An overview of my learning at an internship programme with Halliburton Offshore Services Inc, Mumbai (May July, 2011 for 7 weeks)

Sidharth Shankar M.Sc.- Applied Geology (2010-12) IIT Kharagpur

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Submitted to:Mr Jigmie Gyamtso Mr Shariq Abbasi

INDEX
Acknowledgment Executive Summary Introduction Product & Service Lines Drill Bits Baroids Boots & Coots Well Completion Production Enhancement Well testing and Subsea Wireline and Perforation Cementing Sperry Drilling Services 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 2 3 4

Basics of Tool Physics DGR ALD EWR Phase 4 AcoustiCaliper 10 11 13 15

Interpretation Analysis of triple combo log 17 19

Conclusion

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost I am grateful to Mr. Jishnu Sharma, Mr. Jigmie Gyamtso and Mr. Arvind Sharmaa for providing me the opportunity to undertake the summer internship in Halliburton Offshore Services Inc Mumbai. I am indebted to Mr Jigmie Gyamtso and Mr Shariq Irfan Abbasi for being my mentor and guiding me throughout the internship. I would like to especially acknowledge Mr Shariq Abbasi for teaching me the tool physics and interpretation part personally despite his busy schedule. I would also like to extend my gratitude to all the different PSL members for their presentations and in addressing all my queries. I am also appreciative of Mr. Jayakumar, Mr. Bupinder Saini, Mr Kiran Vukkadala, Mr. Jignesh Mehta, Mr. Savio Dsouza and Mr. Arup Barma for their guidance and their support. Last but not the least, I am thankful to all the members of the Halliburton Mumbai family and entire fellow interns for providing me will constant inputs and feedbacks throughout the period.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Oil field service companies are integral part of hydrocarbon exploration industry. With the impoverishment of easy hydrocarbon plays in the lithosphere the need of technological advancement for the extraction of more complex oil and gas was never so high. These service companies provide the oil companies, be the major Integrated Oil Companies (IOCs) or the National Oil Companies (NOCs) with their tools and services in almost all their upstream ventures and to an extent even in their midstream and downstream endeavours. The technological advancement of the service companies has a direct impact on precise location of hydrocarbon, accurate appraisal, ease of extraction, cut down in clients time and money and most importantly on the health and safety of the personnel and facilities. The abstract contains a brief overview of all the product and service lines of Halliburton, condensed theory behind some of the LWD tools and a synopsis of interpretation for the triple combo log of a well.

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INTRODUCTION
The content of this document is a brief outline of my learning in seven weeks at Halliburton Offshore Services, Mumbai. The internship started with presentations from all the Product & Service Lines (PSLs) providing basic idea on their services and their facilities. The presentations helped me getting a comprehensive but at the same time revealing picture of an oil field service company. In the later part of my internship I was assigned with Sperry Drilling Services where I had the opportunity to learn the physics behind the LWD tools of Halliburton. The tools included DGR, EWR Phase4, ALD, CTN and AcoustiCaliper. Lastly I was also provided with a chance to learn some petrophysical interpretation from the logs. I learned about the well information of the log, their Quality Control, the response of the sensors and the interpretation of these responses. Based on these responses I got to know how to calculate the water saturation by Archies formula, porosity and shale volume. Apart from these I was provided the opportunity to visit the state- of- art Halliburton Technology Centre at Pune. The facility houses the RnD centre for Baroids, Cementing and Sperry Drilling. Trip to Taloja workshop helped me in familiarizing with the real tools used in the operations. I also had the chance to visit the Landmark road show organized for the client companies and got an overview of the way a technical presentation and the interactive session with the clients are handled. The internship duration was for 7 weeks i.e. 9th May 2011 to 5th June 2011 and 14th June 2011 to 5th July 2011.

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PRODUCT & SERVICE LINES

Drill Bits
Fixed Cutter Bits
Matrix Body Bit (Tungsten Carbide) Steel Body Bit (High Alloy Steel)

Roller Cone Bits

Milled Tooth Type Bits

Insert Tooth Type Bits

Force Balancing & Energy Balancing X3 Cutter Technology - (TMI) Thermal Mechanical Integrity Refined Blade Geometry Hydraulic Optimization Design at the Customer Interface (DatCISM)

QuadPack Plus is a new roller cone product line that incorporates all the proven product features on a newly designed arm profile that provides enhanced hydraulic performance.

Baroids Industrial Drilling Products, a Product Service Line of Halliburton, is a worldwide network of
sales and service engineers, laboratory scientists, and support personnel dedicated to servicing all facets of the industrial drilling industries. It supplies a comprehensive line of drilling, grouting, plugging, abandonment, and well rehabilitation and development products specifically engineered to optimize performance and end-user costs.

Mud Type Gases (Air, Gas, N2) Clean Fluids (Water, Brine, Oil) Mud (Slurries)

Mud (Slurries) Water Based Mud Invert Emulsions (Oil Based Mud, Petrofree etc) Mud consists of base fluid + suspended solids Mud Type Water Base Mud (WBM) Oil Base Mud (OBM) Petrofree (Ester Base Mud) Synthetic (Oil) Base Mud (SBM) Base Fluid Water Oil Ester Synthetic Oil

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Boots & Coots..the pressure controls experts in the oil and gas industry.
Boots & Coots provides a suite of integrated pressure control and related services to onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration and development companies worldwide.

Fully integrated well intervention services includes:

Hydraulic Workover / Snubbing Units Coiled Tubing Unit Prevention & Risk Management Solutions Pipeline and Process Services Response Services Pressure Control Rental Tools

Well Completion is the process of making a well ready for production (or injection). This
principally involves preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, running in the production tubing and its associated down hole tools as well as perforating and stimulating as required. Sometimes, the process of running in and cementing the casing is also included.

Well Completion

The Lower completion -This refers to the portion of the well across the production or injection zone.

The upper completion- This refers to all components from the bottom of the production tubing upwards.

Open hole completion

Cased hole completion

Production Enhancement as a PSL oversees and executes stimulation designs and techniques to improve the output of oil and gas from the well.

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Well Completion Products Liner hanger - VersaFlex Liner Hanger Sand control Chemical Sand Consolidation Sand screen Gravel Pack Packers Production Packer Isolation Packer Swellpackers with Self healing An intelligent well enables the operator to remotely monitor and control well inflow or injection down-hole, at the reservoir, with no physical intervention, to permit optimisation of well, production and reservoir management processes. Elements of a SmartWell Completion Downhole sensors Downhole flow control Packers Umbilicals Connectors Protection Surface control systems

Production Enhancement

as a PSL oversees and executes stimulation designs and

techniques to improve the output of oil and gas from the well.

Hydraulic Fracturing The process of pumping into a closed wellbore with powerful hydraulic pumps to create enough downhole pressure to crack or fracture the formation. This allows injection of proppants into the formation, thereby creating a plane of high-permeability sand through which fluids can flow. Acidizing The pumping of acid into the wellbore to remove near-well formation damage and other. damaging substances.

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Left to Right :- First a perforation is accomplished through a perforation gun. Secondly mixture of sand water and additives are pumped through the casing. Lastly the reservoir is hydraulically fractures by the high pressure applied through the pumped fluid to enhance recovery of the hydrocarbon.

Well Testing is an operation achieved to

Collect representative reservoir fluid samples Evaluate the well deliverability and reservoir charateristics Evaluate reservoir temperature and pressure Verify any presence of heterogeneities (sealing boundaries, etc.)

Subsea- Halliburton offers a suite of 15,000 psi working pressure subsea safety systems that allow clients
to safely deploy or work over their completions in particularly harsh environments.

Testing & Subsea

Drill Stem Testing

Fluid Sampling

Data Acquistion Systems

Surface Well Testing

Subsea Testers

Wireline & Perforating Services aim at delivering wellbore solutions that improve
efficiencies at every stage in the life of reservoir, from formation evaluation to production logging. Wireline refers to the armored cable by which the measuring devices are lowered and retrieved from the well and by a number of shielded insulated wires in the interior of the cable, provide for electrical power of the devices and a means for the transmission of data to the surface. While Perforation refers to the communication tunnel created from the casing or liner into the reservoir formation, through which oil or gas is produced. The most common method uses jet perforating guns equipped with shaped explosive charges. However, other perforating methods include bullet perforating, abrasive jetting or high-pressure fluid jetting.

Reservoir Evaluation Volume Viscosity Permeability Reservoir characteristics Production Efficiency Wireline well intervention services Plugs and packers Fishing Remedial Work Tubular Integrity Assist in completion of new wells. Perforating Solutions Production Hardware Cement integrity Delivery Excellence

In India all of the wireline logging services of Halliburton are carried by a separate entity called Halliburton Logging Services.

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Cementing
Halliburton originated oilfield cementing and leads the world in effective, efficient delivery of zonal isolation and engineering for the life of the well.

The introduction of a cementacious material into the annulus between casing and open hole serves to: Provide zonal isolation support axial load of casing strings and strings to be run later provide casing support and protection support the borehole

Additives used generally are: Accelarators Retarrders Extenders Weighting Agents Dispersants Fluid Loss additives Lost Circulation Control Agents Miscellaneous Agents like Anti- foam, fibres etc.

Excess cement Volume are usually applied to the calculated theoretical open hole and casing annulus volume.

*Ensure that cement does not reach subsea well head or mudline

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Sperry Drilling Services is Halliburton's division of MWD, LWD, DD, and SDL (Surface Data
Logging) tools and services. This line of services provides wellbore directional surveys, well logs, and drilling information in real time while drilling and includes equipment and personnel to drill the wellbore. Sperry Drilling is leading the industry in drilling wells faster, safer and more accurately. They optimize drilling efficiency through increasing ROP and lowering NPT. Wells are placed precisely to maximize reservoir drainage. Real-time operations are core to their delivery - from remotely operating rigs to consultant solutions.

Services Provided Directional drilling Drilling Optimization Measurements While Drilling Logging While Drilling Surface Data Logging Optimized Pressure Drilling Real-Time Services

BASICS OF TOOL PHYSICS

Dual Gamma Ray Tool (DGR)
Gamma Ray emission Spectra
It measures radiation. naturally occurring Element K-40 U Th Energy Peaks 1.46 MeV 2.62 MeV 1.7 MeV

In a sedimentary formation these naturally occurring gamma rays emanate from radioactive elements U, Th, K-40. Since these elements are more abundant in shales than in reservoir rocks the tool provides an excellent indication of presence of shale.

Tool Applications Correlation Shale volume calculation Casing/coring point selection Geosteering

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Azimuthal Lithodensity (ALD) Tool

ALD is a gamma - gamma density tool.

Sensor Application Accurate Density and Pe logs Formation imaging for Geosteering Structural dip in high angle wells Borehole breakout, washout and spiralling Porosity Lithology Pore pressure

Gamma ray interaction with matter

Scattering Important in density measuremenrt

Paired production

Photoelectric absorptionImportant in Pe measurement.

Compton scattering

Rayleigh Scattering

Physics of the Density Measurement

*- density tool responds to number of electrons in a material.

e = 2 (Z/A) * b
e - electron density b bulk density Z atomic number of material A - atomic weight

b =1.0704 * e 0.118
b apparent bulk density

To take account of the effect of water on the electron density index of porous rocks, density tools are calibrated to electron density rather than bulk density. Apparent bulk density is identical to bulk density in fresh water filled limestone.

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Physics of the Pe Measurements

Binding energy increases rapidly with atomic number, so a measure of Pe provides useful information about the formation composition. Since low energy gamma rays cannot travel far in rock detected gamma rays only reach these low energies just before they enter the detector. Thus the number of measured gamma rays is only sensitive to the Pe of the materials found near the detector. The effects of Compton scattering are typically removed by combining high energy count rates with low energy count rates. Pe is proportional to the photoelectric cross section (effective area of the electron when computing the probability of a gamma ray hitting the electron and being absorbed) divided by number of electrons. Unit - Barns (10 -24 cm2) per electron.

Pe = (Z/10)3.6
Mineral Average Shale Barite Dolomite Calcite Quartz Aluminium Magnesium Water

b (g/cc)
2.650 4.500 2.870 2.710 2.654 2.7 1.738 1.000

e
2.645 4.011 2.864 2.708 2.650 2.602 1.716 1.110

Pe
3.42 266.8 3.142 5.084 1.806 2.572 1.928 0.358

Caesium Reference source spectrum

The ALD tool contains two scintillator/ PMT detection packages, once placed near the source and the other farther away. Temperature affects the response of both the crystal and PMT. So a small caesium reference source is placed adjacent to each NaI detector inside the ALD tool pressure housing. The location of the 662 keV photopeak is used to calibrate the spectrum.

Logging Source Spectrum

A 2 Curie logging source is installed in the ALD tool. The shape of the logging source spectrum depends on the path the -rays take en route to the detectors and the material through they pass. Formation density is obtained from this.To obtain the density information the reference source spectrum is subtracted from the acquired spectrum. The photoelectric effects on the logging spectra are determined by the elemental constituents of the formation rather than the electron density, spectral sensitivity tools such as ALD use only upper portion of the spectrum to compute the spectrum density i.e the density window. An additional window is usually set in the lower portion of the spectrum to compute the photoelectric index. Over the interval 50-120 keV the photoelectric effect is most prominent in downhole formation. Since this

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region of spectrum is affected by density also, the ratio of the data in the window to that from the density window is used to compute a photoelectric index. Pe varies significantly with lithology, it can be used as lithology indicator. ALD tool also gives photoelectric index or Pe, which is dependent on its elemental composition i.e higher the atomic number of an element, the greater is its ability to absorb low energy gamma rays.

ALD density tool calibration points are provided by standard constructed of metallic magnesium (b=1.754 g/cc) and aluminium (b=2.700 g/cc) The calibration for Pe measurements uses three data points taken in the three calibration standards: magnesium, aluminium, and marble. Pe measurement is based on the near detector only. Pe ranges for common reservoir rocks:Sandstones 1.5 1.8 Limestone 4.0 5.1 Dolomite 2.5 3.2

EWR Phase 4 Tool

The EWR Phase 4 resistivity sensor responds to the way in which RF electromagnetic waves propagate through the formation. The controlling physical properties of the formations are Electrical Conductivity () Dielectric permittivity () Magnetic permeability ()

The tool operates at 2 MHz- for extra- shallow, shallow, and medium spacing 1 MHz deep spacing measurements. The amplitude of a propagating 1 MHz wave is almost (2)1/2 times greater than of 2 MHz for same conditions.

Phase shift Measurement

V- Velocity of propagating wave f- Frequency - Wavelength

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The velocity of the propagating wave can be expressed in Traditional units of velocity (length / time) Phase Shift It is the measurement of the fraction of one wavelength that occurs between the 6 inch spacing that separates the two receivers.

Resistivity High Low

Conductivity Low High

Velocity Fast Slow

Wavelength Long Short

Phase Shift Small Large

Attenuation Measurement
An EM wave will decay exponentially as it propagates through a conductive formation. The rate of decay is directly proportional to the formation conductivity. It is also referred to as amplitude ratio and is measured in decibel (dB).

Amplitude Ratio (dB) = 20* log (Afar / Anear)

A amplitude in volts

Resistivity
High Low

Conductivity
Low High

Attenuation
Low High

Amplitude Ratio
Small Number Large Number Negative Negative

CPA (Combined Phase Attenuation) Resistivity

The measured phase shift and attenuation values are mathematically combined to produce new computed parameter, known as CPA value. A transform is then used to compute the resistivity from the CPA value for each transmitter receiver spacing.

Sensors are more accurate at low resistivity At higher formation resistivity phase shift resistivity is more accurate than CPA or attenuation resistivity. EWR Phase 4 Phase shift resistivity measurement can be considered quantitatively upto 200 -500 ohm-m. while for CPA it is below 30 ohm- m.

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Depth of Investigation Higher the transmitter to receiver spacing higher is the DOI Lower the frequency higher is the DOI DOI is greatly affected by formation resistivity.

EWR Phase 4 tool measure resistivity in a plane perpendicular to the borehole.

AcoustiCaliper

Principle Detection of acoustic pulse- echo to measure the distance from the tool to borehole wall

D = (V*T)/2
D distance V velocity T 2 way travel time
AcoustiCaliper Sample Component Transceiver Firing Triplet Sample Identification Standoff Measurement Cross Correlation Time Variable Gain Borehole Echo

Maximum standoff measurement

It is a function of (with transmission power of the tool fixed by design) Signal attenuation Listening time Sensor centralization in the tool if off centred the maximum range will decrease.

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Signal Attenuation
Has a negative impact and is a function of Mud weight Greater is the mud density more is the attenuation. Mud type In OBM attenuation is approximately 25% greater than OBM Presence of cutting Solid grains/ bubbles scatter the acoustic wave. Cutting increases the density of the mud.

Listening time
Frequency (sec/ sample) 0.4 0.8 Listnenig time (sec) 204.8 409.6 Maximum standoff (inch) 5.89 11.77

*Average velocity of sound in WBM is 0.057 inch/sec. (4750 ft/sec)

The acoustiCaliper uses the standoff measured at each of the three transceivers to define a circle that represents the borehole diameter. Borehole is defined and sensor offset is calculated using basic trigonometric functions and coordinate geometry. The tool uses statistical method s of measurement to compensate for the inconsistency of a single measurement under drilling conditions. The software averages 16 or 32 triplets in each sample. Two main source of error in measuring the borehole diameter using acoustic techniques: Accuracy of transit time measurement Accuracy of mud acoustic velocity

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INTERPRETATION of Well PRIII- D8- C1- ST1

The recorded LWD log is for an operator company in a deepwater well. The log is recorded from a depth of 4481 m to 4885 m. The tools run were PWD, ALD, CTN, DGR, SP4 and PCDC. The Caliper data shows a smooth well. These is a heavy influence of casing on the log response at the depth around 4470m. Valid data is obtained till a depth of 4860m only. Overall the quality of log is good with minimal spikes, spurious data or missing data. The CTN Porosity and Bulk density logs are plotted in sandstone scale. The vertical scale of the log is 1:200.

Analysis of Triple combo log

Depth (m) 4465- 4475 4475- 4566 Observation Interpretation

Sensors response have gone Effect of casing haywire, especially resistivity High gamma ray, low resistivity The response is indicative of and high ND sepration 100 % shaly formation readings. Decrease in gamma ray, slight increase in resistivity reading, right lateral shift in ND curves though with separation and with density reading around 2.7 Lower gamma ray reading, higher resistivity reading and lower ND sepration. A streak of dolomite may be present in between the shale formations. Low resistivity indicates absence of hydrocarbon. Though the response is indicative of shaly formation but the shale type seems different from the ones above the formation. The response is indicative of clean sand - shale sequence with presence of some hydrocarbons in pockets.

4567

4568- 4576

4597- 4722

Gamma ray response show alternate low- high values. Resistivity reading shows an increase in pockets. ND separation is much smaller with few overlaps in between. Low gamma ray, slight increase in resistivity with some peaks. Low separation in ND curves with some overlaps too. Low resistivity, comparatively higher resistivity, ND separation low with some overlap, Right lateral shift in N &D curves and density reading of 2.65

4722- 4730

The response is indicative of a reservoir rock with presence of some hydrocarbon against the peaks of resistivity curves. This may be indicative of a limestone response with some amount of hydrocarbon present.

4726

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4745 4775

4775 - 4860

Low gamma ray, low resistivity with some peak values at places. Low ND separation with slight overlap at places. High gamma ray value with occasional low readings at places. Low resistivity with small peaks at places. Large ND separation though some overlaps could be seen corresponding to decrease in gamma ray readings.

Clean sand is indicative with some streaks of shale. Presence of some hydrocarbon is indicative in small pockets. The response is indicative of a shaly formation with occasional streaks of clean sand. Some of these sand formations are indicative of hydrocarbon presence.

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CONCLUSION
The internship at Halliburton Offshore Services, Mumbai was not just informative but provided me with a chance to experience the corporate culture at its best. Ever approachable and always eager to help individuals be they at the top of the hierarchy or the bottom, they go out of the way to help in all the possible ways, a trait that cannot be seen anywhere but Halliburton. I had the opportunity to interact with the country managers and people with more than 15 years of experience in the industry and had the chance to learn from their experiences. On the technical note, I had an opportunity to get an overview of the exploration industry and Halliburtons products and service lines, to learn about the LWD tools from Halliburtons offering and also some basic interpretation of the well logs. Undoubtedly it was an unmatched experience and helped me not just in technical knowledge but also in personality development, networking and privilege to learn from the experiences of experts and in countless other areas. Finally I would like to thank everyone from the Halliburton, Mumbai office for providing me this wonderful opportunity.

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