Sayce Egypt of The Hebrews and Herodotos
Sayce Egypt of The Hebrews and Herodotos
Sayce Egypt of The Hebrews and Herodotos
'i
'
CORNELL
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN _IN -.1891. BY-
BY
The
Rev. A. H.
AYCE
at oxford
'professor of assykiology
CO.
PREFACE
A
FEW words of preface
addition
are needful to justify
the
of
over-abundant
mass
of
which
Egypt
is
the subject.
It is
intended to supple-
in the
hands of
tourists
and
to
not readily
accessible
cumbrous works.
in
The
travels
of Herodotos
Jews
is
Roman
Egypt
Empire.
As
have more-
made by
the
Egypt
viii
Exploration
Fund and by
Professor Flinders
Fund
or of Pro-
who do
I
believe,
Appendices
have put
together information which the visitor to the Nile often wishes to obtain, but which he can
find
in
none of
his
guide-books.
The Apwill
and the
list
there-
be found to
differ
Those who
Atlas
the
of
maps
by the
6d.).
It
to
this or
any
superfluous.
Preface
it
ix
is
keep pace
with them.
Since
my
Egypt
Der
the
Queen Hatshepsu
at
it
laid
Professor
has excavated
in
the
desert behind
the
tombs
of
who
the
between
of the
dis-
of
the
sixth
;
and
the
rise
eleventh dynasty
interred
Mr,
de Morgan has
exquisite
more jewellery of
workman-
and Dr.
Botti
time a
city.
The
dead
in
open
made
Their
pottery,
which
is
frequently
ground, has
at
of giraffes,
ostriches,
and
other
and
its
been
in
great measure
work.
In the
iii.
to
'
Juvenal
Ombos refers. As
is
the
jewellery
dis-
covered
in the
it
Morgan,
Among
or
it
are two
ornamented with
stars
forget-me-nots
inlaid so exquisitely
look
like
enamel, while
between the
we
should
call St.
Cuthbert's crosses.
Preface
xi
The Serapeum
last of its
at
Alexandria, where
the
is
now marked by
Pompey's
Pillar.
known
as
The column
stood in the
From
this there
into
the
and
is
of Alexandria by Aphthonios, a
Greek
orator
who
visited
it
a minute description of
according
to
Aphthonios, the
as
well
as
great
was
adorned,
inscriptions
Greek orator
tells
us was
xii
situated in the
court.
But
his
most
interesting discovery
lamps,
where the
mysteries
of
Serapis
were
celebrated.
At
them pious
visitors to
vows on
the
interested in the
L!Acropole d'Alexandrie
et le
S^rapeum, pre-
August 1895.
Two
cylinder
may
seal-
also find
mention here.
Babylonian
now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at New York has at last given me a clue to the native home of the Hyksos leaders. This
was
in the
frontier of
Chaldsa.
It
and founded a dynasty there which lasted for nearly 600 years, and the same movement
which brought them into Babylonia
may have
Preface
xiii
them
across
Western Asia
upon
Egypt.
At
all
belonged
to a certain
'
Uzi-Sutakh,
'
the
servant of Burna-buryas,'
who was
the Kassite
el-
Amarna
Sutakh
divinity,
is
correspondence.
As
the
name
the
of
it is
we have
in
it
name
of the
Hyksos
deity Sutekh.
SaqqArah, and
now
in the
Gizeh Museum, we
Camp
learn
Ai, in
We
King
from the
the
Camp
'
or quarter
to the Hittites.
The
at
Memphis, the
capital of
Northern Egypt, as
Professor
Hommel seems
to
have
xiv
Philistines, in a
of
Here mention
is
of the city of
Arka
in Phoenicia,
In Zaqqalta
we must
history.
recognise the
I
Zakkur of Egyptian
may add
that
Khar
or Khal, the
name given by
portion of Palestine,
identified
by Professor
By way of conclusion, I have only to say that those who wish to read a detailed account
of the
manner
ii.
in
Ramses
at
Memphis was
and
its
refer to the
SAYCE.
October 1895.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
THE PATRIARCHAL AGE
I
PAGE
.
CHAPTER
THE AGE OF MOSES
II 52
...
CHAPTER
III
IN
CANAAN
80
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
THE AGE OF THE PTOLEMIES
IV
.
IO4
....
VI
I34
CHAPTER
HERODOTOS IN EGYPT
-175
CHAPTER
IN
VII
.
206
CHAPTER
MEMPHIS AND THE FAYYOm
VIII
242
XV
xvi
APPENDICES
I.
n.
III.
THE PTOLEMIES
BIBLICAL DATES
.
. .
IV.
V.
VI.
INDEX
Egypt
to sojourn there.'
When
The
Even
Cairo,
in front of the
temple
of the Sun-god.
fix
of
of Chaldaea, and
his
Elamite
allies
The Egypt of
the
The
united
far earlier
monarchy of Egypt went back Menes, its founder, had been date.
to
kin^
starting
in bring-
earlier
Egypt under his rule. But the memory of ar time, when the valley of the Nile was divided
two separate sovereignties, survived to the latesl age of the monarchy. Up to the last the Pharaohs
into
of
Egypt
called themselves
their
'
lands,'
and wore on
Lower Egypt.
tiara
like
heads the crowns of Upper and The crown of Upper Egypt was a of white linen, that of Lower Egypt a thronehead-dress of red. The double crown was a
To Menes
is
He
is
said
to
Belleelits
On
the
oi
ground that he thus added to the western bank the river his new capital was erected.
Memphis
Men-nefer or
in
is
'
Good
Place.'
The
final
rwas droppec
anc
Egyptian pronunciation at an
early date,
Hebrew forms of
find in the
in the
the name,
Moph and
Noph, which we
'
Memphis
it
of Assyria
itself
origin.
Another name by
which
'
went
in old
and of which
the wall
is
it
many
is
feet thick,
palms.
mounds
filled
is
depression, which
is
marks the
site
of the
Here, not
Ramses
II.
Government.
for
But
it
unwieldy
sea,
modern engineers
left
and
it
was therefore
lying with
face prone
in the
mud and
'
Hosea
6; Isaiah
xix.
13; Jeremiah
ii.
16.
4
the
The Egypt of
first
the
was
out of
its
Bagnold and
placed securely in
wooden
shed.
While it was being raised another colossus of the same Pharaoh, of smaller size but of better workmanship, was discovered, and lifted beyond the reach
of the inundation.
The two
the god Ptah,
whom
their
own
similarity of name.
with the
city
of
which
god.
Pharaoh
its priests
it,
and
in the
The temple
its
Memphis
sacred name.
'
the house
in
But the
glories of the
The worship
the
god ceased
Emperor,
ever
when Theodosius,
Roman
The Patriarchal Age
closed
its
5
gates,
religion save
the empire.
conquest of Egypt.
Memphis was
deserted
and the
new
lords of the
spoils of the
temple of Ptah.
As
late
as the el-Latif
still
twelfth
century,
the
Arabic
writer
'Abd
Colossal
statues,
and
called
'
'
The
history of Egypt, as
we have
seen, begins
magnitude.
It
is
a fitting
commencement
for the
by man
of the
now
is
efforts
engineer.
Beyond
his
of
Menes and
blank.
immediate successors
virtually a
No
first
dynasty
may
be, as
is
many
older than
The Egypt of
the
if so,
may
the
still
its origin
in its breast.
We
know
that
it
was
already
Khephr^n
we know
first
nothing.
still
Of
vives.
sur-
Almost the
at
gift
received
by the Ashthe
molean Museum
lintel-stone of an
by Dr. Greaves
at the end of
century
read,
it
of a
of the two
Of name
Per-ab-sen no
of Send had
The
rest of Sheri's
is
tomb, so
far as
it
has been
after
preserved,
now
in the
Gizeh Museum.
Years
tomb was
dis-
covered by Marietta
Like the lintel-stone in the Ashmolean Museum, it is adorned with sculptures and hieroglyphics. Already, we learn from it, the
hieroglyphic system of writing was complete,
the
The
name
of Send himself
is
alphabet.
to that
The
art of the
events,
we
civilisation.
With
or,
Snefru, the
first
the third,
Egypt.
we
enter
There
and
malachite were
worked
In Egypt, as has
now been
Around
it
were from
priests,
Museum.
statues of Ra-nefer
and
his
instance,
are
among
the
finest
existing specimens
of ancient Egyptian
workman-
8
ship.
The Egypt of
the
They
modern
artist.
While
one we can
see
self-
made man,
in the other
culture
The pyramids
record
of Gizeh
are
the
imperishable
of the
fourth
dynasty.
Khufu, KhafRa
and Men-ka-Ra, the Kheops, Khephr^n and Mykerinos of Herodotos, were the builders of the three
by
their size
and nearness
to to
the traveller.
The huge
some thirty-five square feet each, were not only worked with an accuracy equal to that of the
modern
out.
'
optician, but
Though
or,
as
-5
J^ inch,
opening of the joint was J^ inch, yet the builders managed to fill the joint with cement, despite the great area of it and the weight of the stone to be
moved
some
sixteen tons.
To merely
place such
work
almost impossible.'
with tubular
drills fitted
it
a mode
is
was
left
to the nineteenth
century to re-discover.
stone by the drills can
The
still
lines
evidence that not only the tool but the stone also
was
the
rotated.
drills
The
indeed surprising.
attained
in the fourth
millennium
raised.
which
this latter
work was
unknown.
The
us someperiod.
and
civilisation of the
The government was a highly organised bureaucracy, under a king who was already regarded as the reThe land presentative of the Sun-god upon earth.
was
inhabited
by an
industrious
people,
plenty.
mainly
Arts
agricultural,
'
who
lived in peace
and
(first
edition), p. 44.
lo
The Egypt of
crafts of all
glass.
the
and
of
making
a high perfection.
in the
The One
world
is
that of
is
throne, which
now
is
in the
Museum
of Gizeh.
;
The
his
more than
life-size
its
above
wings, and
the
on the king's
face,
rests an
its
And
carved
out
The
the
fifth
fourth dynasty
by
and the
sixth.
climax.
of Egyptian
art
is
museums
of
it
Europe have
little
crystalthat
of
of
the
the
early dynasties.
The wooden
sleek
figure
'Sheikh
el-Beled
' the
and
well-to-do
farmer,
gazes complacently on his fertile fields and well-stocked farm is one of the noblest works
of
who
human
fifth
relief,
the
And yet it belongs to the age or the sixth dynasty, like the pictures
genius.
of
in,
low
ston^i
The
logists
first
what Egypto-
call
queen,
Nit-aqer (the
A
its
few royal
names alone
yet none.
What
befell the
country and
rulers
we
do not know.
or civil
of the Nile.
may
tribes,
lately discovered
and
whom
he believes to
origin,
With
Mr.
era,
one of
frag-
The
mentary
inscription,
which can
still
be traced on the
suppression of a
civil
war.
its
The
introduces
The age
builders
begins to
age.
and the tomb carved in the rock take the place of the pyramid of the earlier
to be the capital of the
to
at
country
The
art
which flourished
Memphis has been superseded by the art with which With the our museums have made us familiar.
transfer of the government, moreover, from north
to
south,
Ra
to
Amon,
the
god of Thebes.
The god
of the
the
now
north
the Middle
Empire was
divided
received
re-
of great princes,
who had
The
Pharaoh
his
at first
was
little
chief among
into the
peers.
more and more encroached upon. A firm government at home and successful campaigns abroad restored the supreme rule of the Pharaoh and madel
13
him, perhaps more than had ever been the case before,
a divinely-instituted autocrat.
The wars of
the
twelfth
Egyptian domination
The
military
its
most
Old Empire.
self-
The Egypt
of the
first
six dynasties
contained and
pacific.
The
natural boundaries of
Egypt has
sented itself
The Pharaohs
all
:
this
its
was
changed.
will
Egypt
ceases to be isolated
history
Temples and
obelisks were
Fayyum, whereby a
was
won
skill
,
for
Amon-em-
hat
III.,
on the part of
all
succeeding generations.
The
14
its
The Egypt of
predecessor.
the
We possess
fifty
names of more
to
it,
than
kings
who belonged
and
their monuments were scattered from one end ol Egypt to the other. The fourteenth dynasty ended
in disaster.
Asiatic hordes,
and the
line of native
for a
time extinct
the
The
Egyptian
invaders
were
by
Manetho,
historian, the
Hyksos
or Shepherd Princes
Aamu
or
Asiatics.'
At
first,
we
marked by massacre and destruction. The temples were profaned and overthrown, the cities burned with
fire.
But
king
among
the invaders
Hyksos extended,
not to
the
El-Kab.
Gradually, however,
the
native
princes
the
Upper Egypt.
While
Tanis, in
the
north,
15
They
still
foreign Pharaoh.
The war
of
the
Hyksos
king
Apopi.
According to the
him worship none other god than Baal-Sutekh, the Hyksos divinity. But
prince of Thebes, bidding
Amon-Ra
of Thebes
up
his adorers to
For
five
stranger.
dependence,
Egypt Memphis
first
fell,
recovered
its
in-
and
finally
the
their
fortress
of Avaris, on
from
I.,
avenging
hand
of
the
Egyptian.
Ahmes
The land which had sent forth its hordes to connow in turn to be conquered by the Egyptians. The war was carried into Asia, and
quer Egypt was
the struggle for independence
empire.
became a struggle
time in
for
dynasty,
I
the
first
its
history,
state.
Army
after
army
The Egypt of
the
back to
it
known
world.
Ethiopia
and Syria
and had
alike to
bow
rule,
Egyptian
probable that
Abraham
Hyksos conquest.
But before
the
uncertain.
We
by
lasted
have to reckon
it
by
dynasties
the
rather than
years.
According to Manetho,
Old Empire
interval
must be allowed
its fall
We
papyrus
list
compiled
in the
time of Ramses
II.,
but now,
alas!
in tattered
fragments
lasted
243
known
of
and
the
How
long
Hyksos
rule
endured
it is
difficult to say,
Africanus,
17
Manetho, as
it
Professor
Erman
has
shown, makes
for our
knowledge of
on
its
later writers,
whom
sought to harmonise
When
we
we cannot
place implicit
Indeed, the writers who have come down to us. recorded them do not always agree together, and we find the names of kings arbitrarily omitted or
the length of their reigns shortened in order to force
the chronology into
author.
The
to
;
twelfth
134 years
to
according
Africanus
Eusebius,
according
its real
and 12 days.
With the help of certain astronomical data furnished by the monuments. Dr. Mahler, the Viennese
astronomer, has succeeded in determining the exact
reigns of the two most famous
'date of the
Earchs
mon-
Thothmes
February
and Ramses
li.
Thothmes
III.
reigned
of
li.
B.C.
lasted from
B.C.
III.
1348 to
B.C.
1281.
The
date
of of
Thothmes
1570.
successive and
The
dynasties of
Manetho were
not contemporaneous.
and discoveries of
artificial
Marietta
Pasha.
The
schemes
but
of chronology
their authors
which, however,
fresh discovery
satisfied
no one
upon the
Every
makes the fact still more certain. There were epochs, indeed, when more than one line of kings claimed sway in the valley of the Nile, but when such was the case, Manetho selected what he or his authorities
considered the sole legitimate dynasty, and disregarded
every other.
Of
Manetho recognise but one, and the Assyrian rule Egypt at a subsequent date is ignored in favour of
who were
is
then,
any reliance
to be placed
on the
lengtl
19
in
Hyksos dominion
the
and
if
we
are
still
to hold to the
Hebrew
kings
Chedor-laomer and
it
of
Babylonia,
Delta that
The
Sin.
court
modern
easy of
are told
capital,
and
its
proximity
it
Egypt made
We
;
Book of Numbers (xiii. 22) that Hebron was Zoan in Egypt and it may
thing.
On
there
Aamu
or
II.
Asiatics
Under
them
Four women
in
long
;bright-coloured robes
on
donkey's back.
The men
are
20
vari-coloured
garments
for
which
the
people
After the
Hyksos conquest
Asiatic
migration
increased.
Between
been
The
rulers of the
Asiatic
of
now
themselves of
and
it
may
Palestine
was spoken
in the
At
all
Canaan no
longer
land
there,
now supreme
to
him whenever
he
The
subject population
tilled
by the inhabitants of
Canaan.
the
now
in
look to
Egypt
for its
supply of corn.
the age when
therefore,
Abraham
lived
him,
into
Egypt when the corn of Palestine had failed. He would but be following in the wake of that larger
Asiatic migration which led to the rise of the Hyksoi
dynasties themselves.
21
monuments.
We
asses,
are told
that
among
the gifts
The camel
As
far
Indeed,
it
been tamed at
practically
all.
But
to the Egyptians
it
was
unknown.
we anywhere
it
find
it
repre-
The
earliest
mention of
is
an Egyptian document
it
in a
name
of
Hebrew gamal}
Naturalists have
shown
Nevertheless
it
Egypt by the
natives of
was not
by
Pap. Anastasi,
p. 23, line 5.
22
The Egypt of
visitors
the
nomad
difficult
And
found their
way
proved by excavation.
1851-54,
When Hekekyan
shafts
in
Bey,
in
was sinking
the
Nile
mud
at
Society of London, he
remains, the bones
of
The name of
is
not told to
us.
As
of
Egypt
title
is
referred
'
only by his
official
title.
This
of
Pharaoh
back
represents
is
the Egyptian
Per-ia, or
'
of
All power
palace,
or
'
That the Hyksos princes should have assumed the title of their predecessors on the throne of Egypt
'
Societl,
1855-58.
23
The monuments have shown us how thoroughly Egyptianised they soon became. The court of the Hyksos Pharaoh differed but httle, if at all, from that of the native Pharaoh. The
not surprising.
invaders rapidly adopted
the culture of the conit
Hyksos king. It may be that the old language of Asia was retained, at all events for a time, by the side of the language of the subject
written for a
population
but
if so,
its
position
like that of
Egypt
Mohammed
Ali.
For several
as Egyptians,
by the Egyptian
It
among
the
legitimate
was only
in the
itself
from
its
native
The supreme god of the Hyksos princes was Sutekh, in whom we must see a form of the Semitic Baal. As has already been stated, Egyptian
legend ascribed the origin of the war of indepen-
dence to
demand on
Hyksos
24
The Egypt of
deity.
the
Hyksos
But even
matter of
religion
to
Ra,
to his
name
the
title
of Ra,
who had
Old
gone
When
ment,
it
in the
Testanation.
is
when
Israel
is
about to become a
his brethren to
merchants from
who
carried
him
into
'
Egypt.
There he
became the
slave of Potiphar,
The name
priest of
'
by Egyptologists
that
names of
belonged
name
of an
earlier
that
are
such do not
imperfect,
exist.
As
we cannot draw
The Patriarchal Age
acceptance of the story.
be.
25
it
This, however,
need not
Eunuchs
harems
to positions their
it
modern East, who have risen of power and importance, have possessed
in the
like other
men.
In ancient Babylonia
service of religion
was forbidden
in
to enter.
Egypt
also.
many
tales,
the equivalents
The tale, which is usually known as that The Two Brothers,' was written by the scribe Enna for Seti II. of the nineteenth dynasty when he
delighted.
of
'
was
still
crown-prince, and
it
embodies the
folk-lore
Enna
lived
under Meneptah,
from their
How
it is
may
be
it is
based
impossible for us to
tell.
Now Anup
pos-
26
The Egypt of
the
him
He
it
was who
fields,
wove
(?) for
who
all
he
it
was who
directed
The younger
the like of
whom
One
was
day
Anup
seed-corn.
said to
And
:
he sent
his
younger
brother,^ and
him
me
seed-corn from
the
the village.
And
his
that
me
seed-corn
field, for
thus has
my
elder
brother enjoined
delaying,
chest, that
The woman
wise
him
fall
Go
in,
open the
my
locks will
to the ground.
stable,
And
the
and took
thereout
was
much
And
is
Then she
said to him
How
her
:
great
He
rest
said to
of
Two
measures which
on my
to
Thus he spake
to her.
first
edition,
trans,
27
How
.
great
is
thy strength
Well have
And
and
her heart
laid
knew him.
And
she stood up
:
Come
let
will
prepare for
Then was
But
like
measure.
And
he spoke
and
said
a mother to
me and
I,
he
is
older than
my
begetter.
Wherefore
thou hast
Say
not to
tell
it,
me
another time,
it
this
time not
and no word of
come out of
field.
my mouth
And
to
any man
at
all.
And
And when
to
And
his
the good
things of the
and he drove
to the stable.
his
oxen before
behold the
him
to bring
them
And
was
28
The Egypt of
like to
the
and was
one to
whom
an evil-doer had
offered
:
husband Thy
me
violence.
And
her
husband returned home at evening, according to his daily custom, and found his wife lying stretched out
and suffering from
his hands, as injury.
over
ill.
And
:
to
Who
She
Lift thyself
up
him
No
me
me
sitting alone
and said
to me, "
:
Come,
let
us
!
make merry an
"
hour
to
and repose
let
down thy
hair "
Thus he spake
me am
like
but
I
See
a father to thee?"
Thus
thee.
spoke to him,
but
my
tell
me
him
that
might not
I
Now
to
if
thou allow
to live
will kill
myself
rage like
it
in his
And
in the
back
kill the youth when he came evening to bring the oxen into the stable.
Now when
; : :
29
field,
accord-
And
cow
!
that
first
Beware
thee
first
him
cow
Then
looked
feet of
He
who was
He
His elder
him with
of croco-
morning Bata convinced his brother that he had done no wrong, and reproached him for having Then he added believed that he could be guilty.
in the
'
oxen
thyself,
for
will
go
to
So Anup returned
to his house,
The dreams,
in full
through which
this
30
The Egypt of
the
Dreams
it
even
faith of
Egypt.
Thothmes IV. cleared away the sand that had overwhelmed the Sphinx, and built a temple between its paws, in consequence of a dream in which RaHarmakhis had appeared to him when, wearied with hunting, he had lain down to sleep under the shadow
of the ancient monument.
thousand years
later
Nut-Amon
to
of Ethiopia was
into
summoned by
a dream
march
Egypt.
an oracle was
one of
it
those
who
consulted
came
them during
the night.
at times an interpreter
interpreter mention
and of such an
made
in a
Greek
at
Memphis.
At
which the
signification of
to a science.
The dreams
of Pharaoh and
'
'
his
eunuchs,'
'
and
wise
men
'
of
Egypt
failed to
31
And
its
yet,
captive had
in the
pointed out
mind of Pharaoh and his servants that he was right. From time immemorial the Nile had been likened to
a milch-cow, and the
over the
soil to
fertilising
water which
it
spread
life.
human
Isis
watched
of Egypt.
It
she
'
and
the 'seven
which stood
'
of the Nile.
It
the
Hebrew
Semitic,
an Egyptian
ruler,
second
itself.
be
and
even
henceforth
became
Zaphnath-
paaneah.
He
allied himself
priesthood of Heliopolis or On, marrying Asenath, the daughter of the priest of Ra.
marriage, as well as by
position,
By name and
Such changes of name are not unknown to the From time to time we meet with the inscriptions.
records of foreigners
valley of the Nile
who had
settled
32
The Egypt of
origin.
the
Egyptian
Thus
in
momunent
the
found
at
Abydos
tells
called
of
Egypt
new name
The
similarly adopted
which
in the letters
is
borne
in
Egypt.
The exact transcription in hieroglyphics of the Egyptian name of Joseph is still doubtful. But it
plain that
'
is
it
'
the
life,'
or
preis
of
since Kadynasty,
land,'
of
the
'
assumed the
it is
of Zaf-n-to,
nourisher of the
we may
of
see
an
Egyptian
Zaf-nti-pa-ankh,
final
'nourisher
the
Pharaoh.'
But the
solution
of the question
must be
It is
left to
future research.
now more easy to explain the cry which was when he went forth from the
of the
presence
around his
Pharaoh with the golden neck and the royal signet upon his
chain
finger.
33
tion of
the
vainly'
is
sought
of
in
the
Egyptian
origin.
language.
the
really
Babylonian
In
primitive
'
non-Semitic language of
'
a seer
or
'
soothsayer,'
and
and
his exaltation
was
due
to his
future.
It
was as
of the
a divinely-inspired
that
the
subjects
Pharaoh were
to reverence him.
How
who
used in Egypt
is
idle for
us to
inquire.
Those
And
the
since
we now know
of
time
Joseph,
had
under
Babylonian
made
their
require
it
does not
may have
penetrated
to the
Up
34
The Egypt of
the
other as were England and the north of France the age of the
the
Nile.
autumn crops
damaged or
If,
Egypt,
let the
habited desert.
it
a scarcity
of food.
When
abroad, famine
is
case
in
era,
when
The Arabic
writers, El-Makrizi
and
Abd-elterrible
terms.
which
excre-
caused.
in the
own
and
it
was unsafe to
food,
walk
35
lasted, like
The famine
1
described
by El-Makrizi
Nile.
by Mr. Wilbour
notice
of another
famine
of seven
years,
which
The
and the
inscription
dated in the
of
Egypt
fifth
Ptolemies.
it
translation,
Nubia
saying
those
am
sorrowing upon
my
who belong
to the palace.
my
is
my
Light
the grain
food.
there
is
all
kinds of
Each man has become a thief to his neighbour. They desire to hasten and cannot walk the child
;
cries,
man
their
souls are
bowed down.
hands
rest in
The
court
is
but emptiness.
chests of
36
The Egypt of
the
provisions,
but instead
is
Everything
declare
exhausted.'
The
to
how Khnum
the Creator
came
to the help of
to
the
the
king
gave the
priests
of
Khnum
of
all
either
of the
island)
together
country.
with
tithes
the
produce of
the
to
light
yet
another belongs
of
record of a famine in
to an older period.
Among
is
their court
rates the
name
of a certain Baba.
The name
occurs
of
is
interesting
assisted
and who,
in
Ahmes
the
Hyksos from
'
Baba
adds
When
may
is
is
the
of
famine of Joseph.
we know about
the date
Baba
If he
in
37
paramount
in
good reason
One
whom
they paid a
is
fifth
of
all
their produce.
If
this
statement
historical,
the
administration
of
Apopi, of
whom
tells
us that
him
tribute, together
with
its
all
The account
in
The famine
But a famine
is
in
in
to the
and the
effect
would have no
Palestine.
In
Canaan
it
We
it
was when
The Hebrew
38
The Egypt of
the
it
was
to
Abraham
is
land that
not
theirs,
and
shall serve
them
and
they shall
explicit
(xii.
is
afflict
them
Equally
40,
Israel
who dwelt
Egypt was
came
all
thirty years.
And
and
to pass at the
end of
the
four hundred
it
came
to pass, that
Here
thirty years
four hunafflicted
Exodus
took
we
Egyptian monuments
forbid
thirty
our placing
elsewhere
ning of the
It
is
last
Hyksos dynasty.
also
knows of an epoch of four hundred years which covers almost the same period as the four hundred
years of Genesis.
Mariette Pasha,
when
excavating
39
been erected
officers,
in the reign of
Ramses
to
II.
The
stela
commemorates a
hundredth year of
the king of
also
named
is
Set-Nubti.'
whom
a Hyksos
commenced.
Professor
in question to
this,
however,
not
titles
assigned to
him, and
it is
mann
is
right
identifying
him with a
mentioned
certain
Hyksos
This
Pharaoh,
Set-[Nub
?]ti,
on
monument
latter
Pharaoh
is
entitled 'the
Upper and Lower Egypt, the son of the Sun, beloved by Sutekh, the lord of Avaris.' But whether or not the Hyksos Pharaoh of Telstar of
Mokdam is the same as Set-Nubti of San, it would seem probable that the era connected with his name
marked the
rise
Accord-
40
The Egypt of
the
us of Set-aa-[pehti].
Eusebius
makes the length of the dynasty 103 years, but Africanus, a more trustworthy authority, gives it as This would assign the rise of the seven151 years.
teenth dynasty, the last of Hyksos
B.C. rule,
to about
of the
monument
of S&n.^
The Exodus
B.C.
of the
Israelites, if it
B.C.
1250,
as Professor
Maspero maintains)
1700 (or 1680).
430 years
of
B.C.
years
Hyksos
line of
before
Joseph
vizier
in
abundance
for
him
to have
his friends
reign.
41
in
and allows us
see
in
the
Hebrew
captive the
had come from the highlands of Asia. But it must be remembered that it was only in the north
of Egypt that
Hyksos
rule
made
itself
actually
Southern Egypt
its
title
of king or Pharaoh.
They were
They acknowledged
and El-Kab.
Hyksos
Though Memphis,
the
ancient
capital
of the
rather the
Hyksos power.
it,
which surrounded
From
is
Zoan, the
in
'
road of the
as
it
called
the
Pentateuch, ran
and leaving
on
of
El-Arish
the
waterless
'
river
of
Egypt'
42
The Egypt of
the
had caused
in ruins.
it
to decay,
court
its
The
was due
memorials
the
to
the
Hyksos
kings,
who have
left in
it
of
themselves.
of Gizeh,
Museum
is
of Apopi
as
fish
and water-fowl
in
their laps.
(xlii.
When
22) that
it
is
is
stated in the
book of Numbers
Hebron was
meant.
to
to
tract of
its
territory.
From
journey.
There was
little
meet with
fellahin
insult or opposition
on the way.
to
The
was needful
go westward of Zoan
find
43
Nor was the land of Goshen, the modern Wadi Tumilit, far from the Hyksos capital. It lay to
the south of Zoan, on the banks of a canal whose
course
is
Lesseps.
now marked by the Freshwater Canal of The tourist who takes the train from
The
tradition that here
to
his
was
by Joseph
brethren
in later
finally settled
by Dr.
for the
Naville,
Egypt Exploration Fund. In 1883 he disinterred the remains of Pa-Tum, or Pithom, one of the two
'
store-cities
'
Israel
were forced
to build.
uteh,
'
the
to the
The ruins are now known as Tel el-Maskhmound of the Statue,' about twelve miles south-east of Ismailiyeh, and the monuments
whom
Ramses
il.
Pa-Tum
of
is
to
in
papyri
the nineteenth
dynasty.
Meneptah
II.,
an
official
of certain
Shasu or
Bedouin from
of
Edom
Thukut
or Succoth, to
44
The Egypt of
the
Pa-Tum
of Meneptah-hotep-hir-ma, in the
of Thukut.'
His excavations
resulted
site
of the ancient
Qesem
or
Qos (Pha-kussa
in
the the
Qesem corresponds
in
exactly with
the
the
Septuagint
fact
points to the
that the
whom
The
it
district
is fertile,
but the
name
who
its cultivators
They were
like
less
unwilling agriculturists,
shepherds,
part of
life
them remained
nomad
and pitching
the
desert
their tents
of
vegetation.
which the
district of Saft
for
45
Hebrew Bedouin.
Here they
had food
was a
capital,
fertile
district,
soil
sow and
cultivate.
Hard by Zagazig
the
are the
mounds of the
ancient
to light
Apopi.
residence, kings.
Bailos,
and
its
and of
this
town Meneptah
II.
says at Thebes
left
that
'
we have
that the
represented to be
By
Wadi
Tumil^t, the
been handed over to Bedouin and Syrians, and again been the scene of an Exodus.
Mohammed
Ali was
in
46
the
The Egypt of
the
Wadi
in-
duced to remain
there, partly
from taxes and military conscription. When Abbas Pasha became Khedive, however, the promise was forgotten orders were issued that the free
;
treated
tax-
gatherer,
and to see
But
in a
Suddenly,
and with
into
The Pasha
land
settlers
throve and
multiplied.
'
new king
arose
a source of danger.
century,
free-born
slaves,
in a later
the
Pharaoh
reduce
of
the
Israelites
into
condition
public
in his
power
to diminish
47
number.
The male
to
children
were destroyed,
at the
cities
the adults
compelled
labour
in
the
their neighbour-
The
slaves,
Under the
leadership of
their
way
The army
waters
left
in the
Egyptologists to the
Ramses
story,
11.,
the Sesostris
third king
was the
of the nineteenth dynasty, and one of the most striking figures of Egyptian history.
With
XIV.
Like
Louis
ancient
of
France,
the grattd
in his
monarque of
Egypt exhausted
it
But
as a conqueror
48
that
The Egypt of
the
Ramses
II.
was famous.
Go where we
will in
Egypt
left
or Nubia,
we
is
activity.
There
name.
his
and
temples,
its
length,
it
is
difficult to
understand
how
so vast an
amount of work
could
in the time.
;
Much
it
of the
bears, in
it
marks of the
was
is
carried through.
Much
of
its
it,
boldness of design.
at the
The
Nubia, are
all
so
many witnesses
of vast conceptions
a
successfully realised.
cliff
figures, each
of the world.
colossal proportions of so
many
of
49
are distinguished
by
They were
the
name and
of
Ramses
notice,
upon our
tion of the
monument.
all
He must
glorious above
with
own power and the determination that name should never be forgotten upon the earth. It is not strange, therefore, that Ramses II. should
in
ancient
Egyptian
of his
relics
architectural
themselves
upon the
His long
papyri
his
He
rule
quering Pharaohs
Theban monarchs
mountains
of
whose
was obeyed
from the
Lebanon and the plateau of the Hauran to the With his death the
skill
and energy of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty, began to pass away. His son and successor, Meneptah, had to struggle for bare existence against an invasion
of barbarian hordes, and the sceptre dropped from
50
The Egypt of
the
who next
followed, into
The
the midst of
civil
for
a while
Egypt submitted to the rule of a Syrian stranger, and when Setnekht, the founder of the twentieth dynasty, restored once more the native line
of kings, he found a ruined and impoverished country,
scarcely able to protect itself from hostile assault.
still
his
sons
journeyed
into
the
The Hyksos
were
But the centre of power had been shifted from the Memphis and Zoan had to make
for
way
Thebes, and
it is
whom Egypt
re-
covered
veins.
its
in their
life was breathed into the ancient kingdom of Menes, and for the first time in its history Egypt became a great military power. The war was transferred from the Delta to Asia itself;
A new
51
the
With
this
empire
ideas,
in
Asia, however,
beliefs.
came
Asiatic
influences,
and
The
of
royal
families
revolution.
nineteenth
senting
foreigner
by little their court became semiThen followed reaction and counterA new king arose the founder of the dynasty who knew not Joseph,' repre-
'
the
national
antagonism
to
the
Asiatic
and
Asiatic
was proscribed
was successfully
fall
of the eighteenth
dynasty.
Israelites
were
involved
their
children
were de-
stroyed
lest
We
have
result,
now
and
political history
of Egypt was
CHAPTER
II
On
to
from Cairo
are
Assouan passes a
to
line of
mounds which
Tel
is
known
name
the
the
mounds which
cover
remains of ancient
cities,
mounds
is
is
found.
strip
fertile
spring,
On
in
them
is
by an amphitheatre of
lead through
hills.
The
limestone
cliffs
of
them
to the
The
central ravine
is
that to the
north, however,
though
seem
at
by a slow ascent
into
the heart
of the
Arabian
53
About three miles from its mouth, and in a tomb has lately been discovered of the founder of the city, of which the mounds of Tel el-Amarna are now the sole representatives. The tomb is worthy of the monarch for whom it was inside-valley, the
tended.
is
it
Steps
first
convey the
visitor
downwards
is
to the
Within
end of
it
is
a vast columned
hall,
The Pharaoh had been named by his father, Amenophis III., after himself, but Amenophis IV.
had not long mounted the throne before he gave
himself
as
henceforth
Solar
known
Disk.'
Khu-n-Aten,
Glory of the
The
The king
and
publicly
was
the
official
representative,
declared
faith.
The
very
name
of
Amon,
occurred.
54
The Egypt of
alike
it
the
quarries
was defaced
the king's
spared.
own
father,
which contained
was not
When
the
arm of
extended to the written and sculptured monument, we cannot suppose that the adherents of the ancient
cult
ful
would be treated with a gentle hand. was not long before the Pharaoh and the powerhierarchy of Thebes were at open war. But the
It
priesthood
proved
too
He
new
It is
side of
it
The
walls
Even the
floors
were frescoed
and,
if
The
plants
a
to
are
drawn with
seem
and a truthfulness
to nature which
The
palace,
and around
it
S S
and
officers
of the court.
They
gay and
brilliant
and
the
their walls
were enlivened by
which repre-
Among
to
which the
documents of
engaged
new object of the Pharaoh's adoration. Though the name was Egyptian, the deity and his cult were alike of Asiatic origin. The
Aten, the solar disk, the
Aten,
in fact, to
whom
He was
was the
solar disk.
But
all
it
was
a Sun-god
over
other
gods
in so far as
is
life.
It
is
'
Thou
disk
of the
is
none other
of Khu-nin
beside thee
Thou
things
'
One
on the walls of
'
his
tomb, speaks
similar terms
Thou,
god,
who
56
The Egypt of
the
Thou
art
the
The
worship
grossness,
and been
refined into
a form of monotheism.
essentially pantheistic
;
god
to
whom
The
personal
dis-
appeared
in the
the variegated glass and bright-coloured porcelain of Tel el-Amarna, or discarded the conventionalism of Egyptian art in their delineation of animal and
vegetable
life,
while architecture
branched out
in
new
directions,
peculiarities
of
personal
to break
appearance.
Every
effort, in fact,
was made
art
away from
associ-
That
57
all
The
causes
of
the change
can
now
it
in
great
to
measure be traced.
To some
extent
was due
plaster cast
is
an eloquent witness
It is
man
himself was
like.
the face
In studying
it
we
feel
that
the
man
But
to
whom
it
a religious reformer.
was
assisted
woman
of strong character,
as
is
probable,
in great
measure
his mother's
work.
feelings of hatred
among
Though
may
be
the sarcophagus
which
it
rested
shattered
into
The Egypt of
the
them.
But no
mummy
for her,
bourhood.
birth,
III.,
of
Asiatic extraction.
the
From
well
IV.
(Khu-n-Aten).
There
is
little
room
for
wonder
that,
with
their
later
sur-
officials
and
courtiers.
III.
The conquest
of Western Asia by
Thothmes
had
59
Thothmes him-
on the walls of
his
spirit
queror.
The
inscriptions engraved
upon them
differ
an Egyptian temple.
There are no
praises or lists
we
account of his campaigns, much of it copied from memoranda of the scribes who accompanied the army on its march. It reads like an inscription on
the the walls of an
in
fact,
example of a
of
historical
text
It
is,
itself,
an eloquent
testi-
mony
to
the
influence
which
Asia
had already
placed
the
The conquests
of
Thothmes
III.
The kingdoms
to the east,
monarch, and those of northern Syria and Eastern Farther south, Asia Minor paid him homage.
and the land of the Amorites, which lay to the north of Palestine, became Egyptian
Palestine, Phoenicia,
6o
The Egypt of
the
by Egyptian troops and adofficers. Even the country beyond the Jordan, Bashan and the Haur&n, formed
provinces, garrisoned
ministered by Egyptian
In
many
left
to
manage the
controlled
protected princes of
modern
'
by
'
commissioners
of the Nile.
More
by Egyptian governors, a very considerable number of whom, however, were of Canaanitish descent.
This, indeed,
is
facts
;
Asia
it
was governed
for the
by Egyptians.
n-Aten Egypt
stranger.
filled
But
itself
was not
all.
Under KhuAsiatic
The high
Canaanitish origin
name
cult
of David
is
The
adherents
of
the
of
Aten who
Even
the
official
Asiatic derivation.
lonia, the script
same country.
The Babylonian
and language
6i
They were
the
common medium
of
It is in
and
it
is
is
sent from
The
fact
is
At a had made
it.
very
their
way
to the west,
of
cities.
ancient
culture,
it
which
Western Asia.
ployed there
each
district
How
may
long
it
continued to be em-
own
All this
in 1887 in
we have learned from a discovery made the mounds of Tel el-Amarna. Among
of clay tablets
inscribed
with
cuneiform
or
wedge-shaped characters.
They turned
out to be
62
The Egypt of
the
When Khu-n-Aten
official letters
which he
dis-
But no one was on the spot who could appreciate their value, and, owing to a series of deplorable accidents, several of them were injured or
destroyed
before
they
fell
into
European
hands.
Eighty-two found their way to the British Museum, more than i6o fragments are at Berlin, the Gizeh
Museum
The
light
private individuals.
tablets
To
medium of
was
literary
and
official
intercourse through-
it
startling
to find that
literary era.
early period
was emphatically
subjects,
and a
Western
Asia.
The Bedouin
chiefs
beyond
the
Jordan send
letters
The Age
oj
Moses
63
their forces
disposal
the king of
gold
may
it
is
as
plentiful as
national
policy
commercial
interest.
We
our
are
like
own
is
chambers
exist.
The
It
would of
to learn.
was a system which was extraordinarily difficult Unlike the hieroglyphs of Egypt, no assist-
like
of
to-day,
they consisted
lines or
number of
was extremely
large,
and
64
The Egypt of
the
it
character
may
nat,
sat,
and gin
'
it
may
country,'
all.
mountain,' and
conquest.'
But
this
was
not
The
by the primitive non-Semitic population of Chaldaea, from whom it had been afterwards adopted and
adapted by their Semitic successors.
Accordingly,
particular
word
in
Sumerian
the
non-Semitic
language
of
ancient Chaldaea
were
Sumerian,
for
'trousers,'
modern Arabic
shirwdl.
cunei-
was
far
more necessary
in
knowit
Moreover,
was necessary for him to learn the various forms which the same cuneiform character assumed in
65
country.
letter differs
The
fact, then,
was
those of the
Nile, brings
with
it
there
must have
been
numerous schools and teachers. Time and persevering labour were needed for its acquisition, while a
knowledge of the Babylonian language which accompanied its study could not have been obtained without the help of teachers.
It is
accordingly a matter
letters received at
by
officials
and
soldiers.
In
of cuneiform
Semitic Babylonian
and
Sumerian.
Moreover, a
Babylonian mythological text has been found, in which the words have been divided from one another
by dots of red
making
his
way through
the legend.
is
66
The Egypt of
the
among
of
Amarna.
that the
The
a proof
as
its
literature
script,
Babylonia,
as
well
language and
was
From
to be found in the
made
its
way
The
revelations
made
to us
by the
tablets of Tel
el-Amarna show
many
of which
One
el-Amarna
man, Adapa
or
Adama,
Adapa
had broken the wings of the south wind, and was accordingly ordered to appear before Anu, the lord
of the sky.
There he refused
Anu was
'
softened
'
to-
of
life.'
raised
"
thou not
life
The
gift of
cannot
now be
thine."
'
67
The beginning of the story has been in the British Museum many years. It is a fragment of a copy of the myth which was made for the library of Nineveh some eight centuries after the rest of the story, which has now been disinterred on the banks of the Nile, had
been buried under the ruins of Khu-n-Aten's
I
city.
copied
it
Tel el-Amarna
significance.
before ascertaining
its
true
meaning and
to
unite in the
in
and we now know that Canaan was the centre of that literary activity which the Tel el-Amarna tablets
have revealed to
us.
Canaan,
in
and
in
letter- writers.
where
One
is
of these
or Book-town,'
'
mentioned
in the
Old Testament.
'
It
was
also
City of Instruction,'
its
The
site
of
it
is
unfortunately lost
should
ever be recovered,
literary
we may expect
similar
to find beneath
treasures
to
those
which
the
68
The Egypt of
the
mounds of Assyria and Babylonia have yielded. Perhaps some day the papyri of Egypt will tell us
where exactly to look
for
it.
A
an
reference to
it
In
the time of
ironical
in
Ramses
ofificer
The
it
officer
in
question was
the Baby-
called a Mohar, a
lonians, in
whose language
is
an envoy.'
gives us an interestIsraelitish
Exodus.
names of a
:
number of
places.
In one
passage he asks
W. Max
Mijller, to
is
of the passage
due,
city,'
and Beth,
'
house,'
written Beth-Anab and Kirjath-Sopher. was acquainted, however, with the meaning That he
have
shown by means
his
adding to
fact,
it
the determinative of
'
writing.'
Sopher, in
'book,'
means
scribe,' just
as
sepher
and indicates
69
book- writers as
well.
It
will
be remembered that
Beth-Anab,
'
form of Anab,
21
in the
Egyptian papyrus.
we have
a picture
Exodus
seen,
it
As we have
was
at that time
an Egyptian province.
We
can
Canaan
a while
is
it
made
For
ministered
cities.
II.,
It
was
of the nine-
when the
their
house of bondage,
Egyptian dependency.
From
that
time
forward
it
was
politically
and
with
it
When Khu-n-Aten was Pharaoh, the cities of Canaan were numerous and wealthy. The people
were highly cultured, and
excelled
especially
as
70
The Egypt of
the
as
manufacturers
of
richly-dyed linen.
known
world.
The
governors
left
an
The
of
were
controlled
by the
Their
presence
visits
of an
Egyptian
'commissioner.'
rivalries
letters
and
which
many of the
sides appealalike
seems
to
have
these
between the
rival governors.
intact,
As
offered
no cause
for alarm.
But
when Egypt
forces
was
restless
and inclined
changed.
for revolt,
The Egyptian
were needed
at home,
7
to
made
In the
him
for
The enemies
'
powerful.
'
south the
Khabiri or
Confederates
in
domination
by the
'
arm
'
or
'
oracle
'
of
It
'
the
supreme deity of
royal dignity.
his
his city.
He
was, in
fact,
a priest-king, like
predecessor Melchizedek, to
tithes.
paid
head against
One by one
into their
hands
for
we
his
finally
which he was
Labai was
in alliance
with
72
The Egypt of
the
a certain Malchiel,
who
latter
The
'
seem
to
name
of Hebron,
of Kirjath-Arba.
Megiddo was
like
The name
el-
of Shechem has
tablets, but a
A mama
or
made
to
its
'
a Mohar.
Either
Mount Ebal
comhis
mand
Zemar,
had palaces
also at
Tyre and
In one of
mountains of the
interior.
his letters
the
name
of
'
Canaan
'
in the
cuneiform documents,
though
in the
and
to
of Bashan.'
as far
Edom;
independence.
73
cunei-
surrounded.
He
left
One
of
was forced
and
to call himself
his reign
by the
short,
name of Tutankh-Amon.
like those of
But
was
of Khu-n-Aten
who have
left traces
of themselves
rival
king,
Ai by name,
more
at
in the cliffs
city
finished
new
whom
to as
have never
royal
been allowed
itself,
occupy them.
have seen,
is
The
sepulchre
we
in
: ;
74
rested
after his
Indeed,
it
mummy
its
shattered
floor of
'
The
its
capital of the
heretic
enemies soon
after his
its
The
ruins of
full
The
its
close over
greatness.
its'
How
sudden and
is
overthrow
proved by
half-
and dismay.
The
Asiatic empire
of
it
Egypt
is
on every side
of
its
shaking
from
If troops
then there
remain
lord
my
will remain.'
75
correspondence
under
One
of the
first
acts of
Hor-m-hib
ment of affairs at home was to chastise the Asiatics, who had doubtless taken advantage of the momentary
weakness of Egypt.
came
and
to an end.
Ramses
I.,
we
of royal face.
was succeeded by
whose name we
again taken
god Set
the
I.
was
new dynasty
Seti
traced
its
victory in Asia.
With the
were built and decorated, and the names of conquered nations engraved upon their walls.
these temples
One
of
was
at
'
This
is
dated monuments of Hor-m-hib, with the exception Museum {Egyptian Inscriptions, 5624),
which has been supposed to refer to his seventh and twenty-first years. But the king to whom these dates refer is uncertain, and Dr. Birch may be right in considering that Amenophis is meant.
^(i
all
us in Egypt.
But
Seti's
far eclipsed
II.,
by
that of
the
his
and even
temples which he had raised at Abydos and Qurnah were completed, and to a certain extent appropriated,
by
the
We
'
Book of Exodus
were
that two of
treasure cities
which the
Oppression
Pharaoh
Raamses.'
of
the
'Pithom
and
The
have already seen, the inaugural work of the Egypt Exploration Fund. The discovery, as has been
made by Dr. Naville, who was led to the site by certain monuments of Ramses li., which had been found there by the French engineers of M. de Lesseps. These monuments consisted of a
already stated, was
great
tablet
and
monolith
of
red
granite,
two
transported
chief
all
to
ornament of the
that
public garden.
setting
sun,
As
was
they
the
showed
Tum,
the
would prove
Pithom
to
of
city of Raamses, as
77
the monuments had been disinterred are about twelve miles to the west
'
the
Mound
for
of the Image.'
they were
known
as
Abu
Ramses
seated between
Tum
hiero-
The
canal
At
again
is
The
site
fortifications erected
excavations proved
him
to
have
been
right
in
Pithom.
that
its
The
ancient
there showed
that
it
stood
in the district of
The name of this district was already known from papyri of the age of the nineteenth
Testament.
dynasty, and Dr. Brugsch had pointed out
its
identity
78
The Egypt of
the
It
turned out
had been
built
by Ramses
II.,
and that
seem
Here,
then, at
were correct
was a proof that the Egyptologists in making Ramses II. the Pharaoh of
of
the Oppression.
The
site
Raamses
still
be discovered.
But
it
cannot be
far distant
and,
Goshen
in
which the
Israelites
settled.
The
discoveries
Goshen and
its
The site
light the
monuit.
Old Empire,
it
was
restored
became under them a centre of influence and power. Goshen, Zoan and Pithom, the sites around which
the early history of Israel gathered, have thus been
brought to
light.
The
yg
ended.
who has been reared in the tradimay still express doubts concerning
Egypand
as
finally settled.
We
can
visit
'
the
field
of Zoan
'
explore the
to their identity.
When
Ismailiyeh to Cairo,
we may
assured that
we
are
had
the
their homes. The Egypt of the patriarchs and Exodus was an Egypt narrow in compass and
;
it
repre-
to
that
is
all.
The
it.
Upper Egypt
even the
is
which Cairo
now
stands
lay
outside
The
taches itself to
Israelites.
them
CHAPTER
III
was the
was
last of the
conquering Pharaohs
Asiatic empire of
restored
The
Thothmes
Hi.
in
some measure
and himself
by
the
victories of his
father
The
cities
of
Palestine yielded
him an unwilling
in
obedience.
Gaza,
the
of
the
Philistines,
by
states, in
of the
the
Nahr
el-Kelb,
or
Dog's
near
Beyrftt,
commemoration
of his
On
in
Canaan
Among them we
find,
for
the of
first
time
in
the
Moab, following
That the
insertion of the
name was
we
made by
Dr. Schumacher.
On
Lake
Job.'
of Tiberias,
is
'
Stone of
On
this the
Pharaoh are
a
German explorer has found Egyptian Above the figure of the cartouches of Ramses II., and opposite the
left,
a local deity
is
represented with
face
Osiris,
'
over
whom
is
written the
North.'
of the a per-
name and
it
by the Egyptianised natives of the land. Along the Syrian coast Seti I. had already
his arms. his son.
carried
and even
are enumerated
among
the con-
quests of the
Pharaoh.
He
F
82
The Egypt of
the
defeated the armies of Assyria, of Materia or Mitanni, the Aram-Naharaim of Scripture, and of Singar in
Mesopotamia.
in the land of
Naha-
same
district,
'
and of how
'
the Pharaoh
'
had taken
of
a city in
name
is
never
mentioned elsewhere
in the
Egyptian
texts.
The Syrian
been long
in
Between
outposts of the
'
and fixed
was a stronghold
against
vain.
in
Egypt and
and
at last,
in
treaty was
in
(B.C.
which the
Hittite
in
Canaan
83
side,
and
on the
bound themselves
in
it
to eternal friend-
fly
of the Pharaoh,
who
by these
stipulations.
made
of
it
in the boundaries
The
treaty
protection
of the
Hittite
deities
Hittites,
and a
copy of
a silver plate.
was not
Ramses was succeeded by his many sons, who had years when the very existence of
'
84
his
The Egypt of
the
kingdom was threatened by a formidable invasion from the west and north. The peoples of the north swarmed out of their coasts and islands, and a great
'
fleet
Africa.
Aqaiush
or
Sardinians,
Tursha or
as
Tyrsenians appear
among them,
as well
Leku
later
little
Philistines.
make head
against his
foes.
But a
was
not far from Heliopolis, which ended in the complete overthrow of the invading hordes.
Egypt was
it,
but
shock.
The power of the government was weakened in the valley of the Nile itself, and one by one the
foreign
conquests
II.,
passed out of
its
grasp.
The
sceptre of Seti
to have
who
messu by name
is,
howis
and
II.
all
that
is
certain
was
lost,
and
that
Egypt
end.
itself fell
With
in
Canaan
85
was the
war.
A
for
Syrian
Arisu
and by name,
and Egypt
to
Canaanitish
its
Its
leading
nobles were in
their
banishment,
offerings,
customary
to the horrors of
war.
came
He
it
drove
again
and prosperity.
Hardly had
his task
been
Ramses
III.
Under him a
transient
gleam of
of the Nile.
It
was well
for
Egypt
in the
attacked
her
with
numbers and
fifth
greater chances
of success.
In
the
year of
Ramses
III.,
Pharaoh
bore a
in battle at a place
name commemorative
The As
86
The Egypt of
the
many
battle,
of
into
But Ramses was allowed only a short breathingThree years after the Libyan invasion, and
it, came a still more formidable invasion on the part of the barbarians of the north. This time they came partly by land,
partly by sea. Vast hordes of them had marched out of Asia Minor, overrunning the kingdoms of
the
Hittites, of
of
Arvad, and carrying with them adventurers and recruits from the countries through which they passed.
First they pitched their
camp
Egypt.
The
accompanied by Pulsata or
or Siculians.
Philistines,
and Shakalsh
By
fleet
of ships, and
together
at the
mouths of the
of
Palestine,
Nile.
The
cities in
the extreme
south
once
occupied
by Egyptian
Philistines,
garrisons,
were captured
by the
and
became henceforward their assured possession. But the main body of the invaders were
fortunate.
not so
to
The Egyptian
forces
were
ready
in
Canaan
87
the
ships
by the Egyptian
complete
picture of
is
The
of the
ended
in
the
annihilation
it
attacking
host.
Habu
built
which Ramses
to
commemorate
his
victories,
and we can
European barbarians
and the features and dress of the barbarians themselves. In the expressive words of the Egyptian
scribe,
'
at rest.
Maxyes again
horses,
assailed
Egypt
and
chariots
weapons of war
hands
217s
men were
slain.
From
its
this
western border.
Ramses now
later
carried the
What
in
overrun by
his forces
round
and
name
of the
the walls
of Medinet
history.
Habu for the first time in Egyptian The Egyptian army even crossed to the
88
The Egypt of
the
it
Hamath was
Ramses seems
of the Taurus.
He
Aram-Naharaim on
the
The
kings of the
in-
No
and
districts
Though
up,
Amon
so
on
Gaza was
long
given
and
the
fortress
which
had
was the
the
Pharaoh con'
later
date
against
first
its
the
Shasu
'
or
Bedouin of Edom.
For the
time an Egyptian
in
making
way
Edom,
their 'tents.'
was
made
89
had the
Egyptian mining
Large
by year
of
two
years,
with him.
still
a matter of doubt,
B.C.
it
1200.
closes
The date
also as
it
is
the history of
Egypt
When Ramses
god
at the
III.
Theban
now known
as
Khurbet Kan'an,
There
is
no
refer-
in
no reference
90
alike
fell
Egyptian nor
Hebrew
all
records
is
there
any
allusion to a struggle
Israel.
When
The
Pales-
the
way
it
followed after
Moreover,
'
seem
when
Yet
xiii. 3).
also
occurred.
The
Philistines
and
assailed
Egypt
possession
Before Gaza
that
was needful
Pro-
B.C.
209,
Roman
historian
Justin
tells
us that in
'
in
Canaan
91
How-
ever this
may
must be ascribed
to
came
judges.
Israelitish
conquest of Canaan
closely
Egypt.
true that
when we
are told
of the
'
word
forty
used, as
it
is
well as
to
die.
raim,
and
it
to
be the
first
wise
quest by Joshua.
If
Ramses
11.
immediate successors.
and Si-Ptah.
There
of
is
much
None
them
92
The Egypt of
fell
the
sceptre
into
feeble
Egyptian
to decay.
Native tradition, as
reported
by the
historian
whom
said,
in-
Amenophis
by the
seer
or
Meneptah,
it
was
He was
.the
accordingly
Amendphis,
son of Pa-apis,
This
all
and impure.
he
did,
collected from
parts of Egypt,
the
work
in
of the Nile.
some
priests,
one of
to be
priest
of On, and the sacrilegious act of laying hands on them was destined to be avenged by the gods. The
seer prophesied that the impure lepers would find
allies,
and with
their help
for
the
tell
to
it
in writing
and
then took
away
his
own
life.
workers
deserted
in the quarries
fortress
of the
Hyksos, on
the
Asiatic
rose in
frontier of the
Egyptian kingdom.
Here they
who
in
Canaan
93
to
He
assistance.
force of 200,000
men was
Egypt decided
Sethos,
on.
Amendphis
also
called
who was
Ramesses
bull
after
his
grandfather, as well as
the sacred
Apis, and
The images
in
by the
the
in-
Amenophis remained
Ethiopia for
thir-
name
from Jerusalem,
atrocities. At last, however, Amendphis and his son Sethos returned, each at the head of an army the enemy were defeated and over-
committed innumerable
The
legend.
tradition
is is
Osarsiph
first
Joseph, the
syllable of
as representing the
god of
identified with
Osar or
The
foreigner as
that the
followers
The
94
The Egypt of
the
Exodus of the
Israelites
the invasion of the northern barbarians in the reign of Meneptah, as well as with the troublous period
that
saw the
fall
when
the
the hated
;
into
the story
made
the rallying-
it is
Moses
is
An
interesting
On the
last
name
of Ameni, a shortened
it
form of Amenophis.
'A
king,'
says, 'will
come
He
will in
be the son of a
.
.
woman
born
He
will
Egypt, and
will
lift
He
double crown.
The
They
people of
man
will
{sic)
will
rejoice
will
and
far
name
be
from
evil,
humble
their
mouths
The
Asiatics
(Amu)
his blows,
his ilame.
The
wicked
will
in
Canaan
95
The
brow
will pacify
the revolted.
may no more
story.
enter into
see the
Egypt'
In this
been urged
show
that, at all
neighbouring towns
still
acknowledged
his authority.
At
it
scribe,
was
those
who
entered or
Philistines.'
left
the country
Some
of his
notes,
made
in
the
third
year of
now
in the British
them
. .
.
tells
letter to
come from
96
The Egypt of
the
year, goes to
show
still
the Israelites
had
One
certain
Shasu or
Bedouin from
Edom
had been
Khetam
or fortress of Meneptah
Hotep-hima
their
in the district
of Succoth, and
make
in
way
and
to
in
who is there a beneficent sun The document may be interpreted may be taken as a proof that the
as yet
peoples.'
It
in
two ways.
Israelites
had not
no
restraint placed
nomads
may
Goshen
abundance of room
flocks.
On
may
be quoted from
at
the great
of Meneptah
Karnak,
in
modern
Belbeis)
was not
was
ancestors.'
More
in
means
that
the
land
in
Canaan
97
the
'
mixed
multitude
'
A
Seti
more
making Meneptah
as heir
'
Exodus
is
the
The
still
tale of the
two
brothers,' to
to refer,
was dedicated
Indeed,
it
to
crown-prince.
Meneptah and
Seti
II.
by
side in the
therefore,
rock-temple of Surariyeh.
would seem,
who was
destroyed
at
of less consequence.
is
As
in
made
of
the
Exodus
and
that
the
Pharaoh
himself
was
8)
drowned,
is
though
the
cult
Meneptah's
that
tomb (No.
paid
to
his
unfinished,
indicates
It
was
memory
in
it.
that
his
mummy
on
its
was deposited
ago,
98
walls
The Egypt of
the
make
it
clear that
was open
to visitors in
the
Roman
age.
We
know
his rule
was
dis-
usurper,
Amon-messu by name,
seized the
crown
was
still
acknowledged
in the north.
for
We
his
also
know
at
tomb
Thebes (No.
5),
cently,
was never
finished.
and
halls
we have merely
filled
in.
(No.
13),
and
wife.
who had
travelled along
take.
the Israelites
attempted to
The
he
them
Ramses on the evening of the 9th of Epiphi, and had arrived at the Khetam or
from the royal city of
fortress of
in
Canaan
99
King
Seti.
The account
on a
is
an interesting
illustration
of the
flight,
in
close
harmony with
Book
poraneousness of the
fesses to record.
it
pro-
It is a
II.,
Menep-
tah,
is
of the
Red
Sea.
But there
is
in Si-Ptah, with
whom
is
came
to an end.
of him, and
possible
that
the views
of this
was
That he followed
the
Seti
li.
admitted, on
authority
it
of
Manetho,
though
state-
in
consequence of a
ment of Champollion
at
name
of Seti
tomb of
the latter
14).
now set at rest by an inscription I copied at Wadi Haifa two years ago, in which the writer, Hora, the son of Kam, declares that he had formerly
are
II.,
lOO
The Egypt of
the
the inscription in
Inter-
maintained.
SetIt is
it
tomb
at
for
whom
was
made was
ever buried in
it.
At any
those
who
perished in the
Red Sea
will find in in
representative of
him than
Meneptah
And
death
may
disasters
Israel
that
children of
were permitted to
However this may be, the question of the date of the Exodus is reduced to narrow limits. The three successors of Ramses II. reigned altogether but a Manetho gives seven years only to Sishort time. Ptah, five years to Amon-messu, and we know from the monuments that Meneptah and Seti II. can have
reigned but a very few years.
at
most
will
in
Canaan
loi
B.C. 1230,
Ramses
III.
in
When
among
pitchin the
Edom and
fitted to
become a nation and the conquerors of Canaan. Were they included among the Shasu of Mount Seir whose overthrow is commemorated by Ramses III. ?
For an answer we must turn
chapter of the
'
to the twenty-first
Book of Numbers.
There we read
:
Of the Arnon
scene
Where Suphah was we know from the opening of the Book of Deuteronomy, which tells us
Suphah.
that the words of
to the people
I02
'
The Egypt of
the
in the plain
was
name
yam
Sfiph or
version,
modern Gulf of Akabah. Here were the Edomite ports of Eloth and Ezion-geber, where Solomon built
the
his fleet of
merchantmen
(i
Kings
'
ix. 26),
and here
'
the plain
on the
The
ward
barren ranges of
Mount
was
III.
Seir run
at the
down
south-
to Ezion-geber
and Eloth,
it
head of the
Gulf of Akabah.
And
Mount
Seir that
Ramses
us he smote the
their tents.
When
he made
still
were probably
en-
camped on
as yet
and
his
desert
many
Habu, the
prisoners
'chief of the
by the
'the
Hittites
Was
in
Suphah waged
is
Egypt?
it is
Chronology
in
favour of
it,
and
if
Israelites
We
know from
the
in
Canaan
103
Edom
Israelites
were enjoined
the children of
'
Esau were
their
'
brethren,'
and God
tribes of
for a possession.'
III.
and the
it
ever
came
must have
Israelitish con-
The
settlement of
CHAPTER
IV
was the
last
in
His suc-
name
He
so, for
to build or to erect
the
monuments which
The
high-
Amon
when
Ram-
But the
Thebes was
kings,
One
of
The Age of
the Israelitish
Monarchies
105
Gebelen
in the south,
At
first
of them,
but, as a general
so
far as the
in
Pharaohs only
high-priests
like.
name. The
dynasty of Theban
was
it
at
They
was who,
concealed the
mummies
and whose own mummies were entombed by the side of those of a Thothmes and a Ramses. The Egyptian wife of Solomon was the daughter
Pharaohs
of
the
as a
twenty-first
dynasty.
dowry the
el-Amarna correspondence, and through all the years of Israelitish conquest it had remained in Canaanitish hands. It was a Pharaoh of Tanis, and not an
Israelite, into
whose possession
it
was destined
finally
to
fall.
io6
The Egypt of
the
of
Solomon
in Israel coincided
Hebrew monarch,
Egypt.
new
its
was
reigning
over
origin.
Shishak,
was of Libyan
His immediate
forein
discovered
in
name Shashaka.
its
The Egyptians slightly changed pronunciation and made it Shashanq, but in the
is
preserved.
monarchy of the Nile. The priest-kings of Thebes went down before him, along with the effete Pharaohs
of Tanis.
It
may
to
if
he did
so,
was
to bring trouble
fled to
upon himself
Jeroboam
satisfaction
fell
to pieces,
power
itself
was shattered
at
The
rebel
his
own
of
far
all
So
at the
in the fifth
The Age of
the Israelitish
Monarchies
107
it.
The
its
strong walls
Solomon had
built
were of no avail
shields in
armoury were
carried away.
record
Amon
at Karnak.
Amu
or
Palestine,
and
At
the outset
come
the
names
But, as
Israel.
among
and
the
vassal
of
Pharaoh,
it
inserting the
states of
names of
But
Egypt.
among the subject may be that the campaign much against Israel as against
his cities
it
army could
force
its
way
into
near Megiddo,
io8
The Egypt of
the
also
among them.
But
list
deals
it.
Thus we have Ajalon and Makkedah, Socho and Keilah, Migdol and Beth-anoth. Then we read the names of Azem and Arad, farther to the south, as well as of the Hagaraim or Enclosures of Arad, and Rabbith 'Aradai, Arad the capital' Next to Arad comes the name of Yurahma, the Jerahme-el of the Old
' ' '
(i
Chron.
(i
Sam.
XXX.
list is
made
Hagra,
Negebu,
'
'
the valley,'
Shebbaleth,
'
torrent,'
'
Abilim,
'
fields,'
Ganat,
garden,'
Haideba,
'
quarry,'
Shodinau,
canals.'
Among them we
its
conspicuous by
absence, unless
it
we
last
in the
first
name
is
of the
list
syllable
preserved.
Were
it
in
' See Maspero's exhaustive paper The List of Sheshonq at Karnak,' in \\\e Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute,
'
xxvii. (1893-94).
The Age of
the First
that the
the Israelitish
Monarchies
109
such
kingdom of Judah.
first
discoverer of the
in
the
name
the
kingdom of
made
in
it
'
But both
it is
'
interpretations
are
Melek,
true,
means king
'
'
Hebrew, but
' ;
kingdom of
Yaudah.
xix. 45),
Jehud of the king.' Jehud was a town of Dan (Josh, which Blau has identified with the modern
Jaffa,
El-Yehudiyeh, near
in the
and the
title
it
attached to
it
Egyptian
list
implies that
was an appanage
of the crown.
The
who
of
sur-
The
the
were
delineators
human
tures
features,
and an examination of
their sculp-
and
accuracy.
For
ethnological
purposes
lo
The Egypt of
the
importance.
Now
The
prisoners sculptors
who
at
served as
Karnak must
It
is
Amorite descent.
the days of
strong in
Rehoboam and
Shishak.
in
The Jews
Else-
Jerusalem and
character-
features
it
rooted
out.
Hence
it
is
that
it
still
lives
and
home.
The
still
traveller in the
country
districts of
Judah looks
may
see
there the
Amorite
Egypt.
just as he
is
The
Jews, in
caste,
and dominant
nationality
racial type.
came also in Judah the extinction of their The few who remained were one by one
his
Jewish campaigns.
None
One of them, however, Osorkon li., appears to have made an expedition against Palestine. Among the monuments disinmilitary capacity
and energy.
terred at Bubastis
by Dr. Naville
for the
Egyptian
The Age of
Exploration
the Israelitish
Monarchies
Fund
of the
Festival Hall
'
of
the twenty-
On
all
one of the
countries, the
Upper and Lower Retennu, are hidden under his feet' The Upper Retennu denoted Palestine, the Lower Retennu Northern Syria, and though the
boast was doubtless a vainglorious one,
it
must have
in truth.
Book of Chronicles (xiv. 9-15) we are told that when Asa was on the Jewish throne, 'there came out against them Zerah the Ethiopian
with an host of a thousand thousand and
three
hundred
reign of
chariots.'
The
II.
similarity
and the
Osorkon
some connection
exists
that
army
as an
but this
who
Egypt So and
In the time
1 1
The Egypt of
the
when
was ruling over Egypt, no Ethiopian army could have entered Judah without the permission of the
Egyptian monarch.
attention to the fact that
had
some
at
special
tie
His great
natives of
festival
by
came with
hall.
'the
priests
in
store to
for
Egypt.
an end, and
The
in
against
the
other.
midway
manent settlement
nominal
Pharaoh,
in
He
Bak-n-ran-f or
The Age of
as well as Ethiopia
the Israelitish
Monarchies
1 1
The
roads
Nile.
An Egyptian
civilisation
in
and an Egyptian
religion
For some
centuries, even
descent.
We
Syria, that
Sabako and
his successors
had
all
the
But no sign of
race which
re-
presented with
race.
the
features
of
the
Egyptian
In spite, however, of
fact,
all
we now know
But they brought with them a vigour and a strength of will that had long been wanting among the rulers
114
l^fi^
E-gypt of the
of Egypt.
And
it
new and
energetic power
Nile.
Assyria was
now extending
and claiming
Palestine.
help.
its
The Syrian
B.C. 720,
first
princes looked to
Egypt
for
In
time.
com-
Hanno
allies,
Sargon.
Delta.
The victory was won by the Assyrian Hanno was captured, and Sib'e fled to the
He was
content with
'
of Pharaoh (Pir'u)
king of
we must
(2
see the
xvii.
So
Testament
'
Kings
4).
He
who
is
there called
ordinate
of the Delta,
'
acted as the
it
commander-in-chief of Pharaoh.'
seem, was
still
Pharaoh,
would
Bak-n-ran-f
later
few years
Sabako was
established on the
throne.
He
The Age of
the Israelitish
Monarchies
played a part
It
in
Jewish history.
'
was
trust in
made
kingdom by Sennacherib in B.C. 701. Tirhakah moved forward to help his ally. But his march diverted the attention of the Assyrian monarch only for a while. The
result
his
The
to
in their inscriptions.
Sennacherib
the
us
how
'the kings of
Egypt and
bowmen,
chariots,
innumerable
his
and gone
to the aid' of
Hezekiah and
'
Philistine allies,
and how
'
in sight of Eltekeh,
in re-
liance on Assur,' he
utterly
overthrown them.'
The
charioteers
'
statue
now
in the
Aramhe was
while
The
retreat
battle,
in
fact,
was a Kadmeian
Tirhakah was so
to
to his
forced
own dominions,
ii6
The Egypt of
the
him
to pursue
it.
He
towns and
villages,
and carrying
their
inhabitants
into captivity.
Then came
him
his
spoils
own capital. The and captives of Judah were the only fruits of campaign. His rebellious vassal went unpunished,
to return ignominiously to his
fortress of
Egypt
salem.
came a change. His son and successor, Esar-haddon, was a good general and a man of great ability. Manasseh of Judah became his vassal, and the way With a large body of trained lay open to the Nile.
veterans he descended upon
Egypt
(B.C. 674).
The
for the
army
across the
under
last,
Ethiopian
ruler,
could be subdued.
But
at
in
B.C.
forces before
him
in fifteen
to the
The Age of
1
the Israelitish
all
Monarchies
117
8th of
Tammuz
or June)
the
way from
the frontier
loss,
to
Memphis,
thrice defeating
later
Memphis Egypt to
that
fell,
and Tirhakah
the conqueror.
It
was
the
Assyrian
at
Sinjerli,
on which he
to
which
attached a
rule,
and
was divided
them
for
At
their
Sais.
Esar-haddon now
cliffs
of the
Nahr
centuries
his
previously,
victories
over the
At
first
But
in
Thebes there
was a strong party which sympathised with Ethiopia With their help, Tirhakah rather than with Assyria.
returned
in
B.C.
668, sailed
down
1 1
The Egypt of
storm.
the
Memphis by
Esar-haddon started
once
to.
But on the way to Egypt he died on the loth of Marchesvan or October, and his son, Assur-bani-pal, followed him on the throne.
near Kargained
and Tirhakah was compelled to fly, first from Memphis, then from Thebes. The tributary kings whom he had displaced were restored, and Assurover
it,
bani-pal
tranquil.
left
Egypt
in
the
full
belief that
it
was
before a
revolt broke
out there.
satraps,
Tirhakah
and even
Necho of Sais was suspected of complicity. The commanders of the Assyrian garrisons, accordingly, sent him and two other princes (from Tanis and
Goshen) loaded with chains to Assyria.
or pretending to be
But Assur-
sent
him back to Sais, giving at the same time the government of Athribis, whose mounds lie close to Benha,
to
his
son,
Psammetikhos.
to
Meanwhile
Tirhakah
festival in
new
Apis.
But
his
The Age of
it
the Israelitish
Monarchies
119
Necho he found
prudent to
later.
retire
to
Ethiopia.
in
a state of
the
Assyrian
authority.
Another
Ethiopian king,
whom
Urd-Aman,
for the
with the
whom
identify
side of
temple of Ptah-Osiris at
Karnak.
An
Luxor mentions his third year, and a large st^le erected by him at Napata was discovered among the
ruins
of his capital in
of Gizeh.
1862,
this
and
is
now
in
in
the the
Museum
first
On
he states that
Thebes opened
in
its
gates to him,
and
after
worshipping
the temple of
Amon
at
Then he proceeded
against
up
in
him.
20
The Egypt of
the
of Goshen appeared at Memphis to do him homage, much to the surprise and delight of the Ethiopian king. As Paqrur was the prince of Pi-Sopd or Goshen, who had been sent to Nineveh
is
pretty
How
Whether Urd-Aman were Rud-Amon or TuatanAmon, he gave a good deal of trouble to the
Assyrians.
in his hands,
and
from
thence
marched
upon
Memphis.
The
in front
its allies
were defeated
Necho was captured and put to death, and Psammetikhos escaped the same fate only by
a long siege.
flight into Syria.
tarry
long.
large
to the Nile,
in
Rud-Amon
the
Thence he
Egypt.
to
Kipkip
inflicted
in
The
whole of
Its
away
into slavery.
temples
at once
fortresses
against attack
were
half-demolished,
all
its its
monuments and
The Age of
treasures,
the Israelitish
Monarchies
carried
121
sacred
away.
Among
the
spoil
two
obelisks,
more than
removed
to
which were
Nineveh as trophies of
victory.
The
injuries
which
Kambyses has been accused of inflicting on the ancient monuments of Thebes were really the work
of the Assyrians.
How
made upon
the
oriental world
8-10).
Nineveh
'
same overthrow.
Art
thou better
than
No
of
Amon,
that
was
situate
it,
among
Ethiopia
;
and Egypt were her strength, and and Lubim were thy
were dashed
helpers.
:
was
infinite
Put
carried
the streets
all
chains.'
As
B.C.
the
665,
the date of
much
later.
called Ni',
No
the
Both
words represent
Egyptian
Nu,
'
city,'
122
The Egypt of
the
of Upper
patron-deity was
Amon,
to
whom
it
its
is
it
that
Nahum
into side
still
calls
it
'
No
of Amon.'
Nile,
Divided as
was
by
canals,
one of which
the
'
and encircled on
either
'
southern water
Luxor,
could
truly
this
be
said
that
is
its
'rampart
'the
was the
sea
'
sea.'
To
called
more.
re-established
father's
and
principality,
was
at peace.
Fifteen
years
later,
foundations.
revolt
whole of
The
revolt
some
But the
forces of Assyria
she emerged
from
the
The
Gyges of Lydia
and had
assisted
had
thrown
ofif
his
allegiance,
The Age of
the Israelitish
Monarchies
123
Psammetikhos of Sais to make Egypt independent. While the Assyrian armies were battling for existence in Asia, Psammetikhos, with the Ionian and
garrisons
and
overcoming
his
brother
One by one
and
at last
He
is
seems to have
it
is
pure Egyptian.
Like
the
his father,
The
we
their
way
to Ethiopia.
settled
troops
were
tourists
who began
to visit the
i.
(B.C.
nomad
Scyths,
124
The Egypt of
the
and made
After
the Egyptian
metikhos.
dispersion,
the
Egyptian
Pharaoh turned
Ramses
li.
The
revival
and prosperity,
Egypt of the
past.
Egyptian
art
again puts on
in
reflects
general
to
tendency.
The
is
revival
;
only wanted
it
is,
originality
make
it
successful
as
the art
careful
under
St.
Egypt enjoyed for the last time a Luke's summer of culture and renown. The power of Assyria was passing away. The
its
rule
had drained
vasion
it
of
its
destroyed
what
strength
was
left.
Nineveh
was already
it
surrounded by its
utterly.
foes,
later
perished
The
pendent.
Josiah of Judah
still
The Age of
of the Assyrian
the Israelitish
Monarchies
if
125
the
The Assyrian
and Jewish
rule
The weakness of Assyria was the opportunity of The earlier years of the reign of PsamEgypt.
metikhos were spent
in reorganising his
all
kingdom and
and temples.
to
army,
in
suppressing
and
in
Then he marched
secure once
tines.
and endeavoured
cities
more
Egypt the
after a
in
of the Philissiege,
prolonged
and
it.
The successor of Psammetikhos was his son Necho, who carried out the foreign policy of his father. The old canal which ran from the Red Sea at Suez to the
Nile near Zagazig, and which centuries of neglect
had allowed
out,
'
to be choked,
was again
partially cleared
off'
(Isa. xi.
Three
mouths of the
Nile.
126
The Egypt of
the
Necho had
placed himself at the head of his army and entered on the invasion of Asia. The Syrians were defeated
at Migdol, and Gaza was occupied. army then proceeded to march along
The Egyptian
the sea-coast by
Nahr
the
el-Kelb.
his
king, pleading
his
duty to
to block
way; the
was a
battle
in
the plain of
totally routed,
field
mortally
far
Necho now overran northern Syria as the Euphrates, and then returned southward
the
to
punish
Jews.
Jerusalem
was
captured
king,
by
treachery,
and
Jehoahaz, the
new
deposed
after a reign
The Pharaoh
city
then
made
his
The
was
fined
silver,
and
Necho
The empire
events in
Asia.
of
three years.
In
605
decisive
battle
was
fought
at
Carchemish,
on
the
Euphrates,
now
prince
JerabKis, between
The Age of
Nebuchadrezzar,
the Israelitish
Monarchies
127
who commanded the army of his father Nabopolassar. The Egyptians fled in confusion, and the Asiatic empire was utterly lost. The Jewish
king transferred his allegiance to the conqueror, and
for
three
years 'became
in
his
servant'
Then he
rebelled,
probably
made by
Palestine.
Babylonian
The attempt, however, failed, and a army was sent against Jerusalem.
class,
all
ten
'
thousand captives
'
in
His
Then came temptation from the side of Egypt. II., who had succeeded his father prepared to march into Palestine, in B.C. Necho 594,
Psammetikhos
and contest the supremacy over Western Asia with
the Babylonian monarch.
revolted
of
Jerusalem
when the forces of the Pharaoh appeared in sight. The Babylonians broke up their camp and retired, and it seemed as if the rebellion of the Jewish king had been successful (Jer. xxxvii. S, 1 1 Ezek. xvii.
;
128
The Egypt of
But
it
the
was not
for long.
The Egyptians
B.C.
its
returned
to
'
their
own
land,'
recommenced.
taken,
its
At
its
in
captivity,
and
Gaza.
il.
Psammetikhos
and
his son
had died
Hophra of the Old Testament, occupied his place. The army which had gone to the help of Zedekiah had doubtless been sent by him. He had recaptured
Gaza, and marched along the coast to Sidon, which
in rebellion against
the
A hieroglyphic
inscription, erected
by a
native
lost
the frontiers
been
left in
fled to
Egypt.
reinforced
was the
leader,
T.he
Age of
the Israelitish
Monarchies
129
Jeremiah
pre-
dicted that
Hophra should be
'
slain
by
set
up
Tahpanhes
'
standing.
Tahpanhes
west of
made
in 1886.
by Psammetikhos
walls of the
I.
for his
The
camp were
fortress
is
Jeremiah.
Daphnae,
in fact,
fortresses
was accordIt
commanded
almost the
the
first
entrance to
place in
the
Delta,
and was
Egypt
first
130
The Egypt of
the
who wished
first
to
And
it
was
also the
object
to
Memphis.
That Nebuchadrezzar actually invaded Egypt, as Jeremiah had predicted, we now know from a frag-
ment of
his annals.
(B.C.
lonians,'
sea.'
in the
midst of the
The
was
They
were,
in fact, his
own
subjects.
his
He had
The Greek
mer-
whom
he
Amasis
(or
Ahmes),
his
battle
troops of
was fought near Sais between the Greek Hophra on the one side and the revolted
in the defeat
The Age of
the Israelitish
Monarchies
131
(B.C. 570),
and though
first
The change
of monarch
the very
even describes
how he robbed
to the
of Memphis,
On and
Greek
troops.
'
The
'
the
vessels, the
the
foreigner.
In
this
act
of
The
it
invasion of
without produc-
much
injury
indeed,
it
extended beyond
the
eastern
But a new power, that of Cyrus, was rising in the Amasis had foreseen the coming storm, and East.
had occupied Cyprus in advance. If Xenophon is to be believed, he had also sent troops to the aid
132
But all was of no avail. The power of Cyrus steadily increased. The empires of
of Krcesus of Lydia.
it,
and when
the
to
the Mediterranean
Egypt.
was
Greek vanity asserted that the actual cause of the invasion was the Greek mercenary Phanes. He
to
him
how Egypt could be entered. That Phan6s was a name used by the Egyptian Greeks we know from
its
dis-
Here we
to
Apollo of Naukratis.'
by Kambyses was the necessary consequence of the policy which had laid the whole of the oriental world
at his father's feet.
march
(B.C. 526),
and
his son
Psammetikhos
III.
had
battle was
The Pharaoh
to
Memphis,
The
The Age of
siege
the Israelitish
Monarchies
133
The
city of 'the
White
and
was put
to death.
For
live,
Egypt.
CHAPTER V
THE AGE OF THE PTOLEMIES
JUDAH had
profited
The overthrow
rise
services.
his
Egypt;
Davidic monarchy
made
king could
rely.
The yoke
of the
Zoroastrian
Darius and
his
Time
after time
Their
first rebellion,
under
to a time
when
The Age of
his energetic father.
the JPtolemies
135
in
the sucII.
cessor of Xerxes.
came
recovery of Egyptian independence and the establishment of the last three dynasties of native kings.
For
preserved
independence.
it,
by the Spartan
allies
of the
Pharaoh or by the
But
civil
feuds
sailors
now fought
Egypt was in great measure dependent on the amount of pay the two sides could afford The army was insubordinate, and to give them.
Persia and
between
the
Greek and
feud.
Egyptian
II.
soldiers
there
Nektanebo
(B.C. 367-49),
own
The Greeks
Memphis From thence
at Pelusium, while
Nektanebo
retired to
136
The Egypt of
fled to
the
he
country
his
in the
Ochus wreaked
priests, destroying
demanding a heavy ransom for the sacred records he had robbed, setting up an ass
the temples,
all
unclean
as
Apis
new
divinity.
The murder
of
Ochus by
Egyptian
for these
Its rulers
faith,
have been
Circassians,
Mameluk
slaves
all
but throughout
this long
political
page of
life.
its
history there
is
no sign of native
The
Alexander of Macedon,
been associated
long
and
it
that
The Age of
the Ptolemies
137
Alexander
entered
the
country.
Memphis and
his best to prove
Memphis
after
made
his
way
the Oasis of
Ammon,
Macedonian conqueror
in
Egypt
at least
it,
should be
administered
the
He
also sent
7000 Samari-
some of them were settled Fayyum, and in the papyri discovered by Professor Petrie at Hawara mention is made of a Appointvillage which they had named Samaria. collector of ing Kleomenes prefect of Egypt and the taxes, Alexander now hurried away to the
the
relics
of
at
Ekbatana that
his friend
138
The Egypt of
the
Ammon
what honours
it
was
In reply
generals
which
assembled
at
Babylon declared
to be his successor.
all
to themselves
Ptolemy,
Egypt
him by Kleomen^s on his arrival there, a year after His first act was to the accession of the new king.
put Kleomen^s
\.o
death.
was
to be erected for
him
in his
new
it
city of
Alexandria.
its
while
wound
way
Here the body of the great conqueror rested awhile until the gorgeous sepulchre was made ready in which it was finally to repose.
at
Memphis.
It
at inde-
pendent power.
The Age of
the Ptolemies
39
and Alexander ^gos, the infant But the invading army was
was
slain,
son
of
Alexander.
and
young princes
this
fell
into the
From
a subject, acted as
he were a king.
it
to Egypt.
it
was
when
all
walls,
and
further opposition
was
The
In
B.C. 3
Philip Arridaeus
The
But
Syria and
Palestine,
it
prudent to pursue
it.
He
con-
of Acre and Jaffa, of Samaria and Gaza. In B.C. 312 the generals of Alexander,
called themselves the lieutenants of his son,
who
still
came
to a
140
The Egypt of
the
The agreement
was almost immediately followed by the murder of Alexander ^gos. Cleopatra, the sister of the great
Alexander, and his niece Thessalonika alone
re-
family,
way
to
Egypt
(in
to
Antigonus
marry Ptolemy, was assassinated by B.C. 308), and Alexander's niece soon
fate.
The
family of
the son of
Ammon,'
Two
and
years
later, in
B.C.
by the
generals of Alexander,
each
of them
assumed
'
the
title
of
king.
king of Egypt.'
To
'
this the
Saviour,'
when
Throughout
his rule,
Ptolemy never
forgot the
its
unrivalled
harbours,
its
broad quays
it
and
its
spacious streets.
From
first
to last
It
re-
capital of Egypt.
was Greek
in its
origin,
;
Greek
in its architecture,
Greek
population
Greek also
The Age of
the Ptolemies
141
and
its faith.
Cut
off
from the
rest of
Egypt by the
it
was from
its
foundation what
it
is
to-day, a city of
it,
From
as from an
kingdom
it
was
also a bridle
its
upon
it.
The wealth
West met
in
it
streets
and harbours
within
its
halls.
Ptolemy had
founded
a
in
university, a prototype of
modern England, of the Azhar in modern Cairo. In the Museum, as it was called, a vast library was gathered together, and its well-endowed chairs were
filled
all
parts of the
lectures
new city. The Jews also settled there in large numbers on the eastern side of the town, attracted by
the the offers of Ptolemy and the belief that the rising
centre of trade
of Palestine.
own countrymen.
Egyptians were
far
The
native
worse treated.
142
The Egypt of
'
the
the hewers of
wood and
It
its
carriers
for their
new Greek
masters.
was they
who
in
revenue, but
privileges.
return
they possessed no
for
rights,
no
When
it
the veterans
of
the
Macedonian army,
was
taken
from
them
upon
them
at remonstrance or mur-
muring
was
visited
with
immediate punishment.
unless he could be
rights
and
this
it
was
him
to be.
all
this
was done
in
own
But
it
officials
were
also
Greeks, who, as
arbitrary power.
an
Egyptian, possessed
themselves,
as between Egyptian and Egyptian, that the natives of the country enjoyed any benefit from the laws
who
tried.
The Age of
the Ptolemies
143
Ptolemy did
;
utmost
re-
their temples
festivals
were
stored and
decorated, their
;
were treated
with honour
touched.
above
all,
their
And
The
priests
they
stirred
up the
in
Persian,
in-
whatever
Religion
;
arouse them
it
when nothing
else
can do so
by
the side of
influence.
little
Besides
conciliating
the
priesthood,
Ptolemy
respects
The
144
The Egypt of
the
natives
of
'
who had received a Greek education, many them were Greeks by birth and even Jews.
Amon.
As he
did
for
not himself
know
in his office
it
by
The name
religion
noticeable, as
The
heavily on the
brethren
them
to a recollection of
of their
With the
an end.
rise of
Jaddua, the
Book of Nehemiah
(xii.
if
22),
met Alexander
is
the
Josephus
to be trusted,
ancient
of the
The Age of
privileges
the Ptolemies
145
The
to
First
Book of
down
an even later
off,
the
Book of
it
in
Egypt from
the
third
its
Hebrew
Greek,
when
Euergetes,
Like most of
Palestinian
apocryphal
but
its
books,
it
thus had a
origin,
translation into
intercourse that
The
translation
of the
Hebrew
is
Scriptures into
period
fact.
same
The name
still
which
the translation
retains, perpetuates
its
all
at
seventy-two) translators.
But
shows
The
various
different degrees of
146
The Egypt of
the
ability
to be rendered into
it
Ecclesiastes never
all. The Greek now found in the
in the translation at
book which
is
his title of
Philadelphus, or
his
Brother-loving,'
by the murder
had resigned
of
two
translation was
his
begun.
Ptolemy
in his son's
piety was
at
The
coronation of Philadelphus
pageants
the
seen,
the
Under
of
the
the
new king
develophient
monarchy went on
outlet near
apace.
The
The
Philotera
Red
made
to
them
In this way
to
hostile territories
The Age of
of the Ethiopians in
desert
itself
the Ptolemies
147
Upper Nubia.
In the eastern
worked
of show,
was
amount to as much as a hundred millions sterling. It was no wonder, therefore, that Alexandria became filled with sumptuous buildings. The
said to
Museum was
science
rolls
men
of
all
attracted to
principal
new
king.
Demetrius Phalereus,
the
first
of Athens,
make way
for
critic
of Homer.
148
The Egypt of
the
the books which found a place in the great Hbrary of Alexandria was doubtless the Greek
translation of the Pentateuch.
Among
Philadelphus showed
The Jewish captives of his soldiers were ransomed by him and given
homes
paying
in various parts of
Egypt.
shekels, the
It is
may
be some truth
in the
at his desire.
Whether
or not
we
Aristseus and
him
to select
men
for the
added
to the
library.
We
must not
forget that
it
was he who
his country,
which he compiled
hieratic papyri
Ptolemy
III.,
A
far
war
reign,
as
and the
rrtarch
of the
Egyptian army as
The Age of
the Ptolemies
149
kingdom on the
On
altar
his
at
Ptolemy
laid
his offerings
on the
God
be
pardoned
conqueror of Syria
faith.
they had a
new
proselyte to their
Among
2500
campaign
Egyptian
were
deities
vases
and
statues
of
the
amid the
henceforth
their
'
known among
fact,
Benefactor.'
Euergetes, in
Egyptian and
least
Greek of
visited
all
the
Ptolemies.
Alone
among them he
and crowded with
He,
homage
rebuilt
offerings,
and the
priest-
hood naturally
regarded him
too, like the
own
heart.
Pharaohs of
turned
It
was
i.
p. 346.
50
The Egypt of
the
was drawn up
in
in
hieroglyphics
and
Greek.
Its occasion
to
whom
the
Egyptian
It
is
priests
determined to grant
time that
divine honours.
the
first
we
find
its
at
The
and
kings,
their authority
At
times, indeed,
xii.
11,
22),
whom
he suspected
But outside
his
own
ends
Simon the
of
'
whom
famous men
of Sirach
as well
tradition
(iv. 1-21),
Jewish
him the completion of the Canon of the Old Testament which had been begun by Ezra, and it was through him that the oral
ascribed
to
The Age of
the Ptolemies
its
way
to
first
writer of the
Mishna or
The grandson
of Simon, Onias
li.,
had enjoyed.
king,
and
up.
Jerusalem was saved by the address and readiness of Joseph, the brother of Onias.
to
He
hastened
Egypt,
ingratiated
himself with
Ptolemy, and
and Palestine.
saved, but
The greed
is
last
of the
'
good
'
Ptolemies.
iv.,
and
vice.
He
began
his
reign
with
the
murder of
the
title
his
brother, taking
his Father'
of Philopator
'
Lover of
by
way
of compensation.
Syria was
152
The Egypt of
the
trained in the
and the gratitude of Philopator showed itself in a visit to the temple at Jerusalem, where he sacrificed
to the
God
into the
Holy of
Egypt deprived
ship,
figure of
sacrifice
on the
altars of the
Greek gods.
been the staunch sup-
hitherto
it
Egyptians.
the
The Ethiopian
in the
Nubian
to
in
temples
invited
Upper Egypt
posed
in
it
The names
of the kings
in
who com-
deeds written
demotic characters.
Philopator died of his debaucheries after a reign
(B.C. 204),
the
future
Ptolemy Epiphan^s
to
succeed him.
in a state
The Age of
of
riot,
the Ptolemies
153
army was untrustworthy, and Antiochus was again on the march against Syria. The Egyptian
the
forces
were defeated
at
the ministers
sum
him
of
money
188),
for
its
support.
By
a treaty with
Rome
(B.C.
were settled
in
Meanwhile Ptolemy
up,
and
in B.C.
196 accordingly
was determined
coronation took
The
made
lightening
for
endowments
to the priests.
decree
which
is
But the
continued,
is
Reference
made
in
in the
nome
It
fortified themselves.
was
Abydos was
54
The Egypt of
Seti.
the
temple of
But
in B.C.
mercenaries
over the
and were
them
after
living
walls,
led to his
murder
in
VI.,
180,
and
his
of his mother.
While she
death
the
lived there
was peace,
Antiochus
but
after
her
Syrian
king,
Epiphan^s, threw himself upon Egypt, captured his nephew Philometor, and held his court in Memphis.
Thereupon
Philometor's
younger
brother,
whose
Rome
for help.
Antiochus with-
title
of Euergetes
II.,
Thanks
to the
together in
harmony
however,
Antiochus
Egypt,
Epiphanes,
had
again
its
invaded
soil
by the Roman
The Age of
ambassadors.
the Ptolemies
155
Rome now
affected
to
regard the
as a protected state,
and
Things had
when Philadelphus
deigned to congratulate
its
Roman
senate
regarded
embassy as the
to leave
The command
of the
Romans
Egypt
in the matter.
He had more
home without risking The Jews were in full reThe Hellenising party among them 'the
Rome.
had
grown
rivals
of the high-priests.
Between
Law
was induced
Onias
to
join
his
in
throw the
whole weight of
III.
power on the
side of innovation.
and
the
the ungodly,'
was appointed
his
change
Joshua
name
156
name
of Jason, established
gymnasium
at
festival
rite
of circumcision.
short-
lived.
two years
The second Syrian invasion of Egypt took place later. The story of the check received
all
Antiochus was
his opponents,
and block-
in the citadel.
his
pride,
way.
Jerusalem was
slavery,
partly
entered the
vessels, as
Temple and
as
its
carried
away
the sacred
Philip the
city,
well
other treasure.
while
In
B.C.
168
been a rising
in
The Age of
the Ptolemies
157
it
Mount
Zion, which
and a
Every
fierce
effort
their religion,
and
in
Greeks.
It
the
abomination of
Holies,
desolation'
was seen
the
Holy of
the
at
Jerusalem'
of the
Syrian
Ashtoreth.
Thousands of the orthodox Jews fled where they found shelter and welcome.
to Egypt,
Among
Philo-
III.
nome
of Heliopolis,
in
which
carried
on as
to
it
had been
Excavation goes
at the
spot
now
Mound
of the
Here was
III.,
and found a
city,
158
The Egypt of
the
According to Josephus,
Leontopolis.
older
name had
fortified
been
by-
The
like
en-
Ramses in., were employed once more to ornament it. Long ago the fellahin discovered
for
made
among
such as
its ruins,
is
bath,
for
women
the adjoining
who bore Jewish names. Onias was not allowed to build his new temple without a protest from the
stricter
adherents of the
Law
that
it
was forbidden
sacred city of
resource, and to the there
David.
all
when he pointed
day
in the
prophecy of Isaiah
shall
midst of the
The Egyptian Jews had already own version of the Scriptures they now had their own temple, their own priesthood, and their own high-priest. True, their co-religionists
land of Egypt.'
secured their
;
schismatic
The Age of
of
the Ptolemies
159
Onion continued
to
exist
as
long as that of
Jerusalem.
the
as
ings,
to
high
priest
of
state.
So
'
also
and
Levite,'
who, in
The Rest of
i),
of the
Book of Esther'
(x.
us that in the
'
which
into
Greek
at
Jerusalem
by
Philometor even
They
called
upon him
Mount Moriah
or
Mount
them had
Deuteronomy
Philometor decided in
far as to order
like
fierce
The
national party
i6o
The Egypt of
risen
the
had
and
whom
One
after
in
165 the
Temple was
purified
it
and
repaired,
and
new
altar dedicated in
Two
years later
power of
Syria.
throne, internal
strength, and
Edomite
party
and the
among
The
high-priesthood
and
Treaties were
made with
Sparta
his successor,
north
its
temples
whom
he compelled
Aristobulus,
who
followed
title
The Age of
attacked
the Ptolemies
i6i
Egypt and
annexed
the
cities
of
the
Phoenician coast.
royal crimes.
But with royal dignity had come Both Aristobulus and Alexander had and
their
murdered
their brothers,
how
camp
all
of the foe.
Long
had
fallen
before
this
happened,
many changes
in B.C. 145.
upon Egypt.
Philometor died
He had
in his
to
go
to
Rome
and
and lodging
of
mean treachery and intrigue. The reward of his brotherly forbearance was the murder by Physkon of Philometor's young son
Ptolemy Philopator
II.
immediately
the
Physkon
by temporary banishment to Cyprus. Then followed his widow, Cleopatra Kokk^, a woman stained with every possible and impossible crime.
interrupted only
all
opponents,
62
Tfie
Egypt of
the
including her
to her
the sons
Egypt was decided, and while Cleopatra was aided by the Jews, Lathyrus found his allies among the
Samaritans.
It
was
in the
wars,
themselves, and
to
events in
all
its
original
embodies the
made
in the
Book of
Daniel.
and
in
after all
under the
title
II.
(B.C. ^J^.
signalised
by the
still
Thebes.
in a state of effer-
caused
it
open
rebellion.
;
The
governlost
The Age of
their vigour
the
Ptolemies
163
and power
to rule,
and
their armies
were
now mere
But the
to with-
Mediterranean.
pressed,
when helped by the The revolt was Thebes taken by storm, and
resources of
at
its
last
sup-
temples,
fortresses, battered
and desword or
to the
place was
ancient shrines.
that remained of
it
Under
had
the
been
known
as Diospolis,
'
Amon,
metropolis of
in
Upper Egypt
from
this
it is
than a collection of
scattered, its
Its
were
ruined temples
to decay.
What
the Assyrian
had
failed to destroy
monarchy went on
it
rapidly.
prey to
civil
war
ind usurpation,
was allowed
to exist a
little
longer
who
it
put an end to
it
until
164
of
its
The Egypt of
treasures.
the
The kingdom
feuds
as
Family
as
murders and
civil
had
become almost
among
Rome was
In
B.C.
Pompey
after
its
defenders massacred,
its
and
The Roman
Palestine
Holy of
Holies, and
was annexed
Roman
still
empire.
Among
Roman
new
The
raised
by the
dashed
successes
for
ever,
of
the
existed as a
was not long before the Jews discovered how grievous had been the change in their
fortunes.
They ceased
:
to be feared,
rulers of
and
therefore
respected
the
mob and
The Age of
ship was taken away, with
the Ptolemies
its
165
right to the
enjoyment
of their
own
the
rank
of
the
native
whom
not
They
did
old
privileges
until
Egyptian province,
when
after the
Jewish
The house
empire of
its
of Ptolemy
fell
ignobly.
But
it
fell
civil
among
its last
Roman
republic.
Cleopatra,
Mark
the master
mind of
Julius Csesar.
and reputation of
fatal to the life
of
the other.
Ptolemies by the
Alexandrine
mob,
Caesar's
life
stead
he saved him-
by
firing the
in the flames,
and the
66
The Egypt of
in
the
rooms
blackened
ruins.
It
is
Mark Antony
the library of
Pergamos, with
in the
its
of
its
books.
Cleopatra and
Mark Antony
left
Roman
world
(B.C.
30).
empire
unhappily for
inhabitants,
Its
it
remained the
prefect
was never
to set foot in
it.
Its cities
Greek
citizenship
to the Greeks
and Jews and prevented any Egyptians from sharing them, was left in
native
force.
Egypt was
its soil
the granary of
Rome,
its
inhabitants
made
it
The Age of
the Ptolemies
167
And
the master of
be-
he
commanded
filled
also
the
with Egyptian
was dangerous
The
is
history of Alexandria
under the
rather
Romans
the
history of Alexandria
than of the
Egyptians.
upon
greater
and
more
in
intolerable.
Upper Egypt, were, however, quickly repressed, and in the which third century the barbarian Blemmyes made Coptos and Ptolemais their capitals. The reconquest of the
and again there were outbreaks
Thebaid by Probus
a triumph.
(A.D.
Now
About eight years later the whole country was once more in rebellion, and proclaimed their The war lasted for nine leader Akhilleus emperor.
years,
force of the
to
finish
person into
The emperor Diocletian marched in Upper Egypt and besieged Coptos, the
After a long siege the city was
68
The Egypt of
the
Diocletian,
when
the struggle
was
over,
Roman
fix
Roman
faith.
of
the
new
in the
all
its
Roman
that was
Rome
of the
past, with
its
it
patriotism,
its
law and
administration.
The
struggle between
and the
delayed.
no longer be
The
edict of Diocletian
its
put forth
and root
Christianity out of
midst.
late.
one,
away.
old
its
Rome
had passed
Christian
Nowhere had
;
the
Egypt
nowhere had
more numerous.
was one which we should hardly have
The
result
The Age of
expected.
the Ptolemies
169
Greek.
It
and tongue of
flourished
Alexandria had
little
in
common
with Egyptian
With the Diocletian persecution, however, came a change. Even while it was still at its height, martyrs and confessors come forward who bear
ideas.
Hardly
is
it
over
body
for
the
new
religion.
Osiris
and
Isis
make way
and the
It
is
The decay
barriers
of the
Roman power,
Greek
and
therewith
the
between
and
may have had something to do with it. So too may the revolt in Upper Egypt, which united in one common feeling of nationality all the
Egyptian,
Perhaps a
still
more
constancy of those
faith.
who
The
and
Egyptian
his very
has
always
been
life
deeply
religious,
enjoyment of
ascetic.
makes him
I/O
The Egypt of
the
remains
before the
when the persecution was over it had become Copt The pagans who still survived were
;
not
Egyptians
and highly-educated
who was
tortured to
death by
flesh
St.
by
the
wholly
Little else
had an
faith.
The romances
were replaced
Christian
their forefathers
by legends of the
saints
hymns succeeded
to
this
to the
for
poems of the
the
We owe
passion
theology
preservation of
The Book
of
is
by
it
St.
had
Christianity.
The Church
of Abyssinia, a daughter
it
in
an Ethiopia
original from
in a
It
Ekhmim, which was excavated in 1886. has long been known that the text used by
tomb
at
the
'
The Age of
the Ptolemies
171
George
Syncellus
the
newly - discovered
fragments
now
like.
the original
in
Ara-
maic
used
Greek versions of
in
existed,
Syria,
one of which
the other
faithful
Europe
and
Egypt.
Which was
to learn.
more
we have yet
brought to
The excavations
light
at
Ekhmim have
One
of these
is
supposed by
its
first editor,
;
M. Bouriant,
to be the
it
hell.
The
book appears
by a Gnostic,
in
as there
a reference in
it
to
'
the .^on
in glory.
The
other
work
of more importance.
early Church as that
is
It is the
Gospel known
to the
portion which
Throughout the
Lord
the
transferred from
Pilate to the
Jews
when
'
172
The Egypt of
the
had witnessed,
'
Truly
clean
God
'
he answered
' :
am
God
the Gospel
cross
is
rendered,
My
forsaken
me
What
early
Christianity
await us in Egypt
last
it
is
im-
possible to say.
It is
few years
Countless manuscripts of
already
perished
price-
value
have
through
the the
and savan,
to
whom
'
the term
'
Coptic
'
has
of
But the
soil
Egypt
is
later
to yield
up other documents
that
It
is
only the
among
the
Fayyum
papyri
now
in
Museum,
there
version of
The Age of
the
the Ptolemies
173
hitherto known.
And
the traveller
and
in his
Abu
Hannes, but a
which
Hadrian raised
illustrations
to the
memory
of Antinous, abundant
of
the doctrine
He
the
how
the
home
of a
hermit became
chapel with
its
first
selves, inscribed
fugitives
in
from persecution,
We can
On
is
the record of
spot
made holy by
is
Henceforward Greek
pray
is
superseded by Coptic,
St.
Victor or
Phoebammon
to
for
them
write their
names
and prayers
alphabet.
in the native
With the betrayal of Egypt to the Mohammedans by George the Makaukas the doom
174
The Egypt of
the
had already become the language of the Egyptian Church, and though we still find quotations from the
Greek
New
the
more than
native, not
ornamental designs.
Greek.
Christian
Egypt
CHAPTER
HERODOTOS
From
IN
VI
EGYPT
Mohammedan
to
life
persecution,
we must now
and
such
its
turn
back
Pagan Greece.
The
into Greece
feeling of unity
as'
its
Athens has
taken
ture,
name
new
thing,' is
now beginning
leisure,
and
the Mediterranean.
to
its
at a single
;
bound
poetry
of
Europe
is
already born.
176
The Egypt of
the
The founder
to say,
of literary history
literary
of
history, that
interest
is
which aims at
form and
If
was
may
Herodotos of Halikarnassos.
Greek
tradition
be trusted, his uncle had been put to death by Lygdamis, the despot of the city, and the subsequent
expulsion of the tyrant was
in
to
Herodotos
as fond of travel as
and
vanity.
He had
cultivated the
his stay in
library
perhaps during
What
other libraries he
may have
consulted
we do
not know, but his history shows that he had a considerable acquaintance with the works of his predecessors,
whom
Egypt
as
south as Thebes,
if
full
people and
its
history,
the
and
geographers,
physicists,
and
been
dramatists,
philosophers and
had
made
he
correct
Now
and again
to
when he wishes
or
contradict
them
more
frequently he
Herodotos in Egypt
silently incorporates their statements
177
It
'
we
are
by Porphyry,
that he
'
stole
by Hekataeus of the
of that
crocodile, the
hippopotamus and
correct.
in his days,
that,
although he
any
He
if
exceeded theirs
it
wrote,
if
is
who
frequently
difficult,
whether Herodotos
or quoting from
own experience
is
others,
whose trustworthiness
doubtful or whose
statements
may
From we are
His
person
is
used,
it
is
178
The Egypt of
the
speaking.
Statements of
true,
in
because,
it
is
urged, he
is
But
the
facts,
case
altered
falls to
the ground.
of the
in the foundation
B.C.
445, and
Olympic
His
festival, as later
history.
travels in Egypt,
place.
Their aptells
fixed
by what he
(iii.
us
Papremis
1 2).
At Papremis, for the first time, an Egyptian army defeated the Persian forces. Its leader was
Inaros the Libyan, and doubtless a large body of
in
it.
had
Akhaemenes,
slain,
and
for
Egypt maintained a
in the
precarious freedom.
The
all
fortresses at
however,
remained
in spite of
dislodged.
Herodotos in Egypt
the Athenians,
still
179
at
war with
Persia, sent
two
in-
The
ships sailed
up the Nile as
still
far as
held out.
for a
year and a
and
marched over
allies,
by
storm.
The Greek
fell
into the
Amyrtaeos, however,
still
main-
fleet
449 Kimon sent sixty ships of the Athenian But before they to assist him in the struggle.
Egypt news
trust
arrived of the
Four
we may
Philokhorus, another
Athens
help.
in the
it
But
and Egypt once more sullenly obeyed the Persian rule. We learn from Herodotos (iii. 15) that 'the
great
i8o,7'
The Egypt of
of
his
the
the
sons
inveterate
and
their
Papremis was
there the
visited
sham
fight
between the
He
also
'
went to the
site
The
they
had
fallen,
by a pebble, those
The
cause of
this
;
difference
was explained
to
it
Not many
had occurred.
scene of
it
The
visit
may
The
455
and 450.
still
among
the marshes
But the rebellion must have been No Greek could have ventured crushed.
territory while his
practically
into Persian
against
Herodotos in Egypt
its
i8i
Persian masters.
its
The army
Moreover,
of Megabyzos must
fleet
have done
been
utterly destroyed.
evident that
when
was
at peace.
event,
it
is
of
foreign
men who have ceased to be a danger to the government. The passage, indeed, in which
fathers
to
may have
been
this
his
return
makes no difference as to the main fact. When he came to Egypt it had again lapsed into tranquil
submission to the Persian power.
In
B.C.
450,
Miltiades,
had de-
Megabyzos was overthrown at Salamis. was then that the 'peace of Kimon' is said to
been
concluded
have
between
Athens
and
the
made
the
Mediterranean a Greek
sea.
The
it
no allusion
that
it
to
it
may be
was
for
82
The Egypt of
the
Persian decline.
Had Herodotos
later,
travelled in
Egypt
But
in
a year or two
case
we
his history
in Italy.
was
finished
We
there before
when
of
move
freely about.
For more than half a century Egypt had been There had been an earlier
when
Hellenic world.
is
The Pharos
of the future
iv.
Alexandria
355)
;
it
was
his
there,
Menelaos
'
moored
Egyptian Proteus
'
to
declare to
him
homeward
road.
Thebes,' with
its
hundred temple-gates,
and
his
when Alkandra,
gifts.
Greek mercenaries
Herodotos in Egypt
183
enabled
Assyria,
Psammetikhos
to
of
Naukratis and
Solon visited
Egypt while Athens was putting into practice the laws he had promulgated, and there he heard from
the priest of Sais that,
by the
side of the
unnumbered
wisdom but the growth of to-day. revolt had broken out, while Ionia
still
sister
Egypt had become a Macedonian conquest, and embodying his knowledge and experiences in a
lengthy book.
to all this
made
their living
by acting as
between
other work.
At
to
length, however,
more open
visitors
visitors,
and
came
from Greece.
among
the
first
to
and
and
of the Nile.
84
The Egypt of
the
older contemporary of
travelled in Egypt,
supposed
travel.
Herodotos found a public fresh and eager to hear what he had to tell them about the dwellers on the
Nile.
in the
At any
sum-
When
he
arrived, the
under water.
eye-witness
He
how
towns
appeared
above
the
At
'
Egypt
becomes a
villages alone
show
themselves.'
making
it
Egypt the
few days of
July.
go about the
streets of Cairo
announcing each
it has risen, and in the first or second week of August the ceremony of cutting the Khalig
its
banks, used to be
It
is,
in
fact,
in
Herodotos in Egypt
185
is
first
and then
remain
stationary.
the canals of
But towards the end of October, when Upper Egypt are emptied, there is
rise,
again another
fall.
it,
If
he
must have been there between the beginning of July and the end of October.
which he could
in the country.
the land
work.
Thus when he
which
to
Fayyum
it
was
of
Biahmu,
they
excavations
have shown
as
still
have always
stood on
dry land,
in
the
middle of a vast
Nowhere, indeed,
is
there any
its
normal
condition.
Even
traveller to
Memphis
is
de-
the Ionian
'
own
experience.
Neither
in
going
We
86
The Egypt of
the
in the
summer.
ample of
doing
and
visit
Upper
season
his
fitting
Memphis and
still
of the
to
more
and
Greek
tourists of the
Macedonian
known
to
about
the
Upper Egypt he
is
absol-
kings which
Memphis.
contain evidence
that,
make
safe.
their
way
into
southern
Egypt
until
the
At Abu-Simbel
in
Upper
mercenaries
Herodotos in Egypt
of
187
Psammetikhos
and
their
Greek
and
Karian
contemporaries
who
in
visited
But
then
the history of
Greek writing
Alexander's empire a
new epoch
begins.
From
At Thebes
them
all
objects of attention,
and
stranger round
just as they
do to-day.
But among
Egypt we
same
age.
In fact,
The
swarmed with
bandits.
Persian
voyage up the
century
garrison at
his hand.
Memphis the traveller carried his life in As in the time of Norden no Egyptian
traveller in
Nubia
to
88
The Egypt of
the
go south of
Fayyiim.
foreigner's
travels
sail
was the
'
The Egypt
'
into
which Greeks
was, as
Theban nome and Lake Moeris. Even a visit to the Fayyum was doubtless a bold and unusual undertaking, and on this account
Herodotos describes what he saw there
ordinary length, and extols the
district
at
more than
of
the
wonders
had
suffered
afflicted
much from the civil troubles which Egypt. The dykes which kept out
fertile
nome
into
a stagnant lake.
Herodotos
saw
it
at the beginning
of the present
century
the
embankments were
From
Nearly
in the
middle of
it,'
he
tells us,
'
stand
water
The
the
shattered
1888,
scattered
round
pyramidal
Herodotos in Egypt
pedestals, twenty-one feet high,
189
been placed.
Fayyum, and
were each
are
their discoverer
The fragments
Ashmolean Museum. The statues faced northward, and the court within which they stood was surrounded by a wall with a gateway
at
in the
now
Oxford
of red granite.
intact,
The
still
pedestals
still
remain
fairly
had
been erected
in fact,
used to-day.
The monuments,
in the
them
midst of
the water
is
The Lake
Moeris he describes
;
was not the true Mceris of Egyptian geography was the Fayyum
itself
it
The
Between
this
feet assigned to
them by
at
warns
us,
much
not a
man
190
The Egypt of
the
Hence comes the assertion that before. the time of IVIenes the whole country between the sea and Lake Mceris was a marsh. Such a statement is intelligible only if we remember that, when Herodotos sailed up the Nile, its banks were inundated on
either side.
Had
Memphis
water
is
as the
modern
when
the
begin to
line the
course of the
the belief. the rest of
But
Egypt was hidden from him by the waters of the inundation. That he should have made the
Fayyum
was the
is
indeed natural
it
know
that from
same
features.
The
in
cause.
actually exists
under
the
Herodotos in Egypt
191
whose
lower
chambers
the
Nile
has
long since
infiltrated.
by the water which had filled them, and Professor Petrie had the same experience in the brick pryamid of Hbwara, though here the infiltration of the water
seems to have been caused
by a
canal
dug
in
Arab
times.
of water, and
is
on
his
own
his guides.
it,
however, can
was
in a boat that
;
and
it
was
from the
He
did not
know
that the
utmost
should
make no mention
But
192
The Egypt of
the
in sailing
to the pyramids he
notice.
along the canal which led from Memphis would have passed by it without
his
As
boat
made
it
its
way
on
which
the
huge
sepulchres
of
Kheops and
Khephren
from
his
are built,
view
In
the
immediate
neighbourhood
great pyramid
more
interesting
to
and more
his
striking,
which were
quite
enough
occupy
day and
now known
tell
as
is
Ahnas
el-Medineh,
all
us
derived
Now
and
then,
it is
used,
and we think
adventures.
for a
moment
is
that he
is
describing his
own
But he
merely quot-
is
the case.
His book
traveller,
Mr.
A.
in
St.
was published
too embodies record of his
English only
years ago.
He
own journey up
is
doing
and
it is
not
until
we suddenly
light
on the name of an
earlier writer at
Herodotos in Egypt
the bottom of the page that
fact.
193
we become aware
of the
;
this help
and
method of work.
older writers
Egypt have been deceived by his But he has preserved fragments of which would otherwise have been lost,
in
stories
and
if
he heard
Sais, or the
incidentally in
in a writer
might be expected
who had
what he
is
Thus he
in the
hippopotamus was
sacred
nome
it
although
fancies
was
all
also
worshipped
in
Thebes, and he
that
hawks and
visited
Damanhur.
he done
But
this
Had
body of every
distant
hawk
that died
was
carried to a
place in
the
Delta.
Indeed, in
the
hot
Cemeteries, however,
194
The Egypt of
the
up and down
the
The mummies
cliffs
with in the
of Gebel
Abu
above
all
at Beni Hassan,
where a
to the south
their bones.
Tons of
to Liverpool, there
it
manure
but as
was found
that the
to yield to the
Mummies
of the
sacred hawks were disinterred in equal numbers when the ancient cemeteries of
Ekhmim
were excavated a
of Hierakon,
'
Herodotos
avers that
'
was
similarly
misinformed.
Thus, he
for the
Fayyum
below
it.'
mean
about
a voyage of seven
Dahabiyeh
to the calculation.
With a
Herodotos in Egypt
is
195
less,
Now
eighty
to
Fayyum
monotony of sand-
banks and
cliff,
It is
correct.
It
is,
in fact,
could
see
he attained.
The view which he had from thence over the flat him to make another
It is that for
Nile
is
it
broad.
But
such
the
was
the
case
Fayyiim
and
province
of
Beni-Suef spread
towards the west, and there too only when they are
covered with the waters of the inundation.
Else-
is
for
the
most part
be so con-
neighbourhood of Memphis,
traveller to
where
fined
;
it
seemed
to the
Greek
here and
there, indeed, as
at
Abydos and
196
The Egypt of
it
the
Thebes,
broadens out
more
altogether.
Herodotos knows nothing of the great monuments of Thebes, and the Pharaohs accordingly whose
the ancient
to to
Thebes.
Even
Sesostris,
ir.
whom some
Of
left,
of
the
features of
Ramses
may
be detected, reigns
all
in the
the multiare
two only
known
to the
Greek
traveller,
and these
of Ptah in Memphis.
knew
of the kings of
Egypt
from the
which
monuments which he
actually saw.
Had
he
visited
told
how Memnon
led
the world.
Herodotos in Egypt
197
dragoman's
tales of
Upper Egypt
was
Herodotos could
never there.
The
Fayyiim
is
knowledge, because
is
And
of
we come
across notices
by an eye-witness.
Upper Egypt, some of which have been written But the eye-witness was not Herodotos himself, and in giving them he generally Thus he
describes
or
Khemmis
is
Ekhmim
as
'
voyage of
at least three
days,
insignificant city
by
the side of
Khemmis itself,
its
Even Tentyris
of
ancient temple
Hathor
itself
was only
temple
is
from certain
people of
still visible,
and
198
The Egypt of
the
name
sug-
may
be,
by
its
persea
tree.
Each
year,
was
further
alleged,
gymnastic games
in
in the
who
at times appeared
him
his sandal
famous
in
Greek mythology.
But
the inventive
traveller did
He
two towers
is
deity.
The
statement
of
itself
to prove
with his
own
eyes.
The watch-towers
roofs.
that guarded
They were
principles
It
was a con-
is
travellers to
to learn something about the sources of the Nile. But neither the Egyptians nor the Libyans nor the
Greeks
'
whom
Assuan some of
the
Herodotos in Egypt
199
Ethiopians
who
lived there
communicative.
At
last,
Sais
the
only Egyptian
priest, in
fact,
of higher
rank,
whom
and
the scribe
humoured the
made
fun of
However,
Two
between SyenS, a
tine,
and Elephan-
Out of the
for
letting
down
them a rope
this
several
in length,
was probably
Egyptian
know
Greek,
the
priests
'
to
whom
Herodotos
so
frequently
200
The Egypt of
the
who
The
sacred scribe
Since
Greek
less
visitors,
were
whom
Greek
Herodotos met
was
acquainted
with
the
There
case.
is
The
remarkably correct
amount of transformation than it might have done if Herodotos had written it down himself from the
scribe's
'
mouth.
'
It is
The
the opposite
Cataract.
cliff
We
can almost
On
'
Herodotos in Egypt
201
it.
is
a picture of
We
see the
upon the other up summit of the island where Mut the divine mother, and Horus the saviour, sit and keep watch
over the waters of the southern Nile.
cavern, encircled
Below
is
the
by
the Nile-god
either
is
Though
in
certain points
his in-
M6phi
de-
mythology.
rived
Even
the jingling
Mdphi may be
'
from the
Egyptian
river
moniii or
ran,
mountains
though Lauth
is
may
Qer-H^pi, 'the
'
But
serious
in
mistake.
In
at the spot.
Had
'
202
The Egypt of
the
correctly.
'
At Elephantine honours were paid to the great god of the Nile, who rose from his caverns in the neighbourhood. Of this we have been assured by a
mutilated Greek inscription on a large slab of granite
the
endowments and
privileges
refers to the
But long
when
immediately beyond
preserved, like so
in the
much
mythology of
later days.
In the temple of
how
Seti
I.
dug a
'
well
in
the
desert and
how
as from the
Here the
Bigeh
to
from
how Herodotos
could
to
Herodotos in Egypt
of the island of Bigeh
203
by its relation to the better known island of Elephantine. The very name of the city which stood on the
southern extremity of Elephantine implied that here,
in the
days of
its
was
called
flowing.
was
in
also
called
correctly the
name
stood.
Abu,
fact,
signified
of elephants,' of
translation.
when
it first
became known
must
to the
elephant
still
have
was an
is
island as well
as
city.
Except where he
scribe,
he always speaks of
as
'
city,'
sometimes
It is
extend so
far.
We
his
Those
The
in
visiting
204
Memphis and
him, as
it
closed to
was
to
many
a long day.
But we are now able to trace his journey with some degree of exactness. He must have arrived
about the beginning of July at the mouth of the
the
have
to
usual destination of
and
or
thus
made
the
his
way by
capital
Hermopolis
Naukratis.
Damanhur
Greek
his
Karian
dragoman, with
whom
But
was
voyage
and the
pyramids of Gizeh
to
Memphis.
Ptah,
There he inspected
his
whom
countrymen
was while he
visit to
was
at
Heliopolis, with
all
university and
is
its
temple, of which
that
is
left
to-day
his
Next he made
voyage up the
to
pyramids of Dahshur,
Anysis or Herakleopolis,
Then he returned Memphis, and then again passing Heliopolis sailed northward to Bubastis and Buto. It was now
to
Herodotos in Egypt
205
to
probably
that
he
made
excursions
Papremis
and
Busiris,
situation
CHAPTER
IN
VII
Let
Kanopic
mouth of the
Greek
Nile.
The
It
known
to
sailors in
preserved a memory.
traders
pirates
and
or
had
raided
the fields
the fellahin
^gean
Guided by the
island
made
their
way
ward
to the
river
which
is
called
Aigyptos
in the Odyssey.
in
still
the time of
twenty-sixth
the Nile
dynasty
was
the Kandpic
arm of
steer.
Nowhere
sail
up
weather
207
till
them
native
to sail to
which were
officer.
The mouth of
care,
all
foreign goods
took
its
was called
'
in
of gold
'
it
was
of
built,
name
pilot
In later
commerce and
It
outlying
suburb.
chapels,
Zephyrion,
fashionable
Alexandrine
was
which
filled
with
drinking-shops
and
of
to
the
pleasure-loving
crowds
The
cure.
sick
came
also to seek
The
rich, too,
had
their
2o8
The Egypt of
the
those
who wished to bathe in the sea. The site of Zephyrion is now occupied by
village of Abuktr,
the
little
memorable
in
the annals of
made
The
some excavations
foundations of
name
of
Amonupright
em-hat
IV.,
and
The
roll
II.
with a
of papyrus
hand
them being a representation of Hont-mi-Ra, the The sphinxes and statues must Pharaoh's wife.
have been brought from
some
older building to
Ramses
II.
who
has
usurped
and that
it
twelfth dynasty.
Other
of the temple
frag-
ments
of
red granite
from
some
gigantic
naos,
human
foot
strew
the rocks at
the
foot
of the
promontory
whereon
Zephyrion
stood
and
bear
209
zeal
of
Christian
when
Egypt.
sailed.
now in process of being reclaimed, and the engineers who have been draining and washing it have come across many traces of the ancient Kan6pos.
It lay to
Though the journey from Alexandria to Abukir must now be undertaken in a railway carriage and not
in
a barge,
it is still
We
pass through
fertile
fig-trees,
past groves of
palm with
head.
at the
shells,
The
from Kandpos
to
would have
differed in
one
Its
like the
modern
lateen
sails
2IO
The Egypt of
the
it
But
are
in other respects
still
into rooms,
and
fitted
up
in
Awnings
pro-
On
is
the
way
to
Dema
n Hor, or
'
City of
Horus.'
makes
in regard to
is
Hermopolis
to
Such might
There
Delta,
district.
Bah
in
ancient
Egyptian, Tel
el-Baqliyeh
modern
times,
is
it
and
antiquities.
among
the multitudinous
21
like the
old city
Bah was, in fact, the holy nome of the Ibis.' The mound of the has now been almost demolished by the
of inscribed stone in the neighbouring
II.
fragments
village
From Hermopolis
distance.
to
short
Greeks, and
when he was working for the Egypt Exploration Fund. The Fund had been formed with the primary
intention of finding the sites of
kratis,
and
it
existence
we
Teh
tion of the
Upper Egyptian
line of railway
with that
we
shall
it
five
miles, part of
mound
known
it
to the natives as
all
K6m
Qa'if.
This
mound
represents of
that
is left
of Naukratis.
To
the west
212
The Egypt of
the
When
Sebah
which
is
Professor Petrie
is used as manure, and to the search for it we owe the discovery of many memorials of the past. At Kom Qa'if the larger part of the earth had been
removed, and
all
But the
art,
as
city
whose
settled
site
they
As soon
as Professor Petrie
had
down
to
was added
to
An
at
the
country-house in which he
over he found
lived,
and on turning
it
letters
its
archives.
at
the
and
though
more excavations
are
In
the Steps
of Herodotos
213
out, the
mapped
of
its
To
camp
settled
by Psammetikhos. The camp was by a wall, and surrounded within it stood the
Hellenion,
the
common
Phoksea
from
the
Khios,
Teos,
and
Klazomenae,
of
and
of the
still
Cohans
of
Mytilene.
The
in
great
enclosure
chambers of the
fort,
when
it
it
was no
was pro-
The
of
traders
and
houses north
sailors
the camp.
and
merchants,
the great
who had taken no part in the erection of altar, and who perhaps had no relations
fort, built special
among
temples
for themselves.
we walk
fort
the
first
marks the
site
of the
214
The Egypt of
the
little
to the north
was the
still
larger temple
and
still
on the north
side,
largest of
The temple
of
in the city
may
be gathered from
the .(Eginetans.
The
away towards
brought
to
the northern
have
been
Here
from
were
still
Naukratis
in
the days of
Herodotos.
Among
the
potsherds
of the
disinterred
from
the
rubbish-trench
temple
of
Apollo
were
Phanes, the
son of
Glaukos.'
Mr. Gardner
is
is
the very
Phanes who deserted to Kambyses, and, according to the Greek story, instructed him
how
to
march
215
may
still
be that Hero-
when
it
was
intact,
and that
it; in
story
case,
it
him over
any
was doubtless
at Naukratis,
and possibly
it.
To
from
it
only by a
street,
They were
era,
of the
and the
From
was famous.
his
On
two
way
to Naukratis Herodotos
had passed
other
khandropolis.
stood.
But we do not yet know where they Nor do we know the position of that Fort
'
'
of the Milesians
the
nome
of Sais
'
Naukratis.
The
city of Sais
dotos's journey.
excursion to
was within an easy distance of Naukratis, so that an Sais was it did not require much time.
2i6
The Egypt of
the
twenty-sixth dynasty
it
was
here
that
Psamhis
and
his successors
adorned
it
with splendid
visited
it, it
buildings.
its
When
Herodotos
none of
architectural magnificence.
He
forth
and
to
sacred lake
had been
left
Upper Egypt since the days of the Old Empire, but Abydos was far distant from Sais, and when the latter city became the capital of the kingdom there was
none bold enough to deny
all events,
its
claim.
Herodotos, at
who
He
was
told,
at night
memory
of the
by Kambyses on
'
217
mummy
and and
after
resting-place,
The
may
not true.
Sais
Neit, the
When
the
Greeks
first
with their
came there, they identified the goddess own Athena, led thereto by the similarity
But
this identification led to further
of the names.
results.
As Athena was
it
the
patron
goddess
of
Athens, so
special
While Athena
Egyptian of
Sais.
It
was from a
priest of Sais,
stone,' is the
capital of
it
Psammetikhos.
difficult
is
of access, as there
no station
in its
neigh-
bourhood.
ever,
when the
it
had
to
go from Alexandria
to the tourist.
its
to Cairo in a dahabiyeh,
it,
and
But
little is left
stately
2i8
monuments except mounds of disintegrated brick, a large enclosure surrounded by a crude brick wall seventy feet thick, and the sacred lake. The lake,
however,
is
sacred no longer
it
shrunken
in size
and
is
Stone
is
valuable in
all
great
monuments that Herodotos saw. But in number of bronze figures of Neit, some
are of the careful
of them
They
that
and language
of the Karians.
was dedicated
to the goddess of a
Psammetikhos by a son of
It is
an
in-
219
there.
of
'
burning lamps
'
was celebrated
On
oil,
a wick floated.
who
lamps
at
The
festival
summer, probably
at the
time of the
summer
it
solstice,
still
are
per-
The annual festival in honour of Isis was observed all over Egypt in the same way. As the Greek traveller approached Memphis the
pyramids of Gizeh were shown to him towering over
the water on his right.
His
visit to
them was
sail
re-
on to
Memphis was
of crude brick,
great temple
records
its
in all
its
glory.
preserved the
monuments and
it
Built on an
em-
Nile,
was
said,
by Menes,
To
the west,
in
the
desert,
lay
its
necropolis.
220
The Egypt of
the
mud
brick
Roman
All
who
lived in
Memphis and
suburbs, and
modern Cairo
are of the
to
Roman
age.
From Memphis
Herodotos,
having
been
told
at
Memphis
of the experiment
made by Psammetikhos
make
further
We
may
made an
in
excur-
was staying
it
Memphis.
The
tourist
site
of Heliopolis
is
well-known to every
who
The
drive to the
221
is
a pleasant
way
of filling up an after-
noon.
city of Heliopolis or
On,
its
with
university
and
its
innumerable
monuments of the past, there is little now to be seen. The obelisk reared in front of its temple a thousand
years before Joseph married the daughter of
priest still stands
its
;
high-
where
it
but the
was erected by
still
side,
and of which
to
say.
Arabic
historians
is left
have
something
Nothing
enclosure,
which
tell
how
or
One
is
destruction
which
4 inches
erected
by
Nektanebo
the
of
the
native
Pharaohs.
Ramses
enclosure,
and
tombs of
the dead.
of Egyptian religion
is
and
learning.
The
destruction
indeed complete
the spoiler
whom
Jeremiah saw
222
The Egypt of
the
we would
images of
On we must now go
of Europe or
and
from
museums
British
America.
was
now
in the
Museum was
III.
and
at Heliopolis Cleopatra's
Needle was
first set
up
by Thothmes
Heliopolis
in front of the
temple of Amon.
was
the
centre
in ancient
The worship goes back to prehistoric days. Menes was already a son of Ra,' inheriting his right to rule from the Sun-god of On. The theology of
Ra.
'
Heliopolis
is
the
man
was
in the
great hall of
believed
Horus
wounds
which
The
gathered round
it,
was too
As befitted its theological character, Heliopolis was rich in sacred animals. The bull Mnevis, in which
223
two
localities
of Heliopolis
The two community of worship between the in that primeval age when neither Ra nor Ptah of Memphis was known, and
when
they
whoever
were plunged
in the grossest
Hesiod alludes to
it,
we
are
told
by Porphyry, from
it
his
Hekataeos.
was
it
an eagle,
was a heron,
in
the blunder.
We
does,
may
argue from
this, as
Professor
Wiedemann
its
saw
picture.
But
is
correct.
Its
it
When
Augustus he found
schools and library
Its
which the
224
"^he
Egypt of
the
priestly philosophers
ing,
had once
stand-
they were
in
now empty.
Among them
was the
which Plato and Eudoxos had studied not long after the time when Herodotos was there. In
house
spite, therefore, of the
famous and
of
Mohammedan
taught in
the
Heliopolis which
Herodotos
visited
still
all
taught
The
feelings with
which the
Greek
traveller
if,
indeed, he
was allowed
to
do so
From Heliopolis Herodotos continued his voyage down the Pelusiac arm of the Nile to Bubastis, thus
following
nearly the
tourist
same
line
of
travel
as
the
modern
Zagazig.
who
The
yond the station of Zagazig, mark the site of Bubastis, called Pi-beseth in the Old Testament (Ezek. xxx. 17),
Pi-Bast,
'the
Temple of
Bast,'
by the Egyptians.
for-
The
tunes of the
nome and
city,
identified
In
225
down
in
peace
it,
As
The
ever,
of the twenty-
second dynasty, as
have
made
plain.
more
Bast,
especially
in fact,
there.
was of foreign
the
The
and
tells
description
its festival is
He
us
how
middle of the
shaded with
it
visitor looks
down upon
in
from
had grown
height
He
to
tells
us further
how
it
to the market-place,
and thence
to a chapel dedicated
festival
crowds of
flocked to
it
in boats,
226
The Egypt of
the
seen even
now
in the
month
is
of August at Tantah,
where the
religious fair
all
women
by the modern
raki.
indulging in
old
Greek
traveller,
verge of decency.
feast, its
Wine
alone
As
'
it
was
II.
The
'
Shed-festival
'
August
in
27th of Epiphi.
was probably,
therefore, at the
that
The
of the temple
true to-day.
The
temple, which
is
he pronounced to be the
ruins, like the
prettiest in
Egypt,
now
in
it.
houses and
Tel-Bast
But the
site
visitor, to
looks
down upon
its
habita-
tions,
and can
still
Even the
visible,
street
which
led
is still
and Dr.
Naville
has found
,the
remains of the
little
temple which
227
Herodotos supposed
to
Egyptian Thoth.
Like the larger
In
this,
edifice, it
was dedicated
of
and
was,
under the
protection
Thoth, whose
is
doubt-
Osorkon
I.
consecrated
things, including
about
an
dom was
flourishing.
in 1887-89,
and were
chiefly
made among
outlines
and dislocated
us the
of
its
history.
its
temples of Egypt,
beginning of Egyptian
the
The Pharaohs
it,
of
and the
i.,
as well as of Pepi
The
kings of the
it,
and
In the days
when they had adopted the culture and customs of Egypt and were holding royal state at Zoan, two of
them
at least restored
228
The Egypt of
the
One
the
Apophis
Amon
war of independence
Ra, the lannas of Manetho, has engraved his name on a colossal lion which was carried to Babylon by some
Chaldsean conqueror.
The monarchs
expelled.
But the
civil
the
fall
and we
storing
also
and Ramses
but
li.
once more
re-
The
left
memorials
it
was
under the
that
chapel.
II.
its
prosperity.
The
princes
who
followed Shishak
its
made
The
was
built
by Osorkon
court,
installed in
Temple and city alike underwent but little change down to the days of Herodotos. It was after his visit that the last addition was made to the sacred buildings. With the recovery of Egyptian
independence after the successful revolt from Persia
229
came a new
tanebo
I.,
NekAfter
the
Herodotos was
told
the
height
of
the
mound on which
indication
of
the
deeds
of
it
its
inhabitants.
said,
was
had
by convict labour, just as they had been previously raised by those who cut the canals under Sesostris. But the whole story was an invention of the dragomen.
The
the houses of
Egypt
are built
As
the
grows
in age, so
or
mound whereon
in
city-mounds.
The water
was necessary
to
build
it
on a
few years
old
some of the
outlet,
They had no
either
230
by door
keep the
employed as store-rooms.
rest of the
house dry.
sacred cats was on the western
cats
But the
do not appear
in
to
Egypt
they
Among
cat.
the bones
naturalists have
Several,
which have been discovered with the bones unmistakably represent the domestic animal.
Generally
little
'
below Bubastis
'
'
deserted
camp
and
fortress
Ionian and
their houses
Amasis had
it
transferred
them
Memphis,
in
was rather
The
site
of the
camp was
in 1886,
discovered
and
partially
excavated by
to
show that
was
fortress called
What
its
231
though
in
it
is
it
is
right
holding
Jeremiah.
It is now known as Tel ed-Defifeneh. The drying up of the Pelusiac arm of the Nile
The canal which has replaced it is Lake Menzaleh, which bounds the Tel to is more brackish still. The land is imsalt,
is
pregnated with
of sand.
and covered
in places
soil
with
drifts
There
no cultivated
nearer than
less
away
no water-way
The
between
covers a
canal, a
marsh, and
lies
mounds
of sand, and
mound
'
the palace
it
that
his
was
place could
It
guarded
232
The Egypt of
the
summit
we
mounds
still
of Tanis.
The
crumbled
it
chambers on which
was
its
erected
'pavement' at
entrance.
The
Like the
is
early
there
by the Greek
or Karian
who
lived
of
their
military kinsmen.
came
to a sudden end. to
When
in the civilian
Memphis
deserted.
When
Herodotos passed
by,
it
had no
inhabitants.
short.
From Daphnse
of Daphnse.
it
to Pelusium the
voyage was
by
the fields which once supplied the city with food are
In
wastes of sterile
233
year.
All that
human
is
life
as he
encamps on
far
away on
the horizon.
mud
lie
rise
are
left
of Pelusium.
On
Roman
Pharaonic age.
glass
The ground
is still
unknown,
its
excavations upon
it
Ezekiel calls
Sin (xxx.
15,
16)
at
and when the Greeks sought an etymology for the name they gave it in their own word for mud.' But
'
it
in
history.
been in
neighbourhood, and
was outside
its
The
battle-field
the Greek
deserter
Greek
234
The Egypt of
the
it
skulls of
Psammetikhos
after
ill.
to the
Not
far
from
Pelusium
The
fugitive
to the shore
by
forces in Egypt,
Alexandria, to besiege
Down
still
now occupied by
that was
Port Said.
It
was from
quays
In one
bound
his
for
and ended
Egyptian
But he had
In the Steps of Herodotos
the uncertainty that
position.
still
235
their
hangs over
exact
we
know
that
is
coupled with
Khemmis,
Khemmis
identifies
Khemmis
mother
the
Isis
nome
called
young Horus was hidden by his Kheb was in that of Menelaos by the Greeks,
'
the
was Kandpos.
Buto,
is
extremity of the
But
is
after all
so.
But6
mentioned
it
again
by him
in
a passage which
shows that
236
The Egypt of
lain
the
have rather
in the land
where he
fly
tells
us about
which
in
the spring-time
met and
slain
by the sacred
ibises.
Anxious
to
learn
visited
the spot
place,
and there
spines
us, is -in
borders
on the Egyptian
Thanks
for the
to the excavations made by Mr. Griffith Egypt Exploration Fund at Tel en-Nebesheh,
near Salahlyeh,
city of
Buto
stood.
and
it
was the
it
we now know where this eastern Its Egyptian name was Am, capital of the nineteenth nome of
was consecrated
to the worship of
Am-pehu, but
snake.
The
Ramses
II.
and
successors,
dynasty, had
all
When
potters
Am.
But
in
the age
of the
237
fell
into decay,
its
Roman
era
Set.
The legend
of
it,
and
Uaz
of Butd, who,
under
form of
Isis,
concealed
Horus
in
its
marshes.
Was
it
Pa-Uaz of
Am,
for,
nome ?
city of
shows that he
stopped
On
the
Khemmis was derived from his predecessor Hekatasos, and when he states that the Buto with which
it
built
of the Nile,
as
one
sails
up
it
from the
sea,'
it
his
And
is
yet
it
difficult
to
believe
that his
description
of the
not given
made an
excursion to the
238
The Egypt of
the
make it impossible to separate the two. The site of Papremis is absolutely unknown, and we have no clue even to its relative position. But
Pros6pitis
may
of the south.'
the
In Byzantine times
its
capital bore
name
Menfif stands
in
have
to
Memphis.
of Prosdpitis
that
the
was
in
the
island
Athenian
fleet
was
a half.
Immediately westis
ward of
formed by the
southern end of
it,
together towards
uniyeh.
by
fifteen
to
understand
how
this could
army,
much
less
Hero-
239
in
;
circum-
and that
it
contained
many
cities
but this
we come
to Busiris,
'
which
is
described
by the Greek
Usar or
traveller as
temple of
modern representative
of
is
Abusir, a
little
to the south
Semennud
Tanta
or
to
from
Mansurah.
If
Herodotos
really
to the west of
which
lies in
a pretty direct
line.
is
But the
which
His
was
really there.
not that of
it
an
that
eye-witness
'
indeed,
the
live
remark he adds to
in
all
the Karians
who
Egypt
slash themselves
so.
knows about
the festival
strike themselves in
honour of
however,
devotees
the
Persian
Cairo,
were
not
Egyptians,
would
not
have
been
240
The Egypt of
the
live in Busiris,
but in
What Herodotos
festival.
dragoman, and
of Osiris in
Busirite
some
native Karian
Lower Egypt.
that in
the
that of the
Ur-Mer
or
Mnevis,
in
the
environs
of
Heliopolis.
This
latter
when he paid
and
this too
lived.
little
Memphis itself. According to Pliny, its inhabitants made their living by climbing the pyramids for the amusement of strangers, like the Bedouin of Gizeh to-day. Its name has been preserved in the village and pyramids of Abusir.
neither the Busiris of
But
Memphis nor
the Busiris of
Heliopolis was
it
'
in
Herodotos
is
is
mixing
With
the Busiris of
Memphis and
the
Busiris
:
of Heliopolis
he was
doubtless acquainted
Hence
his
241
celebrated
settlers
hence also
Karian
Memphis and their religious ceremonies. must remember that Herodotos was not the
Greek
tourist
in
We
first
Murray and
his
Baedeker
CHAPTER
VIII
We have
the
Delta,
have
seen
him
to
and
it
is
now time
accompany him
There
;
through Memphis
itself
from
Memphis southward
all is clear
and determined.
To
in its
Memphis
centred
that
temple of Ptah.
the city had grown up, and as the city had been the
capital of the older dynasties, so the temple
their
had been
royal
chapel.
When
from Memphis to Thebes, it passed also from Ptah the god of Memphis to Amon the god of Thebes.
It is
us.
Other
local-
Memphis, such
as the citadel
'
and the
palace,
its
the Tyrian
Camp
'
with
Memphis and
But the great temple and
as fully as
its
the
FayyAm
243
are described
monuments
was
who was not permitted to enter its inner courts and who was unacquainted with the Egyptian language. The history of Egypt known to Herodotos before the age when Greek mercenaries and traders were
settled in the
country by Psammetikhos
is
almost
And
of
a very curious
partly
collection
folk-tales,
dragomen attached
saw.
Even the
were
royal
names round
But the
which they
in
revolved
sometimes
indiscoverable
stories
the
all
were
gravely noted
down by
is
probable that
Egypt
is
This
It
is
is
the
monuments
to
it
which
the
dragomen
With
this
clue in our
244
The Egypt of
the
list
of kings was
and that
it
three
hundred and forty-one generations from Menes, the founder of the kingdom, to Sethos, the antagonist of
Sennacherib, the number of kings and high-priests
But
it
and that
neither the
whom
way
he dignifies with
The number of
is
in
us,
him from
;
scribes
is
so that the
forty-one
obtained by
Among
him by his guides. the three hundred and thirty must have
latter,
learned that
Menes was
Memphis and
the
first
the
Fayyiim
245
On
all
Egypt was a
fact
a piece of informaMemphis
its
was
was a
sort of
who
and to run
in its
present bed.
change
in
exists near
is
Libyan
desert,
But
it
his
engineering
in
and the
city of
Memphis.
tourist's visit
origin to him,
and the
traveller's
sight-seeing naturally
his
name.
Before
246
The Egypt of
the
to the
it.
authorities
him out of a
Moeris.
roll
the
To
The
first
ruled the
because
had
treacherously
flung
was very
far
As
He
is
dug
in the
Mceris, however,
of
; ;
Memphis and
the
Fayytim
247
'
Mi
ur or
great lake
'
the
Fayyum was
filled
an
artificial reservoir,
which had
by Amon-em-hat
of an
III.
ancient
temple.
Nor
could
any educated
of that
the last
monarch
dynasty
The
priest.'
the
topographical
chronology
of
Here
and
Ramses
il.
in front
The
was
dis-
Mohammed
it
Ali to
For years
face in the
mud and
it
Bagnold turned
and
finally
248
placed
The Egypt of
it
the
in
is
now
safe
from
of the Pharaoh were originally represented standing beside him. Major Bagnold also brought to light the companion
statue, of lesser height
is
further injury.
and of a
different stone.
This
set
by the side of a stel^ which was discovered at the same time. Fragments of papyri inscribed with Greek and demotic have been found
hillock
at the north-eastern foot of the hillock,
up on a
and
it
may
site
Northward of the
said
to have been
colossi
lake,
stagnant pond.
At
followed
the
fast
About
good deal
not
unfit
Europe and
horses and
his
among
subjects, or
sole
Memphis and
the
Fayyimi
249
How
the
to
cultivate
Egyptian
stand,
without canals
difficult to
under-
and
still
more
difficult
to
imagine how a
traveller
normal
when the inundation had ceased to cover That Sesostris should have been supposed land. the to have been the only Pharaoh who established his power in Ethiopia is but a proof how little was known of the real history of Egypt by either
Herodotos or his informants.
The
origin of the
name
a puzzle.
The
and
which the
II.,
name was
in
by Ramses
a papyrus
title
we
find
the
name
he.'
popular
of the
same monarch.
is
Perhaps
it
means
'
We
II.,
know
and
that Set,
the ancient
special object of
his father
worship
Seti
in
Ramses
to
was named
respond with
fair
exactitude
Seso6sis
of
Diodoros
for Sesostris
we should have
to presuppose
250
The Egypt of
the
The name
is
merely a
Per-ia
or
Great House.'
came
to
he would wash
husband.
was made
and
when
all
at last the
the
women
all.
in
failed into
'
a city
now
city
called the
and
He
Ra
at Heliopolis.
'
'
Red Mounds
'
in
Egypt, and
'
name
Kom
is
accordcountry.
in the
mound
of ruins
Such
There
is still
Kom
'
el-Ahmar
Mound
of the guides
Memphis and
visible
polis,
the
FayyUm
251
of
it
was
The
obelisks
erected
Ramses
twelfth
II.
by a Pharaoh,' but it was not a son of They been set up by Usertesen I. of the
dynasty
nearly
fifteen
centuries
before
Ramses
II.
was born.
the son of Sesostris
it
As Pheron was
was neceslist
him
into his
imleft
in the
temple of Memphis.
series of
'
But
phite
after
'
Mem-
kings.
Greek name
Proteus,'
'
Camp
'
or settlement
The
the
and
as the
who was the builder of a brick pyramid seen on the way to the Fayyum, an account of it is deferred till later. The next monument Herodotos came to was accordingly of PhcEwith the
name
of a king
nician
origin.
Herodotos
whom
252
The Egypt of
the
The
Istar
'
toreth,
But the
priests,' or
in
Egypt.
Proteus
was
Homer had
away
till
Menelaos arrived
Accordingly
sea,'
wife.
old
man
of the
has
Herodotos by the
better
'
'
priests.'
a
'
illustration
priestly
to assert that
they said
'
the kingdom, he
The
note-
own
was taken
to
its
Memphis and
the
FayyAm
253
he saw
the
which the
The order in which monuments determined the order in names of Prdteus and Rhampsinitos oc-
book determined the order of their succession. Rhampsinitos represents a real Egyptian king.
He
is
Ramses
III.
of the conquering
Pharaohs, and
the
builder
of
Medinet Habu
at Thebes,
at Thebes.
knows of the
Memphis.
architectural
works of the
Of
is
equally ignorant.
who
annihilated the
the conqueror
Palestine
and Syria,
various forms
is
all
Why
III.
it
is
know
as
is
to
understand
why
the
name
254
T^hi
Egypt of
the
Ramessu-n-Neit or 'Ramses
name
must have been the invention of the Karian dragomen who came into
could have been formed.
It
Ramses
great
III.
was, however, as
we
he
Harris
papyrus, one
of the
wealthiest
of
the
Egyptian
princes.
The
gifts
made
to
Amon
His
amount.
north
vince
Peninsula
of
our
modern maps, were actively worked in his reign. The chambers of one of his treasuries still exist at
Medinet Habu, and we can
them.
still
The Rhampsinitos
rich.
He
against
left in it
all
attempts at rob-
who knew
two
sons.
To
the
amazement of the
king,
Memphis and
therefore, the gold
the
Fayytim
255
He He
by the
gold
body might not be recognised, and to decamp with it. Next morning Rhampsinitos found
so that his
public
view under
the
protection
of
armed
of the
guards,
to arrest
it.
whoever showed
any signs
recognising
the
The mother
all
hope
in the
next
and give
it
honourable
burial.
Loading several
them past
sat
There he allowed
accidentally as
it
it
some
he
all
of
were, and
eagerly to drink
craftily
fallen
drunken
it
sleep.
He
to his mother.
desirous of dis-
custom of
sitting in public
256
The Egypt of
the
The
thief provided
himself
mummy,
which
he
concealed
and disclosed
to her all he
left
had done.
As
arm
in her
The
miration, determined
that
youth should be
own
him
in
to
marry
his
daughter.
combined
After
foreign dragomen,
all,
and Herodotos
the
however,
master-thief
did
not
After passing
His next
Gizeh,
visit,
of
and
to
the
pyramidal
builders
Kheops,
made
lived
follow
Ramses
for the
iii.
of the twentieth,
after them.
classi-
who
It
much
judgment of our
cal
that
before the
decipherment of the
Memphis and
the
Fayyitm
257
Memphis to interest him except the temple. About the city itself he has nothing to say, not even
it
its
name
still
of the
'
White
site
Wall.'
mounds
the other
Like
all
is
built of sun-dried
At
the southern
in
Roman and
Byzantine
Some
of
city,
At Gizeh
was
fully satisfied.
He
the causeway
had been
the stories
cases probably
The measurements he gives were in most made by himself But in saying that R
'
258
The Egypt of
the
in the
pyramid
There were no
unless
it
inscriptions
hieratic
or outside
it,
were a few
by visitors on the lower casing-stones of the monument. At the same time it is certain that
records
left
Herodotos saw the hieroglyphs, and that his guide pretended to translate them, since they contained, according to him, an account of the quantity of radishes,
onions, and
leeks
eaten
by the
But
or
workmen when
of
money which
it
cost.
the radish,
'
for instance,
'
fruit
'
seed,'
a proof that
symbols
numerals
if
so,
it
would explain
his finding in
talents spent
also
by
would
'
show that
seems the
in the pyramid,'
In
fact, this
them
like
many
his
pyramid
itself.
Memphis and
Khephren were
their successor
the
Fayy^m
tyrants,
259
while
cruel
and impious
and merciful
ruler.
The key
to this description of
in the
them
is
probably to be found
statement of
them
in pieces, so that
a secret place.
island,
is
the subterranean
with
chambers,
that
the days of
be found
centuries
in their
been
rifled
before,
and the
The
had
evil-
been destined
that
the
Egyptians should be
fifty years,
and
his
and
justice
doom.
26o
The Egypt of
the
Greek
an oracle.
We
he should lose
gilded
managed to connect the pyramid at Gizeh with a wooden image of a cow in the palace at Sais,
symbol of Neit
in the
what Herodotos supposed to be the disk of the sun between its horns, though it was really the moon,
was imagined to be hollow, and
of
to
be the
coffin
the
daughter
of the Pharaoh.
it
The wooden
There
figures
to
represent
but equally showing how entirely ignorant Herodotos's informants were of Egyptian religion and custom.
Osiris
Though they knew that the cow was carried out into
at the festival of
the open
air,
they
said this
when dying had asked her father that she might once a year see the sun. Can there be a stronger
proof of the gulf that existed between the native
Memphis and
' '
the
Fayy{lm
261
To
us
the representation of
horns seems an
;
the
But
tourist
them
Egyptian
faith.
after
Had
Serapeum
at Saqqara,
so,
had he done
The subterranean
was
in it
still
gallery
begun by Psammetikhos
down
At
a later date,
262
The Egypt of
the
A
its
their
abode
in
Herodotos knew
all
in
the temple
He
made Kambyses
its priests,
and he
us
how
body of
their
slaughtered
deity in
But
Had
they
done so we should have heard something about it. But, instead of this, we are told that the dead oxen
were buried
in the
had
died,
their
mark
the spot.
When
Memphis and
It is evident, therefore,
the
Fayyilm
263
of
visited
by
travellers,
and that
knew nothing about it. The Egyptians probably had the same feeling in regard the graves would to it as their Moslem descendants
;
be profaned
them.
if
The
'impure'
foreigner,
moreover,
was
in
another pyramid.
there
was
little
him
to visit.
It
is
doubtful
above
it
But whatever
Saqqara and
its
might
have
been
the
reason,
to the
well.
He must
If
have started
M^dum,
Soon
his
after passing
for
Medum, however,
him
to leave the
river
and make
way
Here he would
264
The Egypt of
the
by Professor
little
Petrie,
to the
el-
the
city
of Herakleopolis, the
Ahnas
Medineh of
nome
It
island.
enclosed on
the Nile
;
all
sides
by the
river;
water.
On
the east
itself
northward
(or perhaps a
in the
it
branch of the
river)
neighbourhood of Ahnas.
'
speaks of
as a great
to the
island
'
which he
way
The
route followed
have passed through the island of Hininsu on his way to the Fayyfim, and his scheme of Egyptian
chronology ought to contain evidence of the
fact.
And
teaches
this
us,
is
actually the
case.
Mykerinos, he
or Asykhis,
who
Memphis and
the Fayj/tlm
265
of Greek origin
is
The
brick
of Illahun.
The two
Dahshur
and even
in
which
little
seem of
pyramid of Howara, again, cannot be the one meant by Herodotos. It formed part of the
buildings connected
The
the rest.
There remains,
the
voyage of Herodotos
of Illahun,
would
have
led
him.
The pyramid
is
at hand,
may
Greek
tourist.
Its striking
character
is
due to the
266
The Egypt of
the
The excavations of
its
II.
Professor Petrie in
builder.
in
Asiatics
arrived
in
the the
to
How
difficult
Perhaps
'
it
'
is
son of Sovk
or
Sebek
The
crocodile,
After
Sasykhis,
Herodotos
continues,
'there
reigned a blind
of Anysis
:
man named
man
marshes,
years.'
and
blind
the Ethiopian
ruled
Egypt
for
fifty
man
until
Amyrtaeos found
again.
Memphis and
Anysis, of course,
a man, and, in
is
the
Fayytlm
of a
city,
267
not of
the
name
making
it
com-
made
It
is,
in fact,
merely
Greek
Hebrew Hanes
according
to
the Egyptian
rule
Hininsu, which,
of
a well-known
Semitic
and
We
Book of
Hanes
politics
Egyptian
The ambassadors
against
the
of Heze-
who were
the
Egyptian
monarch
common
enemy came not only to Zoan in the Delta, but to Hanes as well. Zoan and Hanes must have been for the moment the two centres of
Assyrian
get of Egyptian
that
this
preceded
the
how
had come
to be
and which,
therefore,
its
268
The Egypt of
the
origin in Zoan.
While
II.,
sign of
upon Egypt.
acknowledge him as
their head.
title
Osorkon, who
to the
supreme
summons, but
was
resisted
of
Sais.
Ashmunen and Ahnas were accordingly besieged, and Ashmunen soon fell into the invader's hands.
Ahnas and the
rest of the
by Tefby
storm, and
all
was
at
an end.
country to
homage
engraved on a great
st^l^ of granite
which he
set
up
Here he gives a
list
among
whom
the cities of
parcelled out,
and each of
whom
Memphis and
independent authority.
bear upon
the
title
the
FayyAm
269
four
names enclosed
in
a cartouche.
Two
Osorkon
of
Bubastis and
Aupet of
The
One
is is
is
Upper Ashmunen,
the other
Thebes
wholly ignored.
The conquest of Piankhi proved to be but momenThe Ethiopians retired, and Egypt returned tary.
to the condition
in
it.
It
was a
into the
hands of
troops.
Two
states
towered
in
it
above the
rest
Ahnas
in the south.
Tanis
Memphis
Ahnas
to that of Thebes.
Zoan and Hanes, accordingly, the Jewish envoys had to make their way. The princes the ambassadors went of Judah assembled at Zoan
to
;
And
farther,
even to Hanes.
It
is
noteworthy that a
still
270
in
Anysis
of
Herodotos's voyage.
Strabo,
it
As
and the
first
traveller
who wished
to visit the
Fayyum had
Herakleopolis.
shef,
The patron-god
whose name was the subject of various unsucan etymology on the part of the
But.like the
cessful attempts at
Egyptians.
its
true origin
it
was
Plutarch
by the Greeks
in
with their
own
Herakles.
the
which the
Umm el-Kim^n,
'
Egypt Exploration Fund, but little was found to repay the expense and labour of the work. The site of the temple was discovered somewhat to the
for the
left
can be said
still
to exist.
few blocks of
II.
Ramses
and
built
by
Memphis and
Usertesen
II.,
the
Fayydm
271
its past.
are almost
all
that survive of
antiquity.
Even the necropolis failed to produce monuments of Its tombs had been ransacked by treasure-
Roman
era,
in
it
only a few
And
opolis
was the
tenth dynasty, at
all
events, was, as
we now know,
ac-
Professor Maspero
in the hill
and
V.)
belong
in
to that age.
the
cliff
of the ancient
his son Khiti,
the latter of
whom won
Pharaoh Mer-ka-Ra.
so also
Thebes was
itself,
open rebellion
was Herakleopolis
abundance
the
home
of the
provided
ships
and
the
for him.
The
fleet filled
Abu Foda on
was restored
272
Who
the
'
blind
'
king of Anysis
may
have been
we do not know.
may
to
have wished him to be thought so. According Manetho, the Tanites of the twenty-third dynasty
consist-
whom
is
the monu-
ments
call Bak-n-ran-f.
Bokkhoris
said to have
In mak-
Herodotos has
The
is
variously given by
Manetho Africanus and Euseas eight and twelve years the cypher can
;
last
mines of
Hammam^t
whom was
year.
He
kings, the
second of
The
make
it
is
nearer
thff truth.
From
topographical
point
of
view
the
Memphis and
introduction of
the
FayyAm
273
out of place.
The
blind king
is
when he was once more acknowledged as Pharaoh. The legend of Sabako is thus only an episode in
the history of the Herakleopolite prince.
we ought to pass to the kings of the twelfth dynasty who created the Fayytim and erected the monuments which the Greek traveller
From
saw
there.
We
do
not
do so
for
two reasons.
describing the
made when
him
in
Memphis.
He
Egyptian
end of
monarch
his eleven
topographical Pharaohs.
story told
origin with
whom
the Greek
history of
Egypt began.
From
this point
forward
is
Greeks.
By the rest of the world he means the The story of the Labyrinth is accordingly
'
'
274
The Egypt of
the
relegated to what
may
of his Egyptian history, and forms part of his account of the rise of the twenty-sixth dynasty.
therefore,
and
is
to the
attached to an
image
which represents a
it is
man
with a
mouse
heard
hand, and
Had
he
it
heard of
Memphis,
an
which the
to enter, so that he
it
at
perhaps he
of
it
Mohammedan
mosques which the older travellers in the East have boasted of securing. But more probably he heard
about
it
from
others,
more
especially
from
the
dragoman he employed.
The
story
is
dragomen pretended
Greek invention.
to read
is
A priest
of Ptah, so
ran,
whose
Memphis and
the
FayyAm.
275
became king of Egypt. His priestly instincts led him to neglect and ill-treat the army, even to the extent of robbing them of the
name was
Sethos,
Then Sennacherib,
'
upon the
suppliant,
pedlars,
and tradesmen
and
there found
the
enemy encamped. In the night, however, fieldcamp of the Assyrians and gnawed
bowstrings and the thongs of their shields, so
that in the
less,
In
memory
in his
was erected
hand.
The
statue
to
whom
sacred.
ities
But
it
that such
is
was the
case.
The
figure
animal
276
The Egypt of
it
the
image of
British
now
in
the
Museum,
dedicated to
'
Sekhem,' or Esneh.
At
'
Buto,'
may
that
expect to find a
the
cats at
Museum
possesses two
The
The name
of his
enemy, Sennacherib, however, has been remembered, though he is called king of the Arabians as well
'
'
as
of
the
Assyrians.
origin.
But the
title
must be of
of
Egyptian
The 'Arabians'
Bedouin
'
of the Greek
plunderers
'
was
in B.C. 701,
The Ethiopian
lord of
ally,
Egypt
and
at
took place.
Memphis and
the
FayyUm
277
and reduce his rebellious vassal to obedience. In the insolence of victory he sent Hezekiah a letter
declaring that, in spite of the promises of his God,
its
Then
it
was
that
Hezekiah
entered
the
Him
to save himself
and
heard
was commissioned
come
in a
Assyria itself
Its king,
Assur-bani-pal, surrounded
Te-umman
festival
of Elam.
gods.
her,
him announce
in her hand,
to the
would
The
278
The Egypt of
the
prophecy was
fulfilled,
army was
in
Te-umman
dealing
sent
triumph to Nineveh.
In Judah and
Assyria we
are
with
and
it
The
it
basis of
it
is
Egyptian
Perhaps
of
it
had
its
source
at
among
who
the
Phoenicians
the Tyrian
camp
Memphis, or even among the Egyptianised Jews carried Jeremiah into Egypt. Whatever may
its origin, it
have been
of history.
of Psammetikhos upon
Before
it
can do
so,
he has to
their
stories.
Through
Fayyflm,
the entrance
to
the
Memphis and
the
FayyUm
279
But when he goes on to say that Necho had been Psamslain by the Ethiopian Sabako, and that
metikhos himself had been driven in consequence
into Syria,
fiction
and
not of
fact,
satraps under
though
chains
to
Sabako had
associated
When
the Egyptians
freed,'
we
who
divided
country
between
them.
They
monuthem
By way
of leaving a
But an
annual
would be broken
ever one of
them
at their
The
Egypt.
prince
who
did so would
become king of
all
This
28o
The Egypt of
the
untoward accident eventually occurred. Psammetikhos on one occasion accidentally used his helmet in
place of the proper libation-bowl, and he was there-
Syria.
It
An
oracle, however,
armed with bronze, who had landed the sake of plunder, and with their assistance
pirates,
With
this story
Herodotos came
fitly to
an end.
The twelve
of the
They
are a reminiscence
twenty vassal-kings
or satraps
whom
father
the
Assyrians
country, and
his
had
We learn
as
many,
in fact, as
dis-
This makes us
the
halls
contained
one
thousand
five
hundred
five
hundred below.
is
Memphis and
it.
the
Fayyilm
281
To count
real
to say,
Ma(t)-n-Ra, or
dynasty.
of
the twelfth
Professor Petrie at
fact.
Howara
in
in
He
succeeded
deep
in water,
the
shattered fragments of
They were
all
that
had
they
been
left
by the
who
He
In another chamber
his
daughter
Neferu-Ptah,
was
finally
who must have died before the pyramid The labyrinth itself has been closed.
On
and
floor
of hard plaster
lie
stones which
composed
it,
any other
Egyptian temple of which we know. none other which could vie with
it
There was
another
in size.
left
Amon-em-hat
is
lll.
seems to have
at
least,
such
natural
interpretation
of Mr. de Morgan's
282
The Egypt of
the
Though
skill
its
the pyramid
twelfth dynasty.
Two
show
for
whom
they were
Menit, were
in the
time of Amon-em-hat
We
now
in the
Of beautifullypectorals
is
a marvellous pro-
as to
make
it
difficult to
us
mosaic and
not
enamel.
On
one of the
supported
III. is
Memphis and
the
FayyAm
lions,
283
crowned with
their feet the
III.
bodies of the
foe.
On
another Amon-em-hat
is
By
dynasty, that of
seventeenth,
found by Mariette
Thebes, looks
all
In jewellery, as in
things
Egypt, the
From Amon-em-hat
years
to be
later, is
III.
two thousand
how
the Labyrinth
came
of
Herodotos
hard to say.
of Greek
no Egyptian,
much
worn
it.
The head-dress of
linen,
the Egyptian
was of
much
is
as a traveller
would
do to-day.
At
a
least,
such
we
his words.
position
is
defined
little
of the
the
Crocodiles.'
284
The Egypt of
the
land
of the
Fayyflm.
Nor was
it,
as he supposed, an artificial
the earth
they had
It
was,
on the contrary, an
marsh and
So
far
from destroying
it
by turning
was
into a
possible,
From
summer
the Nile
crops.
It
was with
this
came
to an end.
He
returned to Memphis,
sea.
all
His
the
with memoranda of
Memphis and
wonders he had seen
observed
;
the
Fayydm
285
above
all,
with
had poured
into his
At
when
were
over,
and he had
he combined
of ancient
all this
From
the outset
critics
it
was a
success,
and
though malicious
endeavoured to condemn
and supersede
its
it,
declared that
oriental history
'
malignity
of
its
author,
book survived
a more
all
attacks.
We
have
lost the
lost also
serious
misfortune
that
of the
careful
we
our
still
And
in spite of
even
and
appropriation of the
words of others,
in
is
him
Nowhere
can
we
in
which lay the germs of much of the folk-lore of our own childhood. It may even be that some of the
286
The Egypt of
the
stories
modern
the the
of
is
Memphis,
and 'the
of
dragomen
APPENDICES
APPENDIX
I
THE EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES ACCORDING TO MANETHO (as QUOTED BY JULIUS AFRICANUS, A.D. 2Zo), ETC.
[The excerpts of Africanus are known from George the (a.d. 790) and Eusebius (a.d. 326) where Eusebius differs from Synkellos the fact is stated.]
Synkellos
:
Dynasty
Menes
Athothis his son
i.
Thinites
8 kings.
Reigned
years.
1.
62
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Semempses
his
son
57 31 23 20 26 18 26
8.
Sum
{Eus.
287
253 252
Really 263)
288
The Egypt of
the
Dynasty
1.
ii.
Thinites
9 kings.
Reigned
Years.
2.
3.
Boethos (Bokhos, Eus^ Kaiekhos (Khoos or Kekhous, us.) Binothris (Biophis, us.)
Tlas (unnamed by us.)
38 39 47
17
4.
5. 6. 7.
41
17
8. 9.
.... .....
Sum
(Eus.
hi.
25
48
3^
302
297)
Dynasty
1. 2.
Memphites
.
9 kings,
28 29
7
3.
4.
5' 6.
?
8. 9-
Mesokhris (unnamed by Eus?) Soyphis (unnamed by Eus?) Tosertasis (unnamed by Eus?) Akhes (unnamed by Eus?) Sephouris (unnamed by Eus?) Kerpheres (unnamed by Eus?)
.
17
16
19 42
30
26
Sum
{Eus.
214
197)
Dynasty
1. 2.
iv.
Memphites
8 kings.
(Eus. 17.)
Soris
(unnamed by Eus.)
I.
29 63 66
Souphis
Souphis
3.
II.
(unnamed by Eus?)
289
290
The Egypt of
the
5.
6,
.....
Sum
{Eus.
12
160
245)
Dynasty
vii.
70 Memphites
for
70 days.
Dynasty
viii.
27 Memphites
for
146 years.
{Eus. 5 kings for 100 years, or 9 kings according to the Armenian Version.)
Dynasty
ix.
19 Herakleopolites
for
409
years.
Akhthoes
Dynasty
Dynasty
x.
xi.
19 Herakleopolites 16 Thebans 43
for
first
for
185 years.
years, after
whom
eleven
Ammenemes
End
70 days
of Manetho's
reigned 16 years.
first
and
Dynasty
1. 2.
xii.
Thebans
.
7 kings.
. .
Sesonkhosis, son of
Ammenemes
Ammanemes,
Sesostris
3.
4.
........
slain
by his eunuchs
.46 -38
48
8
.....
Appendix
I.
The
Egyptian Dynasties
291
Reigned
Years.
5.
6. 7.
Ammenemes (unnamed by
Skemiophris his
sister
Eus.)
....
. .
(unnamed by Eus.)
4
160
245)
Sum
{Eus.
xiv.
for
453
years.
for
134
years.
at
1.
Dynasty xv. Shepherds 6 Phoenician strangers Memphis for 284 years. {Eus. Thebans for 250 years).
:
Saites
........
.
19
2.
Bnon
Staan
Arkles
44
61
3.
Pakhnan
4.
5.
6.
Aphobis
... ...
Sum
xvi.
49
61
284
Dynasty
Shepherds
Thebans
{Eus. 5
190
years).
Dynasty
xvii.
Shepherds:
43 Thebans
43 kings
for
Saites
Bnon
19
3.
40 30
14
103)
4.
Sum
292
The Egypt of
Dynasty
the
xviii.
Thebans
.
16 kings.
Yel?s!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Amosps] Khebros (Khebron, Eus.) Amenophthis (Amenophis for 21 years, Eus.) Amensis or Amersis (omitted by .fi'Kj'.)
.
........
(Eus. 14 kings.)
.
.
25
-13
24
Misphragmouthosis Touthmosis
8. 9.
.22 -13
26
9
31
-37
for
10.
(Akhenkheres
or
.
Akhenkherses
.
. .
16 or 12 years, Eus.)
11. 12. 13.
14.
15.
16.
Rathos (omitted by ^2^5.) Khebrds (Akherres for 8 years, ..Ez^.?.) Akherres (Kherres for 15 years, Eus.) Armeses (Armais Danaos, Eus.) < Ramesses (Ramesses^gyptos for 68 years, .'j'.) Amenophath (Amenophis for 40 years, Eus.)
.
.
...
-32
.
.6
12
.12
5
i
19
Dynasty
1. 2.
xix.
Thebans
for
(for
7 kings.
Rapsakes (Rampses
66
years, Eus.)
3.
Ammenephthes
8 years, Eus.)
4.
5. 6.
Ammenemmes
(for
26 years, Eus.)
.
Thouoris or Polybos
Appendix
Dynasty
xx.
I.
The Egyptian
:
:
Dynasties
293
Thebans
.
.
Among
the
kings were
Nekhepsos Psammouthis
Kertos
...
' .
. .
-19
.
13
.... ........
. .
/^{Eus. 15)
16 i^Eus. 12)
45
14
.26
294
^-^^
Egypt of
the
Appendix
I.
The
xxvii.
Egyptian Dynasties
:
29 5
Dynasty
1.
Persians
.
8 kings.
Yrs.
Mths.
Kambyses,
years,
Eus^
2.
36
21
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
Xerxes
11.
Sogdianos
.... ....
.
o 41 o
o
19
Sum
(Eus.
124 120
4
4)
Reigned
Years.
Dynasty
I.
Amyrtaios
......
xxviii.
Saite.
One
Dynasty xxix.
Mendesians
4 kings.
Yrs.
1. 2.
Nepherites
i.
Akhoris
.... .......
or Nekherites
i year.)
(Eus. 5 kings.)
Mths.
6 13
I
3.
Psammouthes
Nepherites
11.
...... .....
Sum
(Eus.
20
21
4
4)
Reigned
Years.
Dynasty xxx.
1. 2.
Sebennytes
Eus.)
3 kings.
.
3.
........
i.
18
ir.
(for 8 years,
Sum
(Eus.
38
20)
296
The Egypt of
the
Dynasty xxxi.
1.
Persians
.
3 kings.
Reigned
Years.
(for 6 years,
.
Eus}i
.
2.
3.
4
9
16)
Sum
{Eus.
Hyksos or Shepherds.
Yrs.
Salatis at
Memphis
.
2.
Beon
3.
4.
5.
Apakhnas Apophis
Assis
.
Yanias or Annas
6.
Dynasties
I.
xviii.
and xix
-Thebans
Tethmosis
2.
Mephramouthosis Thmosis
.
8.
Amenophis
9.
10. 11.
....
11.
.
Appendix
12.
I.
The Egyptian
$ Dynasties
13. 14.
15.
16. 17.
1 8.
Amenophis
iii.
Sethosis ^lEgyptos
and Ramesses
(or Her-
meus) Danaos
19.
20.
21.
Rhampses his son Amenophis his son Sethos Ramesses his son
298
Biyres (Bikheres)
16. 17.
Saophis
the
Sun
r8. 19.
Mousthis
Pammes Arkhondes
(Pepi
i.)
20.
21.
11.)
Ekheso-Sokaras (Sokar-m-saf)
Myrtaios the given to
23.
Amon
'
the strong
in-
Harpo-
Khouther Tauros the tyrant (perhaps AkhthoSs) Meures Khomaephtha, interpreted 'a world loving Ptah'
31. Pente-athyris
32.
....... ......
in.
Stammenes
(Amen-m-hat
11.)
(Usertesen
34. Maris
35.
11.)
(Amen-m-hat
in.)
..... ....
.
Ptah' (Si-Ptah)
36. 37.
38.
Name
lost
......
.
...
Appendix
I.
The
Egyptian Dynasties
299
SAQQARAH.
turin papyrus.
MANETHO.
Meni
Teta
Atota
Meni
Atut
Menes
Athothis
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ata
Husapti
Mer-ba-pa
Kenkenes Ouenephes
Husapti
Mer-ba-pen Mer-ba-pen, 73 Samsu, 72 yrs.
yrs.
i.
6.
7.
Ousaphaidos Miebidos
Samsu
Qabh(u)
Semempses
Bienekhes.
8.
Qabhu
Qabhu, 83
yrs.
Dynasty
1.
ii.
Buzau
Bai-nuter
(Buzau), 95
yrs.
2.
Kakau
Kakau
Kakau
Boethos Kaiekhos
Binothris
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tlas
Senda^
Send
Senda, 74(?)yrs.
yrs.
Sethenes
Nefer-ka-Ra (Nefer-ka-Ra), 70
Nepherkheres.
Dynasty
hi.
Tosorthros
3.
...
Babai
Tyreis
4.
Zazai
day
'
The
Ashmolean Museum
successor of Send.
inscription of Sheri, the prophet of Send, part of which is in the at Oxford and part at Cairo, makes Per-ab-sen the
He
will
300
The Egypt of
the
ABYDOS.
Appendix
ABYDOS.
9.
I.
The Egyptian
Dynasties
301
SAQQArAH.
TURIN PAPYRUS.
yrs.
MANETHO.
Men-ka-Hor Men-ka-Hor, 8
M^-ka-Ra
Dad(-ka
28
yrs.
Menkheres
Tankheres
Obnos.
10.
Ra
Assa),
11.
Unas
Unas
Unas, 30
yrs.
Dynasty
1.
vi.
...
Tetaiii.
Teta
...
Othoes
20
yrs.
2.
User-ka-Ra
(Ati?)
I.
3.
Meri
(Pepi
Ra
Pepi
(Pepi
i.),
Phios
I.)
4.
Mer-n-Ra
Miht-m-saf I.
Mer-n-Ra
Nefer-ka-
i.
(Miht-m-saf
i.),
Methousouphis
Phiops
5.
Nefer-ka-Ra
(Pepi
II.)
yrs.
Ra
...
6.
Mer - n - Ra
Miht-m-saf II.
(Miht-m-saf 11.),
i
i yr.
Menthesouphis
Nitokris.
mth.
7-
Neit-aker, a
queen
Dynasties
TURIN PAPYRUS.
1.
vii.
and
viii.^
ABYDOS.
1
Nefer-ka, 2 yrs.
mth.
dy.
1.
Nuter-ka-Ra
2. 3.
2.
Men-ka-Ra
Nefer-ka-Ra Nefer-ka-Ra
in.
iv.
3.
4.
5.
I yr.
11.
8 dys.
4.
5.
Ab-n-Ra
Hanti
'
6.
6.
Khondu
One
mes, whose
at
302
The Egypt of
TURIN PAPYRUS.
the
7.
Pest-sat-n-Sopd
Mer-n-Hor
Snefer-ka
i.
8.
Pait-kheps
8. 9.
9. Serhlinib.i
10.
11.
12.
Ka-n-Ra. Nefer-ka-Ra
Seneb
13. Snefer-ka 14.
11.
Annu
[User-]kau-Ra
15. 16.
Nefer-kau-Ra
Nefer-kau-Hor
17. Nefer-ar-ka-Ra.
Dynasty
Khiti(orKhruti)
(the
ix.
MONUMENTS.
Maa-ab-Ra KM-user-Ra
Dynasty
MONUMENTS.
x.
TURIN PAPYRUS.
Mer-ka-Ra
Nefer-hepu-Ra
Nefer-ka-Ra
' ^
The last five names are thus given by Lauth. The names of these six kings are found only on
scarabs,
and are
Appendix
I.
The
Egyptian Dynasties
TURIN PAPYRUS. Khiti II.
Se-heru-herri
303
[Ameni?]!
Mer
Meh
Hu
Dynasty
KARNAK.
1.
.2
xi.^
Antefi.,Prince(of
Thebes)
2.
Men[tu-hotep
the Pharaoh
i.J
Neb-hotep Mentu-hotep
i.
3.
Antef
Antef
II.
Uah-^nkh [Ter
Seshes - herher
brother
-
?]-seshes
ap-maa-Ra
Antef,
his
maa - Ra
5-
Nuter-nefer
Neb-taui-Ra
Mentu-
hotep
6.
II.
Antef
iv.
7.
Neb-[khru]-Ra
Nub-kheper-Ra Antauf (more than SO yrs.) Neb-khru-Ra Mentu-hotep iii. (more than 46 yrs.)
8.
9.
Queen Aah
S-ankh-ka-Ra
10.
^
is mentioned in a papyrus along with Khiti. According to Lauth, the Turin papyrus gives nineteen kings to the tenth dynasty, and 185 years. ' According to Petrie's arrangement. Lieblein further includes in the dynasty, Ra-snefer-"ka, Ra ., User-n-Ra, Neb-nem-Ra, and An-aa. ^ According to Lieblein the Turin papyrus makes the sum of the ^
. .
Ameni
304
The Egypt of
the
Dynasty
MONUMENTS.
1.
xii.
TURIN
PAPYRTTS.
MANETHO.
S-hotep-ab-Ra,
19
yrs.
Ammenemes
2.
Usertesen
... 45
mths.
yrs.
Sesonkhosis
3 yrs.
3.
3[2] yrs.
Ammanemes
4.
Usertesen
11.
KhS
19
yrs.
Sesostris
5.
3[8]yrs.
Lakhares
6.
Amen-m-hat
n-Ra, 43
iii.
Miat-
4[3] yrs.
Ammeres
yrs.
iv.
7.
Amen-m-hat khru-Ra
Sebek - nefru queen)
-
Ma- Ma-khru-[Ra],
yrs.
9 3 mths. 27
Ammenemes
dys.
8.
Ra
(a
Sebek-nefru-Ra, 3
yrs.
Skemiophris
10 mths. 24
of years of
dys.
Sum
2
twelfth dynasty
13 years 17 days.
mth.
Appendix
I.
The Egyptian
xiii.
Dynasties
305
Dynasties
and xiv.
3o6
The Egypt of
Destroyed
the
36-46.
Appendix
5.
I.
The
Egyptian Dynasties
307
Sekhem-s-uaz-taui-Ra.
3o8
The Egypt of
the
Dynasty
Skenen-Ra Taa i. (contemporary with Apepi ii.) Skenen-Ra Taa ii. Aa
Amen-sa
Kheper-ka-n-Ra
S-nekht-n-Ra.
Aah-hotep
S-khent-neb-Ra
Dynasty
1
xviii.
MANETHO.
Amosis
and
7
wife
Nefert-ari- Aahmes ^
i.,
2.
Ser-ka-Ra Amen-hotep
yrs.
Amenophis
i.
mths.)
his
mother
regent
3.
Aa-kheper-ka-Ra Tehuti-mes
son,
i.,
his
Chebron
(?)
Aa-kheper-n-Ra Tehuti-mes 11., his son (more than 9 yrs.), and wife
(sister)
Hashepsu
sister
i.
Ma-ka-Ra
Amensis
(?)
5.
6.
Misaphris
brother,
B.C.
1
(57
yrs.
11 mths.
dy.,
1503,
14^)
is
associated
with him on a stele found at Thebes. According to Dr. Mahler's astronomical determination.
'^
Thothmes
counted sixteen years of his sister's reign as part of his own. Hashepsu was only his half-sister, his mother being Ast, who was probably not
of royal blood.
The mother
i.
Appendix
I.
The Egyptian
Dynasties
MANETHO.
309
Aa-khepru-Ra Amen-hotepii., his son (more than 5 yrs.) Men-khepru-Ra Tehuti-mes iv., his son (more than 7 yrs.)
Misphragmathosis
Touthmosis
Neb-ma-Ra Amen-hotep iii., his son, (more than 35 yrs.), and wife Teie iv. Nefer-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep
Khu-n-aten^,
17 yrs),
his
Amenophis
Horos
11.
ka-khepru-Ra
Ankh-khepru-Ra,
Meri-
Akherres
Rathotis
Aten
Ankh-nes-Amen
Aten-Ra-nefer-nefru-mer-Aten
IS-
Ai Kheper-khepru-ar-ma-Ra and wife Thi more than 4 yrs. Hor-m-hib Mi-Amen Ser-khepru-Ka
(more than 3
yrs.)
Armais
Dynasty
Men-pehuti-Ra Ramessu
than
2 yrs.)
xix.
i.
(more
i.
Ramesses
Sethos
Men-ma-Ra
Seti
i.
Mer-n-Ptah
Ra Ramessu
1348-1281)
11.
Mi-Amen
(b.c.
Mer-n-Ptah
11.
Hotep-hi-ma Ba-n-Ra
Ammenephthes
Mi-Amen
'
Hence
the
Horos of Manetho.
3IO
5.
The Egypt of
User-khepru-Ra Ptah III.
the
Seti
Mer-n-
6.
Amen-mesu
Sotep-n-Ra
Hik-An
Mer-kha-Ra
Amenemes
Thouoris
7.
Khu-n-Ra Sotep-n-Ra Mer-nPtah IV. Si-Ptah (more than 6 and wife Ta-user
yrs.),
1.
Set-nekt Merer
the
Arisu)
2.
Ramessu
yrs.)
3.
Ramessu Ramessu
iv.
Hik-Ma
yrs.)
Mi -Amen
(more than 11
4. v.
User-ma-s-kheper-n-Ra
5.
6.
Ramessu
Ramessu
vii.
At-Amen User-ma-Ra
Set-hir-khopesh-f Mi-
Mi-Amen
7.
viii.
9.
Ramessu ix. Si-Ptah S-kha-n-Ra Mi-Amen (19 yrs.) Ramessu x. Nefer-ka-Ra Mi-Amen
Sotep-n-Ra (more than 10
yrs.)
10.
11.
Ramessu xi. Amen-hir-khopesh-f Kheper-ma Ra Sotep-n-Ra Ramessu xii. Men-mi-Ra Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ptah Khi-m-uas (more
than 27
yrs.)
Appendix
I.
The
xxi.
Egyptian Dynasties
Illegitimate.
311
Dynasty
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Si- Amen, High-priest of Amon at Thebes, and Nezem-mut Piankhi, High-priest, and wife Tent-Amen Pinezem i., High-priest, and wife Hont-taui Pinezem 11., King, and wife Ma-ka-Ra
Hir-Hor
wife
6.
Dynasty
xxi.
Legitimate.
312
The Egypt of
the
5.
Mi -Amen
6.
Mi-Amen
Si-Isis
Hez-
Takelothis
7.
8.
kheper-Ra (more than 15 yrs.) Shashanq iii. Mi-Amen Si - Bast User-mi-Ra (52 yrs.) Pimai Mi-Amen User-ma-Ra Sotep-
n-Amen
9.
Shashanq
than 37
iv.
Aa-kheper-Ra
(more
yrs.)
Dynasty
S-her-ab-Ra Petu-si-Bast
xxiii.
Petoubastes
Osorkho
Psammos
Zet.
Interregnum.
Egypt, divided between several princes, including Tefnekht (Tnephakhthos), father of Bak-n-ran-f. It is overrun by Piankhi the Ethiopian, while Usarkon in. reigns at Bubastis. The son and successor of Piankhi is Mi-Amen-
Nut.
Dynasty
I.
xxiv.
MANETHO.
Bak-n-ran-f
Uah-ka-Ra
(more
than
Bokkhoris
16 yrs.)
'
There
is
drawn up
at
Thebes
in the
Appendix
I.
The
Egyptian Dynasties
313
Dynasty xxv.
MANETHO.
1.
Sabako
Sebikhos Tearkos
2.
3.
Ra
or
Tirhakah (26
yrs.)
Interregnum.
division
of
Egypt
into
Taharka and
his successor
Urdamanu (Rud-Amen), or, as the name may also be Tandamane (Tanuath-Amen), make vain attempts to recover it. In Manetho the period is represented by
read,
Stephinates (Sotep-n-Nit),
of
last
whom
is
father of
Sais.
Dynasty
Psamtik
i.
xxvi.
MANETHO.
Uah-ab-Ra and
(b.c.
wife
Psammetikhos
Mehet-usekh
664-610)
wife
Mi-Mut
Nekhao
Psammouthis
Ouaphris
Nefer-ab-Ra,
and wife
Uah-ab-Ra Haa - ab - Ra and wife Aah-hotep (b.c. 589-570) Aah-mes Si-Nit Khnum-ab-Ra and
wife Thent-kheta (b.c. 570-526)
Amosis
Psammekherites
Psamtik
in.
Ankh-ka-n-Ra
(b.c.
526-525)
314
The Egypt of
the
Dynasty
1.
xxvii.
MANETHO.
(b.c.
Kambyses
Dareios
i.
2.
521-485)
3.
Sotep-nXerxes
Dareios
i.
485)
(b.c.
4.
Khsherish
Ntariush
(b.c.
Artakhsharsha
484) 465-425)
(b.c.
Artaxerxes
11.
Mi-Amen-Ra
424-405)
Dynasty
Amen-ar-t-rut ^ (more than 6
xxviii.
yrs.),
B.C.
Amyrtaios
415
Dynasty xxix.
1.
Nef-aa-rut
i.
Nepherites
i.
than 4
2.
yrs.)
Hakori
Khnum-m^-Ra
Akhoris
3. 4. 5.
Hor-neb-kha
Nef-aa-rut
11.
(i yr.)
Psammouthes Mouthes
Nepherites
11.
(i yr.)
Dynasty xxx.
1.
2.
Nektanebes
i.
3.
yrs.)
Teos Nektanebes
11.
According to Wiedemann.
S 9
"30
t "
O J
Pi
APPENDIX
Ramses
ii.,
III
BIBLICAL DATES
the Pharaoh of the Oppression; and
builder of
Pithom
.....
.
. .
b.c.
1
348-1 281
cir.
1
Campaign of Ramses iii. in Judah and Moab, Solomon marries the daughter of the Tanite Pharaoh, and receives Gezer Shishak (Shashanq i.) invades Palestine and
takes Jerusalem
200
cir.
960
925
......
11.)
. . . . .
cir.
cir.
900
725
Hoshea of Israel makes alliance with So of Egypt 'Pharaoh' and Sibe his
general at Raphia
.
720
701
...
.
.
674
670 668
665
Tirhakah driven from the frontier to Memphis and thence to Ethiopia Revolt of Egypt suppressed by Assur-bani-pal
. .
.
Destruction
Assyrians
of
.......
Thebes
;
(No-Amon)
by the
609
605
585
567
Necho invades Asia defeat and death of Josiah Necho defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadrezzar
;
The Jews
.cir.
. .
.
Appendix
Palestine
settled
III.
Biblical Dates
;
.
.
317
B.C.
seized by Ptolemy i. many Jews by him in Egypt The Greek translation of the Old Testament
.
.
320
dr.
commenced
Onias permitted by Ptolemy Philometor to build
the temple at
Flight of the
280
167
into
Egypt
4
a.d. 70
temple
at
Onion
'
'
'
APPENDIX
EGYPTIAN.
I.
IV
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL.
To-khonti
'
Abu
Ombltes
or
Qebh
the frontier
Apollinopolites
lA.
II.
Utes-Hor
III.
Ten
(?)
Latopolites
On of the South
or
On-Mentu
(including
or
IV.
Uas
Diospolites
[T]-AptorNu, 'the
city
'
Nes-taui
Kar-
temple
the
(i) (2)
of
Mut,
and Aa-Zamut on
W. bank)
V.
VI.
1
Horui
Koptites
(?)
Aa-du
Tentyrites
the combat of
The Ombos,
Kom Ombo,
em-Medineh, Professor Petrie has found the remains of a temple dedithe Gizeh Museum it is called ' the place of Nubt.
318
UPPER EGYPT
MODERN NAME.
Geziret-Assuan
Ombos
Apollinopolis Magna
Eileithyia
Kom Ombo
Edfu El-Kab Kom el-Ahmar Esneh Erment
Luxor,
etc.
Horus
Nekhbit
Aroeris
Hierakonpolis
Latopolis
Khnum and
Mentu
Nit
Hermonthis
Thebai
polis
or
Dios-
Amon (-Ra),
Magna
Pathyris
Qurnah
Q<is
Hathor
Aroeris and Hakit
Apollinopolis Parva
Koptos
Tentyris
^
Qoft
Min
Hathor
Denderah
derah, on account of their worship of the crocodile, is celebrated by Zawaydah, a little south of Ballas. In the mounds now called Kom On a. statue from Denderah now in cated by Thothmes III. to Set.
320
The Egypt of
EGYPTIAN.
the
Appendix IV.
GREEK CAPITAL.
Diospolis Parva
The Names
GODS.
321
MODERN NAME.
HH
Hathor and
Osiris
(Nefer-hotep)
Thinis or This
Girgeh
Anhur
Ptolemais
Menshiyeh
or Pan-
Khemmis
opolis
Ekhmim
Etfeh
Min
Uaz (Hathor)
Horus
Aphroditopolis
Antaiopolis
Qau
Shotb North of Benilb
Sidt
Hypsele
Hierakopolis
Khnum
Osiris
lions)
Lykopolis
Cusai
Qusiyeh
Hermopolis
Theodosiopolis
Kynopolis
El-Qais
(?)
Hipponon
Oxyrrhynkhos
Herakleopolis
El-Hibeh Behnesa
Ahnas el-MedIneh
Hor-shefi (Har-
Magna
saphes
N. of Beni-Suef
Arsinoe-Krokodilopolis
Khnum
Sebek
Hathor.
Medinet el-Fay-
yum
Atfih
Aphroditopolis
322
The Egypt of
the
Lower
EGYPTIAN.
Appendix IV.
Egypt.
The
Names
323
'
'
'
'
324
The Egypt of
EGYPTIAN.
the
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL.
XIV. Khent-abt
Sethroites
(?)
Zaru or
Hud
or
of the
North
XV.
Thoth or
Hermopolites
Khmunu
Bah
Heb
XVI.
Ha-Mehit
Mendesios-
Pa - Ba - neb - dad
(Bindidi)
Thmuites
XVII.
Sam-behed
Diospolites
or
In-
Ta-Ha-Biu (Pa-Khen-n-Amon)
(i)
Sebennytes
ferior
XVIII.
Am-khonti
Bubastites
Pa-Bast
XIX.
Butikos
(?)
Am-t
or Pa-Uaz
or
Arabia
Kosem (Goshen)
Pa-Kos Sopd
or
Pa-
is
Mafkat (' the malachite land ') or the Sinaitic Peninisula, still reckoned as an Egyptian province in the time of
The
(i)
Oases.
Kenem
Hib
(i)
the South
(2) Zes-zes, 'the
Kasht
(2)
Usekh
(3)
(4) (5)
Ast-Abt
(6) Uaht-meht,
(7)
'
Sekhet-demam,
Salt-field
Serp
Appendix IV.
GREEK CAPITAL.
Sethroe
(?)
The
(?)
Names
325
MODERN NAME.
Kantarah
Horus
Thoth,
aui,
Hermopolis
Tel-Baqllyeh
Nehemand Nefer-
Hor
Mendes
Thmuis
(Pakhnamunis)
Diospolis
Tmei el-Emdid
Do.
(Tida)
Osiris-Mendes
(Ba-n-dad) and Isis
Belqas
Bubastis
Tel el-Bast
Buto
Phakussa
APPENDIX
(i)
B.C.
and
writer,
b.c.
500.
Wrote on
Wrote (3) Hellanikos of Mytilene, historian, B.C. 420. an account of Egypt and a journey to the oasis of Amnion,
now
lost.
(4)
Herodotos of Halikarnassos,
chiefly
His account
Egypt
histories.
(5)
five years in
Demokritos of Abdera, philosopher, B.C. 405. Spent Egypt, and wrote books on geography and on
now
lost.
Wrote a history of
two books, now lost. Visited Egypt in (7) Eudoxos of Knidos, philosopher. B.C. 358, and wrote an account of it in his work on geo-
Egypt
in at least
graphy,
(8)
now
lost.
Leo of
Pella,
B.C.
330.
b.c.
Lived
at the court
Appendix
V.
The
Greek Writers
327
of Ptolemy i., travelled up the Nile and examined the Theban temples. Wrote a history of Egypt, the first book The of which was on Egyptian philosophy, now lost.
account of the
or Usir-ma-Ra)
Ramesseum
given by
(the temple
is
of
Osymandyas
Diodoros
work.
(10) Manetho, Egyptian priest of Sebennytos, B.C. 270. Compiled the history of Egypt in Greek from the records Corrected many of the errors of contained in the temples. The work was divided Herodotos, according to Josephus. into three parts, and Josephus quotes from it the account of
Hyksos conquest, the list of the kings of the eighteenth and the Egyptian legend of the Israelitish Exodus. An epitome of the history was probably added at the end of We know it from the list of dynasties quoted the work. by the Christian writers Julius Africanus (a.d. 220) and Eusebius, both of whom endeavoured to harmonise its chronology with that of the Old Testament. The work of Africanus is lost, but the list of dynasties has been preserved by Georgios the Synkellos or Coadjutor of the Patriarch of Constantinople (a.d. 792), who has added two other lists professedly from Manetho, but really from postChristian forgeries (' The Old Chronicle and The Book of Sothis'). Eusebius quotes from a copyist of Africanus, or some unknown copyist of Manetho himself, and his list has been preserved (like that of Africanus) by George the Synkellos, as well as in an Armenian translation. Manetho also wrote (in Greek) on Egyptian festivals and religion, but all his works are lost.
the
dynasty,
' '
(11) Eratosthenes of
275-194.
iv.
Librarian of
First fixed
shadow
at
by measuring the length of the sun's noon on the longest day in Alexandria and then
328
The Egypt of
the
where there was no (now lost) he chronology on shadow at all. In his work from the various selected Theban kings, list of gave a This has dynasties, like the lists of Karnak or Abydos. been preserved, along with an attempt to translate the The translations, however, are meaning of the names. from the Greek forms of the [are made erroneous, as they names compared with words then current in the decaying
calculating the distance to Assuan,
B.C. 200.
Wrote a
history
now
lost.
(13) Kallixenos of Rhodes, B.C. 210. tion of Alexandria in four or more books,
Wrote a descrip-
now
lost.
Wrote a descrip(14) Philistos of Naukratis, B.C. 225. tion of Naukratis, a history of Egypt in twelve books,
and an account of Egyptian
lost.
religion in three
books
all
(15) Kharon of Naukratis, B.C. 160. Wrote on Naukratis and on the succession of the Ptolemaic priests the works
;
are
lost.
Wrote an account
B.C. 120.
(17) Agatharkhides of Knidos, geographer and historian, Gave an account of the working of the Egyptian
(in his
gold-mines
Red
Sea) which
Wrote a Lysimakhos of Alexandria, B.C. 50. Egypt containing the Egyptian legend of the Hebrew Exodus, which has been preserved by Josephus. (19) L. Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor, b.c. 82-60. Wrote an account of Egypt in three books ; now lost. (20) Diodoros of Sicily (Diodorus Siculus), historian,
(18)
history of
Appendix
to
V.
The
for a
Greek Writers
329
Egypt and Ethiopia. Quoted largely from Herodotos, Hekataios of Abdera, Ephoros and other authors now lost.
are dependent
We
on him
Ptolemy of Mendes, historian, a.d. i. Egypt in three (?) books, now lost. (22) Strabo of Amasia, geographer, a.d. 20.
(21)
Wrote a
Travelled
in Egypt.
The
is
last
(17th)
book of
his
great
work on
devoted to Egypt. (23) Apion of El-Khargeh, grammarian and historian, Pleaded for the Alexandrines against Philo and A.D. 40.
geography
the Jews before Caligula.
Wrote a
history of
Egypt
in five
Hebrew Exodus
now
lost.
(24)
Was
Nero's teacher.
Khairemon of Naukratis, stoic philosopher, a.d. 50. Wrote an account of Egypt and an
;
now
lost.
(25) Josephus, son of the Jewish priest Matthias, born A.D. 37, received his freedom and the name of Flavins, a.d.
69.
Quotes
from
etc.,
in
his
Wrote
of great
and
Osiris,
which
is
Ptolemy
of
Alexandria,
geographer,
a.d.
160.
Egypt is thoroughly and work on geography. of the Alexandrine (28) St. Clement of Alexandria, head
Many references to (Christian) School, a.d. 191-220. He divides Egyptian history and reUgion in his Strbmateis.
Egyptian writing into hieroglyphic, hieratic and epistolographic (or demotic), the first being further divided into alphabetic and symbolic, and the symbolic characters into
imitative, figurative
and
rebus-like.
330
five
books
now
lost.
now
lost.
of Manetho's dynasties. The an Armenian translation. (32) Horapollo of Nilopohs, grammarian, a.d. 390, wrote a work on the hieroglyphics in Coptic, which was translated into Greek by Philippos. Only the ideographic values of
his Chronicle, containing a
list
in
APPENDIX
(i)
VI
Tel el-Yehudiyeh
a.m.,
or
Onion.
Take
the
train
from
Cairo at lo
reaching
Leave Shibin el-Qanater at 5.57 p.m., reaching Cairo at Donkeys can be procured at Shibin, but it is a pleasant walk of a mile and a half through the fields
6.50.
There
is
a cafe at
it is
from Cairo.
(2)
Kom
el-Atrib or Athribis.
The mounds
of Naukratis
lie
close to
the station of
Benha
town, and
All trains
can easily be
explored between two trains. between Cairo and Alexandria stop at Benha.
(3) Naukratis.
lie
The
mounds
(Kom
Teh
Qa'if)
el-Bar(id
between Cairo and Alexandria, where all trains The first half of the walk is along a good road under an avenue of trees, but after a village is
on the
stop except the express.
reached
to
it
Donkeys
be had
(4)
Teh
el-Barftd.
of the
Kanopos
or Aboukir.
Roman
train
period.
leaves the
Ramleh
and reaches Aboukir It is a Aboukir at 4.42 p.m. from returning at 10.42 a.m., short walk northwards from the station to the temple of Then Zephyrion discovered by Daninos Pasha in 1891.
station at Alexandria at
7.40 a.m.,
331
332
The Egypt of
the
walk eastward along the shore, where the rocks have been
cut into baths
and numerous
relics
of antiquity
lie half-
The Monument
more than
five
ride of
rather
Suez along the line of the Freshwater Canal brings us to the stelae erected by Darius to
his re-opening of the
commemorate
Red
The
stelse
were erected
along
to the
east of the
Serapeum on the Suez Canal, and on the side of a mound between the 6ist kilometre of the Canal and
the telegraphic station of Kabret.
From
Ismailiyeh to Tel
el-Maskh{itah
(6)
is
Tanis or Zoan.
is
or
Sin
to
sleep at Mansflrah,
tolerable hotel,
way of visiting Tanis where there is a very and go by the morning train (at 9.15) to
easiest
'1-Shekfik, arriving there at 10.55
The
the station of
Abu
a.m.
One
of the
on the Mo'izz
canal, which passes the station and runs to San, should have been previously engaged, and a servant sent with food the day before from Mansflrah to get it ready. It is
There
is
On
the
way
to
Abu
is
passed
Parva.
The
twin
mounds
far
Tmei
east
el-Apidid (Mendes
of the station of
to
the
Appendix VI.
Simbellauen, which
j^.M. train
Archceological Excursions
The
333
is reached at 10. 11 a.m. (or by the 6.45 from Mansiirah at 7.30 a.m.). Donkeys should be
the mounds. Tel enNebesheh is only eight miles south-east of Sin. Leaving Mansdrah at 9.15 (7) Horbet or Pharbaithos. A.M., the train reaches Abu-Kebir at ^^'^'^, where donkeys
still
Amasis
stands on
It
is
The
and the gigantic monoleaves Abu-Kebir for reaching Zagazig at 4.32 and
train
Behbit
(Egyptian
Hebit,
Roman
Iseum).
The
by Ptolemy 11., lie eight miles by river north of Mansftrah, and are less than half-an-hour's walk from the eastern bank of the river. Delicate bas-reliefs have been carved on the granite blocks. The ruins are a favourite object of picnic parties from
granite ruins of the temple of Isis, built
Mansiirah.
(9)
The
walk from the railway station and can be visited between two trains. The site of the temple is
are a few minutes'
middle of the mounds, the ruins of the old houses up on all sides of it. There is a poor hotel in Zagazig, kept by a Greek. This has become difficult (13) Sais or Sa el-Hagar. of access since the construction of the railway from The nearest railway station is Kafr Alexandria to Cairo. ez-Zaiyat, from which it is distant (by donkey) about
in the rising
five hours.
The voyage by
several bridges.
Tents and camels are necessary, (11) Tel ed-Deffeneh. as well as drinking water, for that of the canal and Lake
Menzaleh
is
brackish.
Either go
by
train to
Salahlyeh
334
l^f^^
Egypt of
the
to Kantara.
The
and Kantara is about the same (eleven miles), but donkeys are more easily procurable at Kantara than camels. At Kantara (on the east side of the canal) are monuments and a Tel (perhaps that of Zaru). The excursion may be combined with one to Pelusium, passing Tel el-Hir on the way. From Kantara to Pelusium is rather more than half-a-day's
journey.
a-half miles
at the edge of the sand-dunes, one-andfrom the mounds of Pelusium, walking to them over the mud, which sometimes will not bear the weight
Encamp
of a camel.
No
fresh water
is
procurable there.
INDEX
ahrik, 33.
Amyrtaeos, 178, 179, 181, 266. Anaxagoras, 183. Antiochus, 153 sqq.
Anthylla, 215.
Anysis, 204, 266 sqq.
Apis, 118, 223, 261.
Apopi,
Abutig, 194.
Aram-Naharaira
Arioch,
i.
Armais (Hor-m-hib),
Arisu, 84, 94.
73.
Ah-hotep, Queen, 283. Ahnas el-Medtneh, 36, 192, 264, 269. Aigyptos, 206.
Arkhandropolis, 215.
Akhsemenes, 178.
Akhillas, 234.
Akhilleus, 167.
AshmunSn,
Asshurim,
sqq.,
268, 269.
215,
Ameni,
IV.
94.
III.,
Amendphis
Aten
(-Ra), 55.
(Khu-n-Aten),
Aupet, 269.
Avaris, is, 39, 41, 92, 233.
336
The Egypt of
B
the
Baba,
36.
Bahr
Bashan, 72.
Bast, 224 sqq.
Bata, 25 sqq.
Biahmu,
185, 188.
Blemmyes,
167.
Dahabiyeh voyage, 194, Dakkeh, 152. Dahshdr, 204, 263, 265, 282. Damanhur, 193, 204, 210. Danaans, 86. Daninos Pasha, 208. Daphnse, 129, 131, 205, 230.
Dead
Sea, 87.
152.
Debod,
M.
171.
281, 300.
no,
Busiris, 205,
239 sqq.
!??.
250, 267.
Dudu,
60.
Csesarion, 166.
Cairo, 220.
Canaan, 60, ^j
camel, 21.
sqq.
72.
Ecclesiasticus, 145.
Edom,
of, 150.
Egypt, etymology
Ekhmtm,
Elbo, 266.
Eleazar, 148.
Memphis,
3,
247.
Index
Eltekeh, 276.
337
72, 87, 89.
Hebron,
of, 162, 170.
Enna,
25.
Hekataeos,
237. 285.
17, 25.
176,
177,
183,
186,
223,
Enoch, book
Erman, Professor,
Helen, 251.
Heliopolis, 204, 220 sqq.
,
240, 250.
249,
Hermes,
227.
Hermopolis, 193, 204, 210. Her-shef (Arsaphes), 270. Hezekiah, 115, 276.
Hierakon, 194. Hininsu (Ahnas), 264, 267. hippopotamus, 177, 193.
Hittites, 63, 74, 82, 86, 88.
famines, 34-38.
Fenkhu, 107.
Gardner, Mr. E.
Gaza, 80, 87,
128, 139.
212, 214.
90, 95,
88,
107,
126,
HowSra, Huseyn,
227.
M.
94.
I
Mr.,
lannas, 228.
ibises, 193, 210.
Gyges, 122.
H
Hadashah, 90. Hamath, 88.
inundation, 184.
lonians, 213, 230, 280
Isis,
Hammamat,
272.
Istar, 277.
hawks, 193.
338
Jason, 156.
K6m
106.
Qa'if, 211.
Jerahmeel, 108.
Krophi, 199-201.
KtSsias, 285.
Jeroboam,
Kyrgn6, 130.
148,
152,
153,
155,
Joseph, 24
Labai, 71.
Labyrinth, 186, 273, 279.
Josiah, 126.
Leku,
84.
Leontopolis, 158.
K
Kadesh, 82. Kambyses, 132, 149, 262. Ka-meri-Ra, 11. Kan6pos, 207-209, 235. Kan6pic arm of Nile, 206, 209, 211.
Karians, 123, 183, 187, 218, 230, 239,
242, 254, 280.
Lepsius, 76.
Leto, 235. Libyans, 84, 106, 123, 130.
Lisht, 191.
W
Maccabees,
the, 160.
Khabbash,
134.
Kheb,
235.
Mark Antony,
166.
39, 107, 191, 271.
Khemmis, 197, 235, 237. Kheops (Khufu), 8, 227, 256, 258. Khephren (Khaf-Ra), 256, 259.
Kheti-ti, 276.
Maspero, Professor,
87.
Khian
(lannas), 228.
Mgdum,
7, 263.
Khita-sir, 82.
Khiti, 271.
53 sqq.
Melchizedek, 71.
Kimon,
179, 181.
Memnon,
138.
196.
sqq.
Kokk6
(Cleopatra), 161.
Kom
Memphis, 2, 5, 41 sqq., 219, 242 Mendes, 239. Menelaus (the Jew), 153. Menelaite nome, 235, 237.
Menes,
2, 190, 244,
el-Ahmar, 250.
246.
Index
Meneptah,
97, 270.
339
sources
of,
40, 43,
198 sqq.
Menshtyeh (Ptolemais),
Menzaleh, Lake, 231.
Menftf, 238.
143.
Nineveh, 124.
Nitokris, 11, 246.
Mer-ka-Ra, 271.
121.
Merom,
80.
Nut-Amon,
Min, 197. Mitanni (Aram Naharaim), 58, 82, Mnevis, 222, 240.
On
88,
Onion, 157.
68.
Osarsiph, 92.
Osiris, 216, 239.
Osorkon
II.,
i.,
227.
Museum,
Mut, 201.
no,
ostraka, 144.
Mykerinos
264.
(Men-ka-Ra),
Osymandyas,
256,
196.
259,
N
Nahum,
I2r.
of, 31.
Pausiris, 179.
Papias, 173.
name, change
Pa-Uaz
Pelusiac
(But6), 235.
Peguath, 207.
Naukratis,
232,
131,
132,
Pergamos, library
Perseus, 198.
Peter,
of, r66.
NechoofSais,
,
171.
Petrie, Professor
W.
F.
7, 9,
11,
4
18
Nektanebo
II.,
i.
229.
137,
185,
Nikanor, 139.
Nikiu,"238.
340
The Egypt of
of, 2z,
the
Pharaoh, meaning
250.
Index
Sekhet, 225.
341
loi.
Suphah,
Senem
(Bigeh), 200.
Tahpanhes,
Tand-Amon,
Serapeum, 261,
Serapis, 207,
serpents, winged, 236.
(Ramses
11.),
47,
ig6, 229,
247 sqq.
Set, 75, 222, 23s, 237, 249,
75, 228.
,
84, 97-100.
Set-nelcht, 100.
Tanis [see Zoan), 104 sqq., 232. Tantah, 226. Ta-user, Queen, 99. Teie, Queen, 57, 58. Tel el-Amarna, 52 sqq. Tel el-Baql!yeh, 210. Tel ed-Deffeneh, 129, 231 sqq. Tel el-Yehudlyeh, 157, 250. Tel en-Nebgsheh, 236. Tel Fera'in, 235. Tel Mokdam, 39. Thannyras, 179. Thebes, 12, 50, 163, 182,186, 194, 196. This (Girgeh), 2.
Shepherd kings,
Sheri, 6.
14.
Thothmes
Thukydides, 285. Tirhakah, 114 j-^^., 272, 276. Tn^phakhtos, 268. Tunip, 82. Turah, 257.
Turin Papyrus,
16.
sqq.
Singar, 82.
Si-Ptah, 84, 99.
Smendes,
Snefru,
6.
105.
U
Uaz, 235, 236, 237, 275.
Urd-Amon,
191, 245.
119.
Sphinx,
St.
5, 30,
Ur-mer, 240,
Usertesen
II.,
I.,
221, 251.
III.,
282.
Sumerian,
64, 65-
342
The Egypt of
the
Wadi Tumilat
Wiedemann,
Wilbour, Mr,,
(Goshen), 43.
35.
Zagazig, 224.
Zahi, 72.
X
Xanthos, 176.
Zakkur, 84, 86, 88. Zaphnath-paaneah, Zemar, 72. Zenodotos, 147. Zephyrion, 207.
Zerah, ill.
32.
THE END