Integral Calculus Finals Reviewer
Integral Calculus Finals Reviewer
Integral Calculus Finals Reviewer
lnxdx
*First, determine u and dv. Yung dv, dapat laging kasama yung dx sa formula. For u, an easier way to find that is by using the code LIPET: Logarithm, Inverse, Polynomial, Exponential, Trigonometric. Kumbaga parang yan yung hierarchy ng pagpipilian mo kung ano yung gagawin mong u. Logarithm being the highest and Trigonometric the lowest u = lnx dv = dx dx du = x v=x *substitute these values sa formula na udv = uv vdu
nd
4. sec xdx
3
= sec xsecxdx
2
u = secx du = secxtanxdx
dv = sec2xdx v = tanx
2
lnxdx = xlnx x
= xlnx x + c 2. x lnxdx
2
dx x
5. e cos2xdx
x
u = ex du = e dx dv = x dx x3 v= 3
2 x
dv = cos2xdx 1 v = 2 sin2x
u = lnx dx du = x
1 x 1 x = 2 e sin2x 2 e sin2xdx
u = ex du = e dx
x
dv = sin2xdx 1 v = 2 cos2x
u = x3 du = 3x2dx
dv = exdx v = ex
= x e 3 * x e 2 xe dx ]
3 x 2 x
u=x du = dx
3 x 2 x x x
dv = exdx v = ex
= (x + 2xsinx + sin x)dx 3 x 2 = 3 + 2xsinxdx + sin xdx 3 x 1 = 3 + 2xsinxdx + 2 (1 cos2x)dx 3 x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 2 sin2x + 2xsinxdx 3 x 1 1 = 3 + 2 x 4 sin2x+ 2xsinxdx
2 2
= x e 3x e + 6[ xe e dx ] 3 x 2 x x x = x e 3x e + 6xe 6e + c
u=x du = dx
dv = sinxdx v = cosx
7.
t dt 2 1 + 3t =
t1+t dt 3t
u = t2 du = 2tdt
1 2 2 2 2 = 3 t 1 + 3t 3 1 + 3t tdt
u = 1 + 3t2 du = 6tdt
1 u = Sec-1x du = dx x2 1 x dx x2 1 x 1 x2 x2 dx x2 1 x2 1
dv = dx
v=x
= u = Csc-1x dx du = x x2 1 dv = xdx x2 v= 2
1 2 -1 1 2 dx = 2 x Csc x + 2 x 2 x x 1 1 2 -1 1 = 2 x Csc x + 2
xdx 2 x 1
=1 1 2 xx 1x dx = 1 x2
-11 = xSec x +
use undu
ln3xdx
u = ln3x 3ln2xdx du = x dv = dx v=x
= xln x 3
3
x ln xxdx
2
= xln x 3 ln xdx
u = ln2x 2lnxdx du = x dv = dx v=x
x back sa mga y
2 1/3 2 2 1/3
du = 2xdx
2 1/3
= xln x 3 [xln x 2 x
3 3 2 2
lnxdx x
dx 3 2 = xln x 3xln x + 6 *xlnx x x ] = xln x 3xln x + 6 *xlnx dx] 3 2 = xln x 3xln x + 6xlnx 6x + c
3 2
13.
c. sinxcosx recall the identity sin2x = 2sinxcosx. Just transpose 2 to the other 1 side. So youll get 2 sin2x = sinxcosx
use undu
=8
u = sin2x du = 2sinxcosxdx
dv = sinxdx v = cosxdx
=4
where: = 2 , if both m and n are EVEN = 1, if other wise *yung 2 or 1, ibig sabihin yung subtraction blah, yung value nun diba paliit nang paliit. Basta until maging 2 OR 1 ka magsstop.
4
*use Wallis formula [(4-1)(4-3)][(6-1)(6-3)(6-5)] = 4 (6+4)(6+4-2)(10-4)(10-6)(10-8) 2 (31)(531) = 4 108642 2 3 = 27 II. Substitution Methods A. Substitution of Functions 1. x 1 + x dx
u=1+x x=u1 dx = du *substitute all xs with us
1.
7/2
sin 2x
4
7/2
= (u 1)u du
1/2
*okay so isa-isahin natin yung mga chuchu sa denominator: a. tan42x sinx sin42x recall sa identities na tanx = cosx . Kaya naging tan42x= cos42x yay 1 b. csc24x sin24x 1 recall the trigonometric transformation formula sinxcosx = 2 sin2x. So ang main agenda mo is to get sin24x 1 sinxcosx = 2 sin2x
*i-double mo yung angle ng right side. so pag dinouble mo yung angle sa right side, double the angle sa left as well
= (u u )du 2 5/2 2 3/2 =5u 3u +c 5/2 3/2 6u 10u = +c 15 2 3/2 = 15 u (3u 5) + c 2 3/2 = 15 (1 + x) [3(1 + x) 5] + c 2 3/2 = 15 (1 + x) (3x 2) + c
3/2 1/2
1 sin2xcos2x = 2 sin4x
*square both sides
1 *transpose 4
B. Algebraic Substitution 1. x 1 + x dx
u= 1+x u2 = 1 + x x = u2 1 dx = 2udu
1 =2
(u - ua )du
3 -1 2 -2
= 2(u 1) u udu
2
= 2u (u 1)du
2 2
1 -2(x + a ) + a = 2 2(x2 + a2)2 + c 1 2 2 2 = 4(x2 + a2)2 [a 2(x + a )] + c 1 2 2 = 4(x2 + a2)2 (2x + a ) + c y +3 x xdx 3. (3 - 2y)2/3 dy (x2 + a2)3
u = 3 2y 2y = 3 u 2dy = du
2.
3 3 2 2
dy 1/3 y - y dy
u = y1/3 u3 = y 3u2du = dy
1 =2 1 -2/3 = 4 (9 u)u du 1 -2/3 1/3 = 4 (9u u )du 1/3 4/3 1 3 9u 3u =4 1 4 +c 3 1/3 = 16 u (36 u) + c 3 1/3 = 16 (3 2y) (2y + 33) + c
3-u+6 2 2/3 du u
u du = 3u(u - 1) udu = 3 u - 1
u du = 3 u3 - u
2 2 2
3 3 2 2
u du =3 1+u 1 = 3u - 1 + u + 1 du
*divide u2 by 1 + u
u = 3 2 + u + ln(u + 1) 1 3 = 32 + ln2
1 2
4.
ln2 0
e dx e e dx x x 1+e 1+e
u = 1 + ex u2 = 1 + ex ex = u2 1 2udu = exdx
2x
=2
1)udu (u - u
2
1 2 1/2 = 2 1 (1 y) = 9 1 - 25
3/5 4/5
0 2
ln2 3
3 2
16 1 1 - 25 = 5
u = 2 3 - u
3.
1 2 2 = 33 (3 3 - 2 2 ) - ( 3 - 2 ) = 3
dx x 2x -x dy = 25y - 1
2 2
C. Reciprocal Substitution *use this when you see equations like this: dx 1 dy and substitute x = y & dx = y2 x ax + bx + c
2
u = 5y du = 5dy 1 5
a=1
du u2 - a2
1 5+ = 5 ln
25 - x x
+c
1.
x
=
1
y
dx 2 2x - x dy 2 y 2 1 2 y -y dy 2 y
1 dy *substitute x = y & dx = y2
D. Trigonometric Substitution
If you see this combination:
a u a +u u a
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2y - 1 2 y y dy 2 y = 1 2 y 2y -1
2ax - x
2ax + x
2
x - 2ax
dy 2y - 1
-1/2
1.
u du -a
2
u = asec du = atansecd
2 x -1+c dx 2 x x -1 dy 2 y
2 2
2.
1
y
1 2 y -1
*going back to u = aseci-draw mo sa right triangle hyp *so diba csc, which is opp so magiging = a u2 - a2 u u2 - a2 . and cot
E. Half-Angle Substitution *use this when you see trigo functions 1 z = tan2 (nx) 2z tan(nx) = 1 - z2 1-z cos(nx) = 1 + z2 1. dx 1 + sinx + cosx =
2dz 1 + z2 2z 1 - z2 1 +1 + z2 + 1 + z2 2dz 1 + z2 1 + z2 + 2z + 1 - z2 1 + z2 n=1
2
1 2dz dx = n 1 + z2 2z sin(nx) = 1 + z2
1 = a ln
1 = a ln
u a 2 2 2 2 u -a u -a u-a 2 2 +c u -a
+c
*i-square yung fraction para mawala yung square root at may ma-cancel hihi
2 2
4 - x dx (2) - (x) dx
2 2
= x
dz 22dz + 2z = 1 + z
= (2sin)
2
4 - (2sin) 2cosd
2
= 8 sin 2
2 2 2
1 - sin cosd
2
2.
= ln (1 + z) + c 1 = ln (1 + tan2 x) + c /2 dx 3 + cos2x 0 =
n=2
= 16 sin cos cosd = 16 sin cos d *change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x = 2sin
x u 0 0
2 2
1 2dz 2 1 + z2 1 - z2 3 + 1 + z2
2 2
2 2
= 16
/2 0
sin cos d
du a2 + u 2
= =
1 2 2 1
Tan Tan
-1
z 2
/2 0
1 tan2 (nx) -1
2ax - x dx
2
x = 2asin dx = 4asincosd
2 2 2 1 tanx -1 = Tan 2 2 2
]
0
/2 0
/2
= 3. =
= 4a4a = 16a
3
sin4
Tan 2 2
1
/2 0
tan2 -1 2
- Tan
-1tan0
= 4 2
sin4 4a2sin2(1 - sin2) sincosd 3 4 2 = 16a sin 2asin cos sincosd 4 6 2 = 32a sin cos d
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x =
2asin2
4
dx 12 + 13cosx
2dz 1 + z2 1 - z2 12 + 13 1 + z2
2 2
/2
z = 5sin, dz = 5cosd
2.
c(x + 4)(x + 3) x
2 = 5 ln
z 1+5 25 - z 5
2
2 = 5 ln
5+z 2 25 - z
1.
C D A B x(x(x- 2)dx + 3) = x + x + x + 3 + (x + 3) dx
2 2 2 2
*square and get the square root of the fraction. Squinare and kinuha yung sqrt para parang walang damage na nangyari. It was as if you raised the fraction to the first power. Pero diba pag may exponent yung base ng ln, pwede mo siyang i-lagay and imultiply 2 with 5 .
B D = Alnx + x + Cln(x + 3) + x + 3 + E
Equating Coefficients: x 2 = Ax(x + 3)2 + B(x + 3)2 + Cx2(x + 3) + Dx2 x 2 = A(x3 + 6x2 + 9x) + B(x2 + 6x + 9) + C(x3 + 3x2) + Dx2 x3: 0 = A + C x2: 0 = 6A + B + 3C + D x: 1 = 9A + 6B c: -2 = 9B 7 2 7 5 A = 27 , B = 9 , C = 27 , D = 9
2 5+z ^ 21 = 5 ln 2 2
25 - z
2 1 (5 + z)(5 + z) = 5 2 ln (5 + z)(5 - z)
1 *change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa z = tan2 x
1 0
1 3 = 5 ln 2
2x + 4 dx = A x2 + 4x + 5 dx + B x2 + 4x + 5 du *dun sa A, u .
dx 2 = Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B x2 + 4x + 4 + (5 - 4)
2
u2 + a2
du
= Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B Tan (x + 2) + c
Equating Coefficients: x + 2 = A(2x + 4) + B 1 x: 1 = 2A A = 2 1 c: 2 =4(2 ) + B B = 0
1 2 = 2 ln(x + 4x + 5) + c
*remember yung exponent pwede itanspose transpose. Well do it sa 3ln(x 2) to magiging ln(x 2)3
B. Horizontal Element A=
Ay = Ax =
ANALYSIS OF POLAR CURVES I. Symmetry ox: F(r,) = F(r , -) F(-r, - ) F(r , - ) F(-r , - ) F(-r , ) F(r, + )
a=1 dx = sec d
x+2 tan = 1 *draw this
Bianca
II. Intersection w/ the pole set r = 0 and solve for i III. Intersection with axes 0 90 180 270 360
r IV. Critical Points dr set d = 0 and solve for C V. Divisions use i & C VI. Additional Points SOME COMMON POLAR POLES A. Limacons : r = a bsin or r = a bcos a 0<|b|<1 a 0<|b|=1 a 1<|b|<2 a |b |2 B. Rose Curves r = asin(n) r = acos(n) with a loop cardioid with a dent convex
F 1 = 2 * + 2 sin2]
1 *recall that 2 sin2 = sincos. According to the drawing of the triangle, sin = x+2
2
x + 4x + 5 x + 4x + 5 x+2 1 multiply them to get x2 + 4x + 5 . So yun yung value ng 2 sin2. *as for , recall that x + 2 = tan. So = Tan-1(x + 2). *so the final equation is:
and cos =
1
2
. So
Ax = Ay =
1.
r = 2 2sin (cardioid) Intersection with the pole: r = 2 2sin 0 = 2 2sin 2sin = 2 -1 = sin (1) =2
Intersection with the axes: Compute for the Area: r 0 2 90 0 180 2 270 4 360 2 1 A=2
r2d
Critical Points: dr d = -2cos 0 = -2cos = cos (0) 3 =2, 2 Plot the points on the graph and draw the heart: 1. r = 2 when the angles nasa 0. So plot the first point sa (2,0)
-1
*isang half lang yung area na kukunin mo. Eh since sobrang carbon copy yung other half of the heart, multiply the Area by 2.
1 A=22
/2 -/2
(2 2sin) d
2
1 1 A = 4 2cos + 2 - 2 sin2
3 1 A = 42 - 2cos - 4 sin2
] -/2 = 6
/2
2.
3. r = 2 at 180. Ilagay mo yung point 2 units TOWARDS 180. Kumbaga sa side ng 180 yung 2.
r = 3sin2 Intersection with the pole: r = 3sin2 0 = 3sin2 0 = sin2 -1 2 = sin (0) 2 = 0, , 2, 3, etc. 3 = 0, 2 , , 2 , etc. Critical Points: dr d = 6sin2 = 0 0 = sin2 -1 2 = sin (0) 3 5 7 2 = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 3 5 7 =4, 4 , 4 , 4 Intersection with axes & Critical Points:
r 0 0 45 3 90 0 135 -3 180 0 225 3 270 0 315 -3 360 0
2.
V=
r dh
Vx = XCdv Vy = YCdv CONDITIONS: 1. element must be parallel to the axis 2. r must be parallel to the axis 3. the axis should be a boundary
XRIGHT: y = x x = y
XLEFT: y = x x = y r=y +1
2
V=
(R r )dh
2 2 2
V = (( y + 1) (y + 1) 1. Find V, x, y of the solid generated by rendering the 3 region bounded by y = 1 x , ox and oy about ox. V = r dx
2
) dx
2
V = (y + 2y
2
1/2
+ 1 y 2y 1)dx y 2y - 5 - 3 - y
5 3
y 4y V = 2 + 3
2
3/2
1 0
29 = 30
V = (ya yb) dx V = (1 x 0) dx
3 2
V = 2
xydx
(1 2x + x )d
1 0
9 = 14
V = 2
xydy
V=
(R r )dh 1. Find V if the area bounded by y = 1 x , ox and oy is revolved about ox. y=1x x =1yx=
1
3 3 3
1.
1-y
V = 2
(2x) = x 4x x = 0 x (4 x) = 0 x =0 x = 0, then y = 0
4
2 2
V = 2 (1 - y) ydy
*use algebraic substitution & change limits u = (1 y)1/3 y = 1 u3 dy = 3u2du
0
4x=0 x = 4, then y = 8
u3 = 1 y
V=
(R r )dh
2 3/2 2
u(1 u ) 3u du
V = 6
u (1 u ) du
3 6
4x x V= 3 - 4
4 0
64 = 3
V = 6 (u u ) du u u V = 6 4 7
4 7
1 0
9 = 14
LENGTH OF ARC
S = 2a 2 + 2cos d S = 2 2 a 1 + cos d *lets focus on 1 + cos. Recall that: 1 2 cos = 2 (1 + cos2) 2cos = 1 + cos2
2 2cos 2 = 1 + cos 2
1.
S = 2 2 a
2 2cos 2 d
S = 2 2 2 acos2 d
1 + cosx
2
sinx
)
]
dx =
1 +tan x dx
S = 4a(2)sin2 SA = 2ydS
S = sec x dx = = secxdx
/4 0
S = ln(secx + tanx) 2.
= ln(1 +
SA = 2xdS 1.
Find the length of the curve x = 2(2t + 3) , y = 3(t + 1) from t = 0 to t = 1. dx 1/2 3 dt = 22 (2t + 3) (2) = 6 2t + 3 dy dt = 6(t + 1) S= (6 2t + 3 ) + (6(t + 1)) dt
2 2 2
Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by 3 revolving y = x between x = 0 and x = a about ox. SA = 2ydS SA = 2x SA = 2x
3
1 + dx
4
( )
dy
dx
n
1 + 9x dx u du
4
S = 36(2t + 3) + 36(t + 1) dt S = 6 2t + 3 + t + 2t + 1 dt
2
u = 1 + 9x
du = 36x du
a 0
S = 6 (t + 1) dt
2
S = 6 (t + 1)dt S = 3(t + 1) 3.
2
1 0
= 15
Find the total arc length of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos). dr d = a(sin) S = 2 (a(1 + cos)) + (asin)
2 2
S =2
a (1 + cos) + a sin
2 2
1.
Find the volume if area bounded by y = x and y = x is revolved about x = -1. A = (ya yb)dx A = (x
1/2
x )dx
3
2 3/2 x A=3x 3
1 0
1 =3
Ax = Ax = Ax =
2 5/2 x Ax =5x 4 1 3 x = 20 3 9 x = 20
1 0
1 9 29 V = 2Ad = 23 20 + 1 = 30
* may + 1 kasi yung yung axis nasa x = -1.