Selecting The Ideal Temperature Sensor: Microchip Technology Inc. Webseminar: August 25Th, 2004

Microchip Technology Inc.
WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004
Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor
2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor
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Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004
Agenda
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Why do we need temperature sensors? Temperature sensing technologies Silicon temperature sensors What is the ideal solution for your application?
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Why do we need Temperature Sensors?

Temperature Measurement:
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Extending IC MTBF (Arrhenius Equation) Processor Performance Optimization Fan speed control Temperature correction & display Power amplifier temperature compensation Display contrast control Photo diode temperature compensation Over-temperature shutdown Thermostat functionality Battery management
Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor 3
Temperature Compensation:
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Over-temperature Detection:
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The two market driving applications for temperature sensors have been PC motherboards and cellular phones. There are however numerous applications that require temperature sensing ranging from the temperature correction of a pressure sensor to the fan controlled cooling of an electronics enclosure. Any application that requires the detection of temperature in the standard -55 to +125C range of ICs is a good candidate for a silicon temperature sensor. Temperature sensors are also used in conjunction with a number of other sensors to provide temperature correction. For example, relative humidity and dew point is calculated by measuring the humidity with a humidity sensor and the measurement is then adjusted to account for the ambient temperature. Another example of a duel sensor system is a thermopile. A thermopile consists of a thermocouple and a thermistor. The thermopile consists of a infrared sensitive thermocouple and a thermistor that provides cold junction compensation.
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Temperature Sensing Technologies

Thermocouple Thermistor RTD
Cold Junction Comp.
Discrete Diode
Silicon IC Sensor Silicon Bandgap Sensor
There are advantages and disadvantages with each of the five common temperature sensors, including their interface circuits. The factors which determine which sensor fits a particular application include: Temperature range External signal conditioning circuitry Location of the interface electronics Required accuracy Design budget For example, thermocouples are the sensors typically used to measure engine temperatures of 1400F. On the other hand, platinum RTDs are the standard choice for precise measurements. If the application consists of monitoring the temperature on a PCB and controlling a fan, any of these five sensors could be used. The selection criteria for temperature sensors is driven not only by the attributes of the sensor, but also by the interface circuitry that is required. A transducer is defined as the sensor plus the signal conditioning circuitry. It is important to consider the system implications of the transducer when selecting the temperature sensor.
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Thermocouple
Advantages l Self Powered l 0C to 1500C l Remote Sensing l Robust Sensor Disadvantages l Non-Linear l Cold Junction Compensation l Small Output Voltage Applications l Stoves l Engines l Thermopiles
Cold Junction Comp.
The main advantage of thermocouples is that they operate over a very wide temperature range. Also, thermocouples are one of the few sensors rugged enough to survive a high temperature caustic environment such as an engine. Other advantages of thermocouples include their low cost and that they can be placed in parallel in an array or harness. A thermocouple harness provides an output that is equal to the average temperature of the individual thermocouple probes. Thermocouples can be wired in parallel because they typically fail as an open circuit. There are several disadvantages of thermocouples. The interface circuitry must provide cold junction compensation (CJC) and the location of the cold junction circuit becomes critical to obtaining an accurate measurement.
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Thermistor
(Thermally Sensitive Resistor)
Advantages l Inexpensive l Two Wire Measurement l Many Package Options Disadvantages l Non-Linear l Excitation Required l -50C to 150C l Accuracy Requires Calibration Applications l Battery Chargers l C.J. Compensation l Power Supplies
2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor 6
The main advantages of thermistors are that they are very inexpensive and available in a wide variety of packages ranging from surface mount to leaded beads. Thermistors are built with semiconductor materials and can have either a positive (PTC) or a negative (NTC) temperature coefficient. The main negative feature of thermistors is that the temperature range is relatively small and that an external circuit is needed to linearize and condition the signal. Furthermore, the low cost thermistors are usually not very accurate. For cost sensitive applications such as battery chargers, thermistors are an excellent choice. In this application, accuracy is not important because temperature is only monitored to detect an over heating shutdown condition. Furthermore, the thermistor is available in a package that can be mounted directly on a hot component such as a transformer.
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Thermistor Profile
10K Thermistor in series with 10K
Normalized Resistance ( )
Voltage Divider Circuit

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -50
VREF RLIN VOUT NTC

-25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Temperature (deg. C)
Thermistors are relatively non-linear, especially at cold and hot temperatures and in comparison with a RTD. Typically, thermistors must be calibrated in order to achieve a high accuracy comparable to RTD or silicon IC sensors. If the application requires high accuracy, either a RTD or a silicon sensor is usually a better design choice. RTDs are very linear and stable; therefore, they are the sensor of choice for high accuracy applications. RTDs will be discussed in more detail in future slides. The thermistors non-linearity problem can be partially solved by simply using a discrete resistor and a voltage divider circuit. Many thermistor datasheets suggest a linearization network that consists of placing discrete resistors in parallel and/or series with the sensor. The graph shows the effect of placing a resistor in series with the thermistor. The linear region is approximately 0 to 50C and this region is linear to 10-bits. The small slope of the resistance curve for temperatures below 0C and above 50C produces a lower temperature resolution in bits for the thermistor at the cold and hot conditions. An analog output silicon sensor is typically a better sensor to use if the application requires accuracy at low and high temperatures.
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RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)

Advantages l Very Accurate l Excellent Linearity l Many Packages l Wire Wound or Thin Film
2 Wire RTD
Disadvantages l Expensive l Excitation Required l Low Resistance l Size Applications l Sensor Temp. Correction l Industrial Instrumentation l Hot Wire Anemometers l Laboratory Quality Measurements
3 Wire RTD
RTDs are the standard sensor chosen for precision sensing applications. RTDs can be built using platinum, nickel or copper temperature sensitive resistive metals. Platinum (PRTD) is the temperature sensing metal that is used in most RTDs. The accuracy of the temperature coefficient is controlled by the purity of the resistive material, while the magnitude of the resistance is a function of the length of the wire. Two types of RTDs are available, thin film and wire wound. Thin film RTDs are manufactured with a semiconductor deposition process and offer the advantage of producing sensors housed in small packages. Wire wound RTDs are typically built by wrapping a wire around a ceramic bobbin and then covering the bobbin with a metal sheath. The thermal time constant of RTDs are a function of the thickness of the metal sheath material of the probe. Hot wire anemometers, which are used as flow sensors, achieve a response time of a few milliseconds by essentially placing a thin bare wire in the flow path.
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Discrete Diode
Advantages l Inexpensive l Fairly Linear l -2.2 mV / C l Many Package Options Disadvantages l -55C to 125C l Excitation Required l Device Variation l Need Current Ratio Circuit for Accuracy Applications l Fan Control l Cold Junction Comp. l PCB Temp. Measurement
Discrete diode sensors are limited to very low cost, low accuracy applications. In addition, these sensors have the same limited temperature range as silicon sensors. The current to voltage relationship of a diode can be used to develop an equation where voltage is proportional to temperature. The large variation in the threshold conduction from diode to diode (i.e. knee of the I versus V curve) limits the accuracy of these sensors. The accuracy of diode sensors will be relatively poor unless a current ratioing method is implemented. Discrete diode sensors were popular in the early 1970s; however, these sensors are being replaced by analog output and remote diode silicon IC sensors in most applications. The popularity of silicon IC sensors is increasing, especially with the development of low cost CMOS silicon sensors with on-chip signal conditioning circuits.
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Silicon IC Sensor
Advantages l Easy System Integration l Save PCB Space l Minimize Design Time l Low Power Consumption Disadvantages l -55C to 125C l Thermal Response Time l Limited Package Options l Vicinity Temp. Sensor Applications l Power Supply l Computer l Cellular l PCB Temperature Measurement
The main advantage of silicon sensors is that the output can be directly interfaced to a processor. No linearization or external components are required. Although these sensors are more expensive than thermistors and discrete diodes, they are easy to integrate into the electronics, reduce the system component count and minimize the required design time. The main disadvantage of silicon sensors is that they are non-contact sensors. They are available in a wide variety of standard IC packages and typically measure the temperature of the ambient temperature inside an electronics enclosure. The first silicon IC temperature sensors were developed in the 1970s and produce an output voltage or current that is proportional to temperature. These sensors offer many advantages, including the integration of the sensor and the signal conditioning circuitry in a small IC package. CMOS IC processes provide the digital features that make IC sensors an attractive sensor technology for a wide range of applications. CMOS technology has enabled the integration of the temperature sensor, ADC and temperature detection logic on a single chip that is connected to the processor through a serial data bus.
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Output Options
Analog Sensor Serial
Fan
VOLTS
Logic
t1
OFF ON
PWM
t2
Temp .
t t
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Silicon temperature sensors can be classified by their output signal into four main categories of sensors. Analog sensors were the first silicon systems to be developed and their output is a voltage that is proportional to temperature in the form of a straight line where y = mx + b. Note the first analog sensors developed in the 1970s had a current output. Serial output or digital sensors were developed to take advantage of the high integration and low cost features of CMOS IC processes. Serial output sensors are typically used in microcontroller systems. These sensors measure temperature and communicate with the processor with a standard data protocol such as SPI or SMBus. Logic output sensors are identical to analog output sensors except that the output is driven by a comparator. Logic output sensors are often used as thermostats where the temperature trip point is programmed by the selection of external resistors. PWM output sensors provide an output where the duty cycle of a digital waveform is proportional to temperature. These sensors typically have a constant frequency and high duty time; however, it is necessary to calculate the ratio of the logic high time (t 1) divided by the logic low time (t 2) in order to maximize the accuracy.
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Analog Temperature Sensor

Advantages l Linear Output l Save PCB Space l Minimize Design Time l Low Power Applications l Power Supplies l Consumer Electronics l Automotive l PCB Temp Measurement
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The main advantage of analog temperature sensors is that the output can be directly interfaced to an ADC input. No linearization or external components are required. Although these sensors are more expensive than thermistors and discrete diodes for low-accuracy applications, they are easy to integrate into the electronics, reduce the system component count, minimize the required design time and reduce power consumption.
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Typical Application Analog Temperature Sensor
R SWITCH R OUT C FILTER
Sample Hold C SAMPLE
Analog Temperature Sensor
ADC Input Stage
R +R C 0.1 T SWITCH SAMPLE SAMPLE OUT

The output of an Analog Output sensor is typically measured with either a discrete or a microcontrollers internal ADC. A simplified schematic of the ADC system is shown in this slide. The temperature sensors output pin is driven by an op-amp that has an output impedance (ROUT) typically between 100 to 600 (the output impedance of the TC1047A is less than 1 ohm because of an onboard operational amplifier that functions as a voltage buffer). The input of a ADC consists of a simple sample and hold circuit. A switch is used to connect the signal source with a sampling capacitor and the ADC measures the CSAMPLE capacitor's voltage in order to determine the temperature. The ROUT and RSWITCH resistances and the CSAMPLE capacitor form a time constant that must be less than the sampling rate (TSAMPLE) of the ADC as shown. An external capacitor in the range of 1 to 100nF sometimes is added to the output pin to provide additional filtering and to form an anti-aliasing filter for the ADC. Note that this capacitor may impact the time response of the the sensor. The user must allow time for the capacitor to charge sufficiently between ADC conversions. Also, the sensor amplifier may oscillate if the filter capacitor is too large.
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Logic-Output Temp Sensor

Advantages l Logic Output l Save PCB Space l Minimize Design Time l Low Power Applications l Power Supplies l Fan Control (on/off) l Motor Drives l RF Power Amplifiers
Hysteresis Temperature Output Voltage

Logic-output temperature sensors are the ideal solution for over- or under-temperature detection. Again, the output can be directly interfaced to a processor and no external components are required. The output is typically not latched; thus, the switch will turn-off when the temperature falls below the temperature setpoint. Note it is necessary to have hysteresis so the switch does not chatter when crossing the temperature setpoint.
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Typical Application Logic-Output Temperature Sensor

+5V
Vcc TOVER
+12V VDD OUT TSET OUT GND
RSET
FAN
TC6501
GND GND HYST
TC622
Over-Temp. Light
Fan on/off Control
Over-temperature Indication
15
Logic output sensors are sometimes referred to as temperature switches, because they typically function as a thermostat to notify the system that a maximum or minimum temperature limit has been detected. The features of logic output sensors include: Logic Level Output Notifies System when Temperature is Above (or Below) a Preset Value Either Factory or User-Programmable Temperature Settings Available in a Variety of Output Configurations This slide shows two typical application for logic output sensors. These sensors are often used as switches to turn-on either a fan or a warning light when a high temperature condition is detected.
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Serial-Output Temp Sensor

Advantages l Direct Communication l Save PCB Space l Minimize Design Time l Low Power
VDD IC (N-1) x IC
Applications l Computers l Set-top Boxes l Office Equipment l Wireless Handsets
TC77
13-Bit ADC
Registers
VB E GND
SPI Serial Bus Interface CS SI/O SCK
Control Logic
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The main advantage of a digital silicon sensor is that the output can be directly interfaced to a processor. Temperature is converted to a digital word. You can also see the block diagram of the TC77 serial output sensor, which integrates the temperature sensor, ADC and digital registers on a single chip. Communication with the processor is accomplished through the SPI serial bus. The SPI bus uses SCK, SI/O and CS pins to transmit and receive data. Temperature is measured by monitoring the voltage of a diode with a 13-bit ADC. The temperature data is stored in the Temperature Register. If a Temperature Register read operation occurs while an ADC conversion is in progress, the previous completed conversion will be outputted. The Configuration Register is used to select either the continuous temperature conversion or shut-down operating modes. A shutdown mode is also available to disable the temperature conversion circuitry thereby minimizing the power consumption; however, the serial I/O communication port remains active.
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V+
Typical Application Serial-Output Temperature Sensor

V+ V+
GP2/INT SDA SCL SDA SDA INT INT SCL SCL TCN75 V+ TCN75 A0 A0 A1 A1 A2 A2 Sensor #0 CPU
PIC MCU
System Controller
SDA INT SCL V+ TCN75 A0 A1 A2 Sensor #7 Disk Drive

17
Sensor #1 Power Supply

This slide shows the TCN75 being used in an application where temperature is sensed in many locations across a printed circuit board or from board to board. Communication between the TCN75 and the MCU is accomplished via a two-wire bus that is compatible with industry standard protocols. This permits reading the current temperature, programming the set point and hysteresis, and configuring the device. The INT output is programmable as either a simple comparator for thermostat operation or as a temperature event interrupt. This output notifies the host controller when ambient temperature exceeds a user programmed set point.
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Summary
Thermocouple No Excitation Req. 40 V/C (Type K) 0C to 1500C Thermistor Current or Voltage Excitation R @ 25C 10k (typical) Temp. Coef. @ 25C = -4.4% /C -20C to 150C
Cold Junction Comp.
RTD Current or Voltage Excitation 0.00385 / /C (Pt) -200C to 600C Discrete Diode Current Excitation -2.2mV/C -55C to 150C Silicon Bandgap Sensor Silicon IC Sensor Internal Bandgap Sensor Analog, Logic, Serial Out -55C to 125C
18
There are advantages and disadvantages with each of the five common temperature sensors, including their interface circuits. The factors which determine which sensor fits a particular application include: Temperature range External signal conditioning circuitry Location of the interface electronics Required accuracy Design budget For example, thermocouples are the sensors typically used to measure engine temperatures of 1400F. On the other hand, platinum RTDs are the standard choice for precise measurements. If the application consists of monitoring the temperature on a PCB and controlling a fan, the silicon temperature sensor is a more appropriate solution.. The selection criteria for temperature sensors is driven not only by the attributes of the sensor, but also by the interface circuitry that is required. A transducer is defined as the sensor plus the signal conditioning circuitry. It is important to consider the system implications of the transducer when selecting the temperature sensor. Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor Page 18
Practical Considerations
Define your needs
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What temperature range is needed? What accuracy is required? Are there any size limitations? Does the design have power constraints? What is the target cost? Choose your sensor Design your analog front end Design your measurement system
Design your system

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More Information
Temperature Sensing Publications High-Accuracy CMOS Smart Temperature Sensors, Bakker, A. and Huijsing, J, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Boston, 2000. Sensors Magazine (www.sensorsmag.com) Serial I/O Standards SMBus web site (www.smbus.org) SPI web site (Motorola Web site) Grounding / Shielding and Noise Reduction Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Henry Ott, John Wiley, N.Y., 1998.
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Here are some resources for additional temperature sensor related information.
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For More Information

Microchips Web site (www.microchip.com)
AN512 - Implementing Ohmmeter/Temperature Sensor
AN679 - Temperature Sensing Technologies AN684 - Single Supply Temperature Sensing with Thermocouples AN871 - Temperature Sensing with the TC77 AN895 - RTD Oscillator Circuits AN897 - Thermistor Sensing with a PGA AN938 - Interfacing the TC1047A Analog Output Temperature Sensor to a PIC device TB050 - Monitoring Multiple Temperature Nodes Using TC74 Thermal Sensors and a PIC16C505 TB052 - Multi-zone Temperature Monitoring with the TCN75
Our web site offers a lot of information about temperature sensor products and designs. Here is a list of some of the available application notes and technical briefs.
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Microchips Temperature Sensor ICs

Analog Output l TC1046: VOUT = 6.25mV/C l TC1047A: V OUT = 10mV/C Logic output l TC620/621/623: Dual Trip Point l TC622/624: Single Trip Point l TC6501/2/3/4: SOT-23, Selectable Hysteresis
Serial Output l TC74: SOT-23, 2-Wire Digital Sensor l TCN75: Multi-drop, 2-Wire Digital Sensor l TC72: 3x3 DFN-8, 10-Bit SPI Digital Sensor l TC77: SOT-23, 1C, 13-Bit SPI Digital Sensor
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This slide shows Microchip Technologys temperature sensor families as well as some of the key product characteristics. More information (datasheets, application notes, design guides, etc.) can be found on our web site: www.microchip.com
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Thank You!
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Thank you for attending this presentation. Good luck with your temperature measurements.
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Microchip Technology Inc.

WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Why do we need Temperature Sensors?

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Temperature Sensing Technologies

Cold Junction Comp.

Silicon IC Sensor Silicon Bandgap Sensor

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Cold Junction Comp.

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Voltage Divider Circuit

VREF RLIN VOUT NTC

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Analog Temperature Sensor

2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Select the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor

Microchip Technology Inc. WebSeminar: August 25th, 2004

Typical Application Analog Temperature Sensor

R SWITCH R OUT C FILTER

Sample Hold C SAMPLE

Analog Temperature Sensor

ADC Input Stage

R +R C 0.1 T SWITCH SAMPLE SAMPLE OUT

Selecting the Ideal Temperature Sensor