Cool Facts
Cool Facts
Cool Facts
maerskline.com
> C0NTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4-10 Understand the process of refrigeration and discover the key factors in prolonging the shelf life of your products. With Maersk Lines extensive knowledge and know-how, your cargo will get the care it requires. CARGO HANDLING 11-18 Find out in detail all the necessary practical procedures for the optimal preparation and stowage of your cargo for transport: a) Prior to loading of reefer cargo. b) During loading of reefer cargo. c) Chilled fresh products. d) Frozen products. e) Checklist for reefer cargo. EQUIPMENT 19-31 General reefer containers Extensive research has led to advanced container technology which creates, measures and maintains the proper conditions for your cargo. Read about our container construction, airflow, power supply, generator sets, etc. Specialised containers Our in depth knowledge of reefer transport is evident in our specialised containers. These containers are able to create and maintain the proper degree of humidity and atmospheric conditions crucial for the most delicate cargo. Discover our StarFresh, StarFresh Plus, Magnum and StarVent containers. Unique container systems For ultra-low temperatures, our Super Freezers and Blast Freezers provide flexible transport and freezing solutions. The Sortie and the Stuffie containers facilitate an unbroken cold chain from the fishing vessel to the container. COMMODITIES 32-35 Refer to the set points recommended by our experts as guidelines for the correct settings needed for transporting your commodities in reefer containers from anywhere to anywhere in the world.
Maersk Line is committed to creating the optimal conditions for your products from departure to arrival. We have been present in the refrigerated transport industry since 1936 and today, we are the largest carrier of refrigerated container cargo in the world. We also have the largest fleet of new, state-of-the art reefer containers. This, together with more than 500 container vessels, ensures that we have the resources to satisfy most customers needs, anywhere in the world. Furthermore, we have a service network that spans the entire globe, with a corporate commitment to deliver second to none service.
In a continuous effort to meet the needs of our customers and the demands of a growing market, Maersk Line has assisted in developing the worlds leading reefer technology. Since our first reefer container was manufactured in 1964, we have developed a number of technological advances. Our Controlled Atmosphere and Super/Blast Freezer containers are just a few examples of value-adding innovations resulting from our industry insight and experience. Maersk Line has put together a team of dedicated reefer specialists from around the globe, ready to assist you with their in-depth knowledge and know-how. They can help you to prepare your refrigerated cargo for shipment, and also provide assistance in selecting the right transport solution for you. Their professionalism and dedication are some of the reasons why customers choose us as their preferred business partner.
Constant care for the cargo has always been the driving philosophy of Maersk Line. Our reefer technicians at the terminals and specially trained staff on board our vessels make sure your cargo is carefully supervised. Our innovative solutions are not just inside our containers and on board our vessels. They are also on-line. Maersk Lines continuous investment in e-commerce solutions can satisfy your information needs with time-saving solutions that let you focus on your core business. Knowing that your transport needs are in good hands. In our hands.
We hope you find this comprehensive guide helpful. It contains technical explanations of the processes of refrigeration, as well as pragmatic steps to the protection of cargo and the prevention of damage. It also outlines the numerous benefits of following proper procedures to ensure the best possible condition of your products upon arrival. Should you have any questions, you are most welcome to contact your local Maersk Line office for assistance.
Our highly-trained staff, our technology and our constant care explain why Maersk Line is the first choice in refrigerated transport solutions. Time after time.
WHY REFRIGERATE?
Refrigeration is essentially the removal of heat through the process of evaporation. We choose to refrigerate commodities such as fruits and vegetables because we want to prolong their practical shelf life the time from harvest until the product loses its commercial value. Humidity is also a very important factor in the conservation of many fruits and vegetables. By shipping products in our Controlled Atmosphere containers, the humidity inside the containers can be increased, thus minimising any weight loss in the fresh produce. Temperature is not the only important part of the equation but it is the key element to successful refrigerated transport. Technically speaking, the internal biological and chemical processes of fresh produce, such as respiration, will continue after harvesting. This means that the product absorbs oxygen (O2) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethylene (C2H4). This is a process that generates heat. Lowering the temperature reduces the respiration, and consequently the heat, considerably. Therefore, temperature is the most important factor when prolonging the practical shelf life. As high concentrations of CO2 and ethylene can deteriorate the commodities, these gases must be removed and replaced with fresh air through the ventilation system. Ethylene production is especially high in fresh produce such as apples, peaches, apricots, avocados and pears.
Represented in all major trades with offices in more than 100 countries, Maersk Line has the network and the resources to transport your cargo to practically any part of the world. Wherever your cargo is destined, chances are we have numerous vessels and departures to ensure its safe and prompt arrival.
For detailed schedule information, please refer to our website. Contact details of local offices where representatives can assist you further can be found using maerskline.com.
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> WHATEVER THE CUT, YOU WILL FIND THE HANDLING WELL DONE
CARGO HANDLING B. DURING STUFFING OF REEFER CARGO
THINGS TO DO The stuffing and placement of cargo will directly affect the flow of air. Figure 1 illustrates the correct way to stuff a bottom-air delivery reefer with chilled or frozen cargo. In the case of chilled cargo, covering the entire floor with cargo forces the cool air to flow through both the cartons as well as the product, throughout the entire load. When frozen cargo is stuffed in this manner, the cold air flows around the cargo blanketing the cartons and removing any heat that enters the reefer container through the walls. THINGS NOT TO DO Air always takes the path of least resistance. Here are a few examples (Figure 2) that illustrate reefer cargo which has been stuffed improperly. In the first three examples, air tends to short circuit or flow past the cartons/products rather than through them. The last two examples illustrate restricted airflow scenarios. NEVER RUN A REEFER WITH DOORS OPEN When the ambient temperature is warmer than the cargo, operating the reefer with the rear doors open will not cool down the cargo (fig. 3). Rather, the introduction of hot ambient air will heat up the cargo. When hot humid air enters the reefer, moisture condenses on the cold cooling coil and turns to ice. Cooled air escapes through the rear door, and the cycle continues. Once stuffing is complete and the doors are closed, the reefer could run for hours with a partially iced-up cooling coil. This would reduce its cooling effect and put the cargo in danger until the unit completes a defrost cycle. Further, the genset should be stopped during stuffing, due to the risk of exhaust gas reaching the fresh cargo.
Cold Refrigeration unit Air space above cargo Airflow Rear doors Hot
T-floor
End of T-floor
Fig. 1 The correct way to stuff a bottom-air delivery container with chilled or frozen cargo
Fig. 2
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TO AVOID CARGO DAMAGE: d o not leave any areas open or uncovered on the floor, the front bulkhead or the side walls (if pallets are placed at the front bulkhead, be sure to place cardboard under empty pallets) do not run unit with rear doors open do not stuff cargo beyond the end of the T-floor do not plug channels at the end of the T-floor do not stuff cargo above the red load line d o not put reefer set point at a temperature below what is required for the cargo (this will not expedite the cooling process)
OPTIMAL STUFFING TOP VIEW Covering the floor in a proper manner will improve the flow of air and hence, refrigeration. In order to force air up and through the cargo, the entire floor should be covered. Cover the floor from the front bulkhead to the end of the T-floor. Where the cargo does not cover the floor, some type of filler should be used, such as dunnage or cardboard. Do not stuff past the end of the T-floor with cargo or filler (fig. 4). BLOCKING AND BRACING For blocking and bracing cargo, wood is still the preferred material. Use wood as necessary (fig. 5), but do not nail wood or dunnage to the container. Cover floor with a filler between pallets to help force air through the cargo (as seen in the Top 4 view, fig. 4). Cover the ends of the last two pallets in order to force air up and through the cartons. Do not block off airflow past the end of the T-floor.
Refrigeration unit Cold Hot Cold airflow Hot airflow Filler 40x48 pallet (100x120 cm) Filler (dunnage or cardboard) Wood bracing
Top 1
Fig. 3
Top 2
Top 3
Top 4
Top 5
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
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Place cartons on the pallets so that air flow up into the cartons is not restricted. The ventilation holes, located at the top and bottom of the cartons, must be aligned to allow the air to pass freely through the entire load. Shrink-wrapped pallets, slip sheets, foam trays, plastic bags or similar materials that may obstruct and block the air passage should not be used. If pallets are wrapped with plastic to provide stability, do not cover the bottom or the top of the cartons.
Airflow
3 2
Fig. 6
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CONTROL OF VENTILATION LEVEL The importance of ventilation should not be underestimated. Proper ventilation of fresh, chilled products is necessary to remove the heat, carbon dioxide and other gases produced by the cargo. Heat is removed by continuously circulating the internal air, whereas carbon dioxide and other gases are removed by replacing the internal air supply with cooled fresh air. CONTROL OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY LEVEL Controlling the relative humidity level is also important when it comes to controlling the quality of your products. The relative humidity level affects many products, particularly the shelf life of fruits and vegetables and thus their condition upon arrival. If the humidity is too high, mould and/or fungi may develop. If the humidity is too low, it may result in a higher weight loss causing products to wilt and/or shrivel. For many products, it is therefore important to be able to control the relative humidity level during transport.
Please note that two different systems are used to either decrease or increase the relative humidity level, depending on the commodities involved. If you need advice in selecting the optimal humidity level for your product, simply contact Maersk Line to benefit from our experience. For further details please refer to the Equipment section of this brochure. THE PURPOSE OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere control is another crucial variable in securing the quality of your cargo. When fresh perishables are shipped to distant markets, they require a precisely controlled transport environment. It is well known that harvested fruits and vegetables continue to live and breathe until they are consumed or destroyed by decay or desiccation. Under normal circumstances, these factors dictate the life span of individual products.
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The life span can, however, be prolonged by keeping the commodities at their optimal temperature, combined with the supply of the most effective blend of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. By transporting products under Controlled Atmosphere, the applied environment will slow down the ripening process and extend the shelf life of the products. For further details please refer to the Equipment section of this brochure. COLD TREATMENT The purpose of Cold Treatment is to exterminate insects and larvae by maintaining a sufficiently low temperature for a pre-determined period of time. The period of time and temperature required are defined in protocols established by phythosanitary authorities of the importing countries. If the temperature rises above the established requirements, the entire Cold Treatment process will fail and must either be extended or started over again depending on the protocol.
Applying Cold Treatment eliminates the need to fumigate cargo using insecticides, such as methyl bromide, which is illegal in many countries. Cold Treatment is primarily applied to various types of citrus fruits, such as oranges, grapefruit and clementines. However, kiwi fruit, apples, pears, grapes, lychees, loquats, etc. can also be carried under Cold Treatment. In order to reap the maximum benefits from the Cold Treatment process, several factors are absolutely essential. These factors include the correct pre-treatment, proper pre-cooling of the products, optimal packaging and stowage, as well as the constant monitoring at the terminals and on board the vessels. To make sure that these procedures are strictly adhered to, our dedicated Maersk Line staff supervise the reefer containers during the entire voyage. For further details about this service, please contact your local Maersk Line representative.
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Door end
T-bar floor
Fig. 7
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Probe 1
1/4 of stow Both probes placed in the middle of the container 3/4 of stow
Doors
Unit
Probe 2
CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MAEU, MWCU, APMU, MSAU
Door dimensions Standard Containers mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour)
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 2,290 7 6 1/8 2,286 7 6 2,276 7 5 9 2,290 7 6 1/8 2,212 7 3 1/16 2,238 7 4 1/16 2,471 8 1 4 2,535 8 3 3/4 5,451 17 10 9/16 11,577 37 11 3/4 11,578 3711 13/16 11,577 37 11 3/4 2,290 7 6 1/8 2,294 7 6 1/4 2,280 7 5 12 2,294 7 6 1/4 2,167 7 1 1/4 2,110 6 11 1/16 2,425 7 11 11/16 2,409 7 10 13/16 30,480 67,194 32,500 71,648 34,000 74,954 32,500 71,648 2,990 6,591 3,900 8,597 4,400 9,700 4,150 9,148 27,490 60,603 28,600 63,050 29,600 65,257 28,350 62,499 27 Steel Yes 955 56 Alu Yes 1,979 64 Steel Yes 2,250 64 Alu Yes 2,259
-26 to +30 (-15 to +86) -26 to +30 (-15 to +86) -26 to +30 (-15 to +86) -26 to +29 (-15 to +84)
0 to 75 0 to 75 0 to 75 0 to 75
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MCAU
Door dimensions StarFresh mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour)
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 2,278 7 5 11/16 2,473 8 1 5/16 11,578 37 11 13/16 2,280 7 5 3/4 2,425 7 11 7/16 34,000 74,954 4,200 9,259 29,800 65,695 64 Steel Yes 2,261
40 High StarFresh 40 x 8 x 9 6
0 to 75
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MCHU
Door dimensions StarFresh Plus mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour)
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 40 High StarFresh Plus 40 x 8 x 9 6 2,290 7 6 1/8 2,490 8 2 2,473 8 1 5/16 11,570 37 11 1/2 11,578 37 11 13/16 2,300 7 6 1/2 2,280 7 5 3/4 2,430 7 11 5/8 2,425 7 11 7/16 32,500 71,650 34,000 74,954 4,150 9,148 4,200 9,259 28,350 62,502 29,800 65,695 Yes, can also 64 Alu increase 2,260 humidity levels up 64 Steel to 95 pct. 2,261
0 to 75 0 to 75
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MWMU
Door dimensions Magnum mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour)
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 40 High Magnum 40 x 8 x 9 6 2,276 7 5 3/5 2,471 8 17/25 11,578 37 11 13/16 2,280 7 5 3/4 2,450 8 0 1/2 34,000 74,954 4,275 9,424 29,725 65,532 64 Steel No 2,261
0 to 75
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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Fresh air in
Door
Low speed: Air exchange - 2000 cbm/hr High speed: Air exchange - 4000 cbm/hr Fig. 10 Air circulation inside a StarVent container
CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MSKU, MSVU
Door dimensions StarVent mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour) Low 2000 No cooling cbm/hr High 4000 capacity cbm/hr Low 2000 No cooling cbm/hr High 4000 capacity cbm/hr
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 40 High StarVent 40 x 8 x 9 6 40 High StarVent 40 x 8 x 9 6 2,286 7 6 2,294 7 6 4 2,454 8 0 9/16 2,556 8 4 9 11,561 37 11 1/8 11,584 38 1 2,286 7 6 2,294 7 6 4 2,391 7 10 1/8 2,432 7 11 3/4 30,480 67,194 34,000 74,954 4,720 10,405 4,550 10,030 25,760 56,789 29,450 64,624 63 Alu No 2,232 64 Steel No 2,286
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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RF unit
RF unit
Reefer
Reefer
Air-tight connection
RF unit
The whole compartment remains under refrigeration during the entire stuffing operation.
CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MSFU861
Door dimensions Sortie mm feet/inches Door dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb
temperature range C (F)
Width Tare Material 40 High Sortie 40 x 8 x 9 6 2,294 7 6 1/4 2,235 7 3 15/16 11,628 38 1 3/4 2,286 7 6 4,400 Alu 9,700
Set
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MSFU856
Door dimensions Super Freezer mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour)
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 40 High Super Freezer 40 x8 x96 2,278 7 5 11/16 2,473 8 1 5/16 11,578 37 11 13/16 2,188 7 2 1/8 2,380 34,000 7 9 11/16 4,500 9,920 29,500 65,034 60.3 Alu No 2,129.2
CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MSFU859
Door dimensions Stuffie mm feet/inches Weight kg lb
temperature range C (F)
Width Tare Material 2,286 7 6 2,454 8 0 9/16 11,561 37 11 1/8 2,286 7 6 4,720 Alu 10,405
Set
40 High Stuffie 40 x 8 x 9 6
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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COMMODITIES BENEFITING FROM THIS SERVICE: Deep-frozen commodities known to benefit from being transported at -60C include: tuna, sea urchins, swordfish, food cultures, pharmaceuticals, among others. STUFFIE CONTAINERS In short, the Stuffie helps enable the continuous refrigeration of cargo. Stuffie containers are normally used in order to stuff frozen tuna (or other kinds of fish being discharged from a fishing vessel) into our Super Freezer containers. The Stuffie is connected to the Super Freezer and insulated with an airtight membrane to avoid ambient air entering the Super Freezer container. The cargo is then loaded into the Stuffie through the roof hatch, sorted and transferred into the Super Freezer.
BENEFIT OF USING THE STUFFIE CONTAINER: cargo exposure to ambient temperature is minimised COMMODITIES BENEFITING FROM THIS SERVICE: Frozen tuna or other kinds of frozen fish that needs to be discharged directly from a fishing vessel into a Super Freezer or an ordinary reefer unit.
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COMMODITIES BENEFITING FROM THIS SERVICE: Fresh tuna and other kinds of fish that need to be frozen down to temperatures as low as -60C.
Ambient air Return air Probe 1 Probe 2 Probe temp = Core temp
T(
CONTAINER DIMENSIONS
UNITS PREFIX: MBFU
Door dimensions Blast Freezer mm feet/inches Internal dimensions mm feet/inches Weight kg lb Volume m3 cubic feet
Set Air temperature exchange range C (F) (cbm/hour)
Height to Max. Max. Capacity Humidity load line gross Tare payload to load line Material control 40 High Blas Freezer 40x8x96 2,276 7 5 9 2,471 8 1 4 11,578 37 11 13 2,280 7 5 12 2,425 7 11 7/16 N/A N/A 12,200 N/A N/A Steel No 26,896
Fuel tank 20 x 8x 86
Dimensions vary within container series. For dimensions of a specific unit, please contact your nearest Maersk Line agent.
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COMMODITIES
Commodity Apples Apricots Avocados (California) Avocados (Tropical) Bananas Blueberries Cape Gooseberries (Physalis) Carambola (Star Fruit) Cherimoya Cherries (Sweet) Chestnuts Clementines Cranberries Dates Durians Feijoas Figs Grapefruits Grapes Guavas Jackfruits Kiwifruit Kumquats Lemons (Depending On Variety) Limes Loquats Lychees Mangoes (Depending On Variety) Mangosteen Manioc Melons (Cantaloupe) Melons (Honey Melon) Melons (Watermelon) Oranges (Depending On The Variety) Papayas Passion Fruit Peaches/Nectarines Pears Persimmon (Kaki) C -1 to +4 0 +3 to +4 +8 to +13 +14 -1 to 0 +12 to +15 +5 to +7 +12 to +14 -1 to 0 0 to +4 0 to +4 +3 0 +3 to +4 +8 to +10 0 Variable -1 to 0 +8 to +10 +13 0 +10 Variable +8 to +10 0 +2 to +6 +10 to +14 +4 to +6 0 to +2 +3 to +5 +10 to +14 +5 to +6 +4 to +12 +10 +7 to +10 0 0 0 F
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COMMODITIES
Bonsai Cut Flowers Ferns Special requirements apply, please contact your local Flower Bulbs Maersk Line office for details. Foliage Plants (Potted) Yucca Palm Artichokes (Globe) Artichokes (Jerusalem) Asparagus Aubergine Baby Corn Bitter Gourd Broccoli Brussels Sprout Cabbage (Chinese) Cabbage (Savoy) Cabbage (White) Carrots Cauliflowers Celeriac Celery Chicory Chili 0 0 0 to +1 +8 to +10 0 +8 to +10 0 to +1 -1 to 0 0 to +4 -2 to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +8 to +10 +32 +32 +32 to +33 +46 to +50 +32 +46 to +50 +32 to +33 +30 to +32 +32 to +39 +28 to +32 +32 +32 +32 +32 +32 +32 +46 to +50 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 15 20 15 15 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 20 15 20 15-20 90-150 14-21 10-14 4-8 14-21 7-14 15-20 24 120 200 180 20-30 160 28 24 14-21 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
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COMMODITIES
Commodity Courgette (Zucchini) Cucumbers Endives/Escaroles Fennels Garlic Ginger Horse Radishes Leeks Lettuce (Butterhead) Lettuce (Iceberg) Okra/Lady Finger/Gombo Onions (Dry) Pak Chois Parsnips Peas Peppers (Capsicum) Potatoes Potatoes (Sweet) Pumpkins Radishes Red Beet / Beet Root Rhubarb Rooted Turnip Scorzonera Sugar Peas Sweet Corn Taro Tomatoes (Treetomato-Tamarillo) Tomatoes (Depending On Variety) Tomatoes (Long Life - Daniella) Turnips Yams
If specific settings are required, please contact your local Maersk Line office.
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COMMODITIES
Commodity Butter Butter (Frozen) Cheese Cheese (Fresh) Ice Cream Milk (Cultured Products) Fish (Chilled) Fish (Deep Frozen ) Fish Products (Lightly Preserved) Fish Products (Semi Preserved) Shellfish (Deep Frozen) Meat (Deep Frozen) Meat (Fresh, Chilled) Meat (Manufactured) Meat Products (Chilled) Poultry (Chilled) Poultry (Deep Frozen) Chocolate Eggs Individually Quick Frozen Products (IQF) Juice and Concentrate (Deep Frozen) Margarine Vegetables (Deep Frozen ) All Other Frozen Foodstuff
Frozen and non-respiring products do not require fresh air exchange.
All data in these pages should be used as a guideline and recommendation only for cargo transported in reefer containers. The temperature and shelf life levels stated are dependent on the variety, level of maturity and place of origin of the product. This booklet shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of A. P. Moller - Maersk A/S with or to any third party and neither shall such third party be entitled to rely upon it. A. P. Moller - Maersk A/S shall have no liability for technical or editorial errors or omissions in this booklet; nor for any damage, including but not limited to direct, punitive, incidental or consequential damages resulting from or arising out of the use of this booklet.
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Maersk Line is a division of the A.P. Moller Maersk Group. Corporate Headquarters: Maersk Line Att. Centre Line, Reefer Management 50 Esplanaden DK-1098 Copenhagen K Denmark T + 45 3363 3363 E [email protected] maerskline.com