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CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTIONS

A Rate of Reaction

Learning Outcomes You should be able to : state what rate of reaction is identify observable changes to reactants or products for determining rate of reaction determine the average rate of reaction determine the rate of reaction at any given time from a graph solve numerical problems involving average rate of reaction. solve numerical problems involving rate of reaction at any given time.

Activity 1 :

!at is rate of reaction"

Rate of reaction is the at which reactants are converted into .. in a chemical reaction. The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in the quantity of . or . against time. Rate of reaction # C!ange in $uantity of reactant %Pro&uct Time ta'en

Activity ( : Fast )F* or S+o, )S* reactions" Write F for the fast reaction and S for the slow reaction.
1. 2. #. %. ). Fading of dyes on a shirt under hot sun !iece of !a!er turning yellow Frying an egg The weathering of limestone &y acid rain *urning of !etrol in a car engine 6. ". $. '. 1+. Striking a match Rusting of a water !i!e Ri!ening of tomatoes (igesting food ,ooking a chicken using microwave oven

Activity - :

O.serva.+e c!anges for measuring t!e rate of reaction

The change in amount of reactant - !roduct that can &e measured &y . .. in the mass of reactant .. in mass of !roduct .. in volume of gas released

NAMA :.. .. of !reci!itate ,hange in !/0 tem!erature or electrical conductivity

For each of the reactions below write a chemical e!uation and state the observable change"changes can be used as selected !uantities to measure the rate of reaction : #$ample % . The reaction &etween mar&le chi! with hydrochloric acid to !roduce car&on dio1ide gas and chloride salt. &hemical #!uation . . &hanges : 2i3 ...... 2reactants3 2ii3 .2!roduct3 #$ample ' . Reaction &etween sodium thiosul!hate solution with sul!huric acid to !roduce yellow !reci!itate of sul!hur0 water 0 sul!hur dio1ide and sodium sul!hate solution. &hemical e!uation . .. &hange : 2i3 2!roduct3

#$ample ( . (ecom!osition of hydrogen !ero1ide to !roduce water and o1ygen gas. &hemical e!uation . .. &hange : 2i3 2!roduct3

NAMA :.. Activity / :

4olume of gas 2cm#3

0etermine t!e Rate of Reaction1

Average rate of reaction in t!e t!ir& minute 4olume of gas collected in the first 1$+ sec 5 4# 4olume of gas collected in the first 12+ sec 5 42

4% 4# 42 41 &

4olume of gas collected in the third minute 5 4# 7 42 5 4 cm# Time taken for the reaction 5 1$+ 7 12+ 5 6+ s

6+ 12+

2%+

1$+

Time 2s3

verage rate of reaction in the third minute 5 4 cm#s61 6+

Average rate of reaction in t!e first 123 secon&s 5 volume of gas collected in the first 1$+ seconds 2cm#3 time taken 2s3 5 4# cm#s61 1$+

Instantaneous rate of reaction % t!e rate of reaction at 123 sec 5 gradient of the curve at 1$+ sec 5 a cm#s61 &

T!e overa++ average rate of reaction Time taken for the reaction to &e com!lete 5 2%+ s Total volume of gas collected at 2%+ s 5 4% 8verall average rate of reaction 5 4% cm#s61 2%+

NAMA :.. 1. 9n the e1!eriment to determine the rate of reaction &etween mar&le chi!s and hydrochloric acid0 the volume of o1ygen gas collected at intervals of +.) minutes is recorded in the ta&le &elow .
Time 2min3 4olume of o1ygen gas 2cm#3 + + +.) 2" 1.+ %6 1.) )' 2.+ "+ 2.) "' #.+ $6 #.) '2 %.+ ') %.) ') ).+ ')

:lot a gra!h of the volume of gas collected against time.

4olume of gas 2cm#3

1++

;ra!h of volume of o1ygen gas li&erated against time

'+

$+

"+

6+

)+

%+

#+

2+

1+

+.)

1.+

1.)

2.+

2.)

#.+

#.)

%.+

%.)

).+

Time 2min3

2. *ased on the gra!h !lotted0 determine %

NAMA :.. 2i3 the average rate of reaction in the first # minutes

2ii3 the average rate of reaction in the third minutes

2iii3 the overall average rate of reaction

2iv3 the instantaneous rate of reaction at 1 minute

Activity 4

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1. The following figure shows the gra!h of car&on dio1ide0 ,82 gas !roduced when an e1cess of calcium car&onate0 ,a,8# reacts with %+ cm# of +.1 moldm6# hydrochloric acid0 /,l.

2a3 ,alculate the 2i3 verage rate of reaction in the first 1+ sec

2ii3

verage rate of reaction in the first #+ sec

2iii3

verage rate of reaction at 6+ sec

2iv3

8verall average rate of reaction

2&3 *ased on the results in 2a30 how does the rate of reaction change with time.

2c3 <1!lain your answer to !art 2&3 with res!ect to the concentration of hydrochloric acid.

2. The following ta&le shows the volume of a gas collected from an e1!eriment.
Time 2s3 4olume of gas 2cm#3 + + #+ 1" 6+ 2' 12+ #6 1)+ #6

,alculate th average rate of reaction for 2a3 the first 6+ seconds 2&3 the overall reaction

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#. The decrease in mass of a reaction mi1ture is recorded in the following ta&le.

Time 2min3 =ass of reaction mi1ture 2g3 + 2.'+ 1 1.'+ 2 1.2) # +.") % +.%+ ) +.1+

2a3 (raw a gra!h of mass of reaction mi1ture against time.

2&3 ,alculate the rate of reaction at the 2i3 start of the reaction 2ii3 the third minute.

FACTORS AFFECTIN6 THE RATE OF REACTION Learning Outcomes

You should be able to : design e$periments to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction. give e$amples of reactions that are affected by si)e of reactant concentration temperature and catalyst. e$plain how each factor affects the rate of reaction.

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describe how factors affecting the rate of reaction are applied in daily life and in industrial processes. solve problems involving factors affecting the rate of reaction. apply *nowledge on factors affecting the rate of reaction in everyday activities.

Activity 7 :

Factors affecting t!e rate of reaction1

State five factors that affect the of reaction . reactants )i* rate Effect of si;e of 2a3 . 2&3 im . To investigate the effect of si?e of reactant in.. an e1!eriment &etween mar&les and hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction. 2c3 . 2d3 .. 2e3 . <quation . .. Activity 8 : S9ee&ing u9 t!e Rates of reaction1

+he following changes may speed up the rate of a chemical reaction between an acid and magnesium. ,ut a tick in the bo$ ne$t to each one that will speed up the reaction -assume that there is initially an e$cess of acid. and state the specific factors that affect the reaction.
1. 2. #. %. ). 6. ". $. /tatement of factors that affect the rate of reaction /eating the acid. Shaking the flask. >sing more6concentrated acid . >sing !owdered metal0 not metal ri&&on . >sing twice the volume of acid >sing a suita&le catalyst . 9ncreasing the !ressure .. >sing larger flask 0iagram of an e:9eriment /pecific factor

4olume of gas 2cm#3

The curve of e1!eriment 2 is . than e1!eriment 1. <1!eriment 1 . ,a,8# chi!s <1!t 2 Activity : E:9eriments to investigate t!e rate of than reaction1 <1!eriment 2 . ,a,8 !owder The rate of 2 reaction of e1!eriment 2 is e1!eriment 1 #
<1!t 1 The smaller the si?e of reactants0 the . the total surface area0

the . the rate of reaction.

Time 2s3

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)ii* Effect of concentration im . To investigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosul!hate solution on the rate of reaction. <quation . ..

taken.

The higher the concentration of sodium thiosul!hate solution0 the ..the time taken. The concentration of sodium thiosul!hate is ... to the time

1- time is .. The concentration of sodium thiosul!hate is .. ' to the 1-time The .. the concentration of sodium thiosul!hate0 the

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,oncentration 2moldm6#3 of sodium thiosul!hate solution

)iii* Effect of cata+yst

im . To investigate the effect of the !resence of catalyst 2=anganese 2943 o1ide3 on the rate of decom!osition of hydrogen !ero1ide. <quation . ..
Time 2s3

,oncentration 2moldm6#3 of sodium thiosul!hate solution

1- time 2s613

0iagram of an e:9eriment

4olume of gas 2cm#3 <1!t 1

The curve of e1!eriment 2 is . than e1!eriment 1. <1!eriment 1 . with 1 catalyst The rate of reaction of e1!eriment 2 is .than e1!eriment <1!eriment 2 . without catalyst <1!t 2 The !resence of catalyst0 will .................... the rate of reaction.

Time 2s3

1+

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)iv* Effect of tem9erature im . To investigate the effect of tem!erature on the rate of reaction &etween sodium tiosul!hate solution and sul!huric acid. <quation . .

The higher the tem!erature0 the .... the time taken. The tem!erature is ....to the time taken.

reaction.

1- time is .. The tem!erature is .... . to the 1-time The .. the tem!erature0 the the rate of 11

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Tem!erature 2o,3

Time 2s3 Tem!erature 2o,3

Activity < 1.
1 - time 2s613

Activity < 1. Food store in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen ca&inet. <1!lain why. @% marksA

@ Tem!erature in refrigerator is . The lower tem!erature caused the &acteria to &e less . little is released &y the &acteria. The rate of the food turns &ad is . A -@ Tem!erature in kitchen ca&inet is . The higher tem!erature caused the &acteria to &e reactive. to1ic is released &y the &acteria. The rate of the food turns &ad is .A 12

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2.

8ne kilogramme of meat0 cut into &ig !ieces0 takes a longer time to cook com!ared to one kilogramme of meat cut into small !iece. <1!lain the a&ove statement &ased on the si?e of the !articles. @2 marksA

=eat cut into small !ieces0 have .. si?e com!are to the meat cut into &ig !ieces. The the si?e0 the &igger the . of the meat0 hence the the rate of reaction. #. State and &riefly discuss two industrial !rocesses that make use catalyst. @$ marks A

2i3 /a&er !rocess is a chemical !rocess to !roduce from nitrogen and hydrogen gas. The equation of this !rocess is .. The suita&le condition of reaction are tem!erature . 0 !ressure . . and catalyst . .. 2ii3 !rocess is a chemical !rocess of synthetisising sul!huric acid. The equation of stage 999 for this !rocess is.. The suita&le condition of reaction are tem!erature . 0 !ressure . . and catalyst . ..

COLLISION THEOR= Learning Outcomes

You should be able to : relate reaction with energy produced by movement and effective collision of particles. describe activation energy. s*etch and describe energy profile diagram relate the fre!uency of effective collisions with the rate of reaction relate the fre!uency of effective collisions with factors influencing the rate of reaction describe how a certain factor affects the collision of particles in a reaction

1#

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Activity 13

>n&erstan&ings t!e Co++ision T!eory

1. What is collision theory ? theory used to e1!lain chemical reactions in terms of 2i3 2ii3 2iii3 2. The collision theory states that : 2i3 chemical reaction occurs when the reactant !articles .. each other.

2ii3 Bot all collision result in the formation of 2iii3 collision is . only when the reactant !articles have enough energy to overcome the of the reaction and when they collide in the !ro!er orientation. 3. What is activation energy ? The energy which the colliding reactant !articles must have that can result a chemical reaction.

4. Energy profile diagra

1%

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9n the energy !rofile diagram0 the activation energy is the difference in the energy &etween the energy of the . and the energy shown &y the !eak of the curve. Activity 11 8n the diagram shown &elow0 identify 2i3 the activation energy0 <a and 2ii3 the activation energy in the !resence of catalyst0 <aC

Activity 1(

Co++ision t!eory an& factors affecting t!e rate of reactions1.

1)

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!i" Effect of total s#rface area Dhen the si?e of a fi1ed mass of solid reactant is smaller0 the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE e1!osed to collision with the !articles of the other reactants is EEEEEEEEEEEEE. Thus0 the frequency of collision among the reacting !articles at the surface of the solid reactant EEEEEEEEEEEE EEE. This leads to an EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE in the frequency of effective collision and hence0 a EEEEEEEEEEEEE rate of reactions. !ii" Effect of catalyst The !resence of a catalyst in a chemical reaction allows the reaction to take !lace through an alternative !ath which requires a EEEEEEEEEEEEEE in activation energy which can &e shown in the energy !rofile diagram. Thus0 the colliding !articles are a&le to achieve the activation energy. This means that the frequency of effective collision EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEand hence0 a EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE rate of reaction !iii" Effect of te perat#re n increase in tem!erature will increase the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE of the reacting !articles. This leads to the following two changes. Firstly0 the !articles move EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE and collide more often with one another. Thus0 the frequency of collision is EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Secondly0 more colliding !articles have EEEEEEEEEEEE energy which are enough to overcome the activation energy. *oth these factors contri&ute to the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE frequency of effective collision and hence0 a EEEEEEEEEEEEE rate of reaction

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!iv" Effect of concentration and press#re n increase in the concentration of the solution of a reactant or in the !ressure of gaseous reactants will result in an EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE in the rate of reaction. DhyF Dhen the concentration of the solution of a reactant increases0 the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE of !articles !er unit volume of this reactant also EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Dith more !articles !er unit volume of the solution0 the frequency of collisions !er unit time &etween the reacting !articles EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Thus0 the frequency of effective collision EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE and hence0 the rate of reaction &ecomes EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.

$se the %ords &elo% to fill in the &lank &o'es in the diagra 1 *igger surface area slow less !articles &igger si?e cold fast more !articles hot smaller si?e slow

1"

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REINFORCE?ENT TEST CHAPTER 1@RATE OF REACTION 1. grou! of !u!ils carried out three e1!eriments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of a reaction. Ta&le &elow shows information a&out the reactants and the tem!erature used in each e1!eriment.
Reactants <1cess magnesium ri&&ons and 2) cm# of +.) mol dm6# hydrochloric acid <1cess magnesium ri&&on and 2) cm# of +.) mol dm6# hydrochloric acid <1cess magnesium !owder and 2) cm# of +.) mol dm6# hydrochloric acid Tem9erature % oC 2) #) #)

E:9eriment

* ,

Sketch a gra!h of these e1!eriment on the same a1es.

@% mA

2..

student carried out three e1!eriments to investigate the effects of the factors influencing the rate of reaction. Ta&le &elow shows the results of the e1!eriments.
I II III

E:9eriment Set6u! of a!!aratus

Excess hydrochloric acid 0.2 g magnesium ribbon Tem!erature - o, Time taken for all the magnesium to dissolve - s #+ )+ %+ 2+

Excess hydrochloric acid + copper(II) sulphate

%+ 1)

Sketch the gra!hs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for <1!eriments 90 99 and 999 using the same a1es.

1$

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The ta&le &elow shows the volume of hydrogen gas released when )+.++ cm # of sul!huric acid solution reacts with ).+ g of granulated ?inc.

Time-s 4olume of hydrogen gas released-cm#

2a3

+ +.++

#+ $+.++

6+ 12).++

'+ 16).++

12+ 1'+.++

1)+ 21+.++

1$+ 21+.++

21+ 21+.++

Drite the chemical equation for the reaction &etween ?inc and sul!huric acid. ... @2 marksA

2&3

,alculate the overall average rate of reaction of this e1!eriment.

@1 markA 2c3 2i3 (raw the gra!h of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time. @% marksA 2ii3 From the gra!h 0 calculate the rate of reaction at the $+ th seconds.

@2 marksA 2d3 9nstead of measuring the volume of hydrogen gas released0 state another method that can &e used to calculate the rate of reaction in this e1!eriment. ... @ 1 markA

1'

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*ased on the ta&le and gra!h a&ove0 com!are the rate of reaction &etween . 2i3 2ii3 <1!eriment 9 and <1!eriment 99 <1!eriment 99 and <1!eriment 999

2+

NAMA :.. #$periment 0 and #$periment 00 +he rate of reaction of e$periment 00 is compared to e$periment 0. +he temperature of e$periment 00 is . +he higher the temperature the the *inetic energy of the particles. +he between hydrogen ions 12 and calsium carbonate happened. +he fre!uency of collision . +he fre!uency of collision also increases. 1ence the rate of reaction is. #$periment 00 and #$periment 000 +he rate of reaction of e$periment 000 is compared to e$periment 00. +he total surface area of the reactants in e$periment 000 is .. +he between hydrogen ions 12 and calsium carbonate happened. +he fre!uency of collision . +he fre!uency of collision also increases. 1ence the rate of reaction .

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