculation methods have been incorporated into PIPEPHASE. These are summarized in Table 1-5. For details of these methods and their applicability, please consult Chapter 2 in the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Table 1-5: Summary of Other Thermodynamic Options
Generalized Grayson-Streed Correlations Improved-Grayson-Streed Grayson-Streed-Erbar Braun-K10 Equations of Soave-Redlich-Kwong State SRK-Kabadi-Danner SRK-Huron-Vidal SRK-Panagiotopoulos-Reid SRK-Modified SRK-SIMSCI SRK-Hexamer Liquid Activity Methods Chao-Seader Chao-Seader-Erbar Ideal Panagiotopoulos-Reid Peng-Robinson PR-Huron-Vidal PR-Panagiotopoulos-Reid BWRS Uniwaals

Non-random Two-liquid Equation Universal Functional Activity Universal Quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) Coefficient (UNIFAC) van Laar Lyngby-modified UNIFAC Wilson Dortmund-modified UNIFAC Margules Modified UNIFAC method Regular Solution Theory Free volume modification to UNIFAC Flory-Huggins Theory Ideal Glycol Sour GPA Sour Water Heat of Mixing Poynting Correction Amine Alcohol Henrys Law Amine Residence Time Correction

Special Packages Other Features

Defining Properties for Non-compositional Fluids

A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as blackoil, gas condensate, liquid, gas, or steam. Blackoil and gas condensate are two-phase, with one phase dominant. Gas and liquid fluid models are single-phase. Steam may be single- or two-phase.
To...
Define the fluid You must tell PIPEPHASE the type of fluid you have; blackoil, gas condensate, liquid, gas, or steam.

See...

Simulation Definition Source

Supply different You may supply specific gravities for each data for different source. sources

1-20

Getting Started

Liquid

All properties of a non-compositional liquid are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations.
To...
Define the liquid You must define the liquid as water or hydrocarbon, and supply its gravity. If the liquid is water, the specific gravity must be 1.0 or greater. For liquid hydrocarbon, the specific gravity must be less than 1.0. You may define the method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict non-compositional liquid viscosity.

See...

Single Phase Liquid PVT Data

Specify the viscosity method

Single Phase Liquid PVT Data Single Phase Liquid PVT Data

Override viscosity You may supply liquid viscosity data to data override the internally predicted data. You may define the viscosity as a single value or as a two-point viscosity curve. Specify the specific heat You may supply a single constant value for liquid specific heat to override the internally predicted data.

Single Phase Liquid PVT Data

Gas

All properties of a non-compositional gas are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and the built-in correlations.
To...
Define the gas A non-compositional gas is defined in terms of its gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate correlations to predict its properties.

See...

Single Phase Gas PVT Data Single Phase Gas PVT Data Single Phase Gas PVT Data Single Phase Gas PVT Data Single Phase Gas PVT Data

Specify the You may define the method that PIPEPHASE uses viscosity method to predict non-compositional gas viscosity. Define the Cp/Cv A gas specific heat ratio may be defined to ratio override the internal value used as default. Define a contaminant Supply the gas Z-factor One or more of the following gas contaminants may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide. The method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a non-compositional compressibility factor may also be defined.

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1-21

Steam

Steam is a non-compositional fluid that is allowed to exist in two phases. You cannot override the steam table data contained within PIPEPHASEs data libraries. However, all pressure drop correlations which are available to compositional fluids are also available to the steam model.
To...
Use the steam If the fluid is steam, use PIPEPHASE s internal tables steam tables. You may specify that the gravity of the condensed water is more than 1.0 to take into account dissolved solids. Specify saturated steam You may specify steam quality if the steam is saturated. Specify the temperature and quality if the steam is superheated or the water is subcooled.

See...

Stream PVT Data

Source

Gas Condensate

Gas condensate is a multiphase non-compositional fluid with gas predominating. All properties of gas condensate are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and the built-in correlations.
To...
Define the condensate A gas condensate is defined in terms of its gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate correlations to predict its properties.

See...

Gas Condensate PVT Data Gas Condensate PVT Data Gas Condensate PVT Data

Define the You must supply specific gravity data for gas, specific gravity liquid and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present. Define a contaminant One or more of the following gas contaminants may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide.

Blackoil

Blackoil is a multiphase fluid model which predicts properties from the gas gravity, oil gravity, and the standard volume of gas per standard unit volume of oil.
To...
Define the Blackoil Blackoil is defined in terms of the gravity of its oil and gas and the Gas to Oil ratio. PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate correlations to predict its properties. You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid, and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present.

See...

Blackoil PVT Data

Define the specific gravity

Blackoil PVT Data

1-22

Getting Started

To...
Define the viscosity Define a contaminant You may optionally enter liquid viscosity data in the form of a two-point Antoine curve. One or more of the following gas contaminants may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide.

See...

Blackoil PVT Data Blackoil PVT Data Blackoil PVT Data

Adjust properties You may adjust the properties that PIPEPHASE calculates from its built-in correlations so that they more closely fit measured laboratory data. Define Lift Gas When you have a GLVALVE in the simulation, you need to define the lift gas in terms of Gravity and (optionally) contaminants. If laboratory data are available, you may input them and override the PIPEPHASE internally generated data. If you use tabular data, you must input all data: Formation Volume Factor, Solution Gas Oil Ratio, Live Viscosity, and Gravity. The method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a non-compositional compressibility factor may be defined.

Blackoil Liftgas
Data

Tabular Data

Blackoil PVT Data

Supply the gas Z-factor

Blackoil PVT Blackoil PVT Blackoil PVT

Correlations Data

Specify the You may define the method that PIPEPHASE viscosity method uses to predict viscosities and blending rules. Specify formation You may define the methods that PIPEPHASE volume factor uses to calculate formation volume factor and and solution gas solution gas oil ratio. oil ratio methods

Correlations Data Correlations Data

Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/ Non-Compositional Fluids

PIPEPHASE offers the user the ability to define blackoil models that combine data from:

sources that are in the standard black oil format (see description of blackoil inputs),

with

sources that are in the standard compositional format (see description of compositional inputs).

PIPEPHASE treats the combined fluid model as a blackoil model; flash calculations are used to define the appropriate blackoil properties for the compositional sources. The inputs to the compositional blackoil model are thus a combination of the inputs to separate compositional and blackoil models.

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-23

Generating and Using Tables of Properties

For large scale compositional or blackoil simulations, a table of fluid properties can be built and used. This will reduce the computation time by phase separation calculations during the solution procedure. This method is applicable if all the sources in the network have the same composition or Blackoil properties.
To...
Build and use You can have PIPEPHASE build the table and a table use it in the same run. Retrieve a table Alternatively, you can have PIPEPHASE build the table, store it in a file, and then use it in a subsequent run. PIPEPHASE will not build a table for use in the same run while also storing it for a subsequent run.

See...

Generate PVT Table Fluid Property Data

Sources
A source is a point at which fluid enters the piping system. You define a source by supplying parameters such as composition, temperature, pressure, and flowrate. You can have more than one source in a network.
Compositional Sources
To specify...
Defined You must define the total flowrate and components composition of the source stream. Components can be either from the PIPEPHASE component library or defined as pseudocomponents. Assay data A source fluid may be defined by an assay curve. You can combine library components and/or petroleum pseudocomponents with an assay curve by supplying a lightend analysis. To override the internally generated fluid viscosity data, you may specify a viscosity curve in the PVT data section. To reduce redundant data entry, you may refer to a predefined source. Parameters may be specified to override the parameters that are different.

See...

Compositional Source

Compositional Source

Viscosity data Similar sources

Compositional Source Compositional Source

1-24

Getting Started

Non-compositional Sources
To specify...
Steam sources You must define the pressure and quality of a saturated steam source. The temperature must be specified only if the steam is superheated (Quality=100%) or subcooled (Quality=0%). One or more sets of fluid property data are defined in the PVT data section. You must assign a unique set number to each data set. Each source must be referred to the appropriate data set number.

See...

Steam Source

Gas, liquid, blackoil or condensate sources

Blackoil Source

Well In-flow You may specify the IPR of a well source for a Performance single link with gas, liquid, blackoil or condensate. The IPR Model is treated as a device and is available from the Link window. You may also supply well test data. Similar sources If one source is the same as or similar to another, you may refer it to the other source. PIPEPHASE will copy all the data from one source to the other. You may then override the parameters that are different.

Link Device Data,

Inflow Performance Relationship, IPRAdvanced Options

Reference Source

Structure of Network Systems

Flow devices such as pipes, risers, fittings, and other process equipment are connected together in a Link. Each Link starts at a Node (a Source or a Junction) and ends at another Node (a Junction or a Sink). PIPEPHASE can calculate either single link or network problems. A single link is defined as a series of pipes, fittings, and process equipment that has one source, one sink, and no junctions. A network may have one or more sources and one or more sinks. PIPEPHASE calculates the flowrates and pressure drops. In a network configuration, you must either define these parameters or provide an estimate at each node.
To specify...
Network There are two solution algorithms available for solution Networks. For the vast majority of networks, you algorithm would use the default PBAL method. If your fluid is a single-phase liquid or gas, you may find that the MBAL method (with simple estimates) gives a faster solution.

See...

Network Calculation
Methods

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-25

Controlling Convergence of Networks

PIPEPHASE solves networks iteratively. Whichever algorithm you use, PIPEPHASE starts with an initial estimate of flowrates in all links and pressures at all nodes and it adjusts these values until it has reached a converged solution within a predefined tolerance. Because of the complex nature of some networks, PIPEPHASE allows you to make adjustments to several parameters that helps to modify the iteration steps and stabilize the convergence.
To specify...
Automatic PBAL has a choice of methods for generating initial generation of estimates. By default, PBAL generates flowrate Initial estimates estimates by considering the diameters of the first pipe in each link. An alternative method uses the frictional resistances of the pipes in each link. A third method solves the first iteration with MBAL before going into PBAL. Finally, if you have solved this network before and just changed some of the conditions, you may instruct the program to use your previous solution as its initial estimate. User-supplied You may also provide individual estimates for initial estimates junction pressures and link flowrates. Maximum and For any link, you may specify the maximum and minimum flows minimum flows that are to be allowed. Controlling convergence In some difficult networks, convergence of the base case can be improved by adjusting various convergence parameters: for example, damping, relaxation, internal tolerances, etc. Refer to Chapter 6, Technical Reference in the PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual, for details.

See...

Network

Calculation Methods

Junction,

Link Data

Link Data Network

Calculation Methods

Direction of flow If you know the flow direction in all links, you can specify that PIPEPHASE not try to reverse them from iteration to iteration. Solution tolerance Controlling optimization The network calculation converges when the error is within a given tolerance. You may optionally change this tolerance. You can adjust a number of optimization options: for example, the fractional change in the objective function or decision variables, damping, or error tolerances.

Network Network

Calculation Methods Calculation Methods Options

Optimization

Calculation time If PIPEPHASE does not converge within a certain number of iterations, it will stop and report the results of the last iteration. You may reduce or increase the maximum number of iterations. To reduce calculation time in large compositional runs, you may control the number of fluid property evaluations that are performed in each link for the PBAL initialization procedure.

Network

Calculation Options

1-26

Getting Started

To specify...
Closed loops If you have inadvertently specified your network so that closed loops are formed, PIPEPHASE will report these and, optionally, take remedial action. Pipes, tubing, risers, and annuli are divided into segments for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations. You can change either the number of segments or the length of segments for greater calculational accuracy. Alternatively, you can select PIPEPHASEs autosegmentation feature to automatically select the best segmentation options for your network. You may allow regulators (unidirectional check valves) to pass a small backward flow. Critical flow in chokes can cause difficulties for convergence algorithms. To help PIPEPHASE solve such networks, you can allow or a linear broadening of the critical flow regime. You can prevent well flows from falling below the minimum required to transport fluid in a twophase system.

See...

Network Network

Convergence Data Segmentation Data

Pipe segments

Check valves

Network Network

Calculation Methods Convergence Data

Critical flow in chokes

Wells

Network

Calculation Methods

Single links

A single link has one source, one sink, and no junctions. There are three variables:

The source flowrate (which is also the sink flowrate), The source pressure, and The sink pressure.

You must specify two of these, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the third.
To specify...
Sources You must have only one source. Sinks Links If the source pressure and rate are known, a sink pressure and rate need not be defined. You do not need to specify the flowrate or pressure drop in a link; all you need to define are the pipes, fittings, and equipment. Enter the link device data in the sequence in which the fluid flows through them. You can have any combination of pipes, fittings, and process equipment items, in any order.

See...

Source Sink, Source Link Device Data

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-27

Networks

A network generally has more than one link and one or more junctions. The variables are the pressure and flowrate at each source and sink. You specify the values of the variables that are known, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. In order not to under- or over-specify the system, simple rules must be followed in constructing the problem:

You must specify a number of knowns equal to the total number of sources and sinks. You must specify at least one pressure. If any source or sink flowrate is an unknown, you must supply an estimate. If you do not know a pressure at a source, sink, or junction, you do not need to supply an estimate. You may specify estimates to speed up convergence.
See...

To specify...
Sources and You must have at least one source and at least one sinks sink. Junctions You must have a junction at the point where two or more links meet. If your network is complex, you may speed up the solution by supplying estimates for the junction pressures. You must supply a unique name for each link. If your network is complex, you may speed up the solution by supplying estimates for flowrates through each link. PIPEPHASE can model preferential splitting at Tee junctions in pure distribution networks. These junctions can have only two outgoing and one incoming link.

Source, Sink Junction

Links

Link Device Data

Steam networks

Junction

Subnetworks PIPEPHASE has a number of devices that invoke a special algorithm. You may specify the inlet conditions; PIPEPHASE breaks the flowsheet at the inlet and solves the resulting subnetworks simultaneously and sizes the device.

Mcompressor,
Mchoke Mregulator

PIPEPHASE Flow Devices

A piping system is made up of links which join sources, sinks, and junctions. Each link consists of a series of flow devices: pipes, fittings, and process equipment and unit operations. Sources and sinks must be named.
1-28 Getting Started

The devices in the link must be added in the order in which they occur in the link as you move from the From node to the To node. The flow devices that PIPEPHASE can handle are given in Table 1-6.
Table 1-6: Flow Devices and Equipment Available in PIPEPHASE Device Flow Devices
Pipe Riser

Description - have length

Horizontal, vertical or inclined. May be surrounded by air, water, or soil; insulated or bare. Vertical or near-vertical with flow in an upward direction. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and ambient conditions. Well annulus. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient and geothermal gradient. Well tubing. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient and geothermal gradient. Models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure draw-down or pressure drop at the sand face in a well.

Annulus Tubing Inflow Performance Relationship

Point Devices
Completion

- have no length
Bottomhole completion, the interface between the reservoir and a well. There are two types of completion: gravel-packed and open-perforated.

Fittings
Bend Check valve Choke valve A standard mitred bend or non-standard bend with defined angle and radius. Device that allows flow in only one direction. Restricts fluid flow. MCHOKE, a variant of CHOKE, introduces a discontinuity into a network which is solved using a special sub-networking method. Reduction in diameter from larger to smaller pipe. Variable angle. Entrance into a pipe from a larger volume such as a vessel. Exit from a pipe to a larger volume such as a vessel. Increase in diameter from smaller to larger pipe. Variable angle. Flow restriction used in metering. Orifice meter. Orifice plate can use thick or thin calculation formulae. Tee piece. Flow may be straight on or through the branch.

Contraction Entrance Exit Expansion Nozzle Orifice Tee

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1-29

Table 1-6: Flow Devices and Equipment Available in PIPEPHASE Device

Valve Venturimeter

Description
Any type of valve, e.g., gate, globe, angle, ball, butterfly, plug, cock. Venturi flow meter.

Process Equipment
Compressor Multistage Compressor Cooler DPDT Expander Gaslift Valve Heater Injection Pump Regulator Simple single or multistage gas compressor. Rigorous single or multistage gas compressor with optional inlet pressure calculation. Uses a special sub-networking method. Removes heat from a stream. Any device that changes pressure and/or temperature with flowrate. Steam expander. Well gaslift valve. Adds heat to a stream. Re-introduces a stream from a compositional separator back into a link. Single or multistage liquid pump. An electric submersible pump may be modeled. Means of fixing maximum pressure at any point in the structure. MREGULATOR, a variant of REGULATOR, introduces a discontinuity into a network which is solved using a special sub-networking method. Splits some or all of one of the fluid phases from a link.

Separator

Unit Operations
Hydrates Calculator Predicts the temperature/pressure regime under which hydrates are prone to form. A utility that allows you to compute results from flowsheet parameters. These results can then be used as optimizer constraints or objective parameters.

Pressure Drop Calculations

PIPEPHASE calculates pressure drops for pipes, risers, annuli and tubings. There are many methods for calculating pressure drops. You can define one method globally for use throughout the simulation, or you can use different methods in different pipes.
To specify...
Pressure Choose a method appropriate to the type of fluid and drop method piping topology you have. If you do not choose a method, PIPEPHASE will use Beggs & Brill-Moody for compositional, blackoil, condensate, or steam and Moody for non-compositional fluids.

See...

Pressure Drop
Flow Correlations

1-30

Getting Started

To specify...

See...
You may choose a different method for an individual Pressure Drop device. If you do not choose a method for a device, Flow PIPEPHASE will use the method you selected globally. Correlations

Table 1-7 lists the pressure drop methods recommended for multiphase flow in horizontal and inclined pipes.
Table 1-7: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations
Pipe Method Beggs & Brill Beggs & Brill - Moody1 Beggs & Brill - No slip Beggs & Brill - Moody-Eaton
3 3

Horizontal and Upward Downward Riser Tubing Annulus Inclines <10o Incline Incline X X X
3

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Beggs & Brill - Moody-Dukler

Beggs & Brill - Moody-Hagedorn & Brown Mukherjee & Brill2 Mukherjee & Brill-Eaton Ansari Orkiszewski Duns & Ros Hagedorn & Brown Hagedorn & Brown - Beggs & Brill Aziz Gray (not applicable for Compositional) Gray - Moody (not applicable for Compositional) Angel-Welchon-Ross Eaton Eaton-Flannigan Dukler Dukler-Flannigan Lockhart & Martinelli Dukler-Eaton-Flannigan Olimens OLGA
4 4

X X X X X X X X X X X X

TACITE

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1-31

Table 1-7: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations

1. 2. 3. 4. In general, this method is recommended because it performs reasonably well for the widest range of flow condition. This method is recommended for pipelines with low liquid holdup in hilly terrain. These non-standard hybrid models should be used only after matching measured data. These models are available as add-ons through your SIMSCI representative.

Legend:

X

Correlation recommended for the application Correlation allowed but not recommended for the application

Pressure Drop in Flow Devices

The pressure drop in a flow device (Pipe, Riser, Tubing or Annulus) of length L consists of three components: friction, elevation, and acceleration. In general, the frictional pressure gradient may be expressed as:
q dP ------ f --------- dL f 5 d
2

where:

= fluid density

q = volumetric flux d = equivalent diameter (= actual diameter in the case of pipes, risers and tubing)

The friction factor, f, is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number for laminar flow. For turbulent flow, f is a non-linear function of the Reynolds number and the pipe roughness. In general, the elevation pressure gradient may be expressed as:
dP ------ dL e sin ( )

where:
r = fluid density

= inclination angle The acceleration pressure gradient is generally small, except when the fluid is compressible, and the velocity and velocity gradients in the pipe are high. In general, the acceleration pressure gradient may be expressed as:
d dP ------ dL a ----dx

where:
v = fluid velocity

1-32

Getting Started

To specify...
Inside diameter If the majority of your devices have the same inside and roughness diameter, you can specify a global inside diameter at the start of the simulation. Then you can override this value for those devices which do not conform to the default. Roughness can be specified also as a global parameter or for each device. Inclined pipes You can specify an elevation change or depth for each device If the elevation change equals the length, the device is vertical. If you do not specify an elevation change, PIPEPHASE assumes that pipes are horizontal and that risers, annuli, and tubings are vertical. You may instruct PIPEPHASE to ignore the acceleration term in pressure drop calculations, if desired.

See...

Diameter
Defaults

Pipe Riser
Annulus Tubing

Acceleration terms

Calculation
Speedup Options

Nominal Diameter and Pipe Schedule

As an alternative to entering a pipe (or riser or tubing) inside diameter you can specify a nominal diameter and a schedule. PIPEPHASE has an internal database of standard nominal pipe sizes and pipe schedules; the allowed combinations of nominal diameter and schedule in this database are detailed in Table 1-8. You may supply your own database which PIPEPHASE will use instead of its own.
To specify nominal diameter and schedule for...
All devices as You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule a global value that will be used for all the fittings in this table, unless overridden by data in the input to the fitting itself. Your pipes and You may create a database of nominal diameters and fittings pipe schedules and have PIPEPHASE use it instead of its own internal database Pipe Riser Tubing Bend Entrance Exit Nozzle Orifice You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the downstream pipe. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the upstream pipe. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the upstream pipe. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the upstream pipe.

See...

Flow Devices
Database Definition

Flow Devices
Database Definition

Pipe Riser Tubing Bend Entrance Exit Nozzle Orifice

1-33

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

To specify nominal diameter and schedule for...

Tee Valve Venturi Contraction Expansion You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the upstream pipe. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the upstream pipe. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the upstream pipe. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the inlet and outlet pipes. You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for the inlet and outlet pipes.

See...

Tee Valve Venturi Contraction Expansion

Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules

Table 1-8: Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules Nominal Diameter (Inches)
0.125 0.250 0.375 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30

Valid Pipe Schedule Numbers

40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 120 120 160 160 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 120 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160

1-34

Getting Started

Table 1-8: Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules Nominal Diameter (Inches)
24.0 30.0 10 10 20 20

Valid Pipe Schedule Numbers

30 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Pressure Drop in Completions

Bottomhole completion describes the interface between a reservoir and a well. There are two types of completion: gravel packed and open perforated. The pressure drop through a completion is calculated from permeability and other data you input. PIPEPHASE uses the Jones model for gravel-packed completion and the McLeod model for open-perforated completions.
Figure 1-9: Jones Model Figure 1-10: McLeod Model

To specify...
Completion You may define a completion as being gravel packed (Jones) or open perforated (McLeod).

See...

Gravel Packed

Completion, Open Perforated Completion

Dual You may model dual completions, both Completion concentric and parallel.

Link Data

Pressure Drop in Fittings

The general form of the pressure drop equation is:

P = KG --------------2g
2

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-35

where: P = pressure drop across the fitting

K = resistance coefficient/ K-factor G = mass velocity (mass flowrate/flow area)

= two-phase pressure drop multiplier

g = acceleration due to gravity

= fluid density (equal to liquid density for two-phase flows)

To specify...
Bend, Tee,Valve PIPEPHASE uses the generalized pressure drop equation with a resistance coefficient. For bends, tees, and valves, you can either supply the resistance coefficient directly or supply an equivalent length and have PIPEPHASE calculate the resistance coefficient as a function of the friction factor. For entrances and exits you can supply the resistance coefficient or use the default value. For contractions, expansions, nozzles, orifices, and Venturimeters, you can supply the resistance coefficient or use the value that PIPEPHASE calculates from its built-in correlations. These correlations relate the resistance coefficient to the Reynolds number and specific fitting parameters such as orifice diameter, Venturi throat diameter, contraction and expansion angles, and nozzle diameter. For gas flow in nozzles, orifices, and Venturimeters, the specific heat ratio is also used in the calculation of the resistance coefficient. The pressure drop for a choke is calculated by the orifice method for a single-phase fluid or by the Fortunati method for a two-phase fluid. You can supply a discharge coefficient or use the default value. MCHOKE, a variant of CHOKE which introduces a discontinuity into a network, uses the Fortunati model only.

See...

Bend,
Tee, Valve

Entrance Exit Contraction, Expansion, Nozzle, Orifice, Venturi

Entrance,
Exit

Nozzle,

Expansion, Venturi, Contraction, Orifice

Choke

Choke

Mchoke

Check Valve A valve that permits flow in one direction only. You can supply a resistance coefficient or use the default value. Two-phase correction in fittings The pressure drops for fittings are corrected for twophase flow by using either the Homogeneous flow model or the Chisholm model. If you do not make a selection, PIPEPHASE will use the default method. You may supply values for the Chisholm parameters.

Check Bend, Exit,

Entrance, Valve, Tee, Contraction, Expansion, Nozzle, orifice, Venturi

1-36

Getting Started

Equipment Items
PIPEPHASE simulates the change in fluid conditions across items of process equipment that typically appears in pipeline systems.
To specify...
Compressor A compressor imparts work to a gas. You supply either a known power or a known outlet pressure, and PIPEPHASE calculates the unknown parameter. You may impose a maximum value on the unknown parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain the calculations according to whichever parameter is limiting. Alternatively, you can supply a curve of flowrate against head. You may also supply an adiabatic efficiency as either a constant or a curve against head. The exit temperature is then determined by energy balance. If you specify more than one stage, PIPEPHASE interprets the curve to be for each stage; any maximum power you specify is over all of the stages rather than for each individual stage. You can also reference the compressor curve to a previously defined performance curve.

See...

Compressor

Compressor

Curve Data, Compressor Performance Curves Curve Data

Multispeed You can specify different compressor curves for up to Compressor five compressor speeds. Multistage In a multistage compressor you may specify different Compressor parameters curves, efficiencies, etc. for different stages. You may have multiple compressor trains, each train with multiple stages. You may have interstage scrubbers with downstream re-injection and interstage coolers and piping losses. You may specify the compressors inlet pressure. When you do this, PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm which breaks the flowsheet at the compressor inlet and solves the resulting subnetworks so that the pressures match at the interface. Cooler The cooler removes heat from the system. You supply either a known exit temperature or known duty of the unit, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknown parameter. You may impose a maximum (for duty) or minimum (for temperature) value on the unknown parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain calculations according to whichever parameter is limiting. The expander models the expansion of steam from a high pressure to a low pressure. You may specify the power required, or the pressure drop or the pressure ratio. If the unit is in a spur link, you may alternatively specify the outlet pressure.

Compressor Mcompressor

Cooler

Steam Expander

Expander

Gaslift Valve This unit simulates the presence of a gaslift valve as part of a well link. You must define the PVT properties of the lift gas.

Gaslift Valve,

Fluid Property Data

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-37

To specify...
General purpose DP and DT unit The DPDT unit is a general purpose unit for defining a pressure and/or temperature difference at a point in the piping structure. You can use this unit to model any equipment device where the pressure difference and temperature difference characteristics can be represented as curves against flowrate. You may also specify the flow versus pressure drop equation for the curve. The heater adds heat to the system. You supply either a known exit temperature or known duty of the unit, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknown. You may impose a maximum value on the unknown parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain the calculations according to whichever parameter is limiting. The injector introduces a stream into a link. The stream comes from a separator (see the entry below). You may fix the pressure and temperature of the injected stream. The injector must be downstream of the separator and in the same link. A pump imparts work to a liquid. You supply either a known power or a known outlet pressure, and PIPEPHASE calculates the unknown. You may impose a maximum value on the unknown parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain the calculations according to whichever parameter is limiting. Alternatively, you can supply a curve of flowrate against head. You may also supply an efficiency as a constant or as a curve against head. The exit temperature is determined by energy balance. If you specify more than one stage, PIPEPHASE interprets the curve to be for each stage; any maximum power you specify is over all of the stages rather than for each individual stage. You can also reference the pump curve to a previously defined performance curve. You can specify different pump curves for up to five pump speeds.

See...

DPDT

Heater

Heater

Injector

Injector

Pump

Pump

Multispeed Pump

Pump Curve

Data, Pump Performance Curves Submersible Pump

Electric An extension of the PUMP item allows you to model an Submersible electric submersible pump. In addition to all the Pump features mentioned above, you may supply motor horsepower as a curve, either in tabular form or as coefficients of an equation. You may specify auxilliary power to be supplied to the pump. You may specify head degradation as a function of gas ingestion percentage, plus minimum submergence, casing head pressure, and vertical pressure gradient in the casingtubing annulus due to the gas column. Refer also to Separator, below. You can also reference the electric submersible pump curve to a previously defined ESP performance curve.

Electric

Electric

Submersible Pump Curve

1-38

Getting Started

To specify...
Regulator The regulator is used to set the maximum pressure at some point in the pipeline structure. It allows flow in only one direction and can be used to prevent flow reversal within selected links in a network. As an extension to the regulator allows you to specify the inlet pressure, you may specify the compressors inlet pressure. When you do this, PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm which breaks the flowsheet at the compressor inlet and solves the resulting subnetworks so that the pressures match at the interface. You may specify the inlet pressure of this item. When you do this, PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm which breaks the flowsheet at the inlet and solves the resulting subnetworks so that the pressures match at the interface. You may also specify the flowrate through the regulator. The separator splits out all or part of the gas or liquid phase of a multiphase fluid. In the case of a hydrocarbon system with water, you can select the hydrocarbon or aqueous phase instead of the total liquid phase. You specify the amount separated as an absolute flowrate or as a percentage of the phase. You can separate more than one phase in one separator. You can then reinject the separated streams at points downstream in the link using the Injector. You cannot impose a pressure drop on the separator. If a separator is positioned at the bottomhole below an electric submersible pump, you may either specify gas injection percentage or supply pump dimensions and have PIPEPHASE calculate it. Hydrates are solid mixtures of water and other small molecules. Under certain process conditions, particularly in the gas processing industry, hydrate formation may clog lines and foul process equipment. The HYDRATE unit operation predicts the pressure and temperature regime in which the process is vulnerable to hydrate formation. Calculations performed assume the presence of free water for hydrates to form. Possible hydrate formers include: methane through isobutane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, ethylene, propylene, argon, krypton, xenon, cyclopropane, and sulfur hexafluoride. The effect of sodium chloride, methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate inhibitors can also be studied. The Calculator allows you to perform calculations on flowsheet information using FORTRAN-like syntax. The Calculator results can be transfered back to the Optimizer for use as an optimization objective parameter or constraint.

See...

Regulator

Multinetwork Regulator

Regulator

Separator

Separator

Bottomhole Separator

Separator

Hydrates

Hydrate Unit
Operation

Calculator

Calculator

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-39

Heat Transfer Calculations

PIPEPHASE performs an energy balance on pipes, risers, tubing, and annuli. The heat transfer depends on the fluid temperature, properties, and flowrate, the temperature and properties of the surrounding medium, and the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the medium. PIPEPHASE does not model heat transfer to the surroundings for fittings and equipment devices (point devices). The general equation for heat transfer from a flow device is:
Q = UA T

where:
Q = rate of heat transfer per unit length U = overall heat transfer coefficient A = outside surface area per unit length DT = temperature difference between bulk fluid and outside medium

The overall heat transfer coefficient either is input or may be calculated from the constituent film coefficients and geometries. For risers and annuli you must specify an overall heat transfer coefficient. For a pipe or tubing you may supply an overall coefficient or you may request detailed heat transfer calculations. Detailed heat transfer calculations are invoked when you input any one of the parameters required to carry out the calculations.
Detailed Heat Transfer in Pipes and Tubing

For a pipe surrounded by soil, water, or air, you define the medium properties (and velocity of water or air). For a buried pipe, you enter the buried depth. For tubings you enter data that describe the properties of the annuli and casings between the outside of the tubing and the inside of the hole.
To specify...
Pipes and Tubing You may specify an overall coefficient or the properties of the surrounding medium. You can supply these values globally for all devices or for individual devices. You also supply the ambient temperature or geothermal gradient.

See...

Global Defaults
Pipe Tubing

1-40

Getting Started

To specify...
Annuli and Risers You specify the overall heat transfer coefficient and the geothermal gradient. You can supply these values globally for all devices or for individual devices.

See...

Global Defaults
Annulus Riser

Isothermal For non-compositional gas or liquid fluid models, you calculations may suppress heat transfer calculations for individual flow devices.

Pipe Tubing

Annulus Riser

Sphering or Pigging
PIPEPHASEs sphering calculations predict the quantity of liquid formed when a multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and determine the size of the liquid slug that is pushed out when the pipe is pigged. Sphering calculations can only be carried out for single links. The launching station is at the inlet of a pipe. You may have intermediate launching stations; a sphere is launched from a pipe when the previous sphere(s) reach the inlet of that pipe.
To specify...
Calculation type You must specify that you want to do a sphering simulation. Fluid type The fluid must be compositional and both gas and liquid should be present to obtain realistic results.

See...

Network

Calculation Methods Definition

Simulation Network Pipe

Calculation Methods

Time Increments You may override the default time step used in the McDonald-Baker successive steady-state calculation method. Structure Data You may have only PIPE devices. You identify a pipe with a launching station by specifying a sphere diameter for the pipe. The first launching station must be in the first pipe of the link.

Reservoirs and Inflow Performance Relationships

Using PIPEPHASE, you can examine the effect of reservoir conditions on the performance of wells and downstream networks. You can also investigate the implications of declining reservoir pressure and production rate and shut-in wells when a userspecified maximum water cut or gas-oil ratio is exceeded.

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-41

The Inflow Performance Relationship device models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure drawdown or pressure drop at the sand face in a well.
To specify...
Type of model You may select from five standard models. You may write your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow performance relationship. Reservoir Curves You may enter tables of reservoir pressure, cumulative production, Gas-Oil Ratio, Condensate-Gas Ratio, Water Cut, and Water-Gas ratio. These are used in Time-stepping to simulate reservoir decline with time.

See...

IPR IPR

Multiple You can have up to twenty reservoirs in one network. One reservoirs and reservoir can serve several wells. multiple wells Automatic subsurface networks You may automatically create a subsurface network for a well with multiple sources. PIPEPHASE solves these using a finite difference solution method. This is a quicker but less rigorous method of creating a subsurface network. Refer to Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling on Page for further details. You may enter curves that correlate reservoir pressure or cumulative production with flowing bottomhole pressure and flowrate. These data are then regressed onto one of the standard models. For an IPR with a gas basis, you may specify a drawdown formulation. You may supply the maximum water cut or gas-oil ratio for well shut-in. You can also specify the priority of well shut-in for multiple wells.

IPR IPR

IPR curves

IPR

Pseudopressure formulation Well Shut-in Controls

IPR IPR Source

Production Planning and Time-stepping

Production planning involves the study of the time-dependent interactions between the producing formation(s) and all of the wells, gathering lines, and surface facilities in an oil or gas field. PIPEPHASE supplies this capability through its Time-stepping feature. Typically, the study extends from a few years to the entire producing life of the field. For such extended periods, a quasisteady state approach provides an efficient representation of the time-dependency. Time-stepping carries out a series of steady-state PIPEPHASE simulations automatically in the same run. Each simulation represents the conditions at a specific time-step in the operating history of the field.
1-42 Getting Started

Wells and Well Grouping

Each of the well completion zones in a gathering network produces from a specific formation or reservoir. The decline in the reservoir pressure with time and the changes in the characteristics of the fluid produced are a function of the total fluid volume produced from the reservoir. For the purposes of these calculations, a well completion is associated with a reservoir group. A reservoir group includes all of the producing zones that contribute to its depletion.
Reservoir Depletion

The depletion of a reservoir over the life of a field is characterized by a decline in average reservoir pressure and changing fluid composition. For most reservoirs, the gas-oil ratio increases with time; for a reservoir with an active water drive, the produced water cut increases as the water table rises.
Facilities Planning

In a gathering system, changes to the operation of surface facilities directly affect the overall production. For example, adding compression facilities to an existing gas gathering network reduces the pressure at the upstream wells, which in turn increases the drawdown and results in improved production from the reservoir; an increase in the separator pressure will have the opposite effect. Time-stepping enables you to simulate changes to the facilities installation over time.
To specify...
Reservoir Groups You must name the reservoir GROUP and supply depletion data in one IPR device. Other IPR devices may access the same reservoir depletion data by using the same GROUP name.

See...

IPR IPR IPR IPR

Depletion Supply a curve of reservoir pressures against cumulative characteristics production. Gas and gas condensate fields Production decline rates for each IPR For a gas or gas condensate field you may supply the slope of the depletion curve as pressure decline rate per unit of production. The production decline characteristics for individual completion zones must be defined. Tabular data represent the decline in the flowing well pressure as a function of the production rate. The time-dependent parameter may be expressed in terms of reservoir pressure or cumulative production.

Fluid You may enter curves for water cut, gas-oil ratio (or compositional condensate-gas ratio for condensate wells), and water cut (or changes water-gas ratio for condensate wells) as functions of reservoir pressure or cumulative reservoir produced volume.

IPR

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-43

To specify...
Selecting times Downstream network changes Supply a series of times. PIPEPHASE will carry out simulations at each of those times. At each time you may specify one or more changes to the network or conditions downstream of the well.

See...

IPR IPR

Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling

A Single Well

A single well can produce from one reservoir:

To specify:
A source to give the properties, flowrate, and conditions of the fluid. One IPR to define the interface to the reservoir. One tubing from the well to the surface. One node to continue into the rest of the network.

See...

Source IPR Tubing Junction, Sink

Figure 1-11: One Well, One Reservoir

Junction or sink Ground Level

Tubing

IPR Reservoir

Or a single well can produce from more than one reservoir:

To specify:
A source for each reservoir to give the properties, flowrates, and conditions of the fluids. An IPR for each reservoir to define the interfaces. A tubing between consecutive reservoirs. A tubing from the last reservoir to the surface. A node to continue into the rest of the network.

See...

Source IPR Tubing Tubing Junction, Sink

1-44

Getting Started

Figure 1-12: One Well, More Than One Reservoir

Junction or sink Ground Level

Tubing

IPR Subsurface junction Reservoir

Tubing

IPR Reservoir

More Than One Well

You may have more than one well in a PIPEPHASE run. The wells may all use one reservoir. In this case, information for the reservoir data is entered in one IPR and accessed from other IPRs using the GROUP name.
Multiple Completions

In PIPEPHASE you may model a multiple completion rigorously:

To specify:
A source for each completion to give the properties, flowrates, and conditions of the fluids. An IPR for each completion to define the interfaces. Tubing and junctions to form the network between completions. A tubing from the last completion to the surface. A node to continue into the rest of the network.

See...

Source IPR Tubing Tubing Junction, Sink

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-45

Figure 1-13: Multiple IPRs

Junction or sink Ground Level Tubing

Reservoir IPR1 IPR2 IPR3

Subsurface junctions

Alternatively, you may approximate these conditions by having PIPEPHASE automatically generate a subsurface network:
To specify: See...

One source to give the properties, flowrates and conditions of the fluids. Source One IPR with physical dimensions such as length, inclination. A tubing from the IPR to the surface. A node to continue into the rest of the network.

IPR Tubing Junction,

Sink

Figure 1-14: One IPR, Automatic Multiple Completions

Junction or sink Ground Level Tubing

Internally generated sources S1 IPR S2 S3 Reservoir Length of well

1-46

Getting Started

Case Studies
The Case Study option provides the facility to perform parametric studies and to print multiple problem solutions in a single computer run. Case studies are always performed after the base case problem has been solved. If the base case problem cannot be solved for any reason, then no case studies are performed. Each case study analysis is performed based on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up to that time. Case studies are an efficient means of obtaining solutions for multiple scenarios to a given problem and result in large savings in both computer time and cost. For problems requiring iterative solutions, the converged results of the last solution are used as the starting values for the next run. This can result in large computer time savings in runs involving large networks, where it typically takes several iterations to move from the initial pressure estimates to the final converged solution. There is no limit on the number of changes you can make per case study or on the total number of case studies that may be in a given run. The cumulative changes up to a given case study run may be erased and the original base case restored at any time. Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you input, it is best to make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding from high values to low values or low values to high values, but not in a random order. This enhances convergence and minimizes total computer time. See Chapter 4, Input Reference, Table 4-46 .
Global Changes

You may change one parameter in the entire problem using a global command. You do this by supplying the type of parameter you want to change, its old value, and the new value. Only those specified parameters with that old value will then be changed. The items to which this type of change can be applied are identified in Table 4-46, Chapter 4, Input Reference.

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-47

Individual Changes

Source, sink, and device parameters may be changed individually. You must specify a name for each source, sink, or device where a parameter change is desired,
To...
Add descriptive You can add one line of description for each case text study. Make changes You can change any of the parameters in Table 3-7, either globally or on individual flow elements. You can restore the base case at any time.

See...

Simulation
Changes Changes

Description

Case Study Case Study

Table 1-9: Changes allowed in Case Studies Flow Device Pipe Parameter LENGTH ECHG ID ROUGHNESS U TAMBIENT FCODE ID ROUGHNESS U FCODE ID ROUGHNESS U FCODE TGRAD IDANN ODTUB ROUGHNESS U FCODE TGRAD POWER PRESSURE EFFICIENCY STAGES DUTY TOUT DP ID COEFFICIENT RATE Type of Change Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual

Riser

Tubing

Annulus

Compressor/ Pump

Heater/Cooler

Choke Sales

1-48

Getting Started

Table 1-9: Changes allowed in Case Studies Flow Device Source Parameter PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATE QUALITY COMPOSITION CGR COEFFICIENT EXP GOR PI VOGEL WCUT WGR PRESSURE RATE II SHOTS PERF PENETRATION TUNNEL DISSOLVE RATE General General General General General General Type of Change Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual Individual

Sink

Completion

GLValve

Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis allows you to study the overall performance of wells, pipelines and other single link systems as a function of input parameters and flowrates. The results are summarized in tabular and graphical form. You can also study combinations of inflow and outflow parameters using the multiple combination nodal analysis option. Nodal Analysis is performed on a single link.
Dividing the Link

You first divide your single link into two sections, separated by a Solution Node. The section upstream of the Solution Node is called the Inflow section and would typically be the tubing of a well. The section downstream of the Solution Node is called the Outflow section and would typically be the flowline from the wellhead to a surface separator. The Solution Node, in this case, would be the well-head node. If you locate the Solution Node actually at the source or the sink, then there will be only an Outflow or Inflow section respectively.
PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide 1-49

If you do not want to vary any parameters in either the Inflow section or the Outflow section, simply omit these sections. Obviously, a Nodal Analysis cannot be carried out without at least one of these sections.
Selecting Parameters and Flowrates

You then select a parameter in the Inflow section and a parameter in the Outflow section. Typical parameters would be reservoir pressure (for Inflow) and pipe ID (for Outflow). You may enter up to five values for each of these parameters. Each combination of Inflow parameter value and Outflow parameter value represents an operating point of the system. This means that there may be up to 25 operating points. The parameters you select must have values supplied in the base case input data. Finally, you define up to ten flowrates.
Nodal Results

PIPEPHASE calculates the flowrates and Solution Node pressures corresponding to each operating point and prints them out in the form of tables and plots. The flowrates you input must span all the flowrates at which you expect the operating points to occur.
Grouping Parameters

As an extension to the Nodal Analysis feature, PIPEPHASE allows you to group a number of variables into one nodal parameter. For example, you may define an Outflow parameter as a combination of pump power, pipe ID and heater temperature. Each of the five values of the Outflow parameter would now be a combination of the corresponding values of each of the contributing variables. Thus you might define that the first value of the Outflow parameter is the combination of 25KW pump power with 30 mm pipe ID and 400 K; the second 30KW, 40 mm and 310 K; the third 35KW, 50 mm and 350 K; and so on.
To...
Add descriptive You can add one line of description for each of the text Inflow and Outflow sections.

See...

Simulation Description

1-50

Getting Started

To...
Define the Solution Node You must define a Solution Node which comes between the Inflow and Outflow sections. If you want the Solution Node to be at the flowing bottomhole of an injection well, use BOTTOMHOLE. If you want to locate the Solution Node at the outlet of the last device and want to use Sink pressure as a variable parameter, use SINK. You must define at least one Inflow or Outflow parameter for PIPEPHASE to change. The parameters that are accessible are divided into seven categories, as defined in the table below. If you want to define a nodal parameter as a group of variables, you may combine up to ten variables within one Category. You may not combine variables in different categories.

See...

Link Device Data, Nodal Analysis

Define the parameter(s)

Nodal Analysis Parameters

Study multiple You can specify up to four two inflow and two combinations outflow parameters for the multiple of parameters combinations option. You can then supply up to five values of each parameter. PIPEPHASE will combine each of the up to five values of an inflow or outflow parameter with each of the up to five values of the second inflow or outflow parameter and so on and will present the results of the analysis of the combined variables.

Nodal Analysis

Table 1-10: Variables Available to Nodal Analysis Category Device

Category 1 - Source SOURCE

Variable
NAME PRESSURE COEFFICIENT EXP PI VOGEL NAME PRES II COEFF EXP NAME ID ROUGHNESS U FLOWEFF NAME ID ROUGHNESS U FLOWEFF NAME ID ROUGHNESS U FLOWEFF

Category 2 - Sink

SINK

Category 3 - Devices

PIPE

RISER

TUBING

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

1-51

Table 1-10: Variables Available to Nodal Analysis Category Device

ANNULUS

Variable
NAME IDANN ODTUB ROUGHNESS U FLOWEFF NAME POWER PRESSURE EFFICIENCY STAGES NAME DUTY TOUT DP NAME ID COEFFICIENT NAME RATE PERCENT NAME RATE DISSOLVE NAME TEMPERATURE PRESSURE NAME PENETRATION PERFD SHOTS TUNNEL GOR WCUT CGR WGR QUALITY COMPOSITION

COMPRESSOR/PUMP

HEATER/COOLER

CHOKE

SEPARATOR

GLVALVE

INJECTOR

COMPLETION

Category 4 - Non-compositional Source Properties

Category 5 - Main Source

1-52

Getting Started

Starting the PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS)

The PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS) is a program that provides you with access to all results data from any simulation run, executed using the Graphical User Interface or a keyword file. To start PIPEPHASE RAS:

Select File/Run.. or click Run Simulation and View Results icon present in the ribbon bar to view Run Simulation and View Results dialog box (see Figure 1-15).

Figure 1-15: Run Simulation and View Results

Run the current simulation to generate .RAS file.The generated .RAS file will be saved with a simulation name that is currently opened and is stored in the same directory as the simulation. Click on the RAS icon in the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box to bring up the PIPEPHASE RAS window (see Figure 1-16). Select File/New in PIPEPHASE Result Access System to open file search window. Select the .RAS file. Click Open to load.

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Figure 1-16: The PIPEPHASE RAS Main Window

To exit PIPEPHASE RAS, do one of the following:

Choose Exit on the File menu <Alt+F,X>, or Double-click on the Control-menu box in the upper left hand corner of the PIPEPHASE RAS main window <Alt+F4>.

To display a PIPEPHASE RAS menu:

Click on the menu name or press <Alt+n> where n is the underlined letter in the menu name.

For example, to display the File menu, either click on File, or press <Alt+F>.
Figure 1-17: File Menu

Figure 1-18: General Menu

PIPEPHASE RAS toolbar contains two buttons, before a RAS database file is opened :

File Open Button Load Existing RAS Plot Button

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Two additional buttons appear on the toolbar, after a RAS database file is opened:

Save RAS Database Define Output Units of Measure

Starting the PIPEPHASE Excel Report

PIPEPHASE has extended its capability in the area of generating reports by providing an Excel format to its entire simulation. In this enhancement, ACCESS database was duly expanded to include all the data available in the simulation. So that user can be provided with all the required information in an Excel format. Procedure to invoke Excel report has been listed below:

Select Generate Excel Report.. option in View Output Menu or click Excel Reports icon in the toolbar to generate an Excel report for a currently opened simulation. Excel Reports dialog box (see figure 1-19) will pop up on selecting this option.

Figure 1-19: Excel Reports

In the Excel Reports dialog box, different types of Summary and Line reports available to generate will be listed. You can observe some of the options have been already selected. The selected options are called Set default Print Options. User is expected to select the required options from the list that is to be made available in the Excel Report to be generated. Clicking Set default Print Options will automatically reselect the default reports available for the current simulation.
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Select all the options listed under Run Options. Click Run Current Network to execute the options checked under Run Options. This will generate Excel Reports for the simulation, which is currently opened.

Note: Uncheck the Run Simulation option under Run Options, if you have already run the simulation through Run Simulation and View Results dialog box. Excel Reports dialog box can be viewed by clicking Excel button present in Run Simulation and View Results dialog box (see Figure 1-15).

Excel Reports will be generated only if you have run the simulation and created database for the simulation. To view previously generated report for the current simulation, select View Excel Reports in View Output menu. If the previously generated report is not available for the current simulation, then an error message will pop up requesting the user to generate an Excel report.

To generate and view Excel Reports for a Batch of Simulation files:

Click Edit Simulation List... to open General Spread Sheet Batch Run files dialog box (See figure 1-20).

Figure 1-20: General Spreadsheet - Batch Run Files

Click Append Row to open a Search window. This window searches .inp files in the default disk/directory. You may change to a different directory or disk to search a particular file.
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Select the appropriate file and click Open. Now you can find the selected file have been listed in the General Spread Sheet Batch Run Files dialog box. Similarly user can append number of files using General Spread Sheet Batch Run Files dialog box by clicking Append Row. Similarly, the files can be added by clicking Insert Row. Click Delete Row to delete an Appended/Inserted file. Select all the options listed under Run Options. Click Run Simulation List to execute the options checked under Run Options. This will generate Excel Reports for the listed simulation.

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1-58

Getting Started

Chapter 2 Tutorial
Introduction
This chapter presents the step-by-step procedure required for the optimization of an off-line pipeline design. In the first part of this tutorial, you will look at the optimal design based only on capital cost considerations. Then, you will include the operating costs over the lifetime of the pipeline (10 years) and examine the effect the operating costs have on the overall design strategy.

Problem Description
In this simulation, a pipeline is designed to deliver gas at a rate of 1200 MMSCFD at a minimum pressure of 900 psi from two offshore fields. Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 provide additional process details including piping and compressor capital expenditures.
Table 2-1: Process Conditions Offshore Field A
Distance from processing plant, miles Wellhead pressure, psi 200 2000

Offshore Field B
Distance from field A, miles Wellhead pressure, psi 180 2000

Table 2-2: Pipeline and Compressor Capital Costs

Pipeline Cost/mile Compressor Cost/1000 hP $0.70MM/inch ID $4.66MM

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The overall capital cost is the sum of the cost of purchasing and laying pipe and purchasing the compressors.
Pipe Costs (MM$) = Cost of Pipe from Field 1 + Cost of Pipe from Field 2 = 0.70*200*IDPipe 1 + 0.70*180*IDPipe 2 = 140*IDPipe 1 + 126*IDPipe 2 Compressor Cost (MM$) = 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2

The overall capital cost is therefore a linear function of the ID of the two pipeline segments and compressor power:
Capital Cost =140*IDPipe 1 + 126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2

PIPEPHASE optimizes the design to minimize the overall capital costs by varying the pipe diameters and the sizes of the compressors at the two platforms. Apart from the delivery target, there are three additional design and operating constraints that must be taken into consideration:

Pipe sizes are available only in sizes 24"-40" with a maximum operating pressure of 2475 psi. Due to limited space on each platform, the maximum capacity of each compressor is 50000 HP. Both pipeline sections must be built as the capacity of the platform for field A is inadequate to meet the overall delivery requirement.

The overall network is shown in Figure 2-1.

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Figure 2-1: Tutorial Problem

Building the Network

First, you must open a new project:

Select the New option from the File menu. The Windows explorer dialog box is displayed. Next, you must supply a name for this new simulation.The Create New Simulation window appears for laying down your process flowsheet. By default, this simulation will be created in the C:\SIMSCI\PPHASE91\USER directory. Type in TUTORIAL in the File Name data entry field as shown in Figure 2-2. Then, click the Open button.

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Figure 2-2: Create New Simulation Window

Tip:By using the toolbar icons, you reduce the number of mouse actions required for a selection. For example, you can click the toolbar button to create a new simulation. PIPEPHASE will now automatically take you through Simulation Setup Wizard .
Figure 2-3: Welcome to Simulation Setup Wizard

Click the Next button.

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Figure 2-4: Select Simulation Type

Select the Network model Simulation Type. Click the Next button.

Figure 2-5: Select Fluid Type

Select Gas as Fluid Type. Click the Next button.

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Figure 2-6: Select Default Units of Measurement

Select Petroleum as Default Units of Measurement. Click the Next button.

Figure 2-7: Confirm the Selections

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Confirm your selections. Click on Finish.The Fluid Property Data window will appear as shown in Figure 2-8. Click Edit on the Fluid Property Data window. The Single Phase Gas PVT Data window will then appear.
Tutorial

Enter a specific gravity of 0.69 in the Gas Gravity field and the following composition of contaminants:
Component
Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide

Mole %
1.32 0.98 0.56

The completed window will appear as shown in Figure 2-9.

Figure 2-8: Fluid Property Data

Click the OK button to continue.

Figure 2-9: Single Phase Gas PVT Data Window

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To create a second property data set.

Click the New button on Fluid Property Data window. This brings up the Single Phase Gas PVT Data window with Set Number already set to 2. Enter a specific gravity of 0.701 in the Gas Gravity field and the following composition of contaminants:
Component
Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide

Mole %
1.11 0.88 0.24

The completed window will appear as shown in Figure 2-10.

Figure 2-10: Single Phase Gas PVT Data Window

Click the OK button. The Fluid Property Data window will appear as shown in Figure 2-11.

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Figure 2-11: Fluid Property Data

Click the OK button to continue.

This will bring up A Note Box as shown in Figure 2-12 that inform the users about the definition of the colors that are used in the GUI.
Figure 2-12: Note to give information about the colors used in the GUI.

Click the OK button to continue.

The next step is to enter the simulation details like description,definition, input unit of measurement.

From the the toolbar select General/Simulation Description. This will bring up the Simulation Description window shown in Figure 2-13.

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Figure 2-13: Simulation Description Window

To complete this data entry window: Enter the Project, Problem, User, Date, Site, and Description data entry fields and click the OK button.

From the the toolbar select General/Simulation Definition. This will bring up the Simulation Description window shown in Figure 2-14. Use the drop-down list boxes to select a Simulation Type of Network Model and a Fluid Type of Gas.

Figure 2-14: Simulation Definition Window

Click the OK button to continue.

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After leaving the Simulation Definition window, you will want to check Input Dimensions . From the the toolbar select General/Input Units of Measurement. This will bring up the Input Dimensions window shown in Figure 2-15.

For this problem, the flowrate basis will be Gas Volume units of MM ft3 /day. Use the Pipe Length drop-down list box to change the default units to miles (mi) as shown in Figure 2-15

Figure 2-15: Input Dimensions Window

Click the OK button to continue.

The next step is to begin entering the nodes _ sources, sinks, and junctions _ required for the problem. For this simulation, you will lay down two sources, one sink, and one junction, in that order. To select the nodes:

Click one of the node icons from the toolbar.

For the source node For the sink node For the junction

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Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in the main flowsheet area of the screen. Repeat this step for each of the nodes in the flowsheet until the entire system has been constructed as shown in Figure 2-16.

Note: If you have added the nodes in the stated order of

sources, sink, followed by the junction, the sources will be labeled S001 and S002, the sink, D001, and the junction, J001.
Figure 2-16: PIPEPHASE Main Window

Tip:For very large systems, multiple nodes may be placed by holding down the Shift key and clicking on each desired location for a given node.
Note: Once a node has been placed, it may be moved by simply clicking on the node with the left mouse button, holding it down, and dragging the node to a new location.

All of the source and sink nodes placed on the screen should be bordered in red indicating that user input is required for that node. After all of the nodes have been placed and named as shown in figure 2-16, the next step is to connect the nodes into a logical flow network.

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To connect two nodes:

Click on a source or junction (From node) with the left mouse button. A red square will appear on the node, and the border of the node will turn green to indicate that the node has been selected. Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and, while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to another junction or sink (To node).

Once a square has been selected and the cursor begins to move, all of the connection squares in the available junction and sink nodes will turn blue indicating a valid location to which you can connect the link. For this simulation, you must connect S001 to J004, S002 to J004, followed by J004 to D003. The flow diagram should now show the structure shown in Figure 2-17.
Figure 2-17: Connected PIPEPHASE Simulation

The next step is to enter the data for each of the sources and sinks.

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To enter the data for the source S001:

Double-click on the node S001, and enter the following information:

Node Data
Pressure (fixed) Temperature Standard Flowrate (estimated)

Value
2000 psig 80 F 600 MMft3/day

Select the PVT Property Set as 1 in the Properties field. The window should appear as shown in Figure 2-18.

Figure 2-18: Completed Gas Source S001 Window

Click the OK button to return to the main window. The source is now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have been entered.

To enter the data for the source S002:

Double-click on the node S002. The same window should appear as shown in Figure 2-18.

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Enter the following information:

Node Data
Pressure (fixed) Temperature Standard Flowrate (estimated)

Value
2000 psig 80 F 600 MMft3/day

Select the PVT Property Set as 2 in the Properties field. Click the OK button to return to the main window. The second source is now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have been entered.

To enter the data for the sink D003:

Double-click on the node D003. The window should appear as shown in Figure 2-19. Enter the following information:
Node Data
Pressure (estimated) Standard Flowrate (fixed)

Value
900 psig 1200 MMft3/day

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Figure 2-19: Completed Sink D003 Window

Click the OK button to return to the main window. The sink is now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have been entered. Lastly, you must enter the data for each of the links on the flowsheet. Lets start with link L001 between source S001 and junction J004.

To enter the data for this link:

Double-click on the link L001. This brings up the Link <L001> Device Data window as shown in Figure 2-20.

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Figure 2-20: Link <L001> Device Data Window

Click the pipe button on the device palette to add this device to the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry window. Enter the data given in Table 2-3 .

Table 2-3: Link <L001> Device Data Link L001 _ S001 to J004
PIPE E001 Length Nominal ID Schedule Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer 0.2 miles 8 inches 40 Pipe in Water; Ambient temperature: 45 F

The completed Pipe window for device E001 should appear as shown in Figure 2-21.

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Figure 2-21: Complete Pipe Device E001 Window

Click the OK button to return to the Link <L001> Device Data window. Then click the OK button to return to the main window. Next, you must add devices to link L002 connecting source S002 and junction J004. Double-click on the link L002. This brings up the Link <L002> Device Data window. Click the pipe button on the device palette to add this device to the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry window. Enter the data given in Table 2-4 for the pipe device E002 on link L002. The completed Pipe window for device E002 should appear the same as shown in Figure 2-21.

Table 2-4: Link <L002> Device Data Link L002 _ S002 to J004
PIPE E002 Length Actual ID Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer Compressor E003 Power Adiabatic Efficiency 20000 hP 80% 180 miles 24 inches Pipe in Water; Ambient temperature: 45 F

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Click OK to return to the Link <L002> Device Data window. Next, you must add a compressor to this link by clicking the compressor button on the device palette. This automatically adds this new device after the currently selected device (i.e., the pipe E002) and brings up the Compressor data entry window for device E003. Enter the data given in Table 2-4 for the compressor device E003 on link L002. The completed Compressor window should appear as shown in Figure 2-22.

Tip:To copy or delete a device previously added to a link, highlight that device, then click on the COPY then PASTE or DELETE buttons on the left palette in the Link Device Data window.
Figure 2-22: Completed Compressor E003 Window

Click OK to return to the Link <002> Device Data window. Then, click OK again to return to the main window. Using the data given in Table 2-5 , repeat the above steps for link L003 connecting junction J004 to sink D003.The main window will now appear as shown in Figure 2-23.

Table 2-5: Link <L003> Device Data Link L003 _ J004 to D003
PIPE E004 Length Actual ID Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer Compressor E005 200 miles 35 inches Pipe in Water; Ambient temperature: 45 F

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Table 2-5: Link <L003> Device Data Link L003 _ J004 to D003
Power Adiabatic Efficiency 25000 hP 80%

Figure 2-23: PIPEPHASE Main Window

Lets save the data entered so far.

Click the Save button on the toolbar, or select the File/Save menu option.

Entering Optimization Data

Now, you must define the design constraints, coefficients for the objective function, decision variables, and optimization parameters.

Click the Network Optimization Data button on the toolbar, or select the Special Features/NETOPT Optimization Data menu option. This brings up the Network Optimization Data window. Check the Enable Network Optimization check box. In the Objective data entry field, select the Minimize Objective Function radio button as shown in Figure 2-24.

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Figure 2-24: Network Optimization Window

Now, you must define the objective parameters by clicking on the Objective Parameters button to bring up the Network Optimization Objective Parameters window.

As discussed previously, the overall capital cost is a linear function of the ID of the two pipeline segments and compressor power:
Capital Cost = 140*IDPipe 1 + 126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2

There are therefore four objective parameters for this optimization problem as shown in Table 2-6 .
Table 2-6: Objective Parameters Link
L003 L002 L003 L002

Description
Pipe E004 Inside Diameter, ID Pipe E002 Inside Diameter, ID Compressor E005 Power, w Compressor E003 Power, w

Coefficient in Objective Function

140 126 4.66E-3 4.66E-3

To enter the first objective parameter:

In the Network Optimization Objective Parameters window, click the Add button. This brings up the Define Objective Parameter window. Select the Link Name radio button in the Node/Device/ Calculator Name field. Select link L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box.
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Select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list box. By default, PIPEPHASE will display the correct device name, E004. Select Inside Diameter from the Parameter drop-down list box. Type in 140 in the Correlation Coefficient data entry field as shown in Figure 2-25.

Figure 2-25: Define Objective Parameter Window

Repeat for the other three objective parameters using the data in Table 2-6 .

Tip:For the Compressor objective parameters, select Set Power from the Parameters drop-down list box in the Define Objective Parameter window.

The completed Network Optimization Objective Parameters window is shown in Figure 2-26.

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Figure 2-26: Network Optimization Objective Parameters Window

Click the OK button to return to the Network Optimization Data window. Next you must define the decision variables.

There are four decision variables for this optimization problem as shown in Table 2-7 below.
Table 2-7: Decision Variables Link
L003 L002 L002 L003

Description

Limits

Relative Perturbation
0.001 0.001

Pipe E004 Internal Diameter, ID 24<ID<48 Pipe E002 Internal Diameter, ID 24<ID<48 Compressor E003 Power, w Compressor E005 Power, w 0 hP<w<50000 hP 0 hp<w<50000 hP

To enter the first decision variable:

In the Network Optimization Data window, click the Add button. This brings up the Define Decision Variable window. Select the Link Name radio button in the Node/Device Name field. Select link L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box. Select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list box. By default, PIPEPHASE will display the correct device name, E004. Select Inside Diameter from the Parameter drop-down list box. Click the Limits button. This brings up the Optimizer Variable Limits window as shown in Figure 2-27.
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In the Variable Lower Limit field, enter a value of 24 for Mechanical Limit (Absolute Value). In the Variable Upper Limit field, enter a value of 48 for Mechanical Limit (Absolute Value).

Figure 2-27: Optimizer Variable Limits Window

Click the OK button to return to the Define Decision Variable window. Then, click the OK again to return to the Network Optimization Data window. Repeat for the other three decision variables using the data in Table 2-7 above.

Tip:For the Compressor decision variables, select Available Power from the Parameters drop-down list box in the Define Decision Variable window. The Network Optimization Data window should now appear as shown in Figure 2-28.

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Figure 2-28: Network Optimization Data Window

Next you must define the constraints by clicking the Constraints button to bring up the Network Optimization Constraints window
Description
Pressure Compressor E003 Outlet Pressure, P Compressor E005 Outlet Pressure, P

Table 2-8: Constraints Node Name

Sink D003 Link L002 Link L003

Limits
P>900 psi 0 psi<P<2475 psi 0 psi<P<2475 psi

To enter the first constraint:

In the Network Optimization Constraints window, click the Add button. This brings up the Define Constraint window. Select the Node Type radio button in the Node/Device/Calculator/
External Name field.

Select Sink from the Node Type drop-down list box. By default, PIPEPHASE will display D003 as the Node Name. Select Pressure from the Parameter drop-down list box. Click the Limits button. This brings up the Optimizer Variable Limits window. In the Variable Lower Limit field, enter a value of 900 for Mechanical Limit (Absolute Value). Click the OK button to return to the Define Constraint window.

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Then click OK again to return to the Network Optimization Data window. Repeat for the other two constraints using the data inTable 2-8 .

Tip:For the Compressor constraints, select Outlet Pressure from the Parameter drop-down list box in the Define Constraint window. The Network Optimization Constraints window should now appear as shown in Figure 2-29.
Figure 2-29: Network Optimization Constraints Window

Finally, you must specify the optimization options. Click OK to return to the Network Optimization Data window. On the Network Optimization Data window, click the Optimization Options button. This brings up the Optimization Options window. For this problem, you must increase the number of optimizer iterations from the default value of 10. In the Maximum Number of Optimizer Cycles field, select the Specified Number radio button and enter a value of 30 in the corresponding data entry field as shown in Figure 2-30.

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Figure 2-30: Optimization Options Window

Click the OK button to return to the Network Optimization Data window shown in Figure 2-31.

Figure 2-31: Network Optimization Data Window

Then, click the OK button again to return to the main PIPEPHASE window.
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Select the File/Save menu option to save the simulation date entered so far.

Specifying Print Options

Before you can run the simulation, you must specify the print options for the output report and save the simulation.

Select the General/Print Options menu option from the main PIPEPHASE window. This brings up the Print Options window as shown in Figure 2-32.

Note: You must turn off the input reprint, select that all device details be printed (the FULL option), and generate a database.

By default,Ability to Generate Excel Database is set to FULL. Select the NONE option from the Input Reprint drop-down list box. Select the FULL option from the Device Detail drop-down list box. The completed Print Options window should appear as shown in Figure 2-32.

Figure 2-32: Completed Print Options Window

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Click OK to return to the main PIPEPHASE window.

Tutorial

Select the File/Save menu option to save the simulation data entered so far.

Now you are ready to run your simulation.

Running the Simulation

If you are running on a UNIX server, you must first define your run remote settings. See the section titled Run Remote in Chapter 2, Installing PIPEPHASE, of the PIPEPHASE Installation Guide for details.

Select the File/Remote Settings menu option to bring up the Run Remote Settings window. By default, the Run Calculations on Remote Computer check box is enabled. Select the appropriate option from the Local Operating System Version drop-down list box. Supply a Remote Machine Name, Remote User ID, and Remote User Directory for your remote host machine. Select TELNET or RSH for remote execution and supply the appropriate commands for running PIPEPHASE. Click the OK button on the Run Remote Settings window to return to the main PIPEPHASE window. Click the RUN button on the toolbar or select the File/Run menu option to run PIPEPHASE. This brings up the Run Simulation and View Results window. Click the Run button in the Run Simulation field.

The status of the simulation run is shown in the Run Status window, which may be scrolled and resized. If you have successfully entered all the data correctly, your Run Simulation and View Results window will appear as shown in Figure 2-33.

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Figure 2-33: Run Simulation and View Results Window

Viewing and Plotting Results

To view the optimized results:

Select the Optimized Summary option from the Report dropdown list box, then click the View button to view the results of the optimization as shown in Figure 2-34.

Figure 2-34: Optimized Summary Report

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Table 2-9 summarizes the optimal solution for this simulation.

Table 2-9: Optimized Solution Results
Minimum Capital Cost Pipe, E002 ID Pipe, E004 ID Compressor, E003 Power Compressor, E005 Power Source, S001 Flowrate Source, S002 Flowrate $7,796 MM 24 32.9474 18366.76 hP 15949.10 hP 570.6906 MMCFD 629.3094 MMCFD

Using the RAS to Plot Results

PIPEPHASE includes a powerful utility called the Results Access System (RAS) that allows you to plot the results of your optimization run.

First, find and launch the RAS program. The main PIPEPHASE RAS window appears as shown inFigure 2-35.

Note: Under Windows 3.1, double-click on the PIPEPHASE RAS icon located in the SIMSCI group window.
Figure 2-35: PIPEPHASE RAS Window

Next, select the File/New menu option. Select the TUTORIAL.RAS database file.
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Click the View/Edit button beside the Plot Report drop-down list box to define your plot. This brings up the RAS Plot Options window. Click the Add button to bring up the RAS Plot Data Options window. Next you must plot the pressure along link L003 (from junction J004 to sink D003) for the base case and the optimized case. By default, the Initial Case option is selected in the Simulation drop-down list box.

Select L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box. Check the All Devices in the Link check box. By default, PIPEPHASE RAS will select Pressure as the State Variable to plot on the y-axis.

Click the Add Selection button to add this to the list of variables to plot. Repeat the above steps for link L003 for the Optimized Case. Click the Done button to return to the RAS Plot Options window. Fill in the Title, X-Axis Label, and Y-Axis Label fields as shown in Figure 2-36.

Figure 2-36: RAS Plot Options Window

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Click the View button to view the plot shown in Figure 2-37.
Tutorial

Figure 2-37: RAS Plot

You can save this plot or export the data as a comma-delimited or tab-delimited ASCII file using the File menu options on the Plot window.

Select File/Close to close the Plot window. Click OK on the RAS Plot Options window to return to the main RAS window.

Generate and View Excel Report

PIPEPHASE has extended its capability to generate and view reports on the results of an optimization run in an Excel format. Procedure to invoke Excel report has been listed below:

Select Generate Excel Report.. option in View Output Menu or click Excel Reports icon in the toolbar to generate an Excel report for a currently opened simulation. Excel Reports dialog box (see figure 2-38) will pop up on selecting this option. In the Excel Reports dialog box, different types of Summary and Line reports available to be generate will be listed. You can observe some of the options have been already selected. The selected options are called Set default Print Options. Select all the options listed under Run Options.
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Figure 2-38: Excel Reports

Click Run Current Network to execute the options checked under Run Options. This will generate Excel Reports for the simulation, which is currently opened.

Note: Uncheck the Run Simulation option under Run Options, if you have already run the simulation through Run Simulation and View Results dialog box. Excel Reports dialog box can be viewed by clicking Excel button present in Run Simulation and View Results dialog box.

Including Operating Costs

The analysis done in the first half of this tutorial is based on capital expenditures alone. Over the lifetime of a pipeline, the operating costs, primarily in terms of fuel consumed in running the compressors, are significant. Table 2-10 shows the compressor operating costs.
Table 2-10: Compressor Operating Costs Compressor Cost/1000hP $0.44 MM/year

Over the lifetime of the pipeline system (10 years), the total cost is therefore: Total = Operating Costs + Capital Cost Costs (MMD) = (4.0E-4*10*wCompr 1 + 4.0E-4*10*wCompr 2) + (140*IDPipe 1 +126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2)

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First, change the objective function to include these new costs and rerun the optimization.

Click the button on the toolbar or select the General/ Optimization Data menu option. This brings up the Network Optimization Data window. Click the Objective Parameters button to bring up the Network Optimization Objective Parameters window. Highlight the Compressor E005 Available Power parameter, then click the Edit button. Change the value of the Correlation Coefficient from 4.660e-003 to 6.600e-004 as shown in Figure 2-39.

Figure 2-39: Define Objective Parameter Window

Click the OK button to return to the Network Optimization Objective Parameters window. Repeat for the Correlation Coefficient for the Compressor E003 Available Power parameter. Click the OK button until you return to the main PIPEPHASE window. Then run the modified problem by clicking the Run on the toolbar or on the File/Run menu option. Then click the Run button on the Run Simulation and View Results window. Select the Optimized Summary option from the Reports dropdown list box.

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Table 2-11 compares the optimal solution for the modified problem to that of the original problem. The operating costs involved in running the pipeline system for 10 years based on the original solution are also included.

Table 2-11: Optimized Solution Results Run #2

Minimum Total Cost Capital Cost Operating Cost Pipe, E002 ID Pipe, E004 ID Compressor, E003 Power Compressor, E005 Power Source, S001 Flowrate Source, S002 Flowrate $7,964 MM $7,574 MM $389.9 MM 24 32.04 47,476 hP 50,000 hP 565.32 MMSCFD 634.67 MMSCFD

Run #1
$7,933.8 MM MM $7,796 MM $137.3 MM 24 32.9474 18366.76 HP 15949.10 HP 570.6906 MMCFD 629.3094 MMCFD

1Operating cost = 47.476*0.4*10+50*0.4*10=$389 MM

The results of these two runs show that by taking the operating costs into consideration:

Smaller compressors on both sections of pipeline are needed. For an increased capital expenditure of $222MM in laying down slightly larger pipes on Link L003, operating costs over the lifetime of the pipeline are reduced nearly 65% from $389.9 MM to $137.3 MM. Overall costs are reduced 0.3% from $7,964 MM to $7,933 MM.

2-36

Tutorial

Index
A Additional Component Capabilities Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities Assay Curve D Defaults 1-12 1-16 1-20 1-16 N Nodal Analysis Nominal Diameter Non-library Components O Online documentation help P Petroleum Pseudocomponents Pipe Schedule PIPEPHASE Case Studies Changing Window Size Color Coding Cues Equipment Items Global Settings Main Window Components Menu Options Toolbar Buttons Units of Measurement Piping Structure Pressure Drop in Completions Pressure Drop in Fittings 1-40 vi Pressure Drop in Flow Devices Printout Options Production Planning L Library Components 1-14 Properties for Non-compositional Fluids Blackoil Gas Gas Condensate 1-15 1-33 1-47 1-3 1-3 1-37 1-11 1-2 1-4 1-5 1-11 1-10 1-35 1-35 1-32 1-11 1-42 1-22 1-21 1-22 1-49 1-33 1-15

Defining Fluid Properties 1-13 Properties for Compositional Fluids 1-14 Properties for Mixed Compositional/ NonCompositional Fluids 1-23 Properties for Non-compositional Fluids Liquid 1-20 Defining Properties for Non-compositional Fluids 120 Documentation E Exiting PIPEPHASE G Gaslift and Sphering Generating and Using Tables of Properties H Heat Transfer Calculations Help, online 1-10 1-24 1-2 vi

vi vi

PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide

I-1

Liquid Steam R Relationships Reservoirs and Inflow Performance S

1-21 1-22

T Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation 117 Time-stepping Transport Properties 1-42 1-18

1-41 U Using PIPEPHASE 1-8

Sources Sphering or Pigging Starting PIPEPHASE Structure of Network Systems

1-24 1-41 1-1 1-25 V Viewing and Plotting Results 2-30

Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling 1-44

Index

I-2