Java Developer Kit contains tools needed to develop the Java programs, and JRE to run the programs.

The tools include compiler (javac.exe), Java application launcher (java.exe), Appletvie er, etc! "ompiler converts java code into #$te code. Java application launcher opens a JRE, loads the class, and invo%es its main method.
There are &' #asic sections to the Java "lass (ile structure)

Magic Number) 'x"A(E*A*E Version of Class File Format) the minor and major versions o+ the class +ile Constant Pool) ,ool o+ constants +or the class Access Flags) +or example hether the class is a#stract, static, etc. This Class) The name o+ the current class Super Class) The name o+ the super class Interfaces) An$ inter+aces in the class Fields) An$ +ields in the class Methods) An$ methods in the class Attributes) An$ attri#utes o+ the class (+or example the name o+ the source+ile, etc.)

-ou need JDK, i+ at all $ou ant to rite $our o n programs, and to compile them. (or running java programs, JRE is su++icient. JRE is targeted +or execution o+ Java +iles i.e. JRE . J/0 1 Java ,ac%ages "lasses(li%e util, math, lang, a t,s ing etc)1runtime li#raries. JDK is mainl$ targeted +or java development. 2.e. -ou can create a Java +ile ( ith the help o+ Java pac%ages), compile a Java +ile and run a java +ile. J ! "Ja#a untime !n#ironment$ Java Runtime Environment contains J/0, class li#raries, and other supporting +iles. 2t does not contain an$ development tools such as compiler, de#ugger, etc. Actuall$ J/0 runs the program, and it uses the class li#raries, and other supporting +iles provided in JRE. 2+ $ou ant to run an$ java program, $ou need to have JRE installed in the s$stem The Java /irtual 0achine provides a plat+orm3independent an$ machine and run it an$ here(an$ machine). a$ o+ executing code4 That mean compile once in

JVM "Ja#a Virtual Machine$ As e all a are hen e compile a Java +ile, output is not an 5exe6 #ut it6s a 5.class6 +ile. 5.class6 +ile consists o+ Java #$te codes hich are understanda#le #$ J/0. Java /irtual 0achine interprets the #$te code into the machine code depending upon the underl$ing operating s$stem and hard are com#ination. 2t is responsi#le +or all the things li%e gar#age collection, arra$ #ounds chec%ing, etc! J/0 is plat+orm dependent. The J/0 is called 7virtual8 #ecause it provides a machine inter+ace that does not depend on the underl$ing operating s$stem and machine hard are architecture. This independence +rom hard are and operating s$stem is a cornerstone o+ the rite3once run3an$ here value o+ Java programs.

The Java virtual machine %no s nothing o+ the Java programming language, onl$ o+ a particular #inar$ +ormat, the

class +ile

+ormat. A class +ile contains Java virtual machine instructions (orbytecodes) and a s$m#ol ta#le, as ell as other ancillar$ in+ormation. (or the sa%e o+ securit$, the Java virtual machine imposes strong +ormat and structural constraints on the code in a class +ile. 9o ever, an$ language ith +unctionalit$ that can #e expressed in terms o+ a valid class +ile can #e hosted #$ the Java virtual machine. Attracted #$ a generall$ availa#le, machine3independent plat+orm, implementers o+ other languages are turning to the Java virtual machine as a deliver$ vehicle +or their languages.

There are di++erent J/0 implementations are there. These ma$ di++er in things li%e per+ormance, relia#ilit$, speed, etc. These implementations ill di++er in those areas here Java speci+ication doesn6t mention ho to

implement the +eatures, li%e ho the gar#age collection process or%s is J/0 dependent, Java spec doesn6t de+ine an$ speci+ic a$ to do this.

JRE . J/0 1 Java ,ac%ages "lasses(li%e util, math, lang, a t,s ing etc)1runtime li#raries.
2n high3level programming languages such as " and "11, e rite a program in a human3reada#le +ormat, and a program called a compiler translates it to a #inar$ +ormat called executa#le code that the computer can understand and execute. The executa#le code depends upon the computer machine that e use to execute our program4 it is machine dependent. 2n Java, this process o+ riting to executing a program is ver$ similar, #ut ith one important di++erence that allo s us to rite Java programs that are machine independent. :sing an interpreter, all Java programs are compiled to an intermediate level called #$te code. ;e can run the compiled #$te code on an$ computer ith the Java runtime environment installed on it. The runtime environment consists o+ a virtual machine and its supporting code.

The *asic ,arts o+ the Java /irtual 0achine)

A set of registers

The registers o+ the Java /irtual 0achine are similar to the registers in our computer. 9o ever, #ecause the /irtual 0achine is stac% #ased, its registers are not used +or passing or receiving arguments. 2n Java, registers hold the machine<s state, and are updated a+ter each line o+ #$te code is executed, to maintain that state. The +ollo ing +our registers hold the state o+ the virtual machine) 1. frame, the re+erence +rame, and contains a pointer to the execution environment o+ the current method. 2. optop, the operand top, and contains a pointer to the top o+ the operand stac%, and is used to evaluate arithmetic expressions. 3. pc, the program counter, and contains the address o+ the next #$te code to #e executed.
The Java /irtual 0achine can support man$ threads o+ execution at once (J=> ?&@). Each Java /irtual 0achine thread has its o n pc (program counter) register. At an$ point, each Java /irtual 0achine thread is executing the code o+ a single method, namel$

native, the pc register contains the address o+ the Java /irtual native, the value o+ the Java /irtual 0achine<s pcregister is unde+ined. The Java /irtual 0achine<s pc register is ide enough to hold a returnAddress or a native pointer on the speci+ic plat+orm.
the current method (?A.B) +or that thread. 2+ that method is not 0achine instruction currentl$ #eing executed. 2+ the method currentl$ #eing executed #$ the thread is

4.

#ars, the varia#le register, and contains a pointer to local varia#les.

The Java /irtual 0achine uses an operand stac% to suppl$ parameters to methods and operations, and to receive results #ac% +rom them. All #$te code instructions ta%e operands +rom the stac%, operate on them, and return results to the stac% The operand stac% +ollo s the last3in +irst3out (=2(C) methodolog$, and expects the operands on the stac% to #e in a speci+ic order.
Each Java /irtual 0achine thread has a private Java /irtual 0achine stac%, created at the same time as the thread. A Java /irtual 0achine stac% stores +rames (?A.B). A Java /irtual 0achine stac% is analogous to the stac% o+ a conventional language such as ") it holds local varia#les and partial results, and pla$s a part in method invocation and return. *ecause the Java /irtual 0achine stac% is never manipulated directl$ except to push and pop +rames, +rames ma$ #e heap allocated. The memor$ +or a Java /irtual 0achine stac% does not need to #e contiguous. 2+ the computation in a thread reDuires a larger Java /irtual 0achine stac% than is permitted, the Java /irtual 0achine thro s a >tac%Cver+lo Error.

The follo&ing e'ceptional conditions are associated &ith Ja#a Virtual Machine stac%s(

2+ Java /irtual 0achine stac%s can #e d$namicall$ expanded, and expansion is attempted #ut insu++icient memor$ can #e made availa#le to e++ect the expansion, or i+ insu++icient memor$ can #e made availa#le to create the initial Java /irtual 0achine stac% +or a ne thread, the Java /irtual 0achine thro s an CutC+0emor$Error.

Frame

A +rame is used to store data and partial results, as ell as to per+orm d$namic lin%ing, return values +or methods, and dispatch exceptions. A ne +rame is created each time a method is invo%ed. A +rame is destro$ed hen its method invocation completes, hether that completion is normal or a#rupt (it thro s an uncaught exception). (rames are allocated +rom the Java /irtual 0achine stac% o+ the thread creating the +rame. Each +rame has its o n arra$ o+ local varia#les , its o n operand stac% , and a re+erence to the run3time constant pool o+ the class o+ the current method.

The stac% frame holds the state o+ the method ith three sets o+ data) the method<s local varia#les, the method<s execution environment, and the method<s operand stac%. Although the siEes o+ the local varia#le and the execution environment data sets are al a$s +ixed at the start o+ the method call, the siEe o+ the operand stac% changes as the method<s #$te code instructions are executed.

An e'ecution en#ironment

Cracle<s Java execution environment is termed the Java Runtime Environment, or JRE. ,rograms intended to run on a J/0 must #e compiled into Java #$tecode, a standardiEed porta#le #inar$ +ormat hich t$picall$ comes in the +orm o+ .class +iles (Java class +iles). A program ma$ consist o+ man$ classes in di++erent +iles. (or easier distri#ution o+ large programs, multiple class +iles ma$ #e pac%aged together in a .jar +ile (short +or Java archive). The Java application launchers, java and java o++er a standard a$ o+ executing Java code, ith or ithout a console indo respectivel$. The J/0 runtime executes .class or .jar +iles, emulating the J/0 instruction set #$ interpreting it or using a just3in3 time compiler (J2T) such as Cracle<s 9ot>pot. J2T compiling, not interpreting, is used in most J/0s toda$ to achieve greater speed. There are also ahead3o+3time compilers that ena#le developers to precompile class +iles into native code +or particular plat+orms. =i%e most virtual machines, the Java virtual machine has a stac%3#ased architecture a%in to a microcontrollerFmicroprocessor. 9o ever, the J/0 also has lo 3level support +or Java3li%e classes and methods, hich amounts to a highl$ idios$ncraticGclari+ication neededH memor$ model and capa#ilit$3#ased architecture.

;henever a method completes normall$, a value is returned to the calling method. The execution environment handles normal method returns #$ restoring the registers o+ the caller and incrementing the program counter o+ the caller to s%ip the method call instruction. Execution o+ the program then continues in the calling method<s execution environment.

A garbage)collected heap

The Java virtual machine heap is the area o+ memor$ used #$ the J/0, speci+icall$ 9ot>pot, +or d$namic memor$ allocation The heap is divided into generations) The $oung generation stores short3lived o#jects that are created and immediatel$ gar#age collected. C#jects that persist longer are moved to the old generation (also called the tenured generation). The permanent generation (or permgen) is used +or class de+initions and associated metadata. ,ermanent generation is not part o+ the heap
Criginall$ there as no permanent generation, and o#jects and classes ere stored together in the same area. *ut as class unloading occurs much more rarel$ than o#jects are collected, moving class structures to a speci+ic area allo s signi+icant per+ormance improvements.

The Java /irtual 0achine has a heap that is shared among all Java /irtual 0achine threads. The heap is the run3time data area +rom hich memor$ +or all class instances and arra$s is allocated. The heap is created on virtual machine start3up. 9eap storage +or o#jects is reclaimed #$ an automatic storage management s$stem (%no n as a gar#age collector)4 o#jects are never explicitl$ deallocated. The Java /irtual 0achine assumes no particular t$pe o+ automatic storage management s$stem, and the storage management techniDue ma$ #e chosen according to the implementor<s s$stem reDuirements. The heap ma$ #e o+ a +ixed siEe or ma$ #e expanded as reDuired #$ the computation and ma$ #e contracted i+ a larger heap #ecomes unnecessar$. The memor$ +or the heap does not need to #e contiguous. 2+ a computation reDuires more heap than can #e made availa#le #$ the automatic storage management s$stem, the Java /irtual 0achine thro s an CutC+0emor$Error.

A constant pool

A run3time constant pool is a per3class or per3inter+ace run3time representation o+ the constantIpool ta#le in a class +ile . 2t contains several %inds o+ constants, ranging +rom numeric literals %no n at compile3time to method and +ield re+erences that must #e resolved at run3time. Each run3time constant pool is allocated +rom the Java /irtual 0achine<s method area . The run3time constant pool +or a class or inter+ace is constructed hen the class or inter+ace is created #$ the Java /irtual 0achine. Each class in the heap has a constant pool associated ith it. *ecause constants do not change, the$ are usuall$ created at compile time. 2tems in the constant pool encode all the names used #$ an$ method in a particular class. The class contains a count o+ ho man$ constants exist, and an o++set that speci+ies here a particular listing o+ constants #egins ithin the class description.

All in+ormation associated

ith a constant +ollo s a speci+ic +ormat #ased on the t$pe o+ the constant.

A method storage area Java<s method area is similar to the compiled code areas o+ the runtime environments used #$ other programming languages. 2t stores #$te code instructions that are associated ith methods in the compiled code, and the s$m#ol ta#le the execution environment needs +or d$namic lin%ing. An$ de#ugging or additional in+ormation that might need to #e associated ith a method is stored in this area as ell. An instruction set Although programmers pre+er to rite code in a high3level +ormat, our computer cannot execute this code directl$, hich is h$ e must compile Java programs #e+ore e can run them. Jenerall$, compiled code is either in a machine3reada#le +ormat called machine language or in an intermediate3level +ormat such as the assem#l$ language or Java #$te code.

System.out.println("Hello world!");
At compile time, the Java compiler converts the single3line print statement to the +ollo ing #$te code) The JDK provides a tool +or examining #$te code called the Ja#a class file dissembler. ;e can run the disassem#ler #$ t$ping javap at the command line.

*+namic ,in%ing
Each +rame (?A.B) contains a re+erence to the run3time constant pool (?A.K.K) +or the t$pe o+ the current method to support dynamic linking o+ the method code. The class +ile code +or a method re+ers to methods to #e invo%ed and varia#les to #e accessed via s$m#olic re+erences. D$namic lin%ing translates these s$m#olic method re+erences into concrete method re+erences, loading classes as necessar$ to resolve as3$et3unde+ined s$m#ols, and translates varia#le accesses into appropriate o++sets in storage structures associated ith the run3time location o+ these varia#les.

Ja#a ,anguage

Ja#a ,anguage

/a#a
Tools . Tool APIs

/a#ac Ja#a VisualVM *eplo+

/a#adoc JMC Securit+

/ar JF Troubleshoot

/a#ap Ja#a *0 Scripting

JP*A Int1l 2eb Ser#ices JVM TI MI

JConsole I*,

*eplo+ment

Ja#a 2eb Start

Applet 3 Ja#a Plug)in

Ja#aF5

4ser Interface Tool%its

S&ing *rag and *rop

Ja#a 6* Input Methods

A2T Image I37

Accessibilit+ Print Ser#ice Sound

J*Integration ,ibraries

I*,

J*0C

JN*I

MI

MI)II7P

Scripting

J !
7ther 0ase ,ibraries

0eans JNI Securit+

Int1l Support Math Seriali8ation

Input37utput Net&or%ing !'tension Mechanism

JM5 7#erride Mechanism 5M, JA5P

Ja#a S! API

lang and util

Collections Management egular !'pressions

Concurrenc+ 4tilities Preferences API Versioning 9ip

JA ef 7b/ects Instrumentation

,ogging eflection

Ja#a Virtual Machine

Ja#a :otSpot VM