ISSN 0974-1135

ENVIS Newsletter
C)N'EN'S 'rofile of =ho al .at"ral Setting 'hysiogra hy <limate and &ainfall 'o "lation Economy >and ?se (ey 'roblems Environmental Management Systems in India

Volume IV, April - June, 2012

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Centre For Environmental Studies School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
Sponsored by:

Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of ndia

Profile of Maha!aleshwar Mahabaleshwar is one of the most fascinating and largest hill station in Satara district ,Maharashtra. It was established as a health resort in the year 1829. One of the few Evergreen forests of India are resent in Mahabaleshwar. !his lace is an evergreen vast latea" meas"ring 1#$ %m2, bo"nded by valleys on all sides. Mahabaleshwar is also famo"s for its old &eligio"s sites s"ch as the 'anchaganga Mandir, Shri Shan%ar Mandir and Shri (rishnabai Mandir. MoE) has decleared Maha!aleshwar as Eco " Sensitive #one in 2$$1.
Map 1: Location of Mahabaleshwar

main rainy season is from 9"ne to Se tember. !he rainfall in the so"th4west monsoon months is abo"t ,1 er cent, of the ann"al total. 9"ly is the month with the heaviest rainfall. Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of 1,/,2 metres *:,#$$ ft.+ gets an average ann"al rainfall of 0,220 mm. *2:#.1/;+ 'em(erature !he cold weather starts by abo"t the end of .ovember and contin"es " to middle of )ebr"ary, 8ecember being the coldest month. when the mean daily ma7im"m tem erat"re is only 2/.1-< *,/.0-)+ and the mean daily minim"m is 1/.8-< *#0.9-)+. !he eriod from the middle of )ebr"ary to the end of May is one of contin"o"s increase in tem erat"res. In May, the hottest month in the year, the mean daily ma7im"m tem erat"re in the lains is /0.8;< *98./-)+. !he day tem erat"res in the so"th4west monsoon months are even lower than in the cold season. 6fter the withdrawal of the so"th4west monsoon, day tem erat"res show an increase in October. !hereafter, both day and night tem erat"res begin to dro . E7ce t d"ring the so"th4west monsoon season the daily range of tem erat"re is large and is abo"t 8 to 11-< at Mahabaleshwar.

Editorial
=ho al city is endowed with several man4made la%es !he ? er >a%e and >ower >a%e are the most im ortant. =oth the la%es have shr"n% a reciably. !he ? er >a%e has red"ced from /$ s@. %ms to 8 s@.%ms as of now. !he >ower >a%e also got red"ced from 8 s@.%m in the beginning to 2 s@.%ms in 2$$9. the total length of the la%e was /8 %ms, b"t it red"ced to #%ms in 2$$9. bho alAs la%es face severe threats, li%e4siltation d"e to soil erosion of the catchments area and inflow of "ntreated sewage and wastewater from the s"rro"nding h"man settlements. Since the >ower >a%e is located within an "rban area hence it is s"bBected to many negative anthro ogenic stresses, its water @"ality degradation has been m"ch more than the " er la%e. It is essential to rotect and conserve these water bodies, h"man beings can not be callo"s towards nat"re, efforts are to be ta%en to save the dying water bodies. India has been ran%ed as seventh most environmentally haCardo"s co"ntry in the world5 by researchers in 1arvard, 'rinceton, 6delaide ?niversity and ?niversity of Singa ore on 9an"ary 12, 2$11. ?rban India is li%ely to face a massive waste dis osal roblem in the coming years. 2aste can be wealth5 which has tremendo"s otential not only for generating livelihoods for the "rban oor b"t can also enrich the earth thro"gh com osting and recycling rather than s reading oll"tion as has been the case. Eco4labeling attem ts to enco"rage the man"fact"ring of rod"cts with a red"ced im act on the environment, and to address "blic abo"t raw concerns material scarcity, shrin%ing landfill s ace, and the im act of oll"tants on the air and water. Eco4 labeling is intended to reward environmental leadershi . Meena%shi 8hote

$ocation Mahabaleshwar is located 12$ %m *2hr+ from '"ne and 28# %m *#hr+ from M"mbai. It is located at 1,.92-. ,/.0,-E. $ N%AGES It is well connected with '"ne, Satara and M"mbai by road. !he State 1ighways assing thro"gh the town are S1 ,2 connecting '"ne and M"mbai via 2ai 3 S1 ,/ Satara and M"mbai. .earest railway station 4 Satara, 0# %ms5 .earest 6ir ort 4 '"ne,12$ %ms !own is well connected by "blic trans ort and rivate ta7i service. Natural &esources Climate !he year may be divided broadly into fo"r seasons. !he cold season is from 8ecember to abo"t the middle of )ebr"ary, !he hot season, which follows lasts till the end of May. 9"ne to Se tember is the so"thwest monsoon season and the two months October and .ovember form the ost4monsoon or the retreating monsoon season. &ainfall Some rainfall in the form of th"ndershowers occ"rs in May, b"t the

Source: e!ional Meteorolo!ical "entre, "olaba, Mumbai#

6t Mahabaleshwar, the highest ma7im"m tem erat"re ever recorded was /0.1- < *9,.$- )+ on 6 ril /, 19/: and the lowest minim"m was /.9- < */9.$- )+ on )ebr"ary 1, 19:2.

)ig"re :.:D :.2D Monthly Ma of Satara variation 8istrict in !em erat"re

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Soil

Soil is shallow, reddish brown and lateritic. !here is lateritic ca below the soil, d"e to which roots of trees cannot enetrate in dee soil. Soil is s"sce tible to erosion d"e to to ogra hy and stee slo es.
$opo!raph%

Growth (attern of town Stage * +'ill ,-./0 In 1829, =ritish Fovernment declared Mahabaleshwar as Sanatori"m
&i! '#): *rowth Mahabaleshwar ,Sta!e-I+attern of

)irst settlement that came " in Mahabaleshwar was GMalcom ethG. Fovt. allotted land for constr"ction of b"nglows. In 18:$ 4 ,$ rivate dwelling "nits came " and in 19$$, n"mber increased to 1#$ dwelling "nits with a o "lation of :, 9,#. S'AGE " +,-./ * 1/0 6s a res"lt of increased accessibility, develo ment too%

&i! '#(: Map of $opo!raph% of Mahabaleshwar e!ion

Flora and Fauna Mahabaleshwar region consists of !ro ical Semi4 Evergreen )orest. (arwi flower, called the bl"e boom, which blooms only once in , years is seen in the &egion.!wo rare bl"e b"tterflies, the fascinating =l"e Mormon and Oa% >eaf, are very common 3 an indicator of good healthy forests, are fo"nd &egion.

in

the

)ig"re :.0D (arwi )lower

lace along State 1ighways and roads. !he State govt. recogniCed Mahabaleshwar as !o"rist town, th"s there was boost in to"rism.
&i! '#.: *rowth +attern Mahabaleshwar ,Sta!e /I, IIof

1otels started coming " . Old b"nglows got converted to hotels.!here was change in land"se from residential to commercial in Malcom eth. ="ilt form started growing vertically d"e to lac% of central s ace. !he o "lation grew to 9, $01 S'AGE " +Present Scenario0 8"e to ress"re of to"rism, hotels started occ" ying forest land. !here was red"ction in forest and agric"lt"ral land. 'o "lation rose to 12,,/0 *cens"s 2$$1+

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=efore 19#$Gs ?&=6. 6&E6 *16+ /1.02 )O&ES! 6&E6*16+ 190/.89 !able :.1D Frowth !rend of Mahabaleshwar

=etween 19#$ 4 8$ 2/#.81 1,#9.,

=etween 198142$$1 #28.1/

'resent Scenario 2$$9 #02.0/

1:0,./8 1:/2.88 females :#J. Mahabaleshwar has an average literacy rate of ,8J, higher than the national average of 0#J

)ig"re :.9D Frowth !rend of Mahabaleshwar over the Hears )ig :.1$D Frowth 'attern of

Mahabaleshwar *Stage I III+

01M2* A+3I" + 2&IL1

6s er Satara 8istrict <ens"s, 2$$1 Mahabaleshwar, with a ermanent o "lation of 12,,/0 has been classified as class IE town.
+opulation of Mahabaleshwar town
HE6& 19#1 1901 19,1 1981 1991 2$$1 'O'?>6!IO. :,9,2 0,$29 ,,/18 9,$01 1$,#0: 12,,/0 J O) F&O2!1 1,.#/ 1,.01 19.2/ 1:.22 1,.$#

!able :.2D 'o "lation of Mahabaleshwar Mahabaleshwar town has "niform increase in the o "lation since 19#1. O"t of total o "lation, Males constit"te ##J of the o "lation and

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LA405S1 +A$$1 4 2& $31 $264

%shetra Maha!aleshwar Maha!aleshwar0

+)ld

Mahabaleshwar latea" is bo"nd together by the east I west state highway lin%ing '"ne to Mahabaleshwar. !his stretch e7hibits a ribbon sha e develo ment which grows to form the town. !he Mahabaleshwar !own M"nici al <o"ncil has an area of 19.9# s@.%m and is s"rro"nded by all sides by reserved forests. !he town has two maBor attractions abo"t which develo ment has occ"rred. !he first one is Eenna >a%e located centrally and the second is =aCaar area or Malcom eth. !h"s the Eenna >a%e, the sho ing mall, vario"s oints of to"rist interest, to"rist trails and the highway assing thro"gh the town forms a str"ct"re of the town. Malcom eth is the core area of Faothan area of the town which is com act in nat"re and has high density. &esidential develo ment is in a scattered form and commercial activities have started growing within residential area d"e to lac% of s ace. =reathing s ace is available in the form of Folf co"rse, the >a%e and 'olo gro"nd. !here are only two lanned o en s aces near the mall b"t they are not ro erly maintained.
&i!ure '#17: Lan8 use +lan of Mahabaleshwar

>ocated , %ms away from the town in the north. It is famo"s for three tem les5 Mahabaleshwar !em le, 6tibaleshwar !em le, (rishnabai !em le. !here are two fairs associated with the tem le5 Mahashivratri *2 days+ and .avaratri *8 days+
+ratap!arh &ort

>ocated 22 %ms away from the town in the west. It was b"ilt in 10#0 by shivaBi maharaB and it gives commanding view of %on%an

')2& SM N MA3A4A$ES35A& &EG )N 'o(ogra(hy is one of the rime assets of Mahabaleshwar region. !he region elevates " to a level of 1:$$ meters amsl. !he highest oint of Maharashtra state is located in the Mahabaleshwar town. Owing to the to ogra hy, Mahabaleshwar town is benefited with a variety of scenic views. &ainfall is another asset of Mahabaleshwar region. !he region receives an average ann"al rainfall of 0$$$ mm. &eserved Forest artic"larly s"rro"nds the Mahabaleshwar town on all sides. !his %ee s the <limate e@"itable thro"gho"t the year. Mahabaleshwar region is characteriCed by tem les of (shetra Mahabaleshwar *&eligio"s !o"rists+, 1istorical 'rata garh )ort. Places of tourist interest in maha!aleshwar region

region below

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$ourist inflow in mahabaleshwar

!here is an average increase to"rist o "lation rate of 2$./0 J in / years.

Monthl% 9ariation tourist population

in the at the every

in

)loating o "lation reaches " to 2$,$$$ in ea% !o"rist season, i.e. in May. Minim"m floating o "lation in non I !o"rist season is :,$$$ !o"rist K day. nfrastructure 'rans(ortation 'ercentage of !o"rists "sing !a7is and 'rivate Eehicles is 9# J.8"e to increased Private Mode of 'rans(ort , !raffic congestion is seen in core area of !own.G&idesG of "n aved )orest roads which are made to be "sed by 1orses, are now "sed by !o"rist vehicles. It leads to c"tting of trees along the road and increase in oll"tion. 6n ins"fficient 'ar%ing area on !o"rist s ots and in <=8 leads to traffic congestion as vehicles are ar%ed along the roads. Physical nfrastructure 5ater Su((ly 2ater is s" lied to Mahabaleshwar town from Eenna >a%e and Flenogal 8am &eservoir. !otal ca acity of water wor%s L 1.8 mld !otal o "lation of the town in 2$$1 L 12,,/0 ersons n rainy season +6une to se(tem!er0 2ater is s" lied from the Eenna >a%e S" ly L 1#, 28, /2$ litres er day !herefore, su((ly 7 -/ l(cd

n tourist season !his season contin"es thro"gho"t the year e7ce t in the rainy months. S" ly from venna la%eL 1,, 9#, 8:$ litres er day glenogal la%eL /, /2, $$$ litres er day Ma7im"m !o"rist o "lation in !o"rist season L 2$, $$$ ersonsKday !otal water s" ly L 21, 2,, 8:$ litres !herefore, su((ly 7 8. l(cd In critical sit"ationD mmc has 2 tan%ers. Sewerage System 0$ J of the !otal 'o "lation of the !own is covered with Sewerage System. O"t of which, 0$J are O en 8rains and :$J are <overed 8rains. 1owever, Se tic !an%s are made com "lsory5 /$J of the ho"ses donAt have se tic tan%s. !here is no !reatment facility rovided. Sewage directly flows to downstream of the !own thro"gh <hinaman 2aterfall.

S)$ D 5AS'E D SP)SA$ Solid waste generated by the &esidents L 8,00$ %gKday M $.08 %g er ca ita Solid waste generated by the !o"rists L #,::$ %gKday

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*considering average to"rist o "lation of 8,$$$+ !otal solid waste generated L 1:,1$$ %gKday MM< has 4 2 tr"c%s, 2 tractors 3 2 mini tr"c%s <ollection timingsD , am 4 11 am with 2 tri s er day. >6.8)I>> SI!E D Organised collection is dis osed at G(arvi alaG village 8 %ms from the town. Maha!aleshwar Eco Sensitive #one Notification MI.IS!&H O) E.EI&O.ME.! 6.8 )O&ES!S .E2 8E>1I, 1,th 9an"ary, 2$$1 !he main 6im of notifying the Mahabaleshwar 'anchgani as an Eco sensitive region is to im ose restriction on ind"stries, o erations, rocesses and other develo mental activities in the region which have detrimental effect on the environment. !he following activities are Sensitive None. #onal Master Plan !he Master 'lan shall clearly indicate those limited areas where ind"stries may be ermitted. !he said Master 'lan shall clearly demarcate all the e7isting forests, green areas, hortic"lt"ral areas s"ch as strawberry farms, ras berry farms, orchards, tribal areas, and other environmentally sensitive areas. .o change of land "se from green "ses s"ch as hortic"lt"ral areas, agric"lt"re, ar%s and other li%e laces to non4green "ses shall be ermitted in the Master 'lan. !he Master 'lan shall indicate meas"res and lay down sti "lations for reg"lating traffic, es ecially thro"gh traffic in the Eco sensitive Cone. %ey ssues >and "se roblem arises d"e to change in land "se from residential to hotels and other infrastr"ct"re for to"rist. Eis"al oll"tion in terms of "na"thorised settlement, ha haCard growth is observed at to"rist oints which lead to vis"al oll"tion. Farbage d"m s are observed near to"rist oints which lead to environmental degradation. In some areas, waste is directly dis osed off in adBoining forest areas dist"rbing the nat"ral environment. Infrastr"ct"re overload d"e to increase in to"rist o "lation. !raffic congestion d"e to increase in to"rist maBor iss"e in core area of town. o "lation is the ro osed to be reg"lated in the Eco4

6s, E7isting 1otels can accommodate 1$,$8$ !o"rist a ro7. n"mber of !o"rist sho"ld be restricted. .o new hotels sho"ld be allowed in Mahabaleshwar M"nici al <o"ncil limit. S"itable locations in the &egion li%e 'rata garh )ort, 2ai shall be romoted as !o"rist 8estination.

Core Area of 'own 8"e to increased ress"re of o "lation, density in core has increased. ="ilding ht shall be restricted to 9 m *6s er 8< r"les+ .o more e7tension of floor shall be allowed in the e7isting b"ilding. !o decrease energy cons"m tion in the b"ilding, &eneweable energy so"rces sho"ld be romoted and S%ylights shall be "sed for nat"ral light and ventilation. Environmental Management Systems ntroduction 6n Environmental Management System *EMS+ is a systematic a roach for incor orating energy and environmental goals and riorities *s"ch as energy "se and reg"latory com liance+ into ro"tine o erations.

<"tting of trees d"e to "n recedented growth in city ris%s the general environment. 6ltho"gh town has heavy rainfall5 d"e to heavy to"rist inflow in s"mmer months, town faces immense roblem of water scarcity.

EMS Models
More than one model or conce t"al framewor% for an EMS e7ists. 'robably the most well %nown of EMS models is the ISO 1:$$1 international standard. Other models incl"de the followingD

G&EEN DE9E$)PMEN' F)& MA3A4A$ES35A& ')5N

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E"ro

ean Eco4Management and 6"dit Scheme onsible <are model develo ed by the 6merican

*EM6S+5
&es

<hemical <o"ncil *6<<+5

?S

!his Scheme envisages grant of Environmental Management Systems <ertification >icence to organiCations according to ISKISO 1:$$1, which is identical with ISO 1:$$1. 3)5 ') )4'A N CE&' F CA' )N OrganiCations interested in obtaining licence for Environmental Management Systems *EMS+ as er ISKISO 1:$$1 sho"ld ens"re that they are o erating the EMS according to this standard and ens"re its effectiveness by cond"cting minim"m one internal a"dit and one management review. !he organiCation sho"ld a ly on the rescribed roforma *)orm IE+ and a s" lementary @"estionnaire *)orm EII+ d"ly filled in along with the doc"mented Environmental Management System *s"ch as Environmental man"al, etc.+. !he a lication and @"estionnaire shall be s"bmitted in d" licate along with necessary a lication fee to 8y. 8irector Feneral *&egional Offices+ of the &egion in which the organiCation belongs. >icense holder may download renewal form from this web site. Features of S) ,://, ISO 1:$$1 is based on two conce ts one is contin"al im rovement 3 reg"latory com liance. It lays forth a best ractice for roactive management of the environmental im act of yo"r organiCation and may be combined with certification to other management system standards, e.g. ISO 9$$1 and O1S6S 18$$1. ISO 1:$$1 a"dits covers followingD 'olicy statement *commitment of to management to im rove environment+ 6ssessment of as ects 3 its im act on the environment *eval"ation of interaction with the environment that how m"ch we are damaging the environment++ >egal 3 other re@"irements *ens"ring com liance to the law of the land+ the

8e artment of 9"stice *8O9+ OSeven (ey .ational Enforcement Investigation <enter

<om liance 'rogram Elements5P and

E'6

*.EI<+ O<om liance )oc"sedP EMS. FEA'2&ES ISKISO 1:$$1 sho"ld be im lemented to demonstrate the organiCationGs ca ability for com lianceKconformity to the legislative and reg"latory re@"irements, rotection of the environment, revention of oll"tion and for contin"al im rovement in environmental erformance. !he standard enco"rages the organiCation to eriodically review and eval"ate its Environmental Management Systems *EMS+ in order to identify o ort"nities for im rovement and their im lementation. It is a system4 based standard that gives the organiCation a bl"e4 rint for managing its environmental im actsKiss"es. EMS rovides a str"ct"red rocess for the achievement of contin"al im rovement, the rate and e7tent of which will be determined by the organiCation in the light of socio4economic and other circ"mstances. Integration of environmental matters with the overall management system can contrib"te to the effective im lementation of the Environmental Management System. ISKISO 1:$$1 International OrganiCation for StandardiCation *ISO+ has "blished ISO 1:$$$ series of standards with a view to rovide organiCations worldover with a str"ct"re for managing environmental im acts of their activities, rod"cts and services and to have a "niform international Environmental Management Systems *EMS+for "se as environmental management tool, for achieving s"stainable develo ment, ISO 1:$$$ is an evolving series of generic standards which incl"de a broad range of environmental disci lines. ISO 1:$$$ series of standards addresses si7 distinct b"t related s"bBects li%e Environmental Management Systems *EMS+, Environmental 6"diting *E6+, Environmental 'erformance Eval"ation *E'E+, Environmental >abelling *E>+, >ife <ycle 6ssessment *><6+ and Environmental 6s ects in 'rod"ct Standards *E6'S+. !ogether, these standards rovide the necessary g"idance for im lementing an effective environmental management systems. =IS la"nched Environmental Management Systems *EMS+ <ertification as er ISKISO 1:$$1 Standard in the wa%e of increasing "blic awareness abo"t the environment which has become an im ortant factor in the decision ma%ing rocess of the organiCations. !hese standards are ado tion of and identical to the internationally acce ted ISO 1:$$1 Standard on Environmental Management Systems.

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8oc"mented obBectives 3 targets *contin"al im rovement+ &eso"rces, &ole, &es onsibility res onsible every one+ 3 6"thority *ma%ing

Some of these "sustainable management systems" areD S68$$$ 4 Social Management System5 and AcountAbility !!! "ra#ewor$ 6cco"ntability

<om etence, awareness 3 training *ens"res availability of right erson+ <omm"nication *with Internal 3 e7ternal interested arties+ 8oc"mentation, <ontrol of doc"ments 3 records *for ens"ring com liance+ O erational controls*established wor%ing conditions+ Emergency re aredness 3 res onse *chec% yo"r re aration if any harm to environment+ 'erformance meas"rement environmental arameters+ .onconformity, corrective 3 mechanism for im rovement+ 3 monitoring action *ens"ring * rovides

reventive

Management review *ens"ring organiCation system is com lied+

Com(lementary Systems and 'ools Frowing ind"strial and government interest in energy and environmental management has led to the develo ment of a n"mber of conce ts and tools that enable organiCations to "nderstand, eval"ate and manage the environmental im lications of their o erations, services and rod"cts. Some tools areD Freen roc"rement5 S"stainable comm"nity lanning5 >ife cycle management5 >ife cycle assessment5 and S"stainable design. In ractice, many of these tools can be a lied within Environmental Management Systems as well as e7isting @"ality, energy, or health and safety management systems s"ch asD ISO 9$$1, QS 9$$$5 6.SIKMSE 2$$$ 4 Management System for Energy5 and O1S6S 18$$1 I Occ" ational 1ealth and Safety 6ssessment Series. In addition several management systems are emerging that are more encom assing of m"lti le b"siness iss"es s"ch social, ethical, sta%eholder, acco"ntability and re orting erformance.