Astm E446 Req

ASTM E446
Significance and Use Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7 . Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thic!nesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of "#$6 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in the purchaser supplier agreement (see %ote & and '.# . (rocedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section $) however, there may be manufacturing* purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such re+uirements. ,here such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called*out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section - addresses purchaser supplier re+uisites for where weld repairs may be re+uired. 1. Scope #.# These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thic!nesses up to & in. ('..$ mm (see %ote & . The reference radiograph films are an ad/unct to this standard and must be purchased separately from 0ST1 2nternational, if needed (see &.& . 3ategories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in #.&. %ote #4The basis of application for these reference radiographs re+uires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic e5amination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 6, 6, and 7 of this standard. %ote &4Reference radiographs previously used for this thic!ness range carried the designation "7#, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recogni7ed shrin!age or 3 categories and by elimination of the crac! and hot tear categories e5cept for one e5ample of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thic!er sections may be found in Reference Radiograph standards "#$6 and "&$.. Reference Radiograph standards "666 and "#$6
provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 6.&, '.#, and 6.8 . #.& These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see %ote 8 as follows9 (2 medium voltage (nominal &'.*!: ; rays. (22 #*1: ; rays and 2ridium*#-& radiation, and (222 &*1: to 6*1: ; rays and cobalt*6. radiation. <nless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see #.# , each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thic!ness range covered by this standard. "ach volume consists of si5 categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. =ollowing is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the ad/unct reference radiographs of this standard9 #.&.# 3ategory 04Gas porosity) severity levels # through '. #.&.& 3ategory >4Sand and slag inclusions) severity levels # through '. #.&.8 3ategory 34Shrin!age) 6 types9 #.&.8.# 3a4Severity levels # through '. #.&.8.& 3b4Severity levels # through '. #.&.8.8 3c4Severity levels # through '. #.&.8.6 3d4combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrin!age4Severity levels # through '. #.&.6 3ategory ?43rac!) # illustration. #.&.' 3ategory "4@ot tear) # illustration. #.&.6 3ategory =42nsert) # illustration. #.&.7 3ategory G41ottling) # illustration. %ote 84The reference radiographs consist of the following9 :olume 29 1edium :oltage (nominal &'. !:p ;*Ray Reference Radiographs4set of 86 illustrations (nominal ' by 7 in. in a #' by #7*in. ring binder. :olume 229 #*1: ; Rays and 2ridium*#-& Reference Radiographs4Set of 86 illustrations (nominal ' by 7 in. in a #' by #7*in. ring binder. :olume 2229 &*1: to 6*1: ; Rays and 3obalt*6. Reference Radiographs4Set of 86 illustrations (nominal ' by 7 in. in a #' by #7*in. ring binder. %ote 640lthough 3ategory GA1ottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. 1ottling appears reasonably prominent in :olume 2) however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in :olume 22 nor :olume 222.
#.8 The values stated in inch*pound units are to be regarded as the standard. S2 values are shown for information only. #.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. 2t is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately)
ASTM Standards "-6 Guide for Radiographic "5amination "#$6 Reference Radiographs for @eavy*,alled (& to 6#&*in. ('..$ to ##6*mm Steel 3astings "&6& Reference Radiographs for 0ppearances of Radiographic 2mages as 3ertain (arameters 0re 3hanged "&$. Reference Radiographs for @eavy*,alled (6#& to #&*in. (##6 to 8.'*mm Steel 3astings "#8#6 Terminology for %ondestructive "5aminations
Index Terms discontinuity classification criterion) gamma ray) reference radiographs) steel castings) 5* ray) Reference radiographs**steel castings) Steel castings (reference radiographs

Astm E446 Req

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