Creep and Stress Rupture PDF
Creep and Stress Rupture PDF
Creep and Stress Rupture PDF
http://www.materialsengineer.com/CA-Creep-Stress-Rupture.htm
Metallurgical Consultants
Creep of Metals
High temperature progressive deformation of a material at constant stress is called creep. High temperature is a relative term that is dependent on the materials being evaluated. A typical creep curve is shown below:
Failure Mechanisms
Fatigue Creep & stress rupture Corrosion Stress corrosion cracking Ductile and brittle fractures Wear Hydrogen embrittlement Liquid metal embrittlement
Welding
MIG TIG Stick SAW
Corrosion
Corrosion failures Stress corrosion cracking Uniform corrosion Galvanic corrosion Pitting corrosion Crevice corrosion Marine corrosion
In a creep test a constant load is applied to a tensile specimen maintained at a constant temperature. Strain is then measured over a period of time. The slope of the curve, identified in the above figure, is the strain rate of the test during stage II or the creep rate of the material. Primary creep, Stage I, is a period of decreasing creep rate. Primary creep is a period of primarily transient creep. During this period deformation takes place and the resistance to creep increases until stage II. Secondary creep, Stage II, is a period of roughly constant creep rate. Stage II is referred to as steady state creep. Tertiary creep, Stage III, occurs when there is a reduction in cross sectional area due to necking or effective reduction in area due to internal void formation.
Topics
Explosions Castings Boilers Heat Exchangers Pressure Vessels Pipelines Lifting Equipment Fasteners Gears Bearings Shafts Residual Stresses Chemical Processing Pulp and Paper Food Processing Automotive Ships
Stress Rupture
Stress rupture testing is similar to creep testing except that the stresses used are higher than in a creep test. Stress rupture testing is always done until failure of the material. In creep testing the main goal is to determine the minimum creep rate in stage II. Once a designer knows the materials will creep and has accounted for this deformation a primary goal is to avoid failure of the component.
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Alloys
Steel Stainless Steel Aluminum Copper Titanium
Stress rupture tests are used to determine the time to cause failure. Data is plotted log-log as in the chart above. A straight line is usually obtained at each temperature. This information can then be used to extrapolate time to failure for longer times. Changes in slope of the stress rupture line are due to structural changes in the material. It is significant to be aware of these changes in material behavior, because they could result in large errors when extrapolating the data.
Failure Analysis
High temperature failures is a significant problem. A failure analysis can identify the root cause of your failure to prevent reoccurrence. AMC can provide failure analysis of high temperature failures to identify the root cause of your component failure.
Contact Information
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