The Coinage of Lydia and Persia, From The Earliest Times To The Fall of The Dynasty of The Achaemenidae / by Barclay V. Head
The Coinage of Lydia and Persia, From The Earliest Times To The Fall of The Dynasty of The Achaemenidae / by Barclay V. Head
The Coinage of Lydia and Persia, From The Earliest Times To The Fall of The Dynasty of The Achaemenidae / by Barclay V. Head
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
THE ADVANCED ARTICLES HAVE BEEN UNDERTAKEN BY THE FOLLOWING CONTRIBUTORS
DR. H. BLOCHMANN.
:
GENERAX
A. CTTNTflNaHAM.
SIB
WALTER
ELLIOT.
PROFESSOR GREGOEIEP.
ME. STANLEY
L.
MR. MR.
W. MADDEN.
ROGERS.
ARTHUR PHAYRE.
POOLE.
POOLE.
E. T.
M. F. DE SAULCY.
M. H. SAUYAIRE.
BARCLAY
V.
HEAD,
LONDON:
TRtJBNEE
& CO., 57 and
1877.
59,
LUDGATE HILL.
All rigMi
reserved.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
In a work
field
like the
is
of Oriental Numismatics,
of the
frequently
alluded
to
in
"the archers," the history of Greece and of which the influence was
often so
detrimental to
tween the coinage of the Empire of Croesus on the one hand and that of Alexander the Great on the other. We are thus led to commence with the consideration
of the
coinage
of the
for
is
primarily desirable
kingdom of Lydia, a thorough comprehension of which is those who would attain to a fuller knowledge of Persian
be gained by a mere contemplation of
is
numismatics than
coins.
to
the
types of the
stater
The
to
Persian
daric
the
legitimate
successor
of
the
gold
of
whose administrative genius must be ascribed the earliest idea of a double currency based upon the relative values of gold and silver. We are thereCroesus,
fore called
upon
to examine, first of
all,
in
germs of the weights adopted in Lydia by the ancestors of Croesus, according to which the precious metals were then estimated, and passed from hand to hand as recognised measures of the exbanks of the
Euphrates
and
the
Tigris
the
changeable value of
all
other commodities.
These primitive weight-systems were the basis of the future coinage, not only of Asia, but of European Greece; and Lydia is the border-land, the intermediate For this reason I have prefixed territory and link between the East and the West.
to
my
description
of
the
before
the
invention of
the
art
of coining.
extracted from an
"
On
which I published in the Numismatic Chronicle the ancient electrum coins struck between the
il7()o8
Vl
accession
of Darius."
The
origin
weight
is
and the nomenclature of the Greek systems of quite lately, has been so much misunderstood both
by
metrologists and
work
of
some
Mommsen and
The
of Brandis in this
an appropriate introduction.
from Metrology to Numismatics.
earliest
But
to
pass
rude attempts at
at
when
a somewhat
of the
period, probably
artistic
influence
Greeks of the coast towns began to make itself felt in the Lydian capital, and when the coins of Lydia are first adorned with the figures of animals, it be-
comes
difficult,
if
In
still
later
during the reign of Croesus, the coinage of Lydia again stands out clearly marked and easily distinguishable, with its national type, the fore-parts of a Lion
In the intermediate period between Gyges and Croesus, above alluded to, I have excluded from my Plates all coins not manifestly Lydian in type, thus giving the preference to the Milesian mint over that of Sardes. In
to face.
this attribution
to
Miletus of
I
many
in
am aware
that
many
to
highly
interesting
and
important
electrum
coins;
but where a
line
has
be drawn
between Lydian and Greek, it seems to me to be better to err on the side of caution, and not to venture upon ascribing positively to Sardes coins which may just as well have been issued by her great commercial rival Miletus, or by other I have likewise excluded the coins of the wealthy Greek cities of the coast.
Phocaic
standard,
struck,
lands,
it.
with a
single
exception,
by
cities
in
iEolis
in
and
the
north-western
coast
although
these
the
Lydian
kingdom
or tributary to
Descending to Persian times, a similar difficulty arises. marcation cannot be drawn between Persian and non-Persian.
proper consists only of the darics and
the greater number,
of the Empire.
latter
strict
line
of de-
the
sigli,
not
The
which
coins
have consequently
been guided here, as in the case of the Lydian currency, solely by type, accepting
author's PEEFACE.
as Persian all coins
-vrliicli
Tli
all
such as do not.
it
Of
course this
is
in
many
cannot
be doubted that Persian types were not seldom placed upon some of the coins of Greek cities under the rule more or less direct of Persian satraps while upon other
;
coins of the
held.
same
The former
coins are
still to all
and in a comprehensive
from the series
a
on ancient numismatics they would be inseparable of the coins of the cities to which they respectively belong: but in
treatise
work
which deals
ourselves are
solely with
Oriental numismatics,
it
is
abso-
lutely
necessary
to
bind
down by some
ourselves
such
rule
as
have
here
we
to restrict
to the royal
and the
sigli.
satraps
to say, all
coins
struck
by Persian
;
on Persian coins in which the money of the satraps is not included may perhaps be likened by some to a nut without the kernel. These coins have,
treatise
however, been omitted, not from any failure on my part to appreciate at value their historical importance, but rather, on the contrary, because I
opinion that they require a separate monograph.
its
full
am
of
The
of
is
to so great a degree
Greece,
and
is,
moreover,
so
generally known,
that
have
not
thought
it
necessary to
matter in hand; and in the case of the coins which form the subject of the present article the merest sketch is sufficient, because, owing to the uniformity of type and
the lack of inscriptions,
it is
for
new
conjectural
that,
attribu-
both
geographical
and
chronological,
under
the
conviction
however
to
may seem
and however
There
intrinsically probable it
may be
that such
and such
coins belong to
series
will be found in the Plates one or two exceptions to from which I have not seen my way to exclude them.
this rule,
viii
.
atjthoe's preface.
or
such and
such,
reigns
localities,
it
is
better,
where there
to
is
room
for
any con-
among numismatists,
In some
cases,
weight, I have ventured upon a general opinion as to the locality of certain classes of coins hitherto unattributed.
In conclusion, I have
of
to state
my
Friedlaender,
of Paris,
for
Berlin;
Prof.
Dr.
H. Brunn,
to to
of
me
have im-
charge:
also
Mr.
J. P.
own
many
as well
as
for his
kindness in bringing to
unacquainted.
my
BAECLAY
London, December, 1876.
V.
HEAD.
CONTENTS.
Inteobuction.
rAGE
for gold
and
its relation to
gold and
silver
Paei
I.
The
ConfAGE of LroiA
I.
10 10 13 19
Period
II.
III.
Eeign
of CrcEsus.
Paet
II.
The
I.
Coinage op Peesia
22
Danes, Double Danes and Sigli
26
II.
and Mysia
31
EoYPTIAK WEIOntMO EINQ8 OF MKTAL WITH WEIGHTS IN TBH FOEM OF A SEATED LlON, ETC.
INTEODUCTION.
Survey of the Weight-Systems in use fok Gold and Silver in the Earliest Times.
While
the
West were
and the
still
in search of a
money
of
primitive
times,
readiest
means
of
amid pastoral
commended themselves
of the East as being the measure of value least liable to fluctuation, most compact in volume,
and most directly convertible. Untold centuries before the invention of the art of coining, gold and
for
its
silver
were used
life,^
conventionally
and
passed
from hand
to
be tested by the
scales
as
any
official
' For a complete list of all the passages in the Old Testament where uncoined Chron., 1876, p. 81 sqq. * Smith's Dictionary of Biblical Antiquities, art. ' Money,' by E. S. Poole.
mentioned, see
Madden
in the
Num.
HEAD
(>
NUMISITATA ORIENTALIA.
rough method of exchange by weight, the precious metals first attained a formal currency, in the true sense of the word, it will be necessary to pass in review the principal weight-systems in use for gold and silver under the great empires of the
this
East,
in so
far
as
we
It is already
twenty years since Mr. Norris first published, in the Journal of the Royal and Babylonian weights made in the form of Lions and Ducks,
among the
we owe
to
Mr. Layard.
These
monuments
of remote antiquity,
is
very highest importance to the student of Numismatics, indicating as they do, in the clearest
possible
manner, the original source of the systems of weight in use throughout Asia Minor and in Greece. The bronze lions and stone ducks are, however, not merely signposts pointing
to the
banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris; they present us with authentic official documents, inscribed, for the most part, with a double legend, one in Cuneiform characters, the
other in Aramaic, generally giving the
name
of the
King
of Assyria or of Babylonia in
whose
number
of minae or of fractions of a
mina which
As
these weights have lately been all accurately weighed anew, in a balance of precision,
Annual Report (1874-5) of the Warden of the imder whose superintendence a complete Hst of the whole series has been drawn Standards,
I have only to refer the reader to the Ninth
up.
It
is,
that the
results of
this careful
reweighing
it
are in the
main
identical with
those arrived at
by
would
appear that the mina in use in the ancient Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, during the extended period from B.C. 2000-625, existed in a double form, the heavy mina, falling
gradually from a maximimi of
'
1040 grammes
to
minimum
of
960
grammes
Dr. Brandis' had fixed the weights of these two minse at 7,800 Eng.
grs.]
to
460
respectively,
coins,
when
became familiar with them, their weights were approximately what Dr. Brandis supposed. There seem to be but slight grounds, however, in favour of the theory, first broached
Norris, that the lighter of the
by Mr.
to
it is
extended than that of the lighter; hence perhaps the addition of an Aramaic inscription on most of the weights belonging to the former, which was probably not only the standard-
and Phoenicia. weight in Assyria, but accepted throughout the whole of Syria, Palestine
The
lighter
may
which the Assyrian and Babylonian talents were subdivided was the sexagesimal, the talent being composed of sixty minae and the mina of sixty shekels, This sexagesimal system, which pervaded the shekel being again divided into thirty parts.
to
the whole of the Assyrian weights and measures,^ both of space, of material and of time, in which latter it has maintained itself down to our own age, is for practical employment in
weighing and measuring decidedly preferable both to the decimal and the duodecimal, because the number 60 upon which it is foimded possesses a far greater power of divisibility than
either 10 or 12.
The weights
of the
two
talents
60-600 kilogr.
1010
grammes
kilogr.
= 936,000 = 15,600
=260
=468,000
grs.
-sVMina 16-83
Light Talent
30300
505
8-415
'
Mina
grammes
= 7,800
=130
den Grossen,
p.
eVMina
und Gewichtswesen
45 (Berlin, 1866).
'
Brandis, p.
7.
NtJMISMATA ORIENTALIA,
Of these two talents the heavy, or so-called Assyrian talent, seems to have passed by land through Mesopotamia and Syria to the Phoenician coast towns and to Palestine, where
we
find
it
in use
among
Hebrew gold
shekel
its
weighing only 253 grs. instead of 260.^ By the Phoenician traders the heavy talent and divisions was made known to the Greeks on either side of the TRgpan Sea.
The
light,
or so-called
Babylonian
talent,
its
way from
the
banks of the Euphrates by land into the kingdom of Lydia, whose capital Sardes was intimately connected on the land side with Babylon, with which it was in constant commercial
intercourse.
of
hand and Lydia on the other, the Greeks Asia Minor received the two imits of weight on which the whole fabric of their coinage rests. How long before the invention of coining these Assyrian and Babylonian weights had
these two points, Phoenicia on the one
From
found their way westwards, it is impossible to say. It is probable, however, that the Greeks of Asia had long been familiar with them, and that the small ingots of gold and silver,
to
Babylonian mina.
was necessary to put them into the scales and weigh them, like all other materials bought and sold by weight, whenever they passed from the hands of one merchant to those of another thus although the invention of coining brought with it no essential change in
;
the conditions of commercial intercourse, the precious metals having for ages previously been
it
In adopting the sixtieth part of the ancient Babylonian mina as their stater or shekel, neither Greeks nor Phoenicians adopted the sexagesimal system in its entirety, but constituted
new minsB
was
sixty.
stater
and Babylonian
it
sixtieth
On
like
the latter
compared with silver was in these times, and for long 13i is to 1;^ and from this relation of gold to silver the standard by which metal was weighed seems to have been developed in the following manner. The
of gold as
proportion of 13'3 to 1
made
it
1 Josephus, Arch. xiv. 7, 1, alluding to a weight of gold, says, Se fiva irap' ti/uv lirxvfi Klrpas S6o Kol ^fii(Tv. The \lTpa here intended is of course the Roman pound = 327'45 gr., therefore
71
16-37 gr., or about 253 English grains. " Herodotus 13 to 1, but this (iii. 89) says
as
is
has
been
shown by
i.
Mommsen, "Note
is
gr.
and
it
as the
Hebrew gold
shekel
was the
Rom.
p. 407.
the same standard, as in that case a given weight in gold would not have been exchangeable
for a
silver,
order to facilitate the exchange of the two metals, the weight of the silver stater was raised
stater,
in
round number of
silver staters.
Now
grs. grs.
;
mina was a
260
Dividing
if
piece again
this
by
sixty,
we
wo multiply
by
13"3,
we
arrive at
based.
According to the sexagesimal system, its value was that of the sixtieth part of the sixtieth Four of these silver sixtieths formed a piece of metal weighing about of the gold mina.
230
of
grs.
(maximum).
silver
silver- standard,
and as
fifteen
these
staters
go
to
sixtieth,
this standard
The people
weight.
by
land,
13"3,
The
this mina,
weighing 130
grs.,
multiplied
by
about 1729
grs.
of
silver.
this
grs.,
silver-weight a
and
This
is
stater of
230
grs.
We
therefore see
why
and the
latter into
parts.^
the Phoenicians had penetrated everywhere, establishing, with their accustomed entermetallic wealth of the land, prise, their factories on almost every coast, they soon discovered the
As
and began
to
work
which had
the moimtains.
by little, the Phoenician silver weight became widely known throughout the Greek world. The Babylonic silver standard, on the other hand, outside the kingdom of Lydia, was hardly known at all imtil after the Persian conquest, when it was
Hence,
adopted for the silver currency of the Empire and
its
dependent satraps.
first
of
as
early as
an active
maritime trade with the opposite coasts of Asia Minor, and from these coasts they received
the Babylonian gold mina with
its
sixtieth, viz.
>
130 grains.
As
there was
little
or no gold
Brandis, p. 68.
6
on their own
colonies
to
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
side of
the sea, while silver, on the other hand, flowed into Euboea from her
districts of
in the
silver
Macedon and Thrace, the cities the standard with which they had become familiar in
mining
Ionian towns, and on this Babylonic gold standard they struck their earliest silver staters,
Their example was soon followed by Corinth and Athens, and the
Babylonian origin of this weight was lost sight of by the Greeks, and the name of the Euboic talent was applied by them to the old Babylonian gold weight; all coins, whether gold or silver, struck not only in Greece, but in the East, on this weight, being said to follow
the Euboic standard.
for the
The name
of the Babylonic
standard, nevertheless,
remained in use
the light
mina.
which had been developed by the Lydians out of By the Babylonic talent the Greeks therefore imderstood a silver of which weighed 170 grs, while by the Euboic talent they understood
silver weight,^
;
a standard used either for silver or gold, the stater of which weighed 130 grains.
when
the
Greeks of Asia Minor or the Lydians first hit upon the idea of stamping the bars of metal with official marks as guarantees of their weight and value, the following were therefore the
weights generally current in commercial intercourse
:
(a.)
(1.)
gold,
way through
The
Hence the
earliest gold
of
256 grains ^maximum), with their subdivisions, have been designated as of the
Phocaic standard.
(ii.)
The corresponding
silver piece of
230 grains,
fifteen of
to
one
1 This is clear from the statement of Herodotus (iii. 89) conceming the reYenues of the Great King, where he gives the sums
of gold.
p. 276.
Mon. Eom.
Concerning this whole passage, vide Mommsen, Hist, ed. Blacas, vol. i. p. 27 sq. Brandis, p. 63; Hultech,
;
paid in silver hy the nineteen satrapies in Babylonian talents, while the twentieth (the Indian), he says, paid in Euboic talents
he
first
instituted a
The weight adopted by Pheidon, when, some time before the middle of the seventh century, mint in the island of ^gina.
This appears to be only a degradation of the Phoenician silver standard,' the maximum weight of the earliest ^Eginetic staters being as high as 212 grs., though the average weight is not more than 190 grs. The ^ginetic standard in the earliest times was prevalent throughout the Peloponnesus, in the Chalcidian colonies in Italy and Sicily, in Crete, on the Cyclades,
especially Ceos, Naxos,
Teos and perhaps Cyme may be mentioned, as well as in many other not here be particularized.
and Siphnos, and even in certain towns in Asia Minor, among which localities which need
(/8.)
(iv.)
This weight found its way by land from the banks of the Euphrates to Sardes, and from Sardes probably through Samos to the important commercial cities of Euboea, Chalcis and Whether used for silver as in Eretria, where silver coins of 130 grs. were first issued.
Greece, or for gold as in the East, this weight
(v.)
standard.
The corresponding
silver piece of
gold stater of 130 grains. This weight, being first met with in the silver coinage of the Lydians, who had doubtless derived it from Babylon, retained its original name, and was known as the Babylonic silver
standard.
It has been designated
by Brandis
' Brandis ingeniously developes the ^ginetic silver standard out of the electrum stater of 220 grs. in the following manner. In the first place he supposes the electrum stater to contain about
about 146
grs., the silver equivalent of which, according to the recognized proportionate value of the two metals, is 1941 grains of silver or just 10 .Slginetic silver staters of 194 grs.
one-third of silver
viz.
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
Electrum.
silver,
and appears to have been always looked upon as a distinct metal.' Electrum was obtained in large quantities from the washings of the Pactolus, and from the mines on Tmolus and Sipylus. It was composed of about three parts of gold and one part of
silver.
It therefore stood in
an entirely
gold, the
latter
was about 10
This natural compound of gold and silver possessed several advantages for purposes of coining over gold, which, as might have been expected, were not overlooked by a people endowed in so high a degree with commercial instincts as were the inhabitants of the coast towns
of Asia Minor.
In the
first place, it
secondly,
it
was more
;
easily
was more durable, being harder and less subject to wear obtainable, being found in large quantities in the immediate
;
neighbourhood
silver,
it
it
a different
make use
On
mma, and
the stater of electrum were consequently equivalent to ten talents, ten minaB, or ten
same weight.
The weight
which happened
town or
district thus
to be in use there for silver bullion or silver bar-money, the practice of the
first
new
more precious
stater
representing,
conveniently small
bulky and ten times as difficult of transport. Once, however, in general use, the extension to silver and to gold of the new invention of coining could not be long delayed. As the standards according to which bullion silver was weighed were various in various
localities,
having been developed, as we have seen above, by difierent methods out of the sixtieth
name of the metal, hut in the specifications Kv(ucny6s or Aapci/coj, just as in English we speak of German silver, " This applies only to the period when gold was as 13-3 is to
in the
1. In later times, when gold had fallen to 10 1, electrum would only be about 7J 1, as is evident from Demostbenes's
: :
'
was
designate pure Thus in the Attic inscriptions (Corp. Inscr. Att. ed. gold. Kirchhoff, vol. i. no. 301) we find xpwcoS o-TaTTypes KufiKTjyoi or
Xpuo-iou Kufi/cTji/oB (TTaT^pe?, in these cases electrum, and AapeiKoD Xpva-lou a-raTfjpef, in this case gold. The real distinction lay, not
It does not appear, however, that money coined in this metal called by a different name from that used to
parts of the heavy and light Babylonian gold minse, so also were the earliest electnun staters
Consequently, depending everywhere upon silver, and not upon gold. as might have been expected, we meet with electrum coins of the Phoenician, the ^ginetic, the Babylonic and the Euboic systems.' The coins of the so-called Phocaic system stand
of different weights,
on a somewhat
different
footing.
This standard, as
we have
seen above,
was not a
silver
standard, but a gold one, based upon the 60th of the heavy Babylonian gold mina weighing
hence the electrum coins which follow this standard are clearly distinguishnot only by their weight, but by their colour, from the electrum of the four silver standards.
;
to be included
is
the. majority of these coins approach more nearly to gold in colour, and they were probably
the
may
as
representing
Num. Chron.
10
PART
L
I.
T D
A
in the East
The preceding review of the principal systems of weight used Minor for the precious metals, circulating simply as such and not
more immediate subject
of this article, the
and
in
Asia
Lydia, as Prof. E. Curtius remarks in his History of Greece, was in ancient times "the
and when this empire fell into decay, Lydia, the of Media and Babylonia, threw off the yoke she had worn for five following example and under a new centuries, dynasty, the MermnadsD, entered upon a new and independent course of national life. The policy of the new rulers of the country, who were originally
;
Carian mercenaries, was to extend the power of Lydia towards the West, to obtain possession
of towns on the coast, and thus to found a naval power, in which the boldness and enterprise of the Greek might be, as
it
were, engrafted
upon the
all
spirit
of commercial activity
which
common with
PEEIOD
With
this object,
I.
700, established
In
this
possible, the
success,
but
His successor Ardys, b.c. 660-637,^ prosecuted the war with the lonians with uninterrupted ardour, and would doubtless have succeeded in uniting the whole coast-line under the
dominion of Sardes, had not the invasion of the Cimmerian hordes called
his
off his forces to protect
'
Tpf\fiavTos
xiii. p. 690 'a^uSoj Sh MiATjcrfay ^o-tI xrUfia, iirtriyov toC AuSai/ $a(n\(as' ^v yap im' iicdycf to
I'orient,
Paris,
1875,
p. 483.
X^pfa Kol
i)
Tpahs
cnracra.
11
as distinguished
of the
as
from the
we have
earliest
The wealth
Gyges
may
Delphic shrine, consisting of golden of gold and silver such as the Greeks had never before seen collected together.^
be inferred from the munificence of his gifts to the mixing cups and silver vessels, and amounting to a mass
It
is
in
it was to conformity with the whole spirit of a monarch such as Gyges, whose life's work extend his empire towards the "West, and at the same time to keep in his hands the lines
communication with the East, that from his capital Sardes, situate on the slopes of Tmolus and on the banks of the Pactolus, both rich in gold, he should send forth along the caravan
of
routes of
the East, into the heart of Mesopotamia, and along the river-valleys of the
West
from Lydian ore gathered from the washings of the Pactolus and the diggings on the hiU-sides. This precious metal he issued in the form of ingots stamped For his commerce with Babylon by land with a mark to guarantee their weight and value.
down
a crude lump of electrum was issued weighing 168'4 grains and consequently worth, at the
proportion of 10
:
Babylonian
silver
mina
of 8420 grains.*
silver
On
was necessary to put into circulation an electrimi stater of the weight of 224 grains, five of which would exchange for one Graeco-Asiatic silver mina of 11200 Thus then the first issues of the Sardian mint went forth in two opposite directions, grains.^
embracing both East and "West in the
instincts
circle of their far-reaching currency.
The commercial
the
of
the
State
by no means
is
by the Lydian kings to conduct the the gods and even human habitations being
To the
reigns of
of electnun as
Gyges and Ardys, B.C. 700-637, may probably be attributed aU such staters bear no type, the obverse being plain and the reverse marked with three deep
incuse depressions, the one in the centre oblong, and the others square,
similar smaller coins
together with
-jV
certain
which appear
to represent the
!>
the
!,
parts of
the
The following
is
a description of the earliest issues of the Sardian mint, none of which would
i.
i.
14
2
i Sf
XP""^^ oS^oj
Kail
i &pyvpos,
tirl rod kvaSimos iiravvixiriv. There was another form of the Babylonian silver mina, weighing 8645 grs., but this does not appear to have come into
use untU Persian times, the Persian siglos weighing 86-45 gre. and the stater 172-9. It is therefore convenient to distinguish this heavier form by the name of the Perso-Babylonic silver mina.
' The full weight of the 230 and 11500 grs.
stater
and mina of
this standard
were
12
NTJMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
ELECTEUM.
(i)
Babtlonic Standabd.
Stater.
"Weight.
166-8
Plain
(
Obveese.
Eeverse.
.
Typui fasciatus)
Three incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square, within the central oblong a
Fox?? running
[Brit.
left.
Mus. Plate
I. 1.]
(ii)
Grs;co-Asiatic Siandaed.
Stater.
219
Similar
all
three incuses
visible
an animal's head
Stag's), in the
lower an orna-
ment
[Lenormant, Monnaies Eoyales de
^.
la Lydie, p. 1.]
Malf- Stater.
105-8
Plain {Typus fasciatus)
I
Three incuse depressions that in the centre oblong, the others square. Double struck.
:
[Brit.
Mns
Plate
I. 2.]
Sixth.
37
Two
sizes.
Mus. Plate
I. 3.]
Twelfth.
18
Incuse square.
I. 4.]
Ttcenty-Fourth.
9
I
Incuse square.
I. S.]
Mns. Plate
is
more or
less visible in
Babylonic and Graeco-Asiatic standards, M. F. Lenormant recognizes a sjTnbol of the Lydian Dionysus, whose name Bassareus may be connected with the word Bassara or Bassaris, a Fox.^
From
may
by
was soon followed by her haughty coast, and the artistic Greek
'
Stephanns, Thesaurus,
s.v.
13
of the Milesian Mint,
and
to beautify the
Lydian invention.
The
first issues
while retaining the form of incuse peculiar to the Lydian money, bore upon the obverse the figure
of a Lion generally in a recumbent attitude with head turned back.
soon followed city which has not been identified with certainty,
with their respective types, the stag, the fore-part of a horse, and a bull; the Ephesian stater bearing in addition to its type an inscription in archaic characters which has been read by Mr.
of the Bright
is
Newton (Num. Chron. n.s. vol. x. p. 237), AIViaZIM3dOH3A0, "I am the token or coin One " (i.e. Artemis). This stater, now in the collection of the Bank of England,
the earliest inscribed coin known.
All these
cities,
in applying the
Lydian invention,
difierent standard,'
we
key to the otherwise anomalous fact of electnmi and gold being weighed according to one and the same standard. To account therefore for the weight of the Samian electnmi stater, we must suppose that the Euboic silver mina was in use in that island as
well as in Euboea
it is
;
it
Chalcis,
PERIOD
The second period
II.
Lydia extends from the accession of Sadyattes in B.C. 637, to that of Croesus in 568.* Sadyattes, the son of Ardys, after the Cimmerian hordes had been at length finally expelled from Asia Minor, found himself at liberty again to turn his attention
of the coinage of
to the
West.
He
laid
siege
to
Miletus,
owing
and year after year wasted her fertile lands; but, was never permitted to enter their walls as a
conqueror.
He was
who
Under their Tyrant contrived to deceive the hard for food, Milesians, pressed Lydian monarch as to the extent of their remaining resources, and finally he was induced to abandon all hopes of subduing them by force of arms, and to conclude with them a treaty of
blockade of the great Ionian city, but with no more fortunate result.
Thrasybulus, the
though indeed
alliance after a
During
and impoverishment
1875, p.
it is
EL
pp. 26-37
Num. Chron.
270
'
at yariance
The
14
staters,
NTIMISITATA OEIENTALIA.
restricted to the smaller denominations such as Thirds
;
and Sixths,
which would
Among
which are
all
to us of Chios, Clazomenae
and Chalcis in
Ionia,
The
reverses of these
staters
The
work upon
also
itself
The influence of the arts of Ionia began to be felt in Sardes, and instead of the uniform plain surface of metal, relieved only by irregular streaks, which characterizes the coins of the reigns of Gyges and Ardys, those of a somewhat later period, which I would give conjecturally to the time of Sadyattes
and,
if
we may judge by
and Alyattes, are adorned with types after the Greek fashion, works of Greek engravers in the emplojonent of the
Lydian monarch.
coins of the
them with
some
It
is
difierence of opinion
among Numiswe
are
coinage of Croesus,
shall
show
later
on
is
weU
numerous
tj^pes of
is
and
silver, is
distinguished
by
the
fore-parts of a Lion
same device, or
at
any
rate
something of a similar nature, would seem to have been the special mark of the Lydian currency from the time of Sadyattes or thereabouts. This imperial device the Arms, so to speak, of the city of Sardes was doubtless, like the types of all the earliest coins of Greek cities, of religious origin,
and
is
therefore to be distinguished
of Darius
and his
successors,
King
himself.
The only
of
my
may
judgment
one which
is
ELECTEUM.
GiLBCo-AsiATic Standjjbd.
Stater.
"Weight.
Obveese.
Pore-parts of Lion and Bull turned
Eeveese.
215-4
I. 6.]
]5
before the wars with Lydia, rather than to Sardes, notwithstanding the occurrence of the
Fox
upon the reverse of the Half-stater. The Lion on the obverse is the principal type, and by The Stag's head and the Fox on the reverse of this we must be guided in our attribution. the Half-stater may simply indicate that the coin, although issued from the Milesian Mint,
was
CTirrent
ELECTRUM.
Ge^co-Asiatic Standard.
Staters.
"Weight.
Eeveese.
left. Similar, but incuses containing ornaments. Mus. Brandis, p. 402, incorrectly described as a Chimsera.]
|
16
prising
if
NUillSMATA ORIENTALIA.
we
notice about
this time
(circ.
B.C.
coinage of Lydia and the Greek coast towns, and on the other hand a corresponding extension
of
the
coinage
of
dark-coloured
electrum,
probably circulating
as gold,
according
to
the
Phocaic system.
Now
between the cessation of the pale electrum coinage shortly after the Milesian war
of
Crcesus in
B.C.
568,
there
is
which the city of Phocsea seems influence, more especially upon the
rise
to
sea.
have obtained
It
a considerable
increase
of
power and
may
period,
ed.
Mai, p.
commencing from b.c. 575. It has, however, been proved that and that the commencement of the Phocsean Thalassocracy should be
602.'
b.c.
From
Phocaea,
both by sea and land, appears to have been sufficiently strong to carry through a reform
in the gold currency of the greater part of the Asiatic coast lands; and
of
it is
therefore worthy
staters
of
the
Phocaic
standard,
as originally issued
by the
cities
of
Phocaea, Teos, Cyzicus, and others, are not of the pale-coloured electrum of
by Crcesus
for his
and that they follow the standard royal gold coinage, the Phocaic stater weighing 256
gold,
which
is,
allowing for a slight per-centage of alloy, just double the value of the staters
is
of
Croesus.
This
me
to
infer
that the
cities
with Phocaea in the issue of this new coinage intended their money to
not as electrum, and that, therefore, although they retained the globular form of coin with which the Asiatic Greeks had been long familiar, they at the same time selected the old
its sixtieth
of
260 grains for their new gold stater. was contemporary with the Milesian,
and that Miletus, contemporaneously with her electrum of 220 grains, struck gold on the Phocaic standard of 250 grains (Brandis, p. 395) and the stater attributed to that city, with the tj^e of
;
Burgon
is
Greek
In
my judgment
both the Milesian origin and the supposed high antiquity of this piece
The
style in
and may be
as I
much
closer resemblance,
Now,
wealthiest
Mermnadae in Lydia to render the coinage of Sardes conformable, on the one hand, to that of the and most important of the Greek coast towns with which Sardes carried on an active
'
Goodwin,
"
De
potentise veterum
17
I would therefore
it
may
may
represent
an endeavour on the part of Alyattes to assimilate his currency, not only in value, but also in and as during the latter part of his reign the influence of fabric, to that of the Ionic coast towns
;
Phocsea seems to have been predominant, and the Phocaic gold stater to have been
ousting the pale electrum, so Alyattes, in order to facilitate intercourse
this standard,
may have
struck
may
be thus de-
GOLD.
Phocaic Staudaed.
Stater.
"Weioht.
Obverse.
Eeveese.
Incuse square roughly executed.
248
Head
protruding tongue.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
Sixth.
I. 7.]
42-5
Incuse square.
I. 8.]
Mus. Plate
The
might be
imagined, since
it
more reasonable
the same time
territory over
we
are no
or longer compelled to suppose that Miletus suddenly changed the standard of her coinage for it is probable that during the issued contemporaneously coins of two different systems
;
which I propose to attribute the issue of Phocaic gold, viz. about b.c. 600-560, period Miletus was still striking Thirds and Sixths on the Asiatic standard, although doubtless the
to
activity of her
affected
The
therefore,
territory over
which the influence of the Phocaic gold coinage extended would seem judging from the coins which have come down to us, to have included the district
to the shores of the Propontis, together with, in all probability, the islands
of Thrace.
which are
to
be found in various
collec-
GOLD.
Phocaic Stajtbaeb.
Staters.
"Weight.
Crrr.
Obteese.
Seal right, beneath 0.
[Munich.
Eeteese.
254
Phocaea.
Two
Num.
' It is unnecessary here to enumerate the smaller coins of the same system, of which a complete the Numismatic Chronicle, n.s. vol. it. p. 292.
will be found in
my
paper in
HEAD
18
Weight.
256
City.
NUMISJIATA OEIENIALIA.
Obvehse.
Eeveese.
Teos.
T50IVI
Griffin's head.
[Munich. Brandis,
248
Sardes.
Head
Mus. Plate
252
Cyzicus.
Tunny
fish
between two
fillets.
Two
incuse squares, the larger one containing zigzag omamonts, the smaller a Scorpion or Crayfish
(aoraKos?).
[Brit.
252-7
Zeleia.
Chimsera walking
[Brit.
Two
252
Thrace or
Thasos.
Centaur carrying
ofi
nymph.
That Alyattes should have added to the Lydian electrum coinage a gold piece of the Phocaic standard, in order to bring his currency into harmony with that of the north-western coast
district,
is
just
that,
of
were such
himself
able to
kingdom, the river Halys, in the face of an invasion led by the allied kings of Media and Babylonia, he again turned his attention with renewed vigour to the sea-coast, where he endeavoured by force of arms, as well as by peaceful means, to strengthen the Lydian power.
His two sons Croesus and Adramytes were sent to uphold their father's authority in Mysia, where, at the head of the great gulf which bore its name, opposite the island of Lesbos, the
city of
Lydian commercial settlement, in the heart of the district For the space of nearly a quarter of a coinage prevailed.
as a
century, Croesus, as his father's viceroy, ruled over the north-western portion of Asia IVIinor,
during which period of uninterrupted prosperity the commercial intercourse between Sardes
and the
sea was, in this direction, brought to its fullest development. That the gold coinage of Phocaea and the north-western portion of Asia Minor possessed advantages over the pale electrum of Sardes, as being more widely acceptable in foreign commerce,
must have soon become apparent to a man possessed of the insight and sagacity of Croesus, to whose influence it is doubtless owing that the Phocaic gold stater was engrafted upon the ancient electrum currency of his father's dominions. When therefore, in B.C. 668, he succeeded
to the throne of Sardes, one of his
first
objects
was
to carry
reform which had already been commenced by the introduction, during the reign of Alyattes, of the Phocaic stater. No man of his time knew the mission of gold as CrcEsus did, and to substitute
an imperial currency of pure gold which might be universally accepted both in Greece and in
19
money
of ancient times,
view over
PERIOD
When
III.
first acts
was
to propitiate
the Hellenes on either side of the sea by magnificent ofierings of equal value to the great
sanctuaries of Apollo both at Delphi
and
at Branchidae.'
He
from
all
and were for the most part peaceably incorporated into the Lydian Empire, to which they were in future to pay tribute, retaining at the same time their fuU autonomy. Henceforth, as Prof. Curtius remarks,^ "the burdensome stoppages between the
after another fell into his hands,
and a
were ready to serve him in return for his money By his resolution and sagacity he had realized the objects of the policy of the Mermnadae, which had been pursued with rare consistency through five generations of their house. His empire, acknowledged as one
of the great powers of Asia,
coast,
first
among
overcome the opposition between the Hellenes and the Barbarians. Beside being a land power of the interior, feared in all Asia, and based on a well-defined and richly
and
to
endowed system of landed property, on sturdy popular forces and an efficient army, the splendid succession of flourishing sea-ports; and the Pactolus unceasingly rolled
sands before the portals of the royal citadel of Sardes."
Croesus, as
it
included
his golden
we have
seen,
dom
lately introduced;
one
weighing 220 grains for commerce with Miletus and the Greek
with the interior and with Babylon.
Milesian standard, and another weighing 168 grains for the purposes of the trade
by land
he abolished at a single stroke, and in their place a double In the introduction of this currency consisting of pure gold and pure silver was issued.
staters
new
currency, however, a wise regard seems to have been had to the weight of the previously
though by an equal weight of pure gold. stater of 220 grains was replaced by a new pure gold
of course not
>
stater of
Herod,
i.
p. 116.
20
its
NTJMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
predecessor in electmm, to 10 silver staters of 220 grains (one-fifth of the Grseco-Asiatic
silver
mina),
as
stater
and the old Babylonic electrum stater of 168 of 126 grains, equal in value, like it, to one-fifth
now
This latter gold stater possessed moreover the advantage of being also equivalent to
grains
ia
soon after
its
introduction,
became superfluous
(maximum), a coin which therefore, very the Lydian currency. The Kpoiaeio'^ ararrip,
weighing 126 grains, was therefore equally acceptable, both in the East, where the Babylonian system was universal, and in the West, wherever the Phocaic system had been adopted. Hence the gold pieces of 126 grains were coined in far larger quantities than the heavier pieces
of
local character.
Each
sixths,
was
and
were no
issued simultaneously
by
Croesus
when he reformed
bearing the
The
silver
city Sardes, the fore-parts of the Lion and the Bull facing each other. stater, which Crcesus introduced for the first time into Lydia, was so regulated as
126 grains.
Not
that Crcesus
was
the
first
it
only in
silver: the
silver
exchange for yV of the gold mina. The manifest convenience of exchange thus secured was, there can be no doubt, the reason why the weights of the silver talent, mina, and shekel were regulated in such a manner that 10 talents, 10 minae, or 10 shekels of silver should be the recognized price of 1 talent,
1 mina, or 1 shekel of gold.
which
But
first
Babylonic system
silver
his silver stater of 168 grains beiag the 50th part of the light Babylonian
gold mina.
The
silver
money
and
halves, thirds
twelfths,
is
and 14
grains.
What
is
especially
type.
This
is
in
fact
Croesus
on a comprehensive
scale as distinguished
;
and circumscribed
issues of other
contemporary States
a currency
which was doubtless designed by him to supersede all existing mintages, and to be accepted The object of Croesus seems to have throughout Asia Minor as the sole Imperial coinage.
been to give his Lydian money an international character
;
the weight of every denomination should be so fixed and determined as to represent exactly
the value of some one or other of the
many
own
21
to attain a
this
lasting
due, not so
much
to
been at that time, in a far higher measure than in the present day, a real boon to mankind at large, and a material aid and advancement of future civilizing influences; but its failure was
foresee,
oF.
by Croesus, with
Lydian
LYDIA.
TIME OP CECESUS,
b.c.
568-554.
GOLD OF LYDIA.
PART
P E E
The events
power, and
to the incorporation of
II
8 I
A.
whicli led to the downfall of Cr(Esus from the height of his prosperity and
his dominions, including
Empire
to
commonly supposed have occurred in the year B.C. 546, but the latest investigations point to the year 554 as the most probable date. But, however momentous the change from a political point of view, nevertheless it is almost certain that no immediate alteration in the coinage was attempted by
of Cyrus, are
too
well
known
This
is
the
new
for
it
like the
Medes
which
to
own
the tradition
King
of Persia of the
name
of Darius, as
it
who
is
said
credit,
rests only
upon
of
by the Imperial
;
8.V. AapctKtis
ovx
&\A*
us
Perhaps Xenophon
is
Tov Ufp^ov
irarptjy,
di^'
for in his Cyropsedeia (v. 2, 7) he represents darics as in use in the time of I. iireiSi) He evSov ^aav 4K<pepav 6 Ta$pias
Cyrus
Ko-^
not earlier than the second century a.d., no value whatever should be attached to a statement of this sort. The whole
it occurs was copied at a later period by Suidas, and again inserted by Musurus in the Aldine edition of the Scholiasts ad Aristoph. Eccles., 602.
passage in which
frpSxovs aal Kdhiridas Kal K6(TfjLoy travToToy Koi Kol tc'Aos t^ji/ Bvyartpa SapeiKoiis a/ufVpous Tivcks (tal irdyTa KoAci, K.T.A.. It is needless to say that this work of Xenophon's is a
<pid\as xpi^Ctts
historical value.
23
impoverishment which followed the Persian conquest, it is unreasonable to suppose that there could have been any revived mintage in these towns with the single exception of Samos, which, under the rule of Polycrates, still
Lydia
and,
in
tlie
maintained
its
independence uatH
B.C.
520.
Whether
money
and Cambyses must remain, for the present, a matter for conjecture. It is possible, and even probable, if we may judge from the quantities of these coins which have escaped the Persian melting-pot, that no change was at first made
of Croesus during the reigns of Cyrus
and
silver
into
from time
it
as a matter
of course; for
to introduce uncaUed-for to
changes in the
form the vast Empire The blending of the motley throng into one homogeneous whole was reserved for of Persia. the organizing spirit of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, in whose reign the famous Persian
" Archers "
first
went forth
The
first
five
and
it
was not
till
the
year
B.C.
The
and
sum
of
money
to be
collected
by the
several Satraps,
by them
was one
of the
24
for welding into one coherent State,
NCMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
tlie
Empire.
The assessment
idea of which
may have
been suggested to
an Imperial coinage, the Darius by the gold and silver money of Lydia
first
still
It is probable also that the manifest advantages of current money, guaranteed by the State, were beginning to be appreciated beyond the limits of Asia Minor, to which it had hitherto been confined and the
;
system
of
rapid
communication, by means
of
post horses
and
couriers,
empire and the capital, would naturally tend in no small degree to facilitate the adoption of the Western habit of receiving and paying sums of gold and silver by tale, without having recourse to weights and scales, as had' been hitherto the custom in the East.
distant portions of the
and most important consideration for the Great King was necessarily the standard which would be most easily understood by his subjects, and in the choice of this there could not have been room for much hesitation
Imperial coinage once decided upon, the
first
;
An
for,
with the exception of Syria, Phoenicia, and the Greek coast towns, where the so-called
the Babylonian gold and silver talents were
everywhere in use. Darius had therefore only to follow in the footsteps of Croesus, by the Babylonian standard had already been adopted.
whom
Nevertheless the Persian Imperial coinage difiered considerably from that of Lydia, and was as simple as the latter was complex. have seen that in the Lydian coinage of Croesus there were no less than eight difierent denominations of gold each of which was
We
money,
regulated in such a
manner
as
tributary Greek towns in exchange for the local electrum and silver
of whatever standard that
money
of the district,
might happen
to
be,
as
aU.
may
given above
(p.
21).
very extent of his enormous Empire rendered any attempt at following out the minute arrangements of the Lydian royal coinage impracticable. Simplicity therefore is the chief characteristic of
the Persian Imperial currency" as first determined There was to be one by Darius. denomination of gold and one of silver, the gold piece to be worth 20 pieces of silver. This residt might doubtless have been arrived at without issuing a new coinage, by simply retaining the
grs.,
and the
silver
drachm or
siglos of
84
grs.,
:
and allowing
the other denominations of the intricate Lydian system to fall into disuse
but the type of the Lydian coin, the Lion and the Bull, was hardly appropriate to the money of the Great King, and if, as may well have been the case, this type possessed any symbolic or religious signification, it would moreover have been repugnant to the prejudices of an
earnest Zoroastrian like Darius.
stituted for the
The image
of the Great
sub-
which I
shall describe
later on,
siglos
of
25
new money
a prestige of
silver coin.
its
own, by making a small addition to the weight both of the gold and of the In this, perhaps, I'espectively at 130 and 86grs.
which in
sufiered
their passage
The metal
the
its
daric,
The
it
money
and to maintain
As long
as
was supreme, the coinage of gold remained a prerogative of the Great King. Not so the silver currency for the very fact of the siglos being the only Imperial silver piece is sufiicient to prove that it could never have been intended to supersede the many smaller
:
traffic
and
many
districts of the Empire. The silver coinage was not the sole prerogative of the Great King or even of the Satraps, but appears to have been issued by the Great King, by his Satraps,
and by large numbers of subject or tributary towns, according to their various requirements. The coinage of the Persian Empire may be divided into four main categories
:
I.
II.
III.
THE EOYAL COINAGE. THE PROVINCIAL COINS WITH EOYAL TYPES. THE SATRAPAL COINAGE.
THE LOCAL COINAGES OF THE TRIBUTARY STATES.
IV.
In the following pages I propose to consider the first two of the above classes only. A separate article in the Numismata Orientalia by Prof. Julius Euting, of Strassburg, is, I understand, to be devoted to the coins with Phoenician and Aramaic incriptions, among which
those of the Satraps will be included.
The
local
coinages of
the
Greek tributary
cities,
we may
Numismata
Orientalia.
26
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
I.
commencing with Darius, the son of Hystaspes, and ending The uniformity of style with the Macedonian conquest, the following varieties are known. and the absence of inscriptions renders it impossible to classify them according to the several
Of
Barks.
"Weight.
129-7
Obveese.
E.EVEHSE.
The
king,
bearded,
crowned,
and
clad
in
the
Persian candys, kneeling r. on one knee, at his back a quiver, in his right a spear, and in his
outstretched
1.
a strung bow.
[Brit.
Mus.
Plate. I. 14.]
128-7
Similar, of
more recent
style.
[Brit.
Similar.
Mus. riate
I. 15.]
127-5
The
Similar.
with belt round waist, and annulets or buttons in front, kneeling r. on one knee at his back a
;
quiver, in his
1.
r.
a strung bow.
[Brit.
I.
16.]
132
Youthful king, without beard, wearing on his head the hidaris, and clad in long robe, close-fitting and
flecked,
with sleeves
to the
Irregular oblong incuse, containing a naked figure seated, with arm raised above head; beside the incuse a
countermark ? also incuse, representing a bearded head of Pan having The figure within stag's horns. the incuse, as well as the Uttlc head of Pan, are of Greek work.
He
kneels
r.
on
r.
grs., Brit.
Mus.
126' 8 grs.]
[Plate I. 17.]
Double Barict.
258
The
by wavy
candys, kneeling
quiver, in his
r.
Hnes in
relief.
letters or symbols.
[Coll. de
Luynes.]
27
Seven or eight specimens of the double daric, as above described, without letters or symbols in the One of them was found in 1826 near Philadelphia in field, have been published at various times.
Lydia.
p. 273.
Weighi.
257-5
Similar.
Obveese.
I
Eeveese.
r.
In
field,
1.
wreath;
M.
Similar.
|
[Bank
257
Similar ?
I
Similar.
[Cabinet of
M.
Six.]
257
Similar.
In
field,
1.
wreath
r.
Similar.
or
X.
[Cabinet de France. Plate
I. 19.]
257
Similar.
In
field,
1.
A.
Similar.
I.
[Imboof-Blumer. Plate
20.]
Similar.
In
field,
1.
AY.
[Zeitschrift.
f.
Similar.
iii.
Num. Bd.
p. 351.]
254-5
Similar.
In
field,
wreath.
|
Similar.
I. 21.]
256
Similar.
In
field, tiara
with band
?
|
Similar.
[Ivanoff 665.]
257
Similar.
In
field,
1.
01.
|
Similar.
I. 22.]
255
Similar.
In
field, 1. o'b-
Similar.
I
I. 23.]
255
Similar.
In
field,
1.
X.
|
Similar.
I.
24.]
252
Similar.
In
field,
1.
9i.
I
[Coll.
de Vogiie.]
SllVEE.
SiffU.
83-7
The
king,
bearded,
crowned,
and
ing
r.
quiver, in his
his outstretched
L a strung bow.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
I. 25.]
28
Weight.
85
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
Obteese.
Obverse.
The
king,
bearded,
crowned,
and
Similar,
on one knee, at his back a quiver, in his r. an arrow, and in his outstretched
1.
a strung bow.
Mus. Plate
I. 26.]
[Brit.
84"7
I I
Similar.
83'4
Similar,
on
at
bow
back quiver.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
I. 28.]
82-6
The
king,
half
length,
bearded.
Similar,
crowned,
candys.
his
r.
and
clad
in
Persian
He
Mus. Plate
I. 29.]
close
perceive that,
in
spite
of
their
Some
Darius and Xerxes, while others are characterized by more careful work, and these belong to the later monarchs of the Achsem^enian dynasty.^
Among
these latter are to be classed the double darics, of which about twenty specimens
at various times.
The double
darics,
cities,
as the greater
number
of the
known
symbols in the
field.
Pan
of
Greek work
It is not an easy matter to affirm with certainty to what district of Asia Minor the double darics ought to be assigned; but a comparison of their style with that of the silver staters figured in PI. III.
14-20 leads
me
Herodotus
166)
is
the
first
were struck in the western portion of Asia Minor. Greek writer who alludes to the gold money of Darius,
memorial of himself as had been accomplished by no other king;" wherefore, "having refined gold to the utmost perfection, he struck money." As early as the time of the expedition of Xerxes against Greece, immense numbers of
said
to leave such a
who he
was "anxious
circidation,
for
the
in his
own
visible
Lenormant's attempt to attribute the darics to the several reigns according to the differences in the portraits of the king as upon them appears to me to be a refinement of classification.
29
him with 7000
many
as 3,993,000 of them, a
sum
wliicli
Xerxes, by presenting
good round total of four million.^ hence we may infer that the remarkable that no writer mentions the double daric
to the
;
make up
was
by some supposed
o
to
Be
jXiaOov
Kvpof
vTn<}")(yelrai,
Zaxreiv
ov trpoTepov
e^epov
avri
SapeiKov rpCa
r]fn.hapet,KcL
tov
(irjvo'i
tm
arpaTiMTrj (Anab.
3, 21).
None
of these coins
have
us,
we
are
bound
to
mean
literally
that
each
soldier
had three
golden
haK-darics
mean a sum
of
money
and a
Tpirj/M
the ordinary
way
of expressing one
The royal
silver coin is in
may
been called by the same name,^ but the ordinary appellation appears to have been the atr/Xoi MrjSiKO'}, or simply a-lr/Xo<;. Xenophon (Anab. i. 5, 6) furnishes us with a most valuable
datum
money,
eirTo,
6^o\ov<;
sigli
This gives us a weight of 84"37 English grains, which is the full The type of the (717X0? is not so that have come down to us.
many
must be placed
as
high as 86 45
grs.,
The
siglos
Consequently
it
may
be correctly
designated as a drachm (the term drachm being properly applicable only to the half-stater),
one himdred of which constituted a Perso-Babylonic silver mina of 8645 grs., and 6000 the talent. Having thus ascertained the weight of the Persian drachm, it remains to be seen how
exchanged for one daric. Here again Xenophon comes to our assistance, and supplies us, though indirectly, with the required infoi-mation in the following passage: ivravOa Kvpo<s SiXavbv KaXeaa'i tov 'AftTrpaKtoyrriv fidimv eBcoKev avTO) SapetKov<; Tpia'x^iXiov<;,
many
of these coins
on
TTj
evheKoLTT)
air'
eKelvrj<;
tjJ?
r^fiepa';
avTw on
/Sao-iXeu? ov /xa^etrat
fjfiepai'i-
BeKa
rffiepoiv
Kvpo<;
S'
elirev.
OiiK
apa en
idv
B' .aXr]6evcrr)'i,
inria-)(i'ovfiai aot,
i.
BeKa rdXavra,
it
Tovto to
'xpvcriov
Whence follows that 300 gold darics were considered by 7, 18). ijfiepai (Anab. Cyrus the Younger as equal to 1 talent, or, in other words, to 6000 sigli. Hence 5 darics would be worth 1 mina, and 1 daric would be current for 20 sigli. We also see from the
al BeKa
^
Herod,
vii,
28.
1. 11, A'7Tai
'
Plutarch,
Cimon
yt Tot'Pouraietiv
nvk 0dp$apov
ei's
koI inrapaTT6fiivov uirh rHy truKoipavTwv KaTatpvyeTv irphs KlfiuyUf koI 9c(Coi irapi, riiv atiKdoy auToD (pii\as Svo, ttJc fiiy apyuptlay,
iii.itKiiai.iJ.fyoy
xf"7M<^'''0)i'
rroAAoic
'AS'lfyas
Aapfixiiy,
tV
5e XP""''''-
30
above calculation that
tlie relative
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
value of gold to silver In Asia 'was
still
as 13*3
1,
hence
^Danc
of 130grs.
13-3
= 1729grs. of silver=
.,
20 Sigli
30
<
J
drachms
of
57
It
is
A flic
Harpocration, in his Lexicon, s.v. Daricus, says, \eyova-t Be nve^ Bvvaadat rov AapeiKOV dpyvpa,';
Bpa-)(}ia<i K,
w?
TOii? e
absolutely no evidence in favour of the opinion which has been advanced by some, that the daric was worth 20 Aitic drachms, for even in Greece, where gold was cheaper than
There
is
in Asia,
it
at least
all probability
passed
relative value of
coined gold
coined silver in European Greece having been until the time of Philip of Macedon, and
(p.
according to Brandis
251) even
high as 121
1.
wants of
was probably at no time the intention of the Great King to supersede the coinages, although the royal money was perhaps the only legally recognized currency,
and the only coin accepted by the government at its nominal or current value, all other moneys being simply received by weight, and afterwards melted down and preserved in the royal
treasury *as bullion until the time came to coin
so
them again
into darics
and
sigli,
when
just
punishment
inflicted
of Egypt,
must
King
Aryandes was not punished with death for coining silver, but for coining money of the Great King and even this offence was not considered
;
sufficient to
warrant his execution, for Darius had to bring another charge against him,
rebellion, before
iii.
viz. that
he was planning a
he
felt
him
to
be put to death.*
Brandis, p. 219.
i^^"^
Herod,
89, 96.
&PX"^ 5f
TOifft fj.ey
^(fpa>i'
Trp6tToSov
T^v iwereov
ttarct
ToSe SfeTXe.
TaKavrov aizayiv^^iv roTiTt Se xP^f'oi' airayiveouffi, Y.v$oiiK6v. rh Se Sa$vXwyioy raKavToy Siivarax HvfiotSas ifiSofi'fiKoyTa ^I'eas.
(iii.
ISiiii Aapt7ov eavTov Knreadatj tovto rh ^7? SAAtp drj $aat\4'C Karepyoff/xeVot', i/j-i/xeero rovrov 4s oZ ^Ka$e rhv fxia86y. Aapuos p.iv yap ^pvcrioy KaOapwraroy aTreil/^ffoy 4$ rh SwaTdcTaTOVf
Herod,
iv.
166:
6 Si 'ApvipSrif
iiriOvfieovTa ^jnjix6iTvyov
y6fit(T^a 4K6'paTo'
ruvrh
89.)
Tovro
fiaOiity
iiritee'
KaSap^aroy rh
aWniy
*ApvaySiK6y.
Se Aap76s fiiv
ravra
iroifvyra,
01 &?0<7iy ^TreyeiKas,
Saov hy
IkcJittote 5'?)Tai.
96.)
follow
first of these passages, and in the calculations which errors have crept into the text. It has been proved by Mommsen (ed. Blacas, vol. i. p. 28) that instead of 70 Euboio
In the
This silver money was still circuare now known, lating in the time of Herodotus, hut no specimens for Brandis has restored to Phcenicia (Kings of Byblos) the coins Lenormant. The informerly attributed to Aryandes by Ch.
&s
ol i-rraviarfanOf a-rrKTiy.
it,
scription
APTAN,
is
said
by some
to be legible
on one or more of
these coins,
mina; being equal in weight to one Babylonic talent, Herodotus must have written 78. See also Brandis, p. 63, sq.
not sufficiently distinct to warrant us in transin ferring to Aryandes a series of coins so manifestly PhoDnician character as the pieces alluded to.
31
II.
THE PROVINCIAL
GOll^S
WITH EOYAL
TYPES.
Under
this in
this
head I propose
viz. that
have
common,
they
all
On some he
will be seen in
by
;
his charioteer
on others
procession, and followed by an attendant, who holds over him a standard on others, contending with a rampant lion, which he or sceptre seizes by the mane, and is about to stab with a short sword
; ;
we
On
another, and a
tiara,
Bao-tXeu?,
Kino contendtno with a Lion
(Persepolis).
accompanying some merely local type, wiU sufficiently prove that the coin was issued by some city subject to the authority of the King.
It will not be always possible to say in
what
locality, or
but that they were current in different districts of the Persian Empire in Neither can it be room for doubt.
a matter for dispute that these several currencies are provincial or local in character rather
than Imperial, for the weight-systems according to which they are regulated enable us to define within certain limits the districts of the empire in which they must have circulated. Of these districts the most important is that which lay between the Euphrates and the
which formed part of the Ninth and Fifth Satrapies of the Empire. In the interior of this district were situated the important cities of Thapsacus on the Tigris, the residence of the Satrap of Syria, of Bambyce, of Chalybon, of Hamath, and of Damascus, where was a
Phoenician
sea,
royal treasury; while on the coast were the far-famed Phoonician towns of Sidon, of Tyre, of
32
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
These
latter, for
own
kings, struck also their own coins, municipal or regal, which may, for convenience sake, be distinguished from those which bear Persian types, and which I shall not include in the
present article.
cities
on the
sea-coast, or
upper reaches of the Euphrates, are the places where the coins which I am about to include in and II. were minted, it is difficult to determine with certainty. The weight-system of this currency is identical with that which is prevalent on the Phoenician coast at the cities
Series I.
of Tyre, Byblus,
and Aradus
while the fact that specimens of these coins have been found
in the Tigris is no proof of a Syrian origin, and perhaps only indicates the course of the Phoenician trade with the interior, and shows that the Phoenician system of weights and money extended from the Tigris and the Euphrates to the sea.
It will be seen
from the description which follows how much these pieces have in common
with the recognized money of Phoenicia both in type and fabric. Indeed, were it not that the forms of some of the letters upon a few of the inscribed specimens seem to be of an Aramaic rather than a purely Phoenician character, all the evidence would be in favour of the coins which
follow being Perso-Phoenician rather than Perso-Syrian.
SEEIES
CLASS
I.
1.
Ph<enician Siandaeb.
BoxMe
Weight.
422-8
Shekel or Octadrachn.
with mast, sails, and oars advancing L, beneath, waves the whole within a border
of dots.
Heveese. Incuse square, within which the king accompanied by charioteer in quadiiga 1., the horses walking. In the upper portion of the square is the forepart of a wild goat standing towards 1. with head
looking
r.,
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 1.]
33
Obveese.
Similar to preceding.
Eeveese.
Incuse square, within which the king as archer standing r. and drawing bow. In front of him
the head of a wild goat, incuse
r.,
105
and behind
him the
[Brit.
1.,
also incuse.
Mus. Plate
11. 2.]
"iV Shekels or
Obols.
12-8
Similar.
I I
drawing bow.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
11
Similar.
I
The king
p.
as archer standing,
drawing bow.
427.]
These four coins are remarkable as fumisting us with a representation of a war-galley under sail, a type which points clearly to Phoenicia, for on the Tigris and Euphrates ships
of this description with
clearly Persian,
sails
The
reverse types,
was issued
for the convenience of the traders between the interior and the coast.
may
whose
close
cf.
commercial relations
interior of
with jewels and says, Syria was thy dealer from the multitude of thy fabrics markets and and furnished and cotton and corals rubies thy purple they embroidery Damascus was thy dealer in the multitude of thy fabrics from the abundance of aU riches,
of Tyre, in the wine of
Helbon (XaXv^mv, Aleppo) and white wool." The obverse type of these coins would seem, as is not unfrequently the case in the archaic
the one which indicates the place of issue.
period, to be
The Persian
instance
is
perhaps only intended as an assertion of the supremacy of the Great King, and
of
as a sort Phcenicia.
guarantee
that
pass current
as
in
of mintage, governed
own semi-independent
and
to
government of the Great King, may be compared with the double inscriptions on the Lion weights of an earlier age in Cuneiform and in Phoenician characters: "Fifteen manehs of
the
King
fifteen
etc.
manehs
of the
country.
five
manehs
of the
country,"
etc.
Of the
cities of Phoenicia,
Tyre
is
one to which, in
my
seated in the
;
"Thy
thy builders have perfected thy beauty. They have made all thy planks of fir from Shenir; they have taken cedar from Lebanon to make thee a mast. Of the oaks of
waters
34
NUJIISMATA OEIENTALIA.
thy row-benches of ivory in box from the coasts of
;
Fine linen with embroidery from Egj'pt was spread out for thy sail thine awning The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad was of blue and purple from the coasts of Greece.
Thy
skilful
men,
etc.
etc'
an indication of their having been minted by some city of great commercial renown, such as Tyre, which was at one time pre-eminent
The
among
all
Empire
not to be overlooked.
The
tj'pes of
the reverses of the coins above described, although most distinctly Persian
a
peculiarity of
in character,
betray nevertheless
I allude to
workmanship which would seem to have the strange habit of making an incuse addition
is
an animal, which
sometimes forms an integral part of the type, as on the coins of some of the Kings of Byblus This incuse addition must not be mistaken for a countermark. (see Brandis, pp. 511-12).
is
added to the main type on the ibex which the Great King is
is
enumerated among others as frequently hunted by the early Assyrian kings in the region of the Upper Tigris and It is also mentioned by Xenophon in Syria (Rawlinson, Anc. Mon., 1st ed. vol. i. p. 279).
This animal
is
(Cyrop.
i.
The
is
p. 193.
00
a
'^aJ]
Kaa/vi
H"^
nra
nan
3 a
[ana
imi
3 a
rr\
rr^
an
CLASS
2.
Obveese.
City--w^all
Eeverse.
battlemonted
Incuse circle and dotted border, within which the
425
with
five
At the stem
is
a standard,
king and his charioteer in quadriga, 1. horses galloping beneath the horses an ibex or wild
; ;
surmounted by a disc and crescent. In the exergue are two lions back
to back.
goat, incuse,
1.,
its
head
in-
turned right.
line
. .
scription (retrograde ?)
0|^y^?
fiO
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 4.]
414-5
Similar.
man
Similar,
(man behind
chariot,) beneath
'-'^O ?
standing.)
No
inscription.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 5.]
426
Similar.
circle
plain.
No
in-
chariot.
Mus. Plate
416-2
Similar.
Above
chariot in field,
1.
O^-
Mus.,
much
worn.]
36
The above described
pieces
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
are
all
in
the Britisb
Museum.
They were
them.
Mr. Rich.
see
Though very
they are
This leads
me
on a similar coin in the Behr Collection (No. 839), which M. F. Lenormant read AYPA>
and explained as the beginning of the name Aryandes, retrograde, are probably and that they have been misread by Lenormant; for Brandis, on the same
decipher the letters
also Phoenician,
coin, failed
to
AYPA.
may be compared the signet cylinder of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, Museimi (engraved above, p. 31), representing the King with his charioteer The action of the horses and the position of the dead lion beneath them,
we
shall not
With
now
in the British
lion.
hunting the
if
we
them
to the
same period.
Shekels or Didrachms.
"Weight.
107-6 City -wall,
Obteese.
Reteese.
Incuse square, within which, the king, crowned, and
clad in eandys, his arms bare,
towers, before
1.
which
lies
an armed
standing
1.,
and
seizing with his left hand a rampant lion by the forelock, and about to stab him with a dagger which he holds in his r. Between them an uncertain letter ?
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 7.]
97-9
Similar.
No
letter.
No.
2.
Of
the coin.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 8.]
99-4
Similar type
above the
city- wall
Similar.
the letter 9.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 9.]
103-7
I
Similar
type
Similar
lion
^O.
the letters
^O.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 10.]
may
is
be compared a Persian cylinder engraved above, page 34, way precisely as he kills the lion on
37
also often
tV
"Weight.
10-8
Shekels or Oloh.
Obverse.
City -wall, with three battlemented towers, before which lies an armed
galley
1.
Revebse.
Incuse square, within which the king, as archer, standing r. and drawing bow, in front of him, the
The standard
No.
1
at
the
head
of a
r.,
stem, as in
of
also incuse, as
plainly visible.
In ex.
1.
[Brit.
U.]
10-8
Same.
I
Same.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 12.]
TiV
Shekel or Semiohol.
The king
r.
1.
bow, in his
lance.
38
NUMISM.VTA ORIENTALIA.
CLASS
3.
Phceniciak Standard.
i Shekel or Drachm.
Weight.
51 '4
Obveese.
Eeteese.
r.
Head
of goddess (Astarte ?)
:
-wear-
ing stepliane
border of dots.
Incuse square, within -which, on a slope, glacis, city-wall, -with throe battlemented towers, behind
-which
two palm-trees.
[Brit.
Mas. Plate
II. 13.]
tV
10-6
Shekel or Ohol.
Similar head.
Incuse square, -within -which, on a glacis, city--wall, with three battlemented towers, beliind -which
two palm-trees.
Cf. the incuse goat
[Brit.
On
on the octadrachms.
Mus. Plate
II. 14.]
The
common,
the Goat,
-which
is
17 in number, although of various types, have much in seen on nine of them, -with one exception al-ways incuse
;
this last-mentioned
type being
The
situated
by the
sea or
on a river
-while
the Phcenician letters occurring on several specimens, although they have never been satis-
some indeed being here given for the first time, -would seem to point to the Phoenician coast; and among all the Phoenician towns Tyre is, perhaps, the most probable place of mintage, for her situation on a rocky island, surrounded by a fortified wall,
factorily explained,
SERIES
The second
series of provincial coins in
II.
many ways
of resemblance.
to be distin-
This
series,
like Series
I.,
may
which are
Z^^"^.
them
clearly later in date than those of
The
Series
I.
main
moreover,
generally dated,
The
Class
9
0/7
Years
1, 3,
13.
OO
90
Zl^^t)
1, 2, 3.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13.
1, 2, 9,
20, 21.
39
may
I.
Kings of
xerxes II.
Persia,
Xerxes
;
b.c.
486-465; Artaxerxes
correspond with the reigns of the five 465-424; Darius II. 424-405; ArtaI
405-359
chiefly,
imagine,
because in
no
case
do
the dates upon the coins transgress the limits of the several reigns.
CLASS
1.
Obteese.
Reteese.
Incuse
circle,
426-2
Armed
1.,
within
his
in the
stem a standard
disc
sur-
charioteer in quadriga
horses walking
behind
mounted by a
beneath galley,
cable border.
[Brit.
animal's head ?
Mus. Plate
II. 15.]
Cable border.
430
Similar.
I
[Brandis, p. 424.]
\ Shekel or Didrachm.
97-3
Armed
1.,
Similar type.
in the
neath,
waves;
cable
border.
is
the Phoenician
e('?)both^rff^!!o.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 16.]
The Galley on
same standard as the galley which lies This standard, which consists I.
be compared with a similar one which occurs on a sardonyx inscribed with the name of Abibal, King of Tyre, engraved in de Luynes' Satrapies, The weight of the octadrachms of this class fully comes up to that of the pi. xiii. No. 1.
by
a crescent,
may
earlier coins
fact
which
is
first
in
the second
series.
Whether they
doubtful
12'6
I
Similar galley
1.,
above, 9-
lion
between
Mus. Plate
II. 17.]
12
Similar.
I
[Brandis, p. 425.]
40
NUMISJIATA OEIENTALIA.
On
as a portion of
the legend
^O
or O^, the
CLASS
2.
Obverse.
Reveese.
Armed
his
;
charioteer
walking
behind,
;
above, 0/7
border
In the
prow
;
an
armed man
|
?
:
beneath, waves
above,
(year
1)
border of dots.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
II. 18.]
397
I
Similar.
Ill
(year 3).
Similar.
I
[Coll. de Luynes.]
Shekels or
Ohols.
10
Galley
1.
Mus.]
Similar, 0/7.
12
Similar.
|||-
(year 13).
[Paris.]
all
weight of the octadrachm falls from about 430 to about 400 grs., and traces of the incuse square or circle have disappeared on the larger specimens. The interthis class the
With
pretation
of the Phajnician
;
letters I
leave
to
those
who
are
on the matter
identical,
one thing, however, seems certain, that letters which vary on coins otherwise
can hardly stand for the name of the city where the coins were struck, unless
the existence of a federation of towns using the same coin-types, for which
indeed
there
we presume
is
no evidence.
CLASS
3.
Galley as before.
Above,
(year 1)
1.,
horses
sceptre
[Mus. Luynes.]
398-2
I
SimUar.
||
(year 2).
[Brit.
Similar.
I
Mus. Plate
II. 19.]
400
I
Similar.
|||
(year
3).
Similar.
[Paris.]
41
Shekels or Ohols.
Weight.
10-1
42
Wkioht.
49
;
:
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
OnvKESE.
I
Reverse.
1
Similar. Ml
III
(year 6).
Similar.
3.]
47
I
Similar.
Ill
||||
(year 7).
Similar.
|
[Coll. de Vogiie.]
tV
Similar.
Shekels or
Ohols.
43
Reverse.
Obverse.
Similar.
I
13
Above
aud O.
King and
lion.
[Berlin.]
1 1
I
Similar.
Above
~l ~|
"^
Similar,
[Coll. de Luynes.]
The
in
many
respects different
style
from
In the
first
place, the
of art
witness the elongated figure of the king on one of the coins of year 21, where he
enormously
In the next
flat as
place,
the fabric
is
hammered
on the double
darics.
The forms
Aramaic form ^
^^T/SS.
The
HTiiD or
This
B.C.,
and
(Brandis, p. 430).
I
But
*+!
instead of
Z1 ^'+).
all (see
Nevertheless, that these are two forms of one and the same
p.
word has
p. 40),
been recognized by
although
all
70
are
not agreed as to
meaning
of
it
the word.
Levy
reads
it
Mazdi
(for
Ahuramazda).
obol the
compares
'pay.'
On
the
word
abbreviated
^'+).
As
am
inclined,
chiefly
on account
classes.
of their fabric,
doubt whether they are Phoenician, like the coins of the other
coins
The types
some inland
may
by
which would fully account for the difference of fabric and for the varying forms of the letters. Thapsacus may also have been in close commercial relations with Tarsus, with which it was connected by the route which
city of Syria, possibly Thapsacus,
and the Syrian the word HTJS on the coinage of the two cities.
passed through Beroea
(Aleppo)
gates.
series,
we must
second
described above.
These
may
CLASS
Obverse.
I.
Reverse.
1.,
horses
Phcenician galley to
1.
beneath, waves.
border of dots.
[Brit.
7.]
44
NUJIISMATA OEIENTALIA.
CLASS
Obvekse.
II.
Eeveese.
in
1.
r.
holding bow
and spear in
[Brit.
Galley as before.
border of dots.
Mus. Plate III.
8.]
Similar.
I
Similar.
|||
(year
3).
[Brandis, p. 549.]
Similar.
I
Similar,
[Brit.
ill ||
(year 5).
Mus.]
Similar.
I
Similar.
[Brit.
|||
|||
(year 6).
Mus.]
CLASS
Head
of king, bearded,
r.
III.
wearing
tiara.
I
Phoenician galley
Mus.]
1.;
[Brit.
Similar.
I
As
these
middle
of
the
fourth
century b.c, they afford an indication of the date of the later silver coins, with which they
correspond.
may
be compared
II.
Of
these the
most remarkable
name
of
Abd-Hadad.
(Brandis, p. 431.)
Bambtce.
Attic Standaed.
Bidraehm.
Weight.
132
Obvehse.
Reveese.
1.
Head
of
the
goddess Atergatis
"ITrnyO
by
(Abd-Hadad).
with long hair and lofty headdress. Behind, the date '^O
(year 30).
M. Waddington (Melanges, 1861, p. 90) gives good reasons for attributing this dynast or satrap of the name of Abd-Hadad, who ruled at Bambyce (Hierapolis)
The
date, year 30,
coin to a in Syria.
M. Waddington
THE COINAGE OF
The
l.YDIA
AND PERSIA.
45
coin would therefore have been struck in b.c. 375, another indication of the date of the
II.,
from which
its
reverse type
at
is
imitated.
Museum
Glasgow, one of
the type
which
of
is
of
and
the
other of
lion.
reproduce
the
king
Taesus.
Peksian Standard.
Stater.
"Weight.
Obveese.
Eevehse.
168
The king
or a
wamor
r.
and
in front,
TEPII
behind
"I /t
III. 11.]
166
Similar.
)i^yOC^.
[Mus. Hunter. Plate III. 12.]
is
a cow
The
inscription
on
The following
coin
of
Tarsus
may
it
bears on
its
reverse
168
HA?
r.
46
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
SEEIES
The
classes
first
III.
third
series
may
These are
.''
CLASS
1.
>
"Weight.
Obvebse.
Reverse.
r.
216
The king
ing
as archer kneeling,
:
draw-
bow
border of dots.
[Brit.
of the
Satraps
232
Similar.
Similar.
[Cabinet of
M.
Six.]
(?)
Similar
in front
O.
Similar.
I
(?)
Similar
in front
OOOX.
[Mionnet. Supp.
Similar.
|
viii. p.
232
Similar
in front
00.
I
Similar
[Munich.]
in front star.
230
Similar
in front thunderbolt.
I
Similar
[Berlin.]
no symbol.
224
Similar
behind,
and
lion's
head
r.
|
Similar
beneath, bird,
r.
[Cabinet of
M. Imhoof-Blumer.]
Similar
|
223
Similar
no symbol or
letter.
in field O.
[De Luynes
Coll.]
224
Similar.
I
Similar
[Brit.
Mus.]
227
Similar.
I
Similar
[Brit.
r.
14.]
231
Similar.
I
Similar.
[Paris.]
227-2
Similar.
I
Similar
[Brit.
^
^
259
Similar.
I
Similar.
[Imhoof-Blumer.]
,
COPPEE.
r.
holding
bow and
r.
armed with
spear.
[M.
47
to
attribute.
staters
described
easj'
One
valuable
however afforded by their weight, which rises as high as 232 grs., and must therefore be considered as of the Rhodian system, which was in use from the year 408, the
date of the foundation of Rhodus, until the time of Alexander the Great, throughout the greater
portion of the western and south-western coast lands of Asia Minor.
Cilicia or in Phoenicia.
We
do not find
it
in
It
is
more
south-western, portion of
Asia Minor, that I should be inclined to attribute this series of coins, and the provenance
of
some
at
any
rate
among them
o.s.
(the island of
p.
Borrell,
Num. Chron.
vol.
ix.
165).
Calymna) is in favour of this attribution (see In style and fabric they appear to me to be
intermediate between those of Class 2 (PI. III. 17), which, as I shall show, belong to Cilicia,
In weight they agree which are probably Ionian. with the latter, while in fabric they more nearly resemble the former. They date perhaps from about the commencement of the fourth century b.c.
(PI.
III. 18-20),
CLASS
2.
Weight
163
in his
r.
Obteese.
Eeveese.
1.
r.,
in his
bow,
r.
holding in his
1.
shoulder.
[Paris.]
This coin
rather
\(i^.
is
ffl,
but perhaps
163
Similar.
I
Similar.
[Munich. Plate III. 17.]
is
identical
161
Similar.
|
Similar.
[Leake, As. Gr. 80.]
This coin
is
160-5
r.,
Ln his
1.
bow,
MA A
field, club.
lance.
The 1603
Similar.
two
letters.
com.
Same coimtermark.
48
These coins of Mallus
fix the
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
attribution
so
to
Cilicia
of
is
The
this
pi.
peculiar countermark,
district,
which recurs
frequently,
met with
also
on other coins of
four coins of
i.,
ii.
and
5, of
which
last there is
pi.
vi.),
coin of Mallus
(Brit. Mus.).
(De Luynes,
one of Soli
The
letters
of
the cow
in this
name
by the Argive
of
all
colonists.
For
my own
part,
however,
it
am
to
be based
(I*)
An
one,
cf.
Aramaic inscription
the letters
this district
than a Greek
L,Oi^ (7j^3) over the back of the Bull on a very similar countermark on a
pi.
ii.
coin engraved in
of the
De Luynes,
9.
or not
Longperier's
is
reading
two
letters,
there can be no
only found on
coins of Cilicia
and Pamphylia.
To
we must
now
under consideration.
coast.
Their weight also corresponds with that of the coinage of the Cilician
SERIES
The following
series of
IV.
Grsco-Asiatic Standaed
Tetradrachms.
"Wkight.
I
Obverse.
Eeveese.
Incuse square adorned with irregular lumps, the
surface granulated.
229
nVeArOPHS.
in
1.
The
king, bearded,
crowned, kneeling
r,
and spear in
r.
as
[Berlin Mus.]
228
nYeArOPH[S].
No
inscr.
SimUar.
|
Similar.
[Brit.
18,]
228
Similar.
I
Similar.
[Brit.
Mus. Plate
III. 19.]
238-1
Similar.
I
[Brit.
Mus.]
49
Eevebse.
Obvekse.
Similar. Similar.
I
235-7
[BritMus. Plate
III. 20.]
COPPEE.
The king kneeling r. as on the darics, drawing bow, behind him A ? Countcrmarkod with star.
I
1.
and spear in
Size
1
r.
|
Similar.
of
Mionnet=-35 inch.
Mus. Plate III. 22.]
[Brit.
Similar.
On
one
right angles.
military Size 2 of
[Brit.
camp
Mionnet='5
inch.
The
roj^al
silver coins of
on a larger
scale, of
the
The
but under the immediate government of a Greek Tyrant or Dynast of the name of Pythagoras. The weight is Graeco-Asiatic, not of an early period, but of some time after b.c. 408, about
silver stater
cities,
may
these interesting Graeco-Persian coins were issued after the fall of the Athenian
Empire by
It is noticeable hands of the Great King. that the uninscribed specimens reach a higher weight than those with flYGArOPHS.^
fallen into the
Vaux's endeavour (Num. Chron. vol. xviii. p. 147) to identify the Pythagoras who issued these coins with his namesake, who engraved an inscription on the base of a column at Susa in
'
forms of the
letters of the inscription point clearly to the time of Alexander the Great, or his successors the Seleucid kings
This Pythagoras, who calls himself purely fanciful. does not make use of the Ionic dialect, and the
The coins, on the (see Loftus, Chaldaja, and Susiana, p. 403). other hand, are considerably earlier than Alexander, and by reason of their heavy weight can only be given to the western
coast of Asia Minor.
50
NUmSMATA
ORIENTALIA.
SERIES
The
coins of this series also telong
1;o
V.
tlie
may
be described as follows
Ge^co-Asiatic Standakd.
Tetradrachm.
Colophon
Weight
236-2
Obvekse.
E,EVEESE.
r.
B A
Lyre.
The
city of
is
Colophon, where
is,
The
of
there can be
King
Mnemon, whose
1861, p.
portrait
96),
generally considered to be
("Waddington,
Melanges,
for
the
tiara.
We
satrap.
The
style of
after
against Syracuse, the enemies of Athens and of Greek freedom began once
more
HxAS or
Perbiai*
to raise
their heads,
when
Kino
orders went forth from the Court of Susa once more to collect tribute from
(Pkesepolis).
It is impossible to speak
it is
not
much
b.c.
Ge^co-Asiatic Standaed.
Tetradrachm.
"Weight.
Obveese.
Eeveese.
r.
230
BA?
r.
holding
how
in
1.
1.
galley downwards.
Drachm.
52-8
Similar.
I
BASI.
|
[Brit.
8-9
Same
No
|
inscr.
of dots.
51
These three coins bear the same portrait as the silver staters of Colophon described above. The reverses have, in addition to the inscription, the well-known 'arms' of the Great King
borrowed from the royal darics. The fabric, more especially that of the drachm, seems to be that of the north-western coast of Asia Minor, and it is worthy of note that a portrait
of the
same
satrap,
King
himseK, occurs on a gold stater of Lampsacus (Waddington, Melanges, pi. vii. 3), and on a silver stater of Cyzicus (Do Luynes, i. 5), on which moreover the inscription <t)AP[N]ABA
fixes
Pharnabazus
is
we
and
may
is
that of a
man
of middle age,
far
more
suitable
to
II.,
Persia,
Artaxerxes
who ascended
the throne in
is
it
merely the arms of Persia, the badge of the supremacy of the Great King.
As
it
my plan
name
to,
King
prow
of
a galley;
Quid Stater.
"Weight.
Obveese.
Keveese.
132
The
Prow
of galley to
1.
ing
holding
bow
in
1.
lance
III. 28.]
This unique gold stater clearly belongs to the same period as the silver stater with the name and portrait of Pharnabazus, and is contemporary with the gold coinage of Lampsacus,
n.s.
vol.
xvi.
p. 288),
must be attributed
end of the
fifth
in the reigns of
coins,
Gyges
coining the precious metals in the middle and Ardys in Lydia, I have cast a rapid
Perso-Phoenician,
Lydian,
Persian,
and Gracco-Persian,
down
to
when
hastening to
52
In the Persian portion
of
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
have been compelled to limit myself to the description of such coins only as bear unmistakable indications of having been issued under the authority more or less direct of the Great King, commencing with the royal coinage properly so called,
my
article I
viz. the
and then treating of the provincial money with Persian types of Phcenicia, of Syria, of Cilicia, of Ionia, and Mysia, from Tyre and Sidon on the one hand round the south and west coasts of Asia Minor as far as the shores of the Hellespont and
darics
and
sigli,
the Propontis.
is
by no means
Persian coinage, the important series of the coins of the satraps having been entirely omitted or
only infringed upon in those rare instances where the name or effigy of the King of Persia (the word BASIAEYS or the royal arms) appears upon the coins conjointly with that of the satrap.
The
and involves
so
many
epigraphical
demands a separate monograph. The great work of the Due de Luynes, and the still more valuable researches of M. Waddington, have broken the ground and smoothed the path. Herr H. Droysen has also lately contributed to the pages of the Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik
inquiries, that it
(Bd.
ii.
this class of
of the satraps
who
coined
own
satrapies
and in the
INDEX.
Chalcis in Eubooa, commercial activity of 5, itsrelationswithSamos,13 in Ionia, electrum staters of, 14
10
of,
electrum staters
14
Adramytteum, foundation of, 18 iEginetic standard, 7 Aleppo, see Beroea Alyattes, 13 eleetrum stater of, 14 gold coins of, 17
Aradus, 32
Chalybon, 31, 33 Chimajra ongold stater of ZeleiaTroadis, 18 Chios, electrum staters of, 14 Cimmerians in Asia Minor, 10, 13 City-wall on Perso-Phoenician coins, 35 sqq. Clazomena;, electrum staters of, 14 Cock on Perso-Phoenician coin, 39
Coining, invention
cial intercourse,
of, effect
Darius Hystaspis, signet cylinder of, 31 Date of the invention of the art of coining, 6 Dates of the Lydian kings, 1 3 assigned to the Phocaean Thalassocracy, 16 on Perso-Phoenician coins, 38 sqq. Decimal system in Lydia, 5, 8, 20
E.
upon commer-
Aramaic and Cuneiform inscriptions on Assyrian and Babylonian weights, 2, 3 Aramaic inscriptions on Cilician coins, 48. Archer, on Persian darics, double darics, and sigli, 26 sqq.
on Perso-Greek coins, 46, 47.
onPerso-Phccniciancoins, 33, 37,44 on Coins of Tarsus, 45
Colophon, coin of, 50 Corinth and Athens, Euboic standard in, 6 Countermarks, on coins of Miletus, 16 on Cilician coins, 47 sq.
Electrum, natural, 8
;
relation of to gold
and
silver, 8
Cow
weighed according to the various silver standards, 8 artificial, weighed according to the gold standard 9 Ephesus, earliest coins of, 13 Eretria in Euboea, ancient commercial activity of, 6 Euboean Colonies in Thrace and Macedon, 6
Euboic standard,
Eusebius, 16
6, 7
Ardys, 10 Artaxerxes Mnemon, 44 Aryandes, Satrap of Egypt, 30 Assyrian and Babylonian weights in the form of Lions and Ducks, 2 'A(TTOK0S, 18 Astarte, head of, on Perso- Phoenician coins, 38
Atergatis, head of, 44 Athens and Corinth, Euboic standard in, 6 Attic inscriptions, staters mentioned in, 8n.
by, 19
fall of,
22
Crux ansata on coins of Tarsus, 45 Cuneiform and Aramaic inscriptions on Assyrian and Babylonian weights, 2 Curtius, E, his description of the Empire
of Croesus, 19
coins, 12, 15
^olidis, earliest coins of, 1 3 Cyrus, 22 and Cambyses, coinage of the time
Cyme
of,
23
,
GaUey, with
sails, 32,
33
Phamabazus, 61
before city-wall, 35 with rowers, 39 sqq. Goat on Perso-Phcenician coins, 32, 35, 38 Goat's head incuse on Perso-Phoenician
coins, 33, 37 Goat-headed sceptre, 40 sqq. Gold standards, Assyrian heavy, [Phocaic],
D.
Damascus, 31, 33
Darics, purity of, 25
varieties of,
26
8t)-le of,
differences in the
28
Assyrian light, [Euboic], 7 stater of Teos, 1 8 Gyges, accession of, 10 his great wealth, 1 1 his gifts to the Delphic shrine, 1 1 the first to coin money, 1 1
Griffin's
head on gold
symbols and letters on, 27 not purely Persian coins, 28 half, mentioned by Xenophon, 29 Darius Hystaspis, accession of, 23 coinage of, 24
H.
Halys, the boundary of Lydia, 18
54
Hamath, 31
Harpocration, statement of as to the origin of the daric, Tin. his valuation of the daric, 30 Hebrew gold shekel of 253 grs., 4 Heracles and Lion on coin of Mallus, 47 Herodotus, his estimation of the relative
values of gold and silver, 4n. statement of as to the origin of the gold daric, 28
Hierapolis, ste Bambyce Horse, fore-part of, on electrum stater of Cyme, 13
INDEX.
Mina, Assyrian, of 60 staters, 4 Greek, of 50 staters, 4 Mina;, Assyrian and Babylonian, heavy and light, of 1010 and 505 grammes respectively, 3
Mommsen,
iii.
Herod.
7J
89
30
Money,
uncoined, of gold
and
43
silver, 1
of,
N.
Newton, C. T., 13
Euboic, 7 Babylonic, 7
Sipylus, 8 Stag, on electrum stater of Ephesns, 13 Stag's head on electrum of Miletus ?, 15
Horseman holding
flower, 45 galloping, 46
P.
Pactolus, 8, 11 Pan, head of, incuse, on gold daric, 26, 28 Persians without a national coinage before
Incuse additions to coin types in relief, 34 lo the cow as countermark, 48 Ionic dialect on coins, 49 Josephus, his estimation of the Hebrew
gold mina, 4. Israelites, Assyrian among, 4
standards
in
use
of,
51
K.
Phoenician
Kidaris, 26 King of Persia as archer, see Archer
in chariot, 35 sqq.
Talents, heavy and light, 4 Tarsus, coins of, 45 the word '^TD on coins of, 43 Teos, Phocaic stater of, 18 Thalassocracy of Phoca;a, 16 Thapsacus on the Tigris, 31, 43 Thrace or Thasos, Phocaic stater of, 18
'
contending with lion, 36, 39 sqq. holding lance and crux ansata, 45 head of, wearing tiara, 44 T^foiauoi arariip, 20
weightsystem made known in the West by, 4 Phoenician silver standard, origin of, 5 Phcenician war-galley on coins, 32, 33,35,39 Polycrates, 23 Provincial coins with royal Persian types, 3 1 Prow on coin of Cyzicus, 61
Pythagoras, 48, 49 Pythius the Lydian, 28
commerce, AssjTian
Tmolus,
8,
Typus
fasciatus, 12
B.
Lampsacus, electrum
staters of, 14 gold stater of, 51
Vaux,
certain coins
W.
4
1
;
S. "W.,
on coins with
49.
inscr.
nvGAroPH?,
with
to 1;
Ehodian weight
of
Lenormant, F., 12 Lion on coins of Miletus, 13, 15 Lion's head on Lydian electrum, 16, 18 Lions, two, back to back, on Perso-Phoenician coins, 35, 36
Persian types, 47
10 to
S.
8,
and
of,
14
M.
Mallus, coin of, 47
Samos, Babylonian gold mina in, 7, 13 Euboic electrum of, 13 Sardes, commerce with Babylon, 4 situation and metallic wealth of, 11 earliest coins of, 12 Phocaic stater struck at, 18 coinage of, under Cyrus and Cambyses, 23 Satrap on horseback, 46 head of, on Greek coins, 60
Satrapies, division of the Persian
into,
40
22n.
29
Empire
Xerxes, 28
mention of half-darics, 29
Marathus, 32
24
Seal on gold stater of Phocsea, 17 Sexagesimal system applied to Assyrian weights and measures, 3; modified by the Greeks, 4
Side, coins of, 48
55
HERTFORD:
PRINTED ET STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS.
COINAGE
OF
LYDIA
I.
and
PERSIA.
PLATE.
COINAGE
OF
PLATE
-^^^rr
,^r*i^-c.
"t^-^.
#^ 9"^
-^->
<^=fi.
COINAGE
OF
PLATE m.