Barbara CVitKUi Ivor Jankovi, Sanjin Miheli i Ivor Karavani, Put neandertalca, Arheoloki muzej, Zagreb, 2011.

Ivor Jankovi, Sanjin Miheli i Ivor Karavani, Put neandertalca, ZAGREB: Arheoloki muzej, 2011

Recenzija / Review Primljeno / Received: 7. 3. 2012. Prihvaeno / Accepted: 8. 3. 2012.

Barbara Cvitkui Institut za antropologiju Lj. Gaja 32 HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected]

Fenomen neandertalca u aritu je zanimanja strunih i znanstvenih krugova jo od daleke 1856. godine kad su otkriveni fosilni ostaci te populacije na eponimnome lokalitetu Neandertal u blizini Dsseldorfa u Njemakoj, a nedugo zatim 1899. godine i u Hrvatskoj, na Hunjakovu brijegu u Krapini. Napredak i razvoj znanstvenih metoda koje doprinose interpretaciji i evaluaciji novih, ali isto tako i starih nalaza, te otkria novih nalazita povezanih s neandertalcima i u Hrvatskoj i u svijetu, razlog su neprekinuta zanimanja znanstvenika za tu temu. Sukladno tomu ira znanstvena, ali i javna zajednica s velikim su interesom pozdravile otvorenje izlobe Put neandertalca 15. prosinca 2011. godine u Arheolokome muzeju u Zagrebu, kao i objavu istoimene knjige. Knjiga Put neandertalca autorskoga trija Ivora Jankovia, Sanjina Mihelia i Ivora Karavania idejno je ishodite istoimenoga projekta iji je voditelj Sanjin Miheli, vii kustos Arheolokoga muzeja u Zagrebu. Projekt je zamiljen kao arheoloki itinerer iji je cilj objedinjavanje i kulturno-turistiko

The phenomenon of Neanderthals has been in the focus of scholarly and scientic interest since 1856, when the fossil remains of this population were discovered at the eponymous site Neandertal near Dsseldorf in Germany, and not long afterward in Croatia in 1899, at Hunjakovo Hill in Krapina. The progress and development of scientic methods which contribute to the interpretation and evaluation of new as well as older nds, and the discovery of new nd sites associated with Neanderthals in Croatia and throughout the world, are the reason for the uninterrupted scholarly interest in this topic. In this regard, the broader scholarly and also general public welcomed with great interest the opening of the exhibition Way of the Neanderthals in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb on 15 December 2011, as well as the publication of the book with the same title. The book Put neandertalca by the trio of authors Ivor Jankovi, Sanjin Miheli and Ivor Karavani is the scholarly source of the project led by Sanjin Miheli, a senior curator at the Archaeological

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valoriziranje arheoloke batine vezane uz neandertalskoga ovjeka u Hrvatskoj. Sastavni je dio projekta i istoimena izloba s multimedijalnim postavom koji ukljuuje arheoloke i paleontoloke nalaze musterijenske kulture (Vindija, Velika peina na Ravnoj gori, Veternica, Velika peina u Klievici, Veli rat na Dugome otoku, Mujina peina, Katel tali-Resnik) i replike nalaza (Krapina) uz popratne ilustracije, videoprikaze i rekonstrukcije, emu je svrha popularizacija i prezentacija hrvatskih paleolitikih nalazita na kojima su prepoznati tragovi neandertalaca. Izloba je prilagoena svim dobnim skupinama i namijenjena je svim posjetiteljima koje zanima ne samo arheologija i razumijevanje vlastita rodoslovnoga stabla nego i putovanje, istraivanje i upoznavanje kulturnih i prirodnih znamenitosti vlastite zemlje. Knjiga Put neandertalca podijeljena je u tri idejne cjeline kao i postav izlobe. Termin neandertalac kroz povijest je postao uvrijeen u razliitim kontekstima popularne kulture i prestao biti vezan iskljuivo za prapovijesnu populaciju. Sukladno tomu prva cjelina knjige, Neandertalac u vremenu i prostoru, pribliava neandertalca itatelju upravo iz aspekta popularne kulture. Neandertalci su se kao termin kroz povijest javljali i bili obraivani u razliitim segmentima popularne kulture od knjievnosti preko lma do dnevnih tiskovina. Prije punih sto godina belgijski je pisac Joseph Henry Rosny u svojoj noveli Rat za vatru prikazao neandertalce kao surove divljake i kanibale i otada ne jenjava veliki interes za njih u domeni popularnih prikaza i pria. Napisane su

Museum in Zagreb. The project has been conceived as an archaeological itinerary aimed at the consolidation and validation (both in cultural and touristic terms) of the archaeological heritage tied to Neanderthals in Croatia. An integral component of the project is the exhibition of the same name, with its multi-media approach, including archaeological and palaeontological nds of the Mousterian culture (Vindija, Velika Cave at Ravna gora, Veternica, Velika Cave in Klievica, Veli rat on the island of Dugi, Mujina Cave, Katel tali-Resnik) and replicas of nds (Krapina) accompanied by illustrations, video-presentations and reconstructions, aimed at the popularization and presentation of Croatian palaeontological nd-sites at which the vestiges of Neanderthals have been recognized. The exhibition has been adapted to all age groups and it is geared toward all visitors interested not only in archaeology and an understanding of their own family tree, but also travelling, study and familiarization with the cultural and natural attractions of their own country. The book Put neandertalca is divided into three conceptual units, which is mirrored by the arrangement of the exhibition. Over the course of history, the term Neanderthal has become accepted in various contexts in popular culture, and is no longer exclusively tied to the prehistoric population. In this vein, the rst section of the book, The Neanderthal in time and space, familiarizes readers with the Neanderthal precisely from the standpoint of popular culture. The term Neanderthal has appeared over the course of history and has been used in various segments of popular culture: from literature through lm to the daily press. Over one hundred years ago, Belgian writer Joseph Henry Rosny, in his book, The Quest for Fire, portrayed Neanderthals as coarse savages and cannibals, and since then the great interest in them in the popular imagination has not abated. Many novels were written, some of which were even adapted as motion pictures, but despite their popularity, they remain largely misunderstood and are often viewed through the prism of idealized portrayals either as semi-feral creatures or as noble savages (Jankovi et al. 2011a: 19). Given the continual interest and numerous controversies which this topic carries with it, one of the authors aims is to present and once more acquaint readers with these distant ancestors of ours, but exclusively on the basis of data obtained through scientic research. The fact is that the question of accepting the role of Neanderthals in our genealogy has sparked debate in scholarly circles for over 150 years. Based on many archaeological discoveries, our knowledge of Neanderthals is considerable. There are numer-

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mnoge novele koje su u jednome trenutku i ekranizirane, no bez obzira na njihovu popularnost oni ostaju uvelike neshvaeni i esto promatrani u svjetlu idealiziranih prikaza bilo kao poludivlja stvorenja, bilo kao plemeniti divljaci (Jankovi et al. 2011a: 19). S obzirom na kontinuirani interes i mnoge kontroverze koje ova tema nosi sa sobom jedan je od ciljeva autor da predstave i ponovno upoznaju itatelja s tim naim dalekim pretkom, ali iskljuivo na temelju rezultata znanstvenih istraivanja. injenica je da pitanje prihvaanja uloge neandertalca u naemu rodoslovlju potie rasprave u znanstvenim krugovima vie od 150 godina. Na temelju mnogobrojnih arheolokih otkria o neandertalcima danas mnogo toga znamo. Postoje brojni ostaci neandertalskih kostiju, kamenih alata i njihovih aktivnosti na nalazitima diljem Europe i zapadne Azije (do Uzbekistana na istoku, a neki autori smatraju da su obitavali i u dijelu sredinje Azije), to omoguava stvaranje uvida u mnoge aspekte postojanja te populacije. Za razliku od ranijih ljudskih populacija za neandertalce postoje i genetike sekvence u vidu drevne DNK bilo mitohondrijske bilo drugih dijelova genoma (Green et al. 2010). Sve to omoguava detaljan uvid u razne aspekte anatomije, kulturne prilagodbe i evoluciju te populacije. Uvid je to koji ne postoji ni za jednu drugu populaciju iz drevne prolosti. Detaljan opis izgleda i naina ivota neandertalaca donosi istoimeno prvo poglavlje prve cjeline knjige. Naglaavajui predivno bogatstvo varijabilnosti ljudske vrste, koje nije svojstveno samo suvremenim populacijama, ve je bilo prisutno i u dalekoj prolosti (Jankovi et al. 2011a: 34), autori uz opis anatomskih odlika neandertalaca posebnu panju posveuju interpretaciji i razumijevanju procesa nastanka odreenih, neandertalcima svojstvenih, odlika. S obzirom na varijabilnost te populacije u vremenu i prostoru, koja se sasvim lijepo moe pratiti kroz 150 000 godina njihova postojanja, ne zauuje ni varijabilnost u sferama kulturnoga ivota i prilagodbe. Smatra se da su ivjeli u manjim, vrlo pokretnim skupinama koje su se esto selile u potrazi za lovnim ivotinjama. Bili su vjeti lovci, a brojne analize stabilnih izotopa iz kostiju neandertalaca ukazuju na to da su se prehranjivali gotovo iskljuivo mesom (npr. Richards et al. 2000; 2008). U drugome poglavlju pod nazivom Simbolika autori pokuavaju proniknuti u duhovni ivot i simboliki izriaj te populacije. Svijest i duhovni aspekti ponaanja esto su kljuni imbenici koji se istiu kao nepremostiva razlika izmeu ljudi i ivotinja. Imajui na umu te razlike, autori pokuavaju proniknuti u pitanje kada se odreeni aspekti duhovnosti po prvi put javljaju u arheolokoj ostavtini

ous remains of Neanderthal bones, stone tools and their activities at nd-sites throughout Europe and western Asia (as far as Uzbekistan in the east, and some scholars believe that they lived in part of central Asia as well), which allows for insight into many aspects of this populations existence. As opposed to earlier hominid populations, in the case of Neanderthals there are genetic sequences of ancient DNA, both mitochondrial and from other parts of the genome (Green et al. 2010). All of this enables a detailed insight into various aspects of the anatomy, cultural adaptations and evolution of this population. This type of knowledge does not exist for any other population from the ancient past. A detailed description of the appearance and lifestyle of Neanderthals is provided in the rst chapter of the books rst section, which is reected in its title. Underscoring the fabulous wealth of variability of the human species, which is not only a quality of contemporary populations, for it was also present in the distant past (Jankovi et al. 2011a: 34), the authors, besides providing a description of Neanderthal anatomical features, focus particular attention to the interpretation and understanding of the processes whereby individual traits specic to Neanderthals emerged. Given the variability of this population over space and time, which can be quite nicely followed over the 150,000 years of their existence, their variability in the spheres of cultural life and adaptation is not surprising. It is believed that they lived in small, very mobile groups which often migrated in search of animals to hunt. They were skilled hunters, and numerous analyses of stable isotopes from Neanderthal bones indicate that their diet consisted almost exclusively of meat (e.g. Richards et al. 2000; 2008). In the second chapter, with the title Symbolism, the authors attempt to delve into the spiritual life and symbolic expressions of this population. Selfawareness and the spiritual aspect of behaviour are often crucial factors which stand out as the unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. Keeping these dierences in mind, the authors attempt to ascertain when a certain aspect of spirituality rst appeared in the archaeological heritage and which symbolic behaviour and ideas can be found and interpreted among the Neanderthals. A major novelty which emerged among this population was certainly the burial of the dead, to which nd-sites in France, Belgium, Israel, Syria, Iraq, etc. testify (Pettitt 2011). Also interesting, and quite rare, are the nds of pierced teeth and shells, which may be assumed to have been parts of necklaces or pendants (Zilho et al. 2009). Equally fascinating are the pierced and cutmarked bones which some scholars believe were purposely made so (Zilho et

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te koje oblike simbolikoga ponaanja i ideja moemo pronai i iitati kod neandertalaca. Vana novina koja se javlja kod te populacije nedvojbeno je pokapanje mrtvih, o emu svjedoe nalazita u Francuskoj, Belgiji, Izraelu, Siriji, Iraku itd. (Pettitt 2011). Zanimljivi su, ali i rijetki, nalazi probuenih zuba i koljaka za koje se moe pretpostaviti da su bili dijelovi ogrlice ili privjesaka (Zilho et al. 2009). Isto tako zanimljive su probuene i izrezbarene kosti za koje dio autora dri da su namjerno uinjene takvima (Zilho et al. 2006). Vjerojatno je da je barem dio tih predmeta predstavljao uistinu namjerno izraene artefakte ija funkcija nije bila vezana uz preivljavanje i odravanje osnovnih ivotnih potreba, pa im se moe pripisati simboliko znaenje (Carron et al. 2011). Posljednje poglavlje prve cjeline, Sudbina neandertalca, pokuaj je razumijevanja nestanka te populacije. Ve prilikom prvih otkria neandertalaca, kad je postalo jasno da se radi o anatomski i kulturno drugaijoj populaciji, poinju se traiti objanjenja o njihovoj ulozi i mjestu u evoluciji ovjeka. Mjesto neandertalca na ljestvici ovjekove evolucije autori pokuavaju objasniti s pomou triju glavnih modela evolucije, odnosno podrijetla nas samih: (1) multiregionalnoga modela, (2) tzv. modela iz Afrike i (3) asimilacijskoga modela. Pritom ne nameu odgovore, nego upuuju itatelja na promiljanja toga problema iz razliitih perspektiva (Jankovi & Karavani 2009). Kljunu ulogu u pokuaju razumijevanja sudbine neandertalaca i njihove uloge u rodoslovlju suvremenih populacija imaju vremenski kasni neandertalci meu koje se ubrajaju i nalazi iz hrvatske peine Vindija te najraniji nalazi anatomski modernih ljudi s tla Europe. Period je to od nekoliko tisua godina njihova vremenskoga preklapanja i moguega suivota, pa su razne analize nalaza iz toga perioda iznimno vane. Moguemu odgovoru doprinijela su i mnoga molekularna istraivanja, posebice po prvi put uspjeno izoliran dio stanine DNK iz kosti neandertalca s hrvatskoga nalazita Vindija krajem 2006. godine. Sredinom 2010. godine u asopisu Science objavljen je iznimno vaan rad prema ijim rezultatima analize suvremeni stanovnici Eurazije u svojoj DNK imaju 14% genetskoga naslijea neandertalaca. To odreuje neandertalce kao izumrlu skupinu drevnih stanovnika Europe i dijela Azije, ali ne i kao izumrlu zasebnu vrstu. I taj se rad, barem u veemu dijelu, temelji na nalazima iz peine Vindija (Green et al. 2010; Jankovi et al. 2011b). Druga cjelina knjige nosi naziv Arheoloka nalazita i u njoj se sustavno, po prvi put na jednome mjestu, obrauju sva hrvatska nalazita na kojima su otkriveni ostaci neandertalaca ili njihove materijalne kulture s najnovijim rezultatima istraivanja. Donose se sljedeim redoslijedom: Vindija, Velika peina,

al. 2006). It is likely that a minimum of some of these items are truly intentionally crafted artefacts whose function was not tied to survival and maintenance of basic living needs, so that a symbolic meaning can be ascribed to them (Carron et al. 2011). The nal chapter of the rst unit, The fate of the Neanderthals , constitutes an attempt to understand the disappearance of the Neanderthal population. Already during the rst discoveries of Neanderthals, when it became clear that this was an anatomically and culturally dierent population, explanations began to be sought for their role and position in human evolution. Scholars attempted to explain the position of Neanderthals on the human evolutionary latter with the help of three primary models of evolution, i.e., the origins of humans themselves: (1) the multiregional model, (2) the so-called out of Africa model, and (3) the assimilation model. They do not impose any answers here, rather they direct readers to consider this problems from various points of view (Jankovi & Karavani 2009). The key role in the attempt to understand the fate of the Neanderthals and their role in the genealogy of contemporary populations is played by the chronologically later Neanderthals, which includes the nds from the Croatian cave Vindija and the earliest anatomical modern humans on European territory. The period when they overlapped and possibly co-existed lasted several thousand years, so the various analyses of the nds from this period are exceptionally important. Numerous molecular tests have also contributed to a possible answer, particularly the rst successfully isolated component of cellular DNA from Neanderthal bones collected at the Croatian site of Vindija at the end of 2006. In mid-2010, the journal Science published an exceptionally important article, according to which an analysis showed that the contemporary residents of Eurasia have 1-4% Neanderthal genetic material in their DNA. This denes Neanderthals as an extinct group of ancient inhabitants of Europe and part of Asia, but not an extinct separate species. This work as well, or most of it, is based on the nds from Vindija Cave (Green et al. 2010; Jankovi et al. 2011b). The second section is entitled Archaeological sites and it systematically, for the rst time in one place, deals with all Croatian sites at which the remains of Neanderthals or their physical culture were discovered, together with the latest research results. These are covered in the following order: Vindija, Velika Cave, Krapina, Veternica, Veliki rat and Ljuba, Velika Cave in Klievica, Mujina Cave, Katel tali-Resnik and Romualdova Cave and Campano. Readers are given a thorough overview of all aspects of the individual sites, from their geographic location, research history, layouts, proles,

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Krapina, Veternica, Veliki rat i Ljuba, Velika peina u Klievici, Mujina peina, Katel tali Resnik te Romualdova peina i Campano. itatelj dobiva detaljan uvid u sve aspekte pojedinanih nalazita, od geografskoga smjetaja, povijesti istraivanja, tlocrta, prola, metoda i faza rada do pronaene arheoloke grae. Upoznavanje sa svakim pojedinanim nalazitem olakava veliki broj ilustracija koje vjerno prate tekst. U treemu, zakljunome dijelu pod naslovom Arheoloki itinerer Put neandertalca spomenuti lokaliteti postaju zanimljivo kulturno-turistiko odredite, pa se tako svi itatelji knjige i posjetitelji izlobe pozivaju na upoznavanje najdojmljivijih arheolokih, povijesnih, kulturnih i prirodnih znamenitosti Hrvatske. Glavnim postajama puta koje ine arheoloki lokaliteti s nalazima neandertalaca, odnosno musterijenske kulture, pridodaju se i ostale znamenitosti koje su izravno povezane s osnovnom temom itinerera. To su naprimjer muzeji u kojima se uva arheoloka graa te odredita koja nemaju izravnih tematskih poveznica, ali predstavljaju neizostavno mjesto posjeta, poput pet nacionalnih parkova i etiriju parkova prirode pokraj kojih vodi itinerer. Manji broj postaja toga itinerera niz godina funkcionira samostalno kao atraktivno turistiko odredie, poput Krapine s novim Muzejom krapinskih neandertalaca ili pilje Veternica na zagrebakoj Medvednici, no ostale postaje tek ekaju vrijeme svoje turistike valorizacije. U zavrnome dijelu knjige nalazi se popis preporuene literature na hrvatskome i engleskome jeziku za one koji ele znati jo vie o neandertalcima, njihovoj biolokoj i kulturnoj evoluciji, ponaanju, nainu ivota i sl. te podaci o slikovnim prilozima koji vjerno prate tekst od prve do posljednje stranice. Moe se zakljuiti da je knjiga Put neandertalca, kao i istoimena izloba, primjer uspjenoga i sveobuhvatnoga prikaza jedne teme koja u sebi proima razliite aspekte pristupa znanstveni, kulturni i turistiki s pomou kojega se neandertalci bez ikakva napora pribliavaju itateljima i posjetiteljima razliitih prola. Izdanjem knjige s dvojezinim tekstom (hrvatski i engleski) stvara se trajni doprinos projektu i nadilaze okviri hrvatskoga govornog podruja. Vano je istaknuti da znanstvene teme postaju bliske iroj javnosti, posebice kroz kulturno-turistiki segment zahvaljujui kojemu i zaboravljena povijesna, kulturna i prirodna dobra dobivaju na vrijednosti. Ovim djelom neosporno je pobueno zanimanje ne samo za temu neandertalaca nego i za otkrivanje vrijednosti hrvatske kulturne i prirodne batine. U tome bi smislu ovaj projekt, kao i popratna izloba i publikacija, trebali posluiti kao uzor za nova djela slinih sadraja.

methods and work phases to the archaeological materials found. Familiarization with all individual sites is facilitated by numerous illustrations which adhere to the text very faithfully. In the third, concluding section under the title Archaeological itinerary of the Way of the Neanderthals, these sites become interesting cultural and tourism destinations, so as such all readers of the book and visitors to the exhibition are invited to become familiar with Croatias most impressive archaeological, historical, cultural and natural attractions. The main stations on the way composed of archaeological sites with Neanderthal (Mousterian culture) nds, are enhanced with other attractions which are directly tied to the basic theme of the itinerary. These are, for example, museums in which archaeological materials are held and destinations which have no direct thematic ties, but nonetheless constitute inevitable places to visit, such as ve national parks and four nature parks next to which the itinerary passes. A smaller number of stations on this itinerary have functioned independently for many years as attractive tourist destinations, such as Krapina with the new Museum of the Krapina Neanderthals or Veternica Cave on Zagrebs Medvednica Mountain, although the remaining stations are only awaiting their own validation as tourism sites. The nal section of the book contains a list of recommended literature in the Croatian and English languages for those who wish to learn more about Neanderthals, their biological and cultural evolution, behaviour, way of life, etc., and information on the illustrations which accompany the text from the rst to last pages. It may be concluded that the book Put neandertalca, like the exhibition of the same name, is an example of a successful and comprehensive portrayal of a theme which encompasses various aspects of approaches scientic, cultural and touristic whereby the Neanderthals, without any eort, become closer to readers and visitors of various types. The publication of the book with bilingual text (Croatian and English) creates a permanent contribution to the project and surpasses the boundaries of the Croatian-speaking world. It is worthwhile noting that scholarly themes are becoming closer to the wider public, particularly through the culture and tourism segment thanks to which forgotten historical, cultural and natural resources gain in value. This work has undoubtedly aroused the interest not only in the topic of Neanderthals but also the discovery of the value of the Croatian cultural and natural heritage. In this sense, this project, like the accompanying exhibition and publication, should serve as a model for new works with similar content.

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Barbara CVITKUI IVOR JANKOVI, SANJIN MIHELI I IVOR K AR AVANI, PUT NEANDERTALCA ... Opusc. archaeol. 36, 295-300, 2012.

Literatura / Bibliography
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