SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Only authorized and trained personnel familiar with standby battery installation,
preparation, charging and maintenance should be permitted access to the battery.

WARNING
SHOCK HAZARD - DO NOT TOUCH UN-INSULATED BATTERY, CONNECTORS OR
TERMINALS BEFORE TOUCHING THE BATTERY. BE SURE TO DISCHARGE
STATIC ELECTRICITY FROM TOOLS AND TECHNICIAN BY TOUCHING A
GROUNDED SURFACE IN THE VICINITY OF THE BATTERIES BUT AWAY FROM
THE CELLS AND FLAME ARRESTERS.
GAS PRODUCED BY THIS BATTERY CAN BE EXPLOSIVE. PROTECT EYES WHEN
AROUND BATTERY. PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION SO HYDROGEN GAS
ACCUMULATION IN THE BATTERY AREA DOES NOT EXCEED TWO PERCENT
BY VOLUME. DO NOT SMOKE, USE OPEN FLAME OR CREATE SPARKS NEAR
BATTERY.
THIS BATTERY CONTAINS SULFURIC ACID, WHICH CAN CAUSE SEVERE BURNS.
IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT WITH ELECTROLYTE, REMOVE CONTAMINATED
CLOTHING AND FLUSH AFFECTED AREAS THOROUGHLY WITH WATER. IF EYE
CONTACT HAS OCCURRED, FLUSH FOR A MINIMUM OF 15 MINUTES WITH
LARGE AMOUNTS OF RUNNING WATER AND SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL
ATTENTION.
IMPORTANT FOLLOW MANUFACTURERS PUBLISHED INSTRUCTIONS
WHEN INSTALLING, CHARGING AND SERVICING BATTERIES.
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1400 Union Meeting Road
P.O. Box 3053 Blue Bell, PA 19422-0858 Telephone 800-543-8630
FAX 215-619-7899 e-mail: [email protected]
www.cdtechno.com/custserv/techsupport.html
For technical assistance contact the Technical Service Department located at:
1400 Union Meeting Road Blue Bell, PA 19422 800-543-8630 FAX 215-619-7842
e-mail: [email protected]
www.cdtechno.com/custserv/techsupport.html
WARRANTY NOTICE
This instruction manual is not a warranty. Each standby battery is sold subject
to a limited warranty, which is in place of all other warranties, express or implied
(including the warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose)
and which limits a purchasers (users) remedy to the repair or replacement of
a defective battery or parts thereof. The terms of the limited warranty are
incorporated herein and are available upon written request from
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1400 Union Meeting Road P.O. Box 3053 Blue Bell, PA
19422-0858 or in Canada C&D Technologies, Canada, Inc. 7430 Pacific Circle,
Mississauga, ON L5T 2A3

INTRODUCTION
The batteries referenced in this document are C&D Technologies flooded or stationary vented lead acid, with sulfuric acid
electrolyte and pasted plate lead alloy electrodes. These batteries are designed for standby applications requiring an
emergency dc power source.
There are three major battery designs - long duration, short duration and general purpose.
Long duration batteries are designed for applications where the emergency load currents are relatively small but must
be supplied for many hours, typically eight hours. And are typically used for Telecom & Solar Applications.
Short duration batteries are specifically designed to supply very high currents for a relatively short period of time,
typically 15 minutes and are typically used for UPS Applications.
General purpose batteries employ design features that optimize their use in applications requiring both short duration,
high current loads and low current loads for longer durations, typically 30 minutes to 8 hours. And are typically used
for Utility Applications.
Specifications are subject to change without notice. Contact your nearest C&D sales office for the latest specifications.
All statements, information and data given herein are believed to be accurate and reliable but are presented without
guaranty, warranty, or responsibility of any kind, express or implied. Statements or suggestions concerning possible use
of our products are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement, and are not
recommendations to infringe any patent. The user should not assume that all safety measures are indicated, or that other
measures may not be required.
These instructions assume a certain level of competence by the installer/user. The following recommended practices and
codes contain relevant information, and should be consulted for safe handling, installation, testing and maintaining
standby batteries. Applicable state and local codes must be followed.
IEEE Std 484 (latest revision) Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead Acid
Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE Std 485 (latest revision) Recommended Practice for Sizing Large Lead Acid Storage Batteries for Generating
Stations
IEEE Std 450 (latest revision) Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing and Replacement of Vented Lead Acid
Batteries for Stationary Application
IEEE Std 1375 (latest revision) Guide for Protection of Stationary Battery Systems
Copies may be purchased at www.ieee.org.
NESC, National Electric Safety Code, (latest revision)
NEC National Electrical Code NFPA -70 (latest version) available from www.nfpa.org.
Federal Codes:
29CFR1926.441

Safety Requirements for Special Equipment

29CFR1910.151(c)

Medical Services and First Aid

29CFR1910.268(g)

Telecommunications

29CFR1910.305(j)

Wiring Methods, Components and Equipment

STD 1-8.2(e)

OSHA Standing Directive

IBC International Building Code

This manual is divided into four parts: Receiving and Installation of the Battery, Operation and Maintenance, Preparation of
Dry-Charge Batteries and a Reference and Trouble Shooting section to assist the user should he require more detailed
explanation of battery performance and maintenance procedures.

Before handling cells or storing cells for future installation take time to read this manual. It contains information
that could avoid irreparable damage to the battery.

STANDBY BATTERY, VENTED CELL INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

PART 3 - DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES,

PREPARATION & CHARGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

SECTION 1 - RECEIVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

SECTION 1 - INSTRUCTIONS FOR ACTIVATING

AND CHARGING DRY-CHARGED
BATTERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

1.1 General
1.2 Damage and Shortage
1.3 Cell Type Identification

1.1 Storage
1.2 Supplemental Information and Caution Labels
1.3 Activation, Preparing the Electrolyte

SECTION 2 - STORAGE and SHELF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

SECTION 2 - CHARGING CELLS/BATTERY . . . . . . . . . .23

2.1 Storing Charged and Wet Batteries

2.2 Storing Charged and Dry Batteries

2.1 Special Charging Equipment Requirements

2.2 Initial Charge
2.3 Constant Voltage Charging
2.4 Constant Current Charging
2.5 Allowable Temperature Rise
2.6 Criteria for Fully Charged Cells
2.7 Connecting the Battery to the System

PART 1 - RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . .3

SECTION 3 - PRE-INSTALLATION PLANNING . . . . . . . . .5

3.1 Installation of Battery Rack(s), Overview
SECTION 4 - INSTALLING CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
4.1 Unpacking and Handling Cells
4.2 Pre-Installation Procedures
4.3 Arrangement of Cells on Racks
4.4 Flame Arrestors
4.5 Numbering Cells, Labels and Warning for Battery
4.6 Preparing Electrical Contacting Surfaces
4.7 Making the Connections
4.8 Checking Connection Integrity
4.9 Terminal Plates, Cables and Lugs
4.10 Connecting Battery to Charger
PART 2 - CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY . . . . . .14
SECTION 1 - CHARGING BATTERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.1 Initial Charge
1.2 Float Charge
SECTION 2 - WATERING CELLS AND ADJUSTING
ELECTROLYTE LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
SECTION 3 - CLEANING CELLS AND
BATTERY RACK(S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
SECTION 4 - BATTERY OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.1 Float Service
4.2 Equalize Charge
4.3 Performance Characteristics
4.4 Environmental Requirements
SECTION 5 - BASIC BATTERY
MAINTENANCE ADJUSTING . . . . . . . . . . . .18

PART 4 - REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE

SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE . .25
SECTION 1 - REFERENCE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . .25
1.1 Battery Voltage Measurements and
Equipment Voltmeter Calibration
1.2 Constant Current Charging
1.3 Specific Gravity, Effects of Temperature, Electrolyte Level
and Recharge
1.4 Battery Performance Tests
1.5 Connection Integrity
1.6 Connection Voltage Drop
1.7 Measuring Connection Resistance
1.8 Electrolyte Containment
SECTION 2 - TROUBLE SHOOTING,
EXTENDED MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . .29
General
2.1 White Sulfate on Plates
2.2 Float Versus Cycle Life
2.3 Low Float Voltage and Sulfation
2.4 Batteries on Open Circuit
2.5 Hydrated Batteries
2.6 Cleaning Cell Containers
2.7 Cell Reversal
2.8 Flame arrestors, Contamination
2.9 Battery Recycling
2.10 Battery Records
2.11 Measurement of Internal Cell Impedance and Conductance
2.12 Plate Polarization Measurements

5.1 Monthly Battery Inspection

5.2 Quarterly Battery Inspection
5.3 Annual Battery Inspection
5.4 Watering the Battery

APPENDIX A: TERMINAL PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

SECTION 6 - MEASURING SPECIFIC

GRAVITY OF A CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

APPENDIX C: SPILL CONTAINMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

6.1 Use of the Hydrometer

6.2 Pilot Cells

APPENDIX B: MSDS MATERIAL SAFETY

DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Sample Battery Record Form RS-105 rev 6, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . .41

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION
SECTION 1 - RECEIVING
1.1 General
Every precaution has been taken to pack the battery for shipment to ensure its safe arrival. As soon as you receive the
battery, check the packing material for evidence of damage in transit. If the packing material is physically damaged or wet
acid stains are present, make a notation on the delivery receipt before you accept the shipment/delivery.
Note: Freight carriers generally require that concealed damage be inspected by the carriers representative within
15 days from date of delivery to determine responsibility. The resolution of such claims may extend up to
9 months. It is the receiving facilitys responsibility to notify the freight carrier of concealed damage.
Verify the number of cartons and skids against the bill of lading and verify their components against the packing lists. Keep
a copy of the verified lists for your installation records. It is important to verify that the accessory package is present and the
component quantities are correct.
Accessory Kits for complete battery systems typically consist of:
Intercell and/or interunit connectors
Intertier (or step or row) cable connectors
Terminal plates
Connection bolts, nuts and washers
NO-OX-ID grease
Hydrometer, hydrometer holder, thermometer, labels, flame arrester vents, and cell numbers
Lifting sling and wood spreader (when applicable for larger cell types)
Note: C&D does not furnish cross aisle connections. If the final system arrangement is different from a specific ordered
design, the quantities of the interconnection components will probably change and must be ordered as additional,
optional components.
Replacement identification labels
Note: In some cases, where batteries are shipped from stock or per customer request to a changed location, the battery
may not ship with the tracking order number on the battery identification label. In these cases, replacement
identification labels containing the correct order number will be shipped as part of the accessory kit. Please apply
these updated labels over the existing labels on the cover of the cells.
Battery racks are manufactured at a different location than the batteries and are shipped separately. Racks are shipped
unassembled and consist of:
Frames
Support rail assemblies and insulating covers
Cross braces
Restraint rails, brackets and cell spacers (seismic only)
Nuts, bolts, and washers
Rack outline drawings/Installation Instructions
Optional spill containment systems are available on request or when required by code
1.2 Damage and shortage situations
C&D ships FOB plant (ownership passes at our dock). If shipments are damaged or if cartons or skids are damaged
or missing, a claim must be filed with the carrier. Place an immediate order for replacement with C&D and use the
replacement cost as the amount of freight damages or shortages involved.
If individual component items are missing, a shortage report should be filed immediately with C&D. Mail (express mail
recommended) or fax a copy of the VERIFIED component packing list. This verified list should show both the name of the
packer, as well as the quantities of items checked off by the receiver. Send this list to:
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC.: Attn.: Customer Service 1400 Union Meeting Road
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Tel. 215-619-2700 ; FAX 215-619-7840
e-mail: [email protected]
3

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

1.3 Cell type identification

C&D presently produces Lead-Calcium alloy and Lead-Antimony alloy products. The distinction can be made by checking the
cell type label (Lead-Calcium white label, Lead-Antimony green label), the operating instruction label, or the stamping on top of
the post as calcium alloy may have CA and antimony alloy may be stamped with SB.
SECTION 2 - STORAGE and SHELF LIFE
2.1 Storing charged and wet batteries
Store batteries indoors, preferably at 77F (25C) or in a cool (60F to 85F), dry location and place in service before the
date stamped on the shipping carton. The indicated storage time is based on storage at 77F (25C) and is 6 months for Lead
Calcium alloy and 3 months for Lead Antimony alloy. Do not allow the electrolyte to freeze, as this will ruin the battery and
can cause a potentially hazardous leakage. Refer to Table 1 for data on temperature versus freezing point for sulfuric acid
solutions, the electrolyte contained within the cells.
Exercise caution when operating or storing batteries at low temperatures because of the possibility of
electrolyte freezing.
Although the specific gravity of a fully charged battery may present no freezing problem, the discharged cells may freeze.
Table 1 provides information on freezing temperatures versus specific gravity.
Table 1 - Freezing Temperature Vs Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity
at 77F (25C)
1.000
1.050
1.100
1.150
1.200
1.250
1.300
1.350
1.400

Freezing Temperature
Celsius
Fahrenheit
0.0
-3.3
-7.7
-15.0
-27.0
-52.0
-70.0
-49.0
-36.0

+32
+26
+18
+5.0
-17.0
-61.0
-95.0
-56.0
-33.0

Charged and wet batteries should be placed in service before the date stamped on the shipping carton when stored at 77F
(25C). If storage beyond this time is required or temperature is in excess of 77F (25C), monitor battery at monthly
intervals. A convenient measurement technique is to read the open circuit voltage and compare it with Table 2. If the open
circuit voltage drops 0.02 Volts from the nominal value the cell(s) must be given a boost charge.
If you prefer to check specific gravity, a drop of 25 points below the nominal value requires that the battery be given a
boost charge.
The boost charge is conducted at equalize voltage (when constant current charging equipment is available, charge at five
Amperes per 100 Ampere-hours rated 8-hour capacity for a period not exceeding 24 hours) as specified in PART 2, Table 6
Equalizing Charge. The boost charge may be given to individual cells, groups of cells or the entire battery.

DANGER
For maximum safety, do NOT handle cells during or after boost charge for 2448 hours

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

Table 2 - Open Circuit Cell Voltages

Fully Charged with Electrolyte Between High & Low Level Lines
Cell on Open Circuit for 24-72 Hours
Specific Gravity
of Cell

Individual Cell
Voltage

1.170
1.215
1.225
1.250
1.275
1.300

2.025
2.063
2.075
2.098
2.123
2.145

2.2 Storing charged and dry batteries

CAUTION
Upon installation and filling, special attention must be directed to PART 3, Section 1, instructions for activating
and charging dry-charged batteries. Also refer to C&D Form RS-758.
Storage of dry-charged batteries should be in a ventilated, weatherproof, cool and dry building. Remove any packing
container that indicates shipping damage and inspect the thermoplastic jar for cracks or damage. To prevent foreign
material or moisture from entering the cells, do not remove the plastic film vent seal until cells are to be filled with
electrolyte, charged and prepared for installation.
Although it is recommended dry-charged batteries be stored no longer than 12 months from the date of shipment, it is
recognized longer periods may be required. Contact the C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Technical Services Department,
located at 1400 Union Meeting Road, Blue Bell, PA 19422, for special handling instructions or e-mail us at
[email protected].
SECTION 3 - PRE-INSTALLATION PLANNING
The cell arrangement, rack(s) and connections are typically installed using generic information provided by C&D.
However, a customized and detailed installation drawing may be obtained from C&D when placing your original order at an
additional charge.
The installer should plan the battery arrangement starting with the positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal. Planning should be completed before receipt of the battery. First, sketch a footprint of the rack location.
Allow sufficient aisle width (36 min.) to permit loading cells directly to their ultimate location on the rack and clearance
for maintenance including overhead clearance. Determine the battery terminations and locations on the rack layout.
The floor loading capacity of the room should be checked, as well as its capability to hold anchor bolts.
WARNING
The positive and negative terminal connections of a battery should never be terminated within a multi-cell unit.
The positive and negative terminal connections of a battery must be from different cell containers to provide
maximum isolation between the highest potential differences of the battery.
NOTE: If there are an even number of tiers or steps, the battery will terminate on a common end:

Top tier/step, x number of cells

Bottom tier/step, x number of cells

Intertier
connection
cables

If there are an odd number of tiers (or steps), the battery will terminate at opposite ends:

Intertier
connection
cables

Top tier, x number of cells

Mid tier, x number of cells
Bottom tier, x number of cells

Intertier
connection
cables

Cells at the end of each row in stepped or tiered racks must be arranged for the shortest cable run between steps and tiers.
See the following illustration. Failure to do so will result in some cables being too short due to terminal (post) locations
especially on multi-cell units.

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

TIER RACK

STEP RACK
Top row

Top row

Bottom row

Bottom row
Interstep
cable connection

Intertier
cable connection

3.1 Installation of Battery Rack(s), Overview

NOTE: Rack installation instructions RS-937 and/or basic assembly information are supplied with C&D rack
accessories and should be consulted for detailed instructions specific to your rack(s) and assembly.
Remember, standby battery and rack systems will be in place for many years. Racks are assembled first. Refer to the rack
assembly drawing packed with C&D racks and note frame spacing.
CAUTION
Racks must be installed in a safe location for maintenance and away from radiant heat sources. Before batteries are
installed, racks must be level and cross braces in place. All bolts must be tightened to specified torque values. Floor
loading must be considered in the planning phase.
1. On the battery room floor, mark the rack layout, the rack footprint, rack frame locations and anchor bolt locations and drill
holes for anchor bolts.
2. Attach the cross braces to the frames. Hand tighten bolts and nuts.
3. Attach the support rail assembly to the frames. Hand tighten bolts and nuts.
4. Be sure frames are plumb vertical and level. Starting with cross braces, tighten all bolts/nuts to specified torque values.
5. For seismic racks, position rear restraining rails and tighten bolts and nuts. Position front restraint rail and cover
temporarily next to front support rail prior to installing cells. Front and end restraining rails are usually installed after the
cells have been placed on the rack. Installation of front cell restraining rail with cells in place can be completed by simply
raising the restraining rail into position.
6. Secure rack assembly to the floor with appropriate anchor bolts.
7. Install plastic rail covers, if they are not already in place.
NOTE: Anchor bolts are not provided by C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. but are the responsibility of the installer.
Installation must be in accordance with local Building Code Requirements.
CAUTION
Top rows of batteries in multiple-tier installations tend to operate at slightly higher
temperatures than those on lower rows. Always provide adequate overhead (minimum of 8 to 12" recommended)
clearance for ventilation and maintenance.
When assembled, battery racks must be anchored to the floor.
Do not place battery cells on the rack until it has been completely assembled with the braces installed, secured
to the floor and all bolts tightened to specified torque (refer to sequential steps of rack assembly). Otherwise, the
weight of the cells may cause the rack to shift and collapse.
Never loosen or remove braces from a standard loaded battery rack. Removal of bracing can allow the rack to
shift and collapse. Front restraining rails on EP racks may be removed to accommodate loading cells.
NOTE: It is helpful to clean the rack(s) and the area surrounding the installation to remove abrasive materials and
residual building materials before installing cells. This will not only reduce the chance of damaging cell containers
but will ease installation and simplify final cleaning of the assembled battery.

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

SECTION 4 - INSTALLING CELLS *

* These instructions apply to lead acid batteries configured as single cell units or
multi-cell units. The term units can apply to both configurations.
NOTE: Read and follow Battery Handling and Installation Guidelines
packed on top of the cells, form RS-999
CAUTION
Before working on the battery, be sure to discharge static electricity that can
build up on tools, cell containers or the technician by touching a grounded
surface in the vicinity of the battery but far enough from the cells and flame
arrestors to avoid creating sparks. Do not expose cells to open flames
that could ignite the gases produced by a charging battery.

4.1 Unpacking and Handling Units

Do not handle or move units without the orange shipping vent or the flame
arrestor installed.

FIGURE 1.4.1 - Removing the cartons

Before installing battery, gather the following tools and equipment.

1. Safety equipment: Eye protection and portable or stationary water facilities for
rinsing eyes and skin in the event of contact with electrolyte, safety shoes,
rubber apron, and acid resistant gloves
2. Insulated inch-pound torque wrench and box wrench
3. Thermostatically controlled hot plate with no open flames
4. Baking soda, water, a bucket, and clean rags. DO NOT USE SOLVENTS of
any kind, other than water.
5. One inch paint brush for applying heated NO-OX-ID grease
6. Brass bristle brush(s), packed with battery accessories, optional fiber
bristle brush, burlap cloth
7. Cell lifting strap/spreader block (when provided)
8. Battery hoist of appropriate lifting capacity
9. Platform Lift, when applicable
10. Hot Air Gun or Blower (optional)

FIGURE 1.4.2 - Use of lifting sling and

spreader board

Large single cell units and multi-cell monoblocs are packed in individual cartons
strapped to a wooden pallet. Remove the straps and carefully lift off cartons for
access to lifting slots in the bottom support piece. (Figure 1.4.1)
Always lift units from the bottom, never by the posts. A lifting sling and spreader
board are packed in the accessories carton. Slip the lifting sling under the cell, then
install the spreader block on top of the cell. Ensure that sling fits in notches in the
spreader board. Use the loops in the sling to hoist the unit. Refer to Figure 1.4.2.
Smaller units, such as the D sizes, are supplied in cartons from which they can
be lifted by hand. Lifting slings are unnecessary and not supplied by C&D.
4.2 Pre-Installation procedures
At the first opportunity, check the electrolyte level in each cell. It should be between the
high and low level lines (see Figure 1.4.3) on the container. If the level is more
than one-half-inch below the top of the plates, order a new cell and file a claim for
concealed damage against the carrier.
If the cell plates are covered but the level is lower than the low level mark, make no
additions (i.e. D.I. water) until the cells have been on float charge for one week, and
contact your local C&D agent. If electrolyte is found on the top of the cell or terminal
posts, clean immediately with a solution consisting of one pound baking soda to one
gallon of water. Do not allow the cleaning solution to enter cell.

FIGURE 1.4.3 - Electrolyte should be

between the high and low level lines

Not using the correct cleaning solutions will void warranty on the battery.
7

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

Consult the optional cell arrangement plan, if one was ordered from C&D. Cells may now be loaded onto the rack(s).
Always lift cells by the bottom only.
WARNING
Storage batteries present both electrical and chemical hazards to those who install or service them. It is essential
you exercise extreme care at all times to assure a safe working environment.
Gases produced by wet cell lead acid batteries are explosive. Do not smoke, use an open flame or create an arc
or sparks in the vicinity of a battery.
Always use protective insulating equipment, such as gloves, shoes and eye protectors. Wrenches and other
tools must be insulated.
Observe local, state and national electrical codes at all times.
Always work with the battery ungrounded. Battery ground connections, if required, should be made last.
To avoid working with high voltages, break the battery down into convenient, lower-voltage modules, i.e. do
not interconnect rows or tiers of cells until the final step in connection.
Lead acid cells contain dilute sulfuric acid. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Should contact occur,
remove contaminated clothing immediately and flush affected body areas immediately and thoroughly with
water. Wash clothing thoroughly before reuse. Do not attempt to clean and reuse contaminated shoes. If acid
should contact the eye, flush immediately with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. ALWAYS
CONSULT A PHYSICIAN IN CASES OF ACID CONTACT WITH THE EYES.
Before working on the battery, be sure to discharge static electricity that can build up on tools or the technician by
touching a grounded surface in the vicinity of the battery but far enough from the cells and flame arrestors to
avoid ignition of any hydrogen gas present. Avoid creating sparks or exposing cells to open flames that could ignite
the gases produced by a charging battery.
4.3 Arrangement of cells on racks
Lifting straps and spreaders are effective tools for safely moving cells.
When possible, always install cells in the center of the row and work out towards the ends. On properly anchored step
type racks, it is permissible to load the middle of the top step first to avoid reaching across cells that could be installed
on the bottom step. On multi-tier type racks, always begin installing cells on the bottom tier, completing that row before
starting the next higher tier.
All cell models except types KT/KCT, LT/LCT & MCT II (optional) can only be installed with the plates perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the rack.
Cells should be loaded by placing them directly in front of the designated location on the rack. It is recommended that a
platform lift be used for this procedure, however the hoist used to lift the cell from its container may be used to position
the cell. Carefully adjust the cell into its final position. Move the cell on the rack by applying force on the jar rather than
the cover area or posts. Arrange cells so the positive post (terminal) of one cell can be connected to the negative post
(terminal) of the next cell. Cell post polarity is marked with symbols molded in the cover. A plus sign (+) denotes the
positive post and a minus sign (-) denotes the negative post.
Space cell containers approximately one-half-inch apart. If batteries are being installed on seismic rack, use provided cell
spacers to position cells.
If the aisle is too narrow to allow access to the rack from the front, it may be necessary to load the rack from
the end.
Lubrication is typically not required since the plastic rail covering provides a low friction surface for sliding the
cells. If a lubricant is deemed necessary, only unscented talcum powder or Dow Corning 111 silicon compound
may be used sparingly. The talcum powder may be removed with a cloth dampened in water. An equally acceptable
method for lubrication is to use a small amount of water applied sparingly to the rail covers. Do not use any solvents.
WARNING
Do not use wire pulling compounds, oils, grease or any other material not specifically authorized by C&D in
writing, as these may contain additives that could damage the plastic containers. Use of any unauthorized
solvents voids warranty.

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

For seismic (EP) racks, spacers between cells are required.

Add front and end restraining rails and install front-to-back restraining rail tie rods if
supplied, for EP racks. End rails should be placed within one-eighth-inch from end cells.
Reference Rack Instructions for more information. Do not tighten end rails against cells as
it can result in jar damage. Tighten tie rods/cell restraining rails to allow a business card to
fit between the cell jar and the restraining rail.

Note: Depending on the EP

rack type, spacers
provided may be foam or
molded PVC.

CAUTION
Where multiple standard type racks are installed end-to-end, no more than oneeighth-inch of cell length should rest over a support rail that is not rigidly spliced.
CAUTION
Never move or adjust a rack with batteries loaded on it.
After cells have been placed on the rack(s), remove the orange shipping vents and install the
Flame Arrestors and Dust Cover vent assemblies provided in the accessory kit.
4.4 Flame arrestors
All C&D standby cells use flame arrestors, see Figure 1.4.4. Most cells are shipped with
orange colored vent plugs which must be removed and discarded before installing the flame
arrestors. DRY-CHARGED CELLS MUST BE STORED WITH ORANGE VENT CAPS
AND PLASTIC FILM IN PLACE UNTIL READY FOR ACTIVATION.
CAUTION
Be sure flame arrestors are installed before making
battery connections.
4.5 Numbering cells, labels and warnings for battery
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. provides labels and warnings to help you maintain your
battery and to apprise you of certain hazards. Be certain to attach maintenance and
operating labels to cells so they may be read by anyone working on or in the vicinity of
the battery.
Every cell has an identification label on the cover. This label is very important since it lists
cell type, date code, and order number. This information is needed for warranty purposes.
The cell ID label is usually placed prior to shipment at the factory. However, some cells are
prepacked in order to enhance delivery. In this case, the ID labels will be shipped separately
and must be placed by the installer during installation.
For ease of identification, all cells of a battery should be numbered. Plastic peel-and-stick
numbers are furnished in the accessories package. Common practice is to start with 1 at
the positive terminal of the battery and follow the electrical circuit with succeeding
numbers. Remove the plastic backing and firmly press the number into position on the
appropriate cell. Be careful not to scratch the plastic jar.
Note: This is a good time to confirm proper cell orientation, insuring
correct polarity and terminal location (i.e. positive to negative
to positive, etc.).
4.6 Preparing electrical contacting surfaces

FIGURE 1.4.4 - Flame arrestor vent with

dust cover

All electrical contacting surfaces must have a clean, electrolyte-free finish.

Any tarnish or discoloration should be removed with the platers brass bristle brush.
Optional fiber bristle brush or burlap cloth.
DO NOT REMOVE LEAD PLATING
To maintain electrical contact integrity, C&D supplies NO-OX-ID grease (in the accessories
package) as a corrosion resistant coating for all bolted electrical contacting surfaces. For
optimum connection integrity, C&D recommends the following procedure:
9

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

Cell posts are typically coated with NO-OX-ID Grease or oil and may be covered with a plastic cap to prevent oxidation of the
lead during transportation and storage.
1. Remove any factory-applied grease coating from the posts and post seals with a dry cloth as they may be contaminated
with dirt or residual acid.
2. With a neutralizing solution consisting of one pound baking soda mixed with one gallon water, wipe the cover, post and
post seal with a cloth or fiber bristle brush moistened with the neutralizing solution. Rinse with clean water and dry
thoroughly. DO NOT USE ANY INDUSTRIAL BATTERY CLEANERS AS THIS WILL VOID WARRANTY!
3. Lightly brush the post and lead ring of the post seal with the platers brass brush (provided in the accessories) to provide a
clean bright finish. NEVER USE STEEL BRUSHES OR OTHER ABRASIVE TOOLS OR MATERIALS. Cells designed
for high discharge currents are constructed with tin flashed copper inserts cast within the lead posts to optimize conductivity.
The copper faces should be lightly brushed to minimize scratching or removal of this tin flashing.
Note: Incidental copper exposure on posts due to handling and installation will neither degrade battery performance nor
reduce the batterys expected operating life.
4. Carefully remove any oxidation or white powder from the intercell connectors with either the platers brass brush, fiber
bristle brush or a piece of burlap cloth and buff to a clean and uniform finish. Intercell connectors are lead plated copper and
require that care be taken not to remove the plating.
5. Heat the NO-OX-ID grease to a cream-like consistency using a thermostatically controlled hot plate (with no open
flames). Set the temperature between 160F (71C) to 185F (85C) to maintain the desired consistency. NO-OX-ID grease
must be applied to the terminal post and to the horizontal lead surface of the post seal to ensure all exposed lead is properly
coated to protect against surface discoloration.
CAUTION
If the hot plate does not have a thermostatic control, exercise extreme care to avoid overheating the grease and causing a fire.
Do not use open flames. NO-OX-ID grease has a minimum flash point of 450F (232C).

Apply a thin coat of grease to each end of the inter-cell connectors (where they will make contact with posts). On four
and six-hole connectors, use a one-inch paint brush to apply NO-OX-ID grease to both sides of the middle holes and to
cell posts. To achieve a continuous film of protective NO-OX-ID grease finish the completely assembled battery with a
hot air gun or blower. Wipe any excess NO-OX-ID grease from the cover(s).
4.7 Making the Connections
C&D batteries are supplied with different types of connecting hardware, depending on cell size and type (see Figure 1.4.5).
Type

Lead cap bolt

with brass
threads
Lead
cap nut

Lead
cap nut

Brass stud
Lead
cap nut

Stainless
steel bolt

2 stainless
steel washers
Stainless
steel nut
Stainless
steel bolt
Stainless
steel washer

FIGURE 1.4.5 - Connecting bolt assemblies.

Hardware

1/4 - 20 brass bolt with cast-on head and brass-inserted cast lead nut.

5/16 - 18 brass stud and two brass-inserted cast lead nuts.

5/16 - 18 stainless steel hexagonal bolt, two flat washers, and hexagonal nut.

5/16 - 18 stainless steel hexagonal bolt and one flat washer.

Cells are supplied with different post configurations suited to their current handling
requirements, see Figure 1.4.6.
The 1/4 - 20 bolt assemblies (A) are used with flag terminals on smaller batteries. The 5/16 18 brass studs and lead cap nuts (B) are used for solid lead posts. The 5/16 - 18 stainless steel
bolt assemblies (C) are used with copper-inserted posts, which are usually found on large
UPS and Switchgear batteries with high-rate current demands. The 5/16 - 18SS bolt & one
flat washer (D) are used in multi-cell units in the bolt-down intercell terminals, see Figure
1.4.6, (7). Typically used in Communications-type batteries, solid lead posts are characterized
by two holes aligned at right angles to permit intercell connection to either axis of the cell.
Copper-inserted posts may have one or two holes in one axis of the post or may have a single
hole extending through the centerline (see Figure 1.4.6).
Place intercell connectors against cell posts and insert C&D-supplied brass stud or stainless
steel bolt through the bolt hole in the post and the hole in the connector. For stainless steel
bolts, install heavy-duty washers, bolts and nuts. Hand tighten. Where one brass stud and two
lead capped nuts are supplied, be sure that an equal number of threads is engaged on each nut.

Tighten connections to the torque values shown in Table 3, using an insulated torque wrench and an insulated open-end
wrench in counter-torque, as shown in Figure 1.4.7.
Refer to Table 3 to verify that your hardware is correct for the battery type being installed.
10

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

Align cells so the intercell connectors match up with the holes of the terminal posts.
When two intercell connectors are supplied for connecting cells they must be placed on
opposite sides of the posts. Make the connection (positive to negative) using the bolt
assemblies supplied. Refer to Figure 1.4.5.
Table 3 - Torque Requirements for Specific Cell/Unit Types
Bolt Assembly
Terminal
Initial
Maintenance
Standard Optional Design Torque inch Torque inch
pounds *
pounds *

Current Cell/Unit Types

Discontinued Cell/Unit Types

N/A

FLAG
(1)

70

60

DU & DCU MULTI-CELL

UNITS

DT & DCT MULTI-CELL

UNITS

SQUARE
NO
INSERT

110

100

DU & DCU SINGLE

CELL UNITS
KT, KCT, LT, LCT
KAR, KCR 7-13
LAR, LCR 13-17
LCUN 19-33
LCY 544 & 660
4LCY 9-11
MULTI-CELL

DT & DCT SINGLE CELLS

KU & KCU SINGLE CELLS
KA & KC 7 to 13 PLATE
SINGLE CELLS
KCW & KCX 11 to 17 PLATE
SINGLE CELLS
KU & KC MULTI-CELL
KT & KCT MULTI-CELL
KCY & KCX MULTI-CELL
LCZ 9 to 11 MULTI-CELLS
LCZ 13 to 17
LU & LCU 13 to 27 CELLS
LA & LC 13 to 17 CELLS
LY & LCY 13 to 17 CELLS

(2)

RECTAN
GULAR
(9)
CHAIR
(3)

110

100

DJ/XDJ

N/A

110

100

LY & LCY 5 & 7 PLATE

LCY290, 420
MULTI-CELL
ALL JC MULTI-CELL

ALL JCW MULTI-CELL

KA & KC MULTI-CELL
KT & KCT MULTI-CELL
KCW MULTI-CELL
MHCSD, CJCSD & CJSD

N/A

CHAIR
(3)

160

125

XTL , XTLP, XTLA

XTH & XTHP
7&9 MULTI-CELL
XTJ

MULTI-CELL:
KAR, KCR, KT & KCT
KCW, KCY, KY & KCX
XTJ & XTK, LCW 9 & 11
LCZ 5 & 7

N/A

SQUARE
WITH
INSERT
(4&5)

160

125

XTL, XTLP & XTLA

11 & LARGER SIZES
KAR & KCR 15-21
LCY35-39, LAR&LCR 19-33
SINGLE CELLS
LCU-19, LCU-27
LAR & LCR 13 & 15
TWO CELL

KY & KCY 17 to 25 CELLS

KA / KC 15 TO 21 CELLS
KCX & KCW 19 to 33 CELLS
LCW, LCX, LY, LCY & LCZ 9
& 11 MULTI-CELL, LCV &
XTR/XTRP 17-21
XTR/XTRP 27-31
LCZ 19 - 39, LU & LCU 29 to
33, LA & LC 19 to 33 CELLS

MCT II

MT/MCT & MR/MCR

N/A

SQUARE
NO
INSERT
(6)

110

MULTICELL

160

100

FIGURE 1.4.6 Post and

Terminal Design

FLAG TERMINAL (1)

SQUARE POST (2)

(no insert)

CHAIR TERMINAL (3)

SQUARE POST (4)

(single hole with
copper insert)

SQUARE POST (5)

(two hole with
copper insert)

MCT II POST (6)

MULTICELL POST (7)

(with copper insert)

SQUARE POST (8)

(double cross
drilled solid copper)

DJ POST (9)

XTH POST (10)

MT II
125

POST
(7)

XTL, XTLP & XTLA

11,13, & 15
4LCY 9-11
LCY 544 & 660
INTER CELL

N/A
FIGURE 1.4.7 - Torquing connections

N/A

SQUARE
(8)

160

125

LCT II 1700

N/A

N/A

BLADE
(10)

160

125

XTH, XTHP

N/A

Note: 1 Use the same torque values for

connection to terminal plates or
cable lugs.

* Tolerances: +10 inch-lb, -0 inch-lb in all cases

11

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

High current batteries may use shorter piggy back intercell connectors applied over
the top of the full length intercell connectors connecting all posts. See
illustrations for four and six post cells, Figure 1.4.8.
Tighten the connections to the specified torque values using two wrenches, a torque and
box wrench in counter-torque to avoid damaging posts.
4.8 Checking connection integrity
After connecting and torquing all cells in the battery and prior to connecting to the
charger or dc system, recheck the torque of all connections, in sequence, and
immediately check the total voltage of the battery, using a digital dc voltmeter. Total
battery voltage should equal the open circuit voltage (Table 2) of an individual cell
multiplied by the number of cells in series connection. The cell nameplate provides
information on the specific gravity of your cell(s). Refer to Part 4, Section 1.9, for
description of nameplate information.

FOUR POST CELLS

If the battery voltage is less than this value, either your voltmeter is incorrect or one
or more of the cells is installed in reverse polarity. Check and correct cell polarities.
Making this correction will avoid the possibility of charging cells in reverse and
destroying them.
Initial cleaning, surface preparation and torquing establishes the lowest possible
resistance between posts, connectors and lugs all of which may have somewhat
irregular surface finishes. Subsequent retightening at slightly lower maintenance torque
value (reference table 3) periodically restores initial connection integrity between
clean surfaces. Overtorquing will distort lead posts, permanently damaging the cells.
Maintain clean, tight connections. Periodically check torque values or connection
resistance. Connection maintenance is the responsibility of the battery end user.
CAUTION
It is the sole responsibility of the battery end user to check connections. All
connections should be checked at regular intervals, to ensure the connections are
clean and tight. Never operate a battery with loose or corroded connections.
When restoring connections, disconnect the battery from the load and the
charging equipment and follow all the precautionary measures outlined above.

SIX POST CELLS

FIGURE 1.4.8 - Dual intercell
connections
INTERCELL CONNECTOR
STAINLESS STEEL BOLT
AND WASHER

STAINLESS STEEL BOLT

STAINLESS STEEL WASHER
STAINLESS STEEL NUT

POST WITH
COPPER
INSERT

The preferred method of checking connection integrity is by using a digital low

resistance micro-ohm meter (DLRO) and recording the resistance values of each
connection. Remake any connection that is more than 10 percent above the average
value or 5 micro-ohms, whichever is greater, for new installations. Refer to the
reference section of this manual for additional information and IEEE-450 and 484
recommended practice.
4.9 Terminal plates, cables and lugs
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. offers a variety of cables, terminal lugs and special
terminal plates as optional equipment for specific battery installations. Before
beginning installation, check the accessories cartons to determine if the parts ordered
have been received. Also check for additional instructions which may be specific to
your application. This should be done before you schedule installation to permit
delivery of any necessary additional hardware.
Standard length interrow and intertier (not interaisle or charger) cables are supplied
by C&D. They are flexible, battery cables with lugs, properly sized for minimal
voltage drop. Lead plated lugs are supplied when lugs are attached to the battery posts.

TWO POST
MULTICELL

12

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

Terminal plates facilitate the connection of multiple power leads. They are made of heavy copper, lead-plated and formed to
permit connection to posts of various configurations. See Appendix A for details of the terminal plates supplied in the standard
accessory kits.
CAUTION
See example of unsupported cable putting stress on posts below.

NOTE: C&D recommends the use of lead-plated cable lugs on vented flooded lead acid batteries if connections will
be made directly to the posts of cells.
CAUTION
ELECTRICAL HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL
Before connecting battery to charger, it is important to note that several hazards are associated with battery systems,
particularly those used for large UPS applications where terminal voltages can approach several hundred volts and
currents may exceed several thousand amperes. By exercising proper care and allowing only properly trained
personnel to work on them, batteries should serve you well and perform without incident. Observe precautions and
become familiar with local, state, federal, and professional codes and procedures. It is advisable to determine if the
UPS topology includes an isolation input transformer. If it does not, an electrical ground reference will be present at
the battery.
CAUTION
If proper polarity is not observed when charging the battery, the battery or groups of reverse-connected cells will be
irreparably damaged
Note: Always complete a Record of open circuit voltage, initial charge, float charge readings and connection resistances with
DLRO, if taken. Retain the readings in your files for future reference. All required warranty records must be submitted to
C&D as work is completed. Send C&D a copy of the readings clearly identifying your location, application, test equipment
identification and name of the person who took the readings. For convenience, use Form RS-105. A sample is included in
this manual. Make a photocopy of the sample so the original will be available for subsequent use. The service life of your
battery will depend on boost charges (if in storage), its operating temperature, frequency of use and depth of discharge,
discharge rate, and float charge voltage and regulation.
Address the report to:
C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Attn.: Technical Service Department
1400 Union Meeting Road
Blue Bell, PA 19422
[email protected]

4.10 Connecting battery to charger

Use only direct current (dc) for charging. With the charging source de-energized, connect the positive terminal of the battery
to the positive terminal of the charger or system bus, and the negative terminal of the battery to the negative terminal of the
charger or system bus. Check polarities with a voltmeter to be sure that connections are correct. Energize the system by
following the manufacturers procedures.

13

PART 1
RECEIVING AND INSTALLATION (CONTINUED)

AC Ripple
Commercial battery chargers convert AC electrical energy to DC. The conversion, however, is not perfect, and some voltage
variation remains in the output voltage and current. This is known as AC ripple. The frequency and magnitude of the ripple
depends on the design of the charger and the filtering included in the supply. Lead acid batteries act as a filter for AC ripple,
and any variable energy delivered to the batteries is converted to heat. If the magnitude of the ripple is high enough, shallow
charge and discharge cycles may take place.
The impact of AC ripple on flooded battery performance and life has been studied; however, there are few conclusions with
regard to recommendations for maximum ripple voltage. It is clear that any voltage variation that forces the batteries
between gassing and discharge voltages may have an adverse effect on product life. The key parameter is the difference
between the float voltage setpoint and the product open circuit voltage. If the charge voltage falls below the unit open circuit
voltage the batteries will discharge. For most C&D flooded products the difference between float voltage and OCV is
between 6% and 8% of the recommended mid-range float voltage.
We recommend limiting the maximum AC ripple voltage in a charge circuit to 6% of the recommended mid-range float
voltage to avoid issues with shallow cycling of the batteries while on float.
PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY
SECTION 1 - CHARGING BATTERY
1.1 Initial Charge
All batteries shipped wet and fully charged lose some charge in transit or while standing idle before installation. At the first
opportunity, they should be given a boost charge, using either the constant voltage method or the constant current method.
Lead-antimony batteries must receive a boost or initial charge within three months of shipping date from the C&D factory when
stored at 77F (25C). Batteries not placed in service following a boost charge should be recharged every three months up to a
maximum of one year from date of shipment from C&Ds factory.
Lead-calcium batteries must receive a boost or initial charge within six months of shipping date from the C&D factory when stored
at 77F (25C). Batteries not placed in service following boost charge should be recharged every six months up to a maximum of
one year from date of shipment from the C&D factory when maintained at 77F (25C). Limits are determined and charge
terminated when the lowest voltage cell in the battery is within 0.05 V of the average cell voltage.
Higher than normal storage temperature 77F (25C) will accelerate internal self-discharge of a battery. Self-discharge will double
for every 15F (9C) over nominal 77F (25C) storage temperature. This factor will shorten the allowable time before initial and
subsequent charging.
Provide an initial/boost charge to the battery at the recommended voltage shown in Table 4.
Table 4 - Initial Charge Voltage and Duration of Charge
LEAD ANTIMONY CELLS
Nominal Specific
Gravity
See Part 4, Sec. 1.3
1.215
1.215
1.215
1.215
1.215

14

Maximum Average
Volts Per Cell VPC
(see note)
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.30
2.24

Time in Hours
at maximum cell
voltage
40
60
110
160
210

PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY (CONTINUED)

LEAD CALCIUM CELLS

Nominal Specific
Gravity
See Part 4, Sec. 1.3

Maximum Average
Volts Per Cell VPC
(see note)

Time in Hours
at maximum cell
voltage

1.215
1.250
1.300

2.38
2.43
2.50

100
100
100

Note: Applies to average cell voltage. Battery system voltage should be set at average cell voltage multiplied by the
number of cells in battery

CHARGE COMPLETION: The time required for initial charging will vary depending on the storage conditions and time since
last charge. In many cases it may be shorter than the times shown in Table 4. To determine completion of charge, start checking
cell voltages and specific gravities eight hours after starting the charge. The charge is complete when the
lowest cell voltage is stable over three consecutive hourly readings, the voltage of the lowest cell is within 0.05 V of the string
average, and the specific gravity of the cells is within +- 0.010/-0.005 of the average of the string. [The string charge current
(amps) should remain the same over a 4 hour period at the end of 100 hours.]
For Telecom strings of no more than 24 cells, an initial charge voltage of 2.5 volts per cell can be used but this should not be
necessary for cells that are installed within three months of shipment from the factory. At this charge voltage, 48 to 72 hours
should be sufficient with a maximum time of 150 hours. As mentioned above, stability in charge voltages should be utilized to
determine the proper time to terminate the initial charge.
1.2 Float charge
Standby batteries are continuously connected to control circuits which must be energized at all times. Connected to a load
in parallel with a continuously operating charger, these batteries assure instantaneous support of the load in the event of a
power failure or brownout. In addition to operating the connected load, the charger keeps the standby battery fully charged.
This parallel interconnection and operation is called float service. Maximum battery life can be expected in full float
service, in which the frequency of use and depth of discharges are kept at a minimum.
For optimum service, adjust the charger to the float voltages shown in Table 5.
Table 5 - Float Voltage Per Cell (VPC)
LEAD-ANTIMONY CELLS
Nominal Specific Gravity
See Part 4, Sec. 1.3

Float Voltage Setpoint Range

77F (25C)

1.215

2.15 2.18

LEAD-CALCIUM CELLS
Nominal Specific
Gravity
See Part 4, Sec. 1.3

Float Voltage
Setpoint Range
77F (25C)
(1)

Allowable Individual Cell

Voltage Range
77F (25C)
(2)

1.215

2.17 2.22

2.12-2.27

Telecom except LCT-HP and MCTII

1.215

2.20 2.25

2.12-2.29

UPS, SG&C
LCT-HP/ MCT II

1.250

2.22 2.27

2.15-2.32

All

1.300

2.32 2.36

2.23-2.41

All

Applications

(1) Setpoint: Recommended float voltage setpoint range for the system when read at the battery terminals. Charger settings
can be calculated by multiplying the recommended target times the number of series cells in the battery system. Charger set
points can be made anywhere within the range, however, the best results for battery life and recharge time will be obtained
by setting the charger in the middle of the range.
(2) Individual Cell Voltage: Allowable cell voltage range. Individual cells will vary around the float voltage set point. Cells
will tend to converge around the set point over time. The individual cell voltage range is provided to identify cells with
unusually high or low voltages. These cells should be identified for further action such as charging at a higher voltage
(equalizing) or further testing.
15

PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY (CONTINUED)

For information on constant current charging consult Part 4, Section 1.2 of this manual.
SECTION 2 - WATERING CELLS AND ADJUSTING ELECTROLYTE LEVEL
CAUTION
Do not add water or electrolyte to cells before initial charging. Adjust electrolyte levels only when cells are fully
charged and stabilized at float voltage.
Before adding water or acid to a battery, you must consider its condition and state of charge. For example, a new battery
which has recently experienced vibration during shipment will appear to have a low electrolyte level. Do not add water or
acid to cells unless the plates are uncovered. If the plates are covered by electrolyte, the battery should be placed on charge.
The gases produced by charging will displace the electrolyte and raise it to an acceptable level between the high and low
level lines on the container. Had the level been adjusted to the High mark before charging, charging could have caused
the electrolyte to rise to a point where it could overflow through the vent or be forced up into the flame arrester, requiring
needless maintenance.
NOTE: Adding water to a battery to bring the initial electrolyte levels up will reduce the specific gravity.
If, after charging, the electrolyte levels have not risen to between the high and low level lines, sulfuric acid of the same
specific gravity may be added to bring levels to the high mark. Adding acid is a procedure that should be done only
after consultation with C&D or performed by a C&D agent.
CAUTION
POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE GASES
Flooded lead acid cells release hydrogen gas during charge, which is potentially explosive. Flame arrestors reduce the
likelihood of ignition within a cell; however, caution must still be exercised not to bring an open flame or sparks near
the battery. Hydrogen can be evolved at the rate of 0.000269 cubic feet per minute per charging ampere per cell at
77F (25C). The maximum level of hydrogen gas in the battery room should not exceed concentrations specified by
local codes, typically 1 to 2 percent by volume. Do not install batteries in unventilated areas or enclosures.
SECTION 3 - CLEANING CELLS AND BATTERY RACK(S)
CAUTION
CLEANING THERMOPLASTIC CELL CONTAINERS clean or wash the containers with clean water only.
Do not use solvents or glass cleaners.
Neutralize acid spills with a solution of baking soda one pound of sodium bicarbonate mixed with one gallon of clean
water. Never use ammonia, soda ash, sodium hydroxide, or any strong alkalis. If alkalis are inadvertently spilled on the
containers, they should be immediately washed off with clean water.
SECTION 4 - BATTERY OPERATION
4.1 Float service
In ideal float service, a battery is always maintained in a fully charged condition. However, in the event of a power
failure or system test in which the chargers is shut down, the battery must support the load resulting in a battery discharge.
Typically, a standby battery will not be subjected to more than one test discharge each year and a transfer test monthly.
Additional deep and/or frequent discharges can shorten service life, even with proper maintenance and operation.
This section will consider batteries that are used in full float service. They will not be exposed to service in which the
standby power system is not capable of supporting peak loads. In such cases the battery would be exposed to numerous
partial discharges. In float service the charger voltage is regulated and filtered and the battery is operated
in a controlled environment.
For optimal service, adjust the chargers to the recommended float voltages shown in Table 5. See Part 4, Section 1.3 for
temperature correction factors. If you anticipate more frequent discharges, use a higher float voltage setting. Operating
within these criteria will maximize battery service life.

16

PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY (CONTINUED)

Equalize charges are used to bring cell voltages into a narrower operating range. An equalizing charge may be required at a
voltage higher than the nominal float voltage to restore proper voltage to a battery which has:
been subjected to frequent discharges
been charged at less than minimum float voltage due to an incorrect adjustment of the chargers or mis-calibration of the
panel voltmeter
An equalizing charge should be given when the lowest cell voltage reaches the minimum allowable cell voltage shown in
Table 6. Please note that antimony cells require regular equalization, while lead-calcium cells should only be equalized
when a cell reaches a low voltage limit.
4.2 Equalize charge
As noted above, equalize charges are used to narrow the overall voltage spread of a battery system. Equalize charges are
needed on a regular basis for lead-antimony cells, and on an as-needed basis for lead calcium cells. Minimum allowable cell
voltage is the point at which arrangements should be made to provide an equalizing charge. It does not imply the battery is
malfunctioning or will not provide power if called upon. The ability to perform an equalize charge on a system will depend
on the maximum voltage capability for the system. Lower equalize voltages require longer equalize time, and higher
voltages require shorter times. Consult the supplier of the charging equipment if the maximum voltage capability of the
system is not known.
Table 6 - Equalize Charge Voltages
LEAD-ANTIMONY CELLS
Nominal Specific Gravity
See Part 4, Sec. 1.3

Interval

Equalize
Voltage per Cell (VPC)

Duration

1.215

Equalize every 3 months

2.33

8-24 Hours

LEAD-CALCIUM CELLS
Nominal Specific Gravity
See Part 4, Sec. 1.3

Equalize When Lowest Cell in String Reaches

Equalize Voltage per Cell

1.215

2.12

2.33-2.38

1.250

2.15

2.38-2.43

1.300

2.23

2.45-2.50

Terminating Equalize Charge: The duration of an equalize charge for lead-calcium batteries will depend on various
factors, including the local battery environment, the conditions causing the need for equalization, the total voltage variability
within the system, and the length of time that the low cell voltage condition persisted. Terminating the charge will depend
on the voltage rise of the low cell and the stability of the voltage in the lowest cell. Start measuring the voltage of the lowest
cell in the system eight hours after initiation of the equalize charge. The equalization can be terminated when the lowest
voltage cell is within 0.05 V of the string average (in volts per cell) AND the voltage has not changed for three consecutive
hourly readings. If these conditions are not reached within 7 days of charge initiation please contact your C&D agent or
representative.
Single Cell Equalize: Some equipment may not have the required equalizing potentials available thereby lengthening
the charging period. As an alternative, a single-cell charger with AC line isolation may be paralleled across the affected
cell while still part of the overall battery to provide an over-voltage to the subject cell. Set points similar to system equalize
should be used. Termination of the charge should occur when the cell voltage stabilizes (three consecutive hourly readings).
Again, contact your C&D agent or representative with questions on system issues.
4.3 Performance characteristics
Battery performance is rated at 77F (25C). Operation at higher temperatures increases capacity, but reduces life
approximately 50 percent for every 15F (9C) rise. Operation at lower temperatures reduces capacity but extends life. It is
recommended to size the battery with additional margin for operation at the minimum expected temperature.
17

PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY (CONTINUED)

Battery performance at a given rate is related to the internal resistance of the cells and the external resistance of the conductors
connecting the cells. Aging increases internal resistance that results in greater voltage drop, or losses. The effects of aging have the
greatest impact on high rate performance. A battery whose resistance has increased by 10%, for example, when discharged at its 8
hour rate will experience a loss of approximately 10% of its reserve capacity or provide only 7.2 hours of support. But the same
battery discharged at its 15 minute rate will experience a loss of approximately 20% capacity but may not provide adequate
support time.
Typically during the last half of the battery service life, capacity will begin to fall slowly at first, then at an increasing rate.
Lead acid batteries have been historically considered to reach the end of their useful life when they have reached 80%
capacity. It is recommended that a battery be sized with an aging margin to compensate for loss of capacity as the battery
ages. At short duration high rates there may be little or no time left when the battery reaches 80% capacity. It is strongly
recommended that in such applications, an aging factor be applied to assure that the critical load will be supported for
adequate time at end of life. For further information on this topic, refer to Annex K of IEEE Std-450-2002, Recommended
Practice for Maintenance, Testing and Replacement of Vented Lead Acid Batteries and IEEE Std-1184, Guide for the
Selection and Sizing of Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Systems.
NOTE: Frequent charge/discharge cycles accelerate battery aging and performance degradation.
4.4 Environmental requirements
Recommended temperature range for standby battery operation is: 60F (15C) minimum to 90F (32C) maximum;
77F (25C) yearly average.
Operating temperature limits to prevent mechanical and/or performance degradation (or failure) is: 32F (0C)
minimum to 120F (49C) maximum; at standard atmospheric pressure.
SECTION 5 - BASIC BATTERY MAINTENANCE
CAUTION
For multi-cell batteries, a battery string must be disconnected from the charging bus before working on individual cells
or batteries. In multi-cell units, disconnecting an intercell (same jar) connector does not guarantee the absence of voltage
or current at the end terminals. A potential shock hazard may therefore exist. This is very important since there is
always the possibility of a small current leak path across an intercell partition.
Proper maintenance will prolong the life of a battery and will aid in ensuring it is capable of satisfying its performance
requirements. A good battery maintenance program will also serve as a valuable aid in determining the need for battery
replacement.
NOTE: These recommended procedures are designed to minimize specific gravity measurements and emphasize cell
voltage measurement as an indicator of acceptable operation. The reason for this choice in procedure is that
voltage measurements, particularly with digital voltmeters, tend to be more accurate in comparison to readings taken
with an analog hydrometer. In addition, hydrometer measurements are a common source of spillage of
electrolyte onto cell covers and connecting hardware and cell posts. If the spillage is not immediately removed
and neutralized it will become a source of corrosion and staining of the lead parts. This condition is sometimes
mistaken as electrolyte leakage from post seals, gravity sampling tubes and even container to cover seals.
The frequency of battery inspections should be based on the criticality of the loads that must be supplied by the battery
under emergency conditions; and the availability of other power sources. As a minimum, records of 3 quarterly reports
and 1 annual inspection per year must be maintained to preserve warranty. Record findings clearly and date
originals and copies.
NOTE: Gross charger output may be greater
than the float current required by the
float charge voltage measured at battery terminal
battery as the charger may also be
general appearance and cleanliness of battery, battery rack and battery area
providing the DC system load.
charger output current and voltage float current and float voltage
Measure battery float current at the
electrolyte levels (visual check)
battery terminal.

5.1 Monthly battery inspection should include the following:

18

cracks in cell containers or leakage of electrolyte

any evidence of corrosion at cell terminals, connectors or racks
ambient temperature and condition of ventilation equipment
pilot-cell voltage, electrolyte temperature
record findings clearly and date entries
all battery monitoring systems, if installed, are operational

PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY (CONTINUED)

5.2 Quarterly battery inspection should include:

The monthly observations, plus

voltage of every cell and battery terminal voltage measured at battery

temperature of electrolyte in representative cell(s), typically one cell / tier distributed throughout battery

specific gravity of any cell that exceeds the acceptable individual cell float voltage range

check float charge current

5.3 Annual battery inspection should include the following:

The quarterly observations, plus
cell condition and visual inspection
intercell/interunit connection integrity, measured with DLRO
(see page 18)
check rack and/or cabinet
NOTE: If the battery has experienced abnormal operation, such as severe discharge or overcharge, a more extensive
inspection should be made to ensure that the battery has not been damaged. More information can be found in the
Reference and Maintenance section, Part 4 of this manual.
Periodic inspections, as outlined above, and the subsequent corrective actions are intended to provide a properly maintained
battery that will meet its performance requirements. In addition, yearly performance tests can be used to demonstrate the
adequacy of the maintenance practices. Each of these inspections and tests should be used as best suited for the particular
needs of the application. It is the users responsibility to format a maintenance inspection and testing program to optimize
the benefits available.
Under normal conditions, the battery specific gravity readings are not going to change very much over the life of the cell.
Specific gravity readings are best utilized as a trouble-shooting tool. Specific gravity will typically increase 10 to 20 points,
depending on design, as water is electrolyzed and the electrolyte levels drop from the high to low lines over a period of
years. The only times that gravity drops is when water is added to bring the levels back up or the battery is in a discharged
state or is being self discharged due to an internal short. Both of these discharge situations can be determined without the
need for regular gravity maintenance readings, e.g. by low cell voltage readings or the presence of sulfate crystals on the
surface of the positive plates and/or internal connector straps.
5.4 Watering the battery
Apart from losses due to evaporation and oxygen diffusion, the quantity of water consumed by a battery is proportional to
the amount of overcharge it receives. Batteries manufactured with lead-antimony alloy grid frames begin life consuming
relatively small amounts of water. As they age, they consume increasing amounts of water, with quantities reaching ten
times the original as they near the end of their life. Batteries manufactured with lead-calcium alloy grids, because of the
purity of their grid components, require only about one-tenth the water used by new
lead-antimony batteries of the same size. This low requirement remains constant during
their entire life.
Note: Distilled or de-ionized water is preferred for adjusting electrolyte levels
If you intend to use public water and question the suitability of the local water supply for
use in lead acid batteries, consult your nearest C&D agent. If he does not have a recent
analysis report available, you may wish to conduct your own analysis in-house or at a
convenient laboratory. The following water purity specification, Table 7 should be used as
the criteria for acceptance.
Table 7- Minimum Requirements for Battery Water used to Adjust
Electrolyte Levels in Standby Lead Acid Batteries
Impurities
in Water

Maximum Allowable
Quantity (ppm)

Total Solids
Fixed Solids
Organic and Volatile Matter
Iron
Chloride
Ammonia as NH4
Nitrates as NO2
Nitrates as NO3

350.0
200.0
150.0
4.0
25.0
5.0
10.0
10.0

FIGURE 2.6.1 - Taking a hydrometer

reading

19

PART 2
CHARGING AND OPERATION OF BATTERY (CONTINUED)

SECTION 6 - MEASURING SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A CELL

6.1 Use of the float hydrometer
A hydrometer float inserted in a glass-barreled, rubber bulb syringe is used to measure the specific gravity of electrolyte.
The float is graduated in points of specific gravity, wherein 0.001 equals one point of specific gravity. The specific gravity
is read on the hydrometer scale at the level at which it floats in the electrolyte.
Note: Digital electronic hydrometers are available and may provide a more
convenient method of measurement for your needs. They still require
immersion into the electrolyte and the same care should be taken to avoid
spillage of electrolyte onto the cell and connections. They must be calibrated
using electrolyte of known specific gravity.
When taking hydrometer readings, always hold the hydrometer syringe vertically
and make sure the float is floating freely with no pressure applied to the bulb (see
Figure 2.6.1).
The glass parts of the hydrometer syringe should be washed with soap and warm
water as needed and rinsed with clean water to keep them clean and accurate.
Information regarding the specific gravity of a fully charged cell appears on the
cell name plate as part of the model number. As the cell discharges, the
hydrometer will measure a lower specific gravity. A hydrometer reading is,
therefore, an indication of the state of charge or discharge of the cell. However,
FIGURE 3.1.2 - Improper charging
note that readings on recharge lag behind the ampere-hours returned on charge.
The specific gravity does not immediately indicate the true state of recharge. Mixing the electrolyte is dependent upon the
amount of gas generated and acid diffusion. Usually, specific gravity measured at the top of the cell is only accurate
following an equalizing charge during which the cell has gassed enough to thoroughly mix the electrolyte. This is because
concentrated acid formed at the plates during charge drops to the bottom of the cell container because it is heavier than the
depleted electrolyte solution.
Some models have two hydrometer sampling tubes built into diagonal corners of the cover on single cells, and one sampling tube
per cell at the front of the multi-cell units. They are covered with white plastic caps. These tubes allow specific gravity readings
to be taken at a point about one-third down from the top of the plates. To obtain a good reading of specific gravity, sample the
electrolyte from the hydrometer tubes, discharging the first sample into the filler vent of the flame arrester and withdraw a
second sample for the actual reading. Carefully discharge the second sample into the filler vent and avoid spilling or splashing
acid. Any spills should be blotted and the area rinsed with clean water.
Note: For cells without electrolyte sampling tubes on the cover, take gravity readings through the filler vent on the
flame arrestor.
6.2 Pilot cells
One cell in a battery may be selected as a pilot cell for readings. Since all cells in the battery receive the same amount of
charge or discharge current, their specific gravities will fall or rise proportionately to that of the pilot cell. It is advisable to
change pilot cells after about 10 readings, because a slight amount of electrolyte is lost each time a hydrometer reading is
taken. This rotation of pilot cells distributes the electrolyte loss over all the cells in the battery. Always return the electrolyte
in the hydrometer syringe to the cell from which it came.
NOTE: Typical maintenance procedures will be discussed in detail in the Reference and Trouble Shooting Section
found later in this manual.

20

PART 3
DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES, PREPARATION & CHARGING
SECTION 1 - INSTRUCTIONS FOR ACTIVATING AND CHARGING DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES
1.1 Storage
Dry-charged cells or batteries may be stored for up to 12 months from their date of shipment from the C&D factory. They must
be stored in a dry, cool location. Do not remove the plastic film held in place by the vent cap until it is time to add electrolyte.
Dry-charged cells must remain sealed to prevent premature loss of charge. Check cells for damage during shipment and submit a
damage claim to the carrier if necessary. Store all other accessories and racks (if ordered) with the battery to permit convenient
assembly when required.

1.2 Supplemental information and caution labels

Each dry-charged battery is shipped with special activating instructions (RS-758). These instructions contain special charging rates and
values necessary for proper electrolyte filling, charging and installation. Failure to follow these instructions will result in irreparable
damage to cell(s) of the battery (see Figure 3.1.2).
WARNING
Read SECTION 1&4 of these instructions completely before unpacking batteries. They provide information on
receiving, unpacking, handling, and installation. Observe all cautions and warnings.
Activate battery within 12 months from date of shipment from the factory.
Store cells in a cool, dry location.
Do not connect any load to battery until both activating and initial charges have been completed to prevent possible
irreparable damage. Cells must be charged within 24 hours after electrolyte is added.
Dry-charged cells are shipped with sealed vent plugs. These plugs must be kept tightly in place during storage to
minimize the tendency of charged plates to gradually discharge. However, plastic film must be removed and
discarded at time of activation and charge.
Electrolyte is added to the battery which is then charged within 24 hours at a rate in amperes that will produce 2.60
to 2.70 volts per cell at the END OF CHARGE. This high voltage per cell is required to bring all cells of the battery
into line and assure both positive and negative electrodes are electrically balanced.
After cells have been properly installed on rack(s), connect battery to charger. Do not connect the load. Remove and
discard the vent plug (plastic film) seals. Sealed vent plugs must not be in place during charging. An explosion can result.
Discard the vent plugs and install flame arrestors.
Depending upon the type of charging equipment available, various methods and procedures may be used for the
initial charge. Charging current should be limited to five amperes per 100 ampere hours of rated cell capacity. If the
charging equipment has a current limit adjustment, cells may be charged at 2.60 to 2.70 volts per cell following
activation and cool-down (temperature less than 90F (32C) after adding electrolyte). When no current limit
adjustment is available, start the charge at float potential by connecting all cells in series and continue charging
them for four to five days or until they are fully charged.

1.3 Activation: preparing and adding electrolyte

Refer to the RS-758 instruction card to determine the quantity and specific gravity of the acid required to fill your
particular type of C&D battery. Refer to Table 8.

Table 8 - Electrolyte Dilution

Parts of Water to be Added to One Part Acid
Desired Specific Gravity

1.400 Sp. Gr. Acid

1.200
1.220
1.240
1.260
1.280
1.300

1.1
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

The above table serves as a guide only. Adjustments may be necessary. The final specific gravity must always be measured
with a hydrometer to insure it is correct
21

PART 3
DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES, PREPARATION & CHARGING (CONTINUED)

WARNING
Always add acid to water. Adding water to concentrated acid can cause a dangerous reaction.
DANGER
Always wear approved chemical goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, and a rubber apron when handling
electrolyte. Immediately neutralize any acid spills with a neutralizing solution (one pound baking soda added to
one gallon of water). Always have fresh water available in case electrolyte is splashed on skin, clothing or eyes. If
electrolyte is splashed into eyes, flush eyes with water from a safety fountain or cold water tap for at least 15
minutes and see a doctor immediately. Always add acid to water and stir constantly to mix thoroughly when
preparing electrolyte. If water is added to acid, a violent reaction will occur which could cause injury.

CAUTION
Normally, electrolyte shipped with a battery has a specific gravity 0.005-0.010 points below the nominal specific
gravity of the fully charged cells. Cells should be filled to the high level line with the electrolyte as shipped. Do not
dilute or add acid of a higher specific gravity. Allow cells to stand at least one hour after filling with electrolyte, BUT
NOT MORE THAN 24 HOURS. Start initial charge immediately after filling and cool-down. If the user supplies his
own electrolyte, the sulfuric acid used must meet C&D Specification A-1, reproduced in Table 9. Only distilled
water should be mixed with the acid.
Mix electrolyte in a clean plastic, rubber or glass container. Allow electrolyte to cool to about 90F (32C) before
filling cells. 1.400 specific gravity acid is supplied when requested. However, the acid must be mixed with distilled
water to provide the proper filling specific gravity specified at the top of C&D instruction card, RS-758. (Refer to
Table 8.)

Table 9 - Allowable Impurities in Acid per C&D Specification A-1

Maximum Limit (PPM)
Impurity

Calculated as

Organic matter
Platinum
Fixed residue
Sulfurous acid
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Antimony
Selenium
Nickel
Manganese
Nitrates
Ammonium
Chloride

Pt

SO3
Fe
Cu
Zn
As
Sb
Se
Ni
Mn
NO3
NH4
Cl

1.835 S.G 1.400 S.G.

*
0.2
300
40
50
50
40
1
1
20
1
0.2
10
10
10

1.250 S.G.

1.215 S.G.

*
0.2
233
114
19
17
14
0.33
0.33
7
0.33
0.07
10
6.7
21

*
0.2
228
119
17
14
12
0.3
0.3
6
0.3
0.06
10
6.4
21

*
0.2
250
95
27
25
20
0.5
0.5
10
0.5
0.10
10
8
18

* No perceptible charring when a 50 ml sample is heated to fumes

22

PART 3
DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES, PREPARATION & CHARGING (CONTINUED)

SECTION 2 - CHARGING CELLS/BATTERY

2.1 Special charging equipment requirements
Charging equipment that can provide the 2.60-2.70 Volts per cell required for initial charging must be used. Placing
dry-charged cells directly on float or normal equalize potentials will not provide an adequate charge for dry-charged cells
and they will rapidly deteriorate to an unserviceable condition.
2.2 Initial charge
There are two basic types of chargers used to charge standby batteries: constant voltage and constant current. Regardless of
the kind of charger used, it must provide an initial charge rate that produces at least 2.60 to 2.70 Volts per cell at the end of
charge without allowing the battery temperature to exceed 120F (49C). If 120F (49C) is approached, the charge rate
must be reduced. Methods for accomplishing this are discussed below.
Depending on the type of charging equipment available, certain methods and procedures are preferred for initial charging. It
is desirable to limit charging current to five Amperes per 100 Ampere-hours of rated cell capacity. If the charging
equipment has a current limit adjustment, cells may be charged at 2.60 to 2.70 Volts per cell, following activation and cooldown after adding electrolyte. However, cell temperature must be monitored and prevented from exceeding 120F (49C).
When no current limit adjustment is available, start the charge at float potential by connecting all cells in series as in the
final battery assembly and continue charge for four to five days.
CAUTION
However, it is necessary to reconnect the cells for higher voltage charge, 2.60 to 2.70 Volts per cell for the final
formation charge, as described below in these instructions.
At the end of the final charge, the specific gravity, corrected to 77F (25C) should be within the limits shown above. If any
of the cells are below the low limit, continue the charge until the specific gravity of the lowest cell stops rising. Any cells
that now have a specific gravity below the low limit must have their gravity adjusted by removing electrolyte and adding
acid with a specific gravity of 1.400. Never add 1.835 specific gravity acid directly to a cell. It is recommended this
adjustment be made by C&D service personnel. On some occasions, one or more cells will show a specific gravity above
the high limit. When this occurs, it can be adjusted downward by removing electrolyte and replacing it with distilled water.
2.3 Constant voltage charging
Constant voltage chargers have voltage regulating control circuits that may not be capable of reaching the required charging
voltage. This makes it necessary to charge the battery in two groups or steps to obtain a final potential of 2.60 to 2.70 Volts
per cell.
Step 1: Connect the positive lead of the charger to the positive terminal of the battery and the negative lead to the negative
post of the cell shown in Table 10 below.
Table 10 - Step 1 Constant Voltage Connections
No. of cells
in battery *

23

24

25

26

58

60

120

Cell number
for negative
connection

19

20

21

22

49

50

100

* Based on 2.20 Volts per cell charger output and number (1) cell as positive connection to charger
Start charge and check voltage across several cells (every fifth cell for smaller batteries, every tenth cell for larger ones).
Charging potentials should range between 2.60 and 2.70 Volts per cell at end of charge. Check cell voltage and cell
temperature every hour. Step 1 activation charge is normally completed in 12 to 16 hours. However, if cell voltages do not
stabilize between 2.60 to 2.70 Volts per cell, continue charge for up to three days because cells have lost a significant
amount of their stored charge.
NOTE: Most of the initial charge should have occurred at float potential charge.
Step 2: Connect the negative lead of the charger to the negative terminal of the battery. Connect the positive lead to the
positive post of the cell shown in Table 11. Cell number one is at the positive end as shown in Figure 3.2.3.

23

PART 3
DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES, PREPARATION & CHARGING (CONTINUED)

Table 11 - Step 2 Constant Voltage Connections

No. of cells
in battery *

23

24

25

26

58

60

120

Cell number
for positive
connection

10

19

* Based on 2.20 Volts per cell charger output and identified cell number in table connected to positive terminal
of charger
Check the voltages of sample cells not previously charged. Add another cell if any of the cell voltages are above 2.72 Volts.
Continue checking cell voltages and temperature every hour. Add another cell or two if necessary. Step 2 should also be
completed in 12 to 16 hours. However, if cell voltages do not stabilize at a value between 2.60 to 2.70 Volts per cell or for
cells that have lost some of their stored charge, continue charge up to three
days.
2.4 Constant current charging
Connect the positive lead of charger to positive terminal of battery and
negative lead to negative terminal. Adjust the charger to the finish charge
(5A/100 Ah) rate shown for your battery on the front of the instruction card.
Check cell temperature every hour and do not allow it to exceed 120F
(49C). If temperature gets too high, reduce the charge rate or interrupt the
charge temporarily. Charge should be completed in 12 to 16 hours.
However, if cell voltages do not stabilize at a value between 2.60 to 2.70
Volts per cell, or for cells that have lost much of their stored charge,
continue up to three days.

FIGURE 3.2.3 - 24-cell battery configuration

CAUTION
Regardless of your particular charging technique or connection procedure, make certain every cell receives 2.60
to 2.70 Volts per cell until cell voltage ceases to rise above this value and specific gravities stabilize. STARTING
VOLTAGE WILL BE LESS THAN CALCULATED VALUE, because cells require more current initially and
charger may go into current limit.
Tables for steps 1 and 2 are based on 2.20 Volts per cell. Your charger voltage may be higher, particularly if your battery has a
specific gravity higher than 1.210. Check the voltage and calculate the proper cell number to receive an initial charge at 2.60 to
2.70 Volts per cell. In cases where a battery may have been stored for longer than 12 months or in hostile ambient conditions,
two or three days charging may be required before voltages and specific gravities stabilize.
2.5 Allowable temperature rise
Cell temperatures should be monitored throughout the initial charge and not permitted to rise above 120F (49C). If
temperatures increase beyond this limit, do one or more of the following:
1. Reduce charging voltage
2. Add a cell or two
3. Stop charge (subtract time from total hours of initial charge) and restart after cells cool to 90F (32C) or less
2.6 Criteria for fully charged cells
At the end of initial charge, all cells of a fully charged battery will stabilize at a value between 2.60 to 2.70 Volts per cell over
three successive hourly readings. Temperature-corrected specific gravities stabilize at or near nominal specific gravity.
A visual inspection should be made of the positive plates, straps and posts. Properly activated and charged cells will exhibit
a very dark, black-brown coating on the positive grid frames, connector strap (inside cell) and sections of positive posts
between grid and cover. This coating, a passive, protective layer of lead dioxide, is formed by the high (2.60-2.70 Volts per
cell) initial charging voltage. The absence of the dark lead dioxide layer is a sign of improper charging. Charged cells
without it will almost certainly experience early failure.
2.7 Connecting the battery
When the activating procedure is complete, connect the battery and charger to the load in the conventional manner. It will
perform the same as a battery delivered filled with electrolyte. For normal operation and other information see appropriate
sections of this manual.

24

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE
SECTION 1 - REFERENCE INFORMATION
A battery used in full float service that has been properly installed and not subjected to frequent discharges and recharges, floated
at the recommended charging voltages and maintained in accordance with recommended practices will require minimal attention.
This is particularly true for lead-calcium alloy batteries. Lead-antimony batteries will require more frequent watering and
equalizing charges as they age.

1.1 Battery voltage measurements and equipment voltmeter calibration

Battery voltage measurements must be taken at the battery terminals, not at the attached equipment. The voltmeter should be a
digital type with at least 3 1/2 digits display with an accuracy better than 0.25%.
When the battery is not subject to any discharge, but merely in full float operation the battery terminal voltage should be close to
the meter reading on the attached equipment. If this is not the case, check the voltmeter(s) for errors and have them calibrated by a
certified testing laboratory.
This practice can avoid charging the battery at incorrect voltages that may be too high thereby causing premature aging and
short life. Charging at a voltage lower than specified will result in damage to cell plates or electrodes that can reduce available
capacity when the battery is called upon for support or a scheduled capacity test.

1.2 Constant current charging

Although constant potential charging is more common, another method of charging a battery which may be used in some
applications is one in which the battery receives its charge from a charger having a constant current control. Under this method,
the voltage will rise to any value consistent with the current (a pre-adjusted value). Usually, the current is adjusted to 2.0 - 2.5
Amperes per 100 Ampere-hours of battery eight-hour rating. Note: This type of charging is only to be employed for the initial
charge, or recharge after a performance test.
For example, a 1200 Ampere-hour cell may be charged at 24 to 30 Amperes for a prescribed time, which typically does not exceed
48 hours. One method for determining if a battery is fully charged is to monitor the voltage and specific gravity of selected cells
three times for three successive hours. When these values cease to increase between readings, you can be sure that the battery is
fully charged. A slight increase in cell temperature may cause readings to vary slightly. In no event should cell temperature be
allowed to exceed 120F (49C). If cell temperature(s) should approach this level, reduce the charging current or immediately
remove charger.

1.3 Specific gravity, effects of temperature, electrolyte level and recharge

The specific gravity of a cell is specified at 77F (25C) when fully charged and with the electrolyte fully mixed and between the high
and low line. If these conditions do not exist there will be an error in the measurements. Total variation from the nominal specific
gravity should be 0.010 or less. Variation in readings may have many causes unrelated to battery condition, especially stratification and
need for watering.
Effect of temperature
Briefly, electrolyte temperature above 77F (25C) will result in a lower observed reading approximately equal to a loss of 1 point
(0.001) for each 3F (1.67C). In contrast electrolyte below 77F (25C) will read approximately 1 point (0.001) higher for each
3F (1.67C). Higher temperatures expand the volume of electrolyte which reduces the observed specific gravity, while lower
temperatures condense the electrolyte and thereby concentrate the electrolyte.
The lead acid battery is an electrochemical device. Heat accelerates chemical activity; cold slows it down. Normal battery
operating temperature is considered to be 77F (25C). Higher-than-normal temperature has the following effects on a lead acid
battery:

Increases performance
Increases internal discharge or local action losses
Lowers cell voltage for a given charge current
Raises charging current for a given charge voltage
Shortens life
Increases water usage
Increases maintenance requirements

Lower than normal temperatures have the opposite effects. In general, at recommended float voltage, a battery in a cool location
will last longer and require less maintenance than one in a warm location. If the operating temperature is something other than
77F (25C), it is desirable to modify the float voltage as follows:
For temperatures other than 77F (25C), correct float voltage by 2.8 mV/F (5.0 mV/C). Add 2.8 mV (0.0028 Volt) per F
(5.0 mV/C) below 77F (25C).
Subtract 2.8 mV (0.0028 Volts) per F (5.0 mV/C) above 77F (25C).

25

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
Example:
LCT 1680
Nominal float @ 77F is 2.20 Vpc
Corrected float @ 67F is 2.228 Vpc
Corrected float @ 87F is 2.172 Vpc
At higher than normal operating temperatures, for every additional 15F (8C) battery
life is decreased by 50 percent. Therefore, continued operation at an average cell
temperature of 92F (33C) will reduce battery life to 50 percent of that typical at 77F
(25C).
At lower than normal operating temperatures, battery performance will be reduced as shown
in Figure 4.1.3.
Electrolyte level
When water is lost from the electrolyte the result will be a more concentrated solution
and thereby a higher specific gravity reading. The reverse condition applies when water
has been added to adjust electrolyte level. The apparent level can be significantly
effected by charging voltage. If the voltage is higher than specified in the float tables or
if the battery is being charged at equalize voltage, gases will be generated displacing
the electrolyte causing the level to rise. Reliable specific gravity measurements can
only be obtained when the fully charged battery has stabilized at float voltage for at
least three days providing sufficient time for gases to dissipate.

FIGURE 4.1.3 - Battery capacity versus

operating temperature

CAUTION
Never allow electrolyte level to drop below the flame arrestor vent tube. Should this occur hydrogen generated
within the cell will not be contained by the flame arrestor and ignition of the hydrogen is possible.
Recharge and Electrolyte Stratification
When the battery is discharged, the specific gravity of its electrolyte is reduced. This is a result of the utilization of sulfate ions in the
chemical reaction with the active materials in the positive and negative plates. The sponge lead in the negative plate and the lead
dioxide in the positive plate convert to lead sulfate, combining the sulfate ions of the electrolyte with the lead compounds in the
plates.
On recharge, lead sulfate in the plates is converted back to the original compounds and the sulfate ions are released from the plates.
The sulfate ions combine to produce sulfuric acid with a density greater than that of the electrolyte. As a result, the newly generated,
concentrated (heavy acid) falls to the bottom of the cell container. Specific gravity measurements taken at the top of the cell will be
lower than those taken at the bottom. This physical condition is called electrolyte stratification.
Stratification does not materially inhibit the ability of a lead acid battery to deliver power. However, battery performance will be less
than optimum and specific gravity measurements must take into consideration the non-homogeneity of the electrolyte. Specific gravity
measurements will not be accurate or reflect the true value.
There are two ways to eliminate stratification. The first is to provide sufficient time for chemical diffusion. This can take several
weeks at float potential, depending upon the degree of stratification.
A more efficient method is to provide an equalize charge voltage that will mix the electrolyte. Gases produced by an equalizing
charge stir up the electrolyte, causing uniformity throughout the cell. After a relatively short time, the electrolyte will become mixed
and homogenous. The degree of gassing and, hence the setting for the equalize potential are directly associated with the time required
for mixing.

1.4 Battery Performance Tests

Batteries are rated on their ability to deliver a certain number of Amperes or Watts to the load for a specified amount of time
before the battery voltage drops to a final cut off voltage. It is important to recognize that the performance of a cell or battery
depends on several factors:
1. the discharge rate
2. electrolyte temperature at the start of the discharge
3. state of charge
4. integrity of the connections
5. operating history and age of battery

26

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
Consult your C&D specification sheets for ratings of various cell types.
To be valid, a performance test requires that the following conditions exist:

A fully charged battery and balanced cell potentials and specific gravities. In some cases, this may require an equalize charge
or, in cases of sulfation, other action. Consult the C&D technical services department.

Battery must remain at float voltage for at least 72 hours prior to test. This is especially important following an equalize
charge to clear the gases developed at the surface of the plates.

All connections; intercell, interrow and interaisle must be optimized to their minimum resistance and all connections securely
tightened

The discharge rate depends upon the type of test. For an acceptance or performance test, the discharge rate should be
a constant current or constant power load equal to the rating of the battery for a selected test duration and to a final predetermined
voltage. In order to facilitate meaningful analysis, any test data submitted to C&D for review must be collected in accordance with IEEE450 (latest revision) procedures. If the test is run to determine battery capacity, the documentation must demonstrate that the battery was
fully charged prior to test. Initial readings as well as discharge readings must be included in the data submitted. All voltage and current
measurements must be taken at the battery/cell terminals.
REFERENCE INFORMATION
A complete description of testing vented lead acid batteries is beyond the scope of this manual but is discussed in detail in
IEEE STD-450 or supplements and other professional standards.

It is important to recognize that standby batteries are designed for a finite number of discharges. Excessive testing or
cycling of the battery can materially shorten battery life. For more information, refer to Part 2, Section 4, Battery
Operation, Float Service.

CAUTION
A battery string must be disconnected from the charging bus before working on individual cells or batteries. In multi-cell units
disconnecting an intercell (same jar) connector does not guarantee the absence of voltage or current at the end terminals. A
potential shock hazard may therefore exist. This is very important since there is always the possibility of a small current leak
path across an intercell partition.

1.5 Connection integrity

Connection integrity is critical to the safe and efficient operation of any battery. This is the sole responsibility of the installer/end
user. Connections must be inspected at least once a year for the following:

CLEANLINESS: Remove all corrosion by-products and restore as described in PART 1, Section 4.6.

TIGHTNESS: Re-torque all connections at least once a year to the re-torque values given in Table 3.

HARDWARE: Replace worn or damaged hardware.

The importance of connection integrity cannot be overemphasized. Take time to check all connections periodically. Batteries with
voltages of 250 Volts or greater and / or batteries used in high rate applications should have their connections inspected at least
twice each year.
CAUTION
A loose connection can cause arcing and possibly a fire.

1.6 Connection voltage drop

The importance of the integrity of intercell, interaisle and interrow connections has been stated. Loose, dirty or oxidized
connections have higher than normal resistance and increased voltage drop resulting in less reserve time.
Typically, the designed voltage drop between cells should be 30 milliVolts or less at rated current. Voltage drop between rows for
standard (intertier/interstep) cables is typically less than 100 milliVolts at rated current.

27

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
1.7 Measuring connection resistance
CAUTION
Checking voltage drop with conventional voltmeters requires that
measurements be taken while the battery is discharging at its rated discharge
current. The resistance may be calculated using Ohms law. Note that cycling
will shorten the life of the battery, (refer to Float versus Cycle Life in
Section 4). For this reason, the use of digital, low-resistance ohmmeters is
recommended. This type of equipment allows the measurement of connection
resistance without discharging or cycling the battery.
A preferred method of measuring connection resistance uses a sensitive digital
micro-Ohm meter. See Figure 4.1.7.
To measure connection resistance with a digital, low-resistance ohmmeter,
proceed as follows:

FIGURE 4.1.7 Measuring connection

resistance with DLRO

Be sure all connections are clean and torqued to the values specified in Table 3, Section 1.4.7 for re-torque.

With the battery on float charge or open circuit, take measurements post to post. (Positive post of one cell to the negative post
of the next cell.)

Starting at one end of the string, work toward the other end, recording micro-Ohm resistances and noting connections with
unacceptable resistances or resistance values that exceed the average by 20 percent. NEVER USE THE DLRO TO TAKE A
READING ACROSS A CELL OR THE TERMINALS OF THE BATTERY. THIS COULD SERIOUSLY DAMAGE
THE INSTRUMENT.

Recheck connections that exhibit unacceptable resistance. Clean and re-torque to the original (initial) torque value,
when required.
Note: Whenever a connection must be disassembled and reworked be certain to re-torque the connection to the
original (initial) installation torque value.

Compare resistance readings with the original installation readings and records taken when the battery was first installed.
Connections that still exhibit unacceptable resistance after cleaning and re-torquing may indicate the presence of improperly sized or
damaged cables or intercell connectors. Contact your C&D agent for assistance.
Reference Information
IEEE-450 provides a comprehensive description of how to measure connection resistance. Details may be found in the
Annex F of IEEE-450.

1.8 Electrolyte containment

Although it is unlikely that a properly maintained battery will exhibit a container failure and electrolyte leakage, electrolyte
containment systems are required by the Uniform Fire Code Article 64. These systems are available from C&D. Consult your
C&D representative or C&D directly for assistance in specifying and ordering one of these systems.

1.9 Cell type identification

C&D cells may be identified by looking at the label placed on the cover of each cell. The label contains valuable information
such as:
1.

cell type

2.

nominal specific gravity

3.

rated discharge time, current and final

cell voltage (an average of all cells in the battery)

4.

date of manufacture

5.

plant of manufacture

6.

battery order number

Example of Label
XT4LC15 1.250 SG
15 MIN 1236.9 Amp 1.67
06/96 A #0209899-01

28

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
SECTION 2 - TROUBLE SHOOTING, EXTENDED MAINTENANCE
General:
When properly maintained and charged, lead acid storage batteries should provide many years of trouble-free service. However,
despite their inherent dependability, failure to operate or maintain them correctly may lead to damage, shortened life and possible
loss of service. The following addresses some of the typical errors in operation and maintenance:

2.1 Float versus cycle life

Standby batteries are designed and constructed to provide long life in continuous float service. They differ in design significantly from
other batteries, such as starting or traction types. Traction batteries are designed to be discharged and recharged daily. In contrast,
standby batteries are float charged continuously ready to supply instantaneous power either directly to the load or by way of
interfacing electronics.
To assure a battery will perform during power outages and other emergencies, it is strongly recommended that unnecessary testing
be kept to a minimum, not to exceed the following:

The performance of an initial acceptance test not to exceed users originally specified reserve time
A load test to be performed not more than once every 12 months to verify battery capacity at users originally specified
discharge rate
A monthly transfer test not to exceed thirty (30) seconds at users originally specified discharge rate to verify system load
transfer and electrical system performance

The end user is expected to maintain records of all battery testing and unplanned equipment discharges in order to comply with
the requirements of the warranty.

2.2 Low float voltage and sulfation

A battery that receives inadequate charge or inadequate float voltage will develop sulfated plates. In some instances, the charger
may have been turned off either, inadvertently or by choice. The result of such conditions is a battery left in a partially charged
condition. The first noticeable signs may be erratic cell voltage. Finally, the plates may become sulfated. This condition can be
visually recognized by an experienced battery technician. If recognized in its early stages, sulfate may be removed by providing
equalize charge to the battery. In advanced cases, sulfate may be extremely difficult to remove. In cases of advanced sulfation,
contact the C&D Technical Services Department for assistance. Sulfated batteries are not fully charged and therefore have not
completed the electrochemical reaction of recharge. Accordingly, they will have reduced capability or performance. If allowed to
remain in a partially recharged condition for an extended period of time, sulfated batteries may suffer irreversible damage,
possibly requiring replacement.
For additional information on recovery of sulfated batteries, contact your C&D agent or the Technical Services Department.

29

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)

CAUTION
RECHARGE BATTERIES AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER A DISCHARGE.
Failure to recharge batteries promptly after a discharge may lead to sulfation or, in the case of deep discharge, to a
complete battery failure due to hydration. If charging at equalize voltage is not practical, recharge battery at
float voltage.

2.4 Batteries retained on open circuit stand

As soon as a battery is removed from a charger, self-discharge begins. This is caused by internal losses in the cell. Lead-antimony
cells discharge at 10 to 100 times faster than corresponding lead-calcium cells. However, even under the best conditions,
lead-calcium cells will self-discharge at a rate of one to two percent a month. Therefore, if cells remain on open circuit (with no
charging voltage supplied) for prolonged periods, the affected cells may become sulfated and require corrective action. In most
cases an equalize charge is adequate to restore the cells/battery to a satisfactory operating condition. However in extreme
conditions when the battery is left on open circuit for a very long time the cells may become hydrated. This condition
is irreversible.

2.5 Hydrated batteries

When a battery has been over-discharged well beyond its design limits, and left in a discharged state without timely recharge it is
subject to irreversible damage known as hydration. This is a phenomenon in which the specific gravity of the electrolyte has
been depleted to a value so low that it permits the lead components to go into solution, totally destroying the cells. The reaction of
dissolution forms many compounds and salts generically referred to as hydrate. These compounds clog the separator pores and
upon recharge, react to form metallic lead. As the process continues, thousands of short circuit paths are created. Very often, the
effect of the short circuits goes unnoticed except for an observed increase in charging current. As the reaction proceeds, over an
extended period of time, the short circuits become so extensive that it is difficult to keep the cells charged. Finally, the cells may
experience terminal short circuit failure.
The cells and cell components shown in Figures 4.2.4 and 4.2.5 exhibit the damaging effects of hydration. Hydration can be
avoided by the use of low-voltage cut-out devices, which disconnect the battery from the load after the battery is discharged at
its specified load current and reaches its designed cut-off voltage. The battery must be recharged as soon as possible.
Battery hydration usually occurs when the load on the battery is much less than the design load current, or when the battery is
used without a low voltage disconnect during prolonged outages. This condition allows the battery to discharge to a very low
depth of discharge depleting the available acid ions in the electrolyte. The specific gravity of the electrolyte finally approaches that
of water.
Typically, if one or more cells in a battery become visibly hydrated, it is only a matter of time before the remaining cells exhibit
the same condition.

2.6 Cleaning Cell Containers

Wipe the outside of the cells as necessary with a cloth moistened with water to remove
dust and ordinary dirt. If electrolyte is spilled on the covers, neutralize it with a cloth
moistened with a solution of baking soda and water mixed in the proportion of one pound
of baking soda to one gallon of water. When fizzing stops as fresh baking soda solution is
applied, wipe with a water-moistened cloth to remove all traces of soda.
Never use solvents, detergents, glass cleaners, special battery cleaning materials, oils,
waxes or polishes on the plastic containers or covers since these materials may attack the
plastic and cause it to craze or crack.
Cracks and crazing of the plastic components may not be observed for months, but
eventually the condition will occur and in many cases result in large cracks in the
containers or covers causing failure and leakage of electrolyte. Covers and containers
should be clean and dry at all times. Use of any of these materials will void
the warranty.
FIGURE 4.2.4 - Arrow points to white,
crystalline hydrate

30

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
SEPARATOR

2.7 Cell Reversal

Cell(s) may be reverse charged during a deep discharge. On recharge these cells may
read as high as 4 Volts indicating a high internal resistance. Reversed cell
temperatures may rise significantly on recharge and immediate action is necessary to
avoid permanent damage to the cell(s). Recharge voltage must be decreased to insure
that the reversed cell(s) do not exceed 3.0 Volts or 110 degrees Fahrenheit. If the
cell(s) do not respond to this special charging it may be advisable to charge the cell
individually. A single cell charger is required for this procedure. Contact your C&D
agent for additional assistance.

PLATE

PLATE

2.8 Flame Arrestors, Contamination

If electrolyte levels are permitted to exceed the high level mark at full charge, it is
possible for electrolyte to be pumped up into the vent and contaminate the porous
stone. In such cases it will be necessary to remove the flame arrester for cleaning,
replacing it with another flame arrester. Adjust the electrolyte level, while the battery
is on float charge, to between the high and low level lines.
Clean the contaminated flame arrestor stone in a mild solution of baking soda and
water. Provide a final rinse in water and allow the stone to dry. All white deposits
should be removed from the stone if the procedure was performed successfully.

2.9 Battery Recycling

When a battery reaches 80% of its rated capacity it is typically considered for
replacement. Government regulations require that lead acid batteries at the end of
their useful life be beneficially recycled. It is illegal to dispose of industrial lead acid
batteries in the trash. C&D provides a recycling program. Contact your local C&D
agent for assistance in recycling of your battery.

2.10 Battery records

As noted throughout this manual, battery records are extremely useful for evaluating
the installation, operation and maintenance of the battery over its service life. A form
is attached (RS-105) to assist you in maintaining a record of service and to be used
for warranty records. It is recommended that you make a photocopy of the original so
that additional copies may be made for future records.

31

FIGURE 4.2.5 - Cutaway shows clogged

separator with the by-products of hydration

PART 4
REFERENCE INFORMATION, TROUBLE SHOOTING & EXTENDED MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
2.11 Measurements of internal cell ohmic values (impedance, resistance and
conductance)
A technique that has gained popularity particularly in valve regulated lead acid
(VRLA) batteries is the measurement of internal ohmic values. Since the plates are not
visible in VRLA batteries many of the visual analytical techniques that can be used for
vented lead acid batteries are not applicable in sealed products. Primarily for this
reason other methods of analysis have been developed. The measurement of internal
ohmic values utilizes either ac at various frequencies (impedance or conductance) or
dc (resistance) measured across the cell terminals to determine the degree of
deterioration of the element from a baseline value. C&D considers the techniques
useful only for identifying cells with gross defects.
However, some users of vented batteries have chosen to use the impedance,
conductance or resistance measurement technique for additional analytical data.
It is important that readings be taken periodically in exactly the same location.
The readings can only be compared if the cell electrolyte temperature is similar to that
of previous readings. Values are then compared against both the initial values, at the
time of installation, as well as individual cells of the same age. See IEEE-450,
Annex J for further information.

FIGURE 4.2.10 - Measuring internal cell

ohmic values

2.12 Plate polarization measurements

The life of a lead acid battery is optimum when it is properly floated at the middle of the recommended string float voltage,
operated in a temperature controlled environment and is rarely cycled. Application requirements can make the ideal operating
parameters impossible or compromised. To better understand and monitor the health of a flooded lead acid battery, it is possible to
measure the plate potentials independent of the float voltage of a given cell.
This technique makes use of an instrument known as a third electrode or reference electrode. The third electrode is inserted
into the electrolyte of the cell under examination and voltage measurements are made that may be either direct measurements or
converted measurements, depending on the type of third electrode used to record the polarization potentials of the positive and
negative plates. It is interesting to note that although a given cell float voltage may be above or below the recommended average value
of cells in a battery, the cell may be operating properly. This is because the polarization potentials of the positive and negative
plates are within an acceptable range. Third electrode measurement instruments are available in both miniature lead acid cells and
mercury-mercurous sulfate cells.

Although the technique has been used almost exclusively by battery manufacturers and research and development laboratories for
years or under highly controlled field test conditions, some battery testing organizations have added this test parameter for indepth customer site evaluations.
Third electrode measurements can inform the experienced battery technician of the following:
1. If the positive plates are properly polarized excessive plate corrosion will be minimized while still maintaining the plates at a
sufficient potential and state of charge to avoid sulfation
2. It is essential that the negative plates remain fully charged while at the same time not depressing the potential of the positive
plates. The correct negative plate potential is dependent on individual manufacturers design parameters and vary widely due to
the addition of organic material (expanders) in the negative plates, depolarizers either added to the electrolyte, or in the case of
lead-antimony cells, the transfer of antimony as the cell ages.

32

APPENDIX A-TERMINAL PLATES

PT00821
TYPE DJ & XDJ
WITH RECTANGULAR
POST

PT00448A
TYPE L CELLS WITH
(4) 1'' SQUARE SINGLE
HOLE POSTS

PT00450
TYPE K SINGLE &
L MULTI-CELLS WITH
1'' SQUARE POST

PT00449A
TYPE L CELLS WITH
(6) 1'' SQUARE SINGLE
HOLE POSTS

PT00976A
XTH (P) - 11
THRU 27
INTERTIER/INTER-RACK
CABLE CONNECTIONS
6 CABLES OR LESS

PT00559
TYPE L 2-CELL & LARGE
4-CELL WITH 1'' SQUARE
DOUBLE HOLE POST

PT00494
TYPE K CELLS
WITH 1'' SQUARE
POST

PT00515A
TYPE L CELLS WITH
(4) 1'' SQUARE DOUBLE
HOLE POSTS

PT00496
TYPE XTJ, K &
L MULTI-CELLS
WITH FLAG
TERMINALS

PT00516A
TYPE L CELLS WITH
(6) 1'' SQUARE DOUBLE
HOLE POSTS

PT00539A
TYPE L 2-CELL & LARGE
4-CELL WITH 1'' SQUARE
DOUBLE HOLE POST FOR
MORE THAN (4) CABLES
BETWEEN TIERS OF RACKS

PT00758
LCT II 1700

PT00938A
XTH (P) 11 THROUGH 27
(7-8 CABLES ONLY)
FOR INTER-TIER/
INTER-RACK
CABLE CONNECTIONS

PT00934
XTH (P) - 29
THRU 33

PT00973A
XTH TERMINAL
PLATE ASSEMBLY
FOR INTER-TIER/
INTER-RACK
CABLE CONNECTIONS

PT00681
TYPE L CELLS
WITH (4) 1
SQUARE POSTS
BENT AT 45

Recommended torque for customer connections to the terminal plate is 160 +10/-0 in-lb regardless of the size of the hardware used. Higher torque values are
acceptable for larger hardware as follows:
3/8-16
1/2-13

33

195 inch-lbs +/- 5 in-lb

225 inch-lbs +/- 25 in-lb

14-324
APPENDIXB-mAtErIAlsAfEtyDAtAshEEt

34

14-324

35

14-324

36

14-326
APPENDIXB-mAtErIAlsAfEtyDAtAshEEt

37

14-326

38

14-326

39

APPENDIX C - SPILL CONTAINMENT

Introduction:
Spill Containment Systems are used to contain and absorb/neutralize
the release of battery electrolyte from damaged lead acid batteries
used in stationary applications. Spill Containment Systems are
designed with the minimal number of components for ease of
installation and overall simplicity. Components may vary from
supplier to supplier, yet all systems produce the same results.
Components include a 4" high barrier that is typically bolted to the
floor with sealed seams and joints. The floor can either be coated with
an epoxy paint or have a protective liner. The barriers and the floor
must create a watertight area and must be impervious to the liquid
being stored. The final component is the pillows, which can absorb or
neutralize and absorb the battery electrolyte. C&D only provides
neutralizing and absorbing pillows. All components have an flame
retardant rating.

Compliance:
Spill Containment Systems are required to comply with various
codes used for building safety when stationary lead acid batteries
systems have been installed. The decision to use Spill Containment
Systems is based on local, regional, state or national codes as
directed by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). C&D does not
decide or require the use of Spill Containment Systems for our
customers. However, C&D recommends the use of any methods and
products that assure building and battery room safety for our
customers.

Spill Containment Systems Suppliers:

FIGURE C.1 - Spill Containment Barriers with Pillows

Spill Containment Systems offered by C&D with or without our Stationary Batteries are designed to meet or exceed all
requirements and specifications set forth by all applicable codes pertaining to Stationary Lead-Acid batteries and Battery Room
Safety. Our suppliers warrant these products and copies are available with Spill Containment Systems. C&D will provide
information on the available Spill Containment Systems including any specifications or third party testing and verification if
requested.

Selection:
C&D has determined which Spill Containment Systems will fit our existing Battery Racks. Additionally, custom sizes are
available with exact dimensions or room layouts. For proper compliance, the inside of the barrier area must have a 1" perimeter
around the shadow area of the Battery Rack.

Installation:
Provided with the Spill Containment System are instructions for proper installation with diagrams and a bill of materials or
packing list. In most cases, the installation of Spill Containment Systems should be made prior to the installation of the Battery
Rack. If a Spill Containment Systems is to be installed after the installation of the battery rack, please consult with your C&D rep
to determine which Spill Containment System will be best for this situation.

40

Inspected By:
1400 UNION MEETING ROAD
BLUE BELL, PA 19422

Inspected Date:
STATIONARY BATTERIES AND CHARGERS
INSPECTION REPORT

User:

Contact:

Battery Location:

Phone No:
Other:

OEM:

Installed By:
BATTERY INFORMATION
USER INSPECTION

C&D INSPECTION

C&D Order No.

Appearance of Following:

Date Mfg.

Pos. Post

Date Installed

Pos. Strap

Model

Pos. Plate

Cells x Strings

Neg. Post

Application

Neg. Strap

Electrolyte Level

Neg. Plate

Bus Volts, Portable Meter

Cover rise, (eighths of an inch)

Bus Volts, Panel, Final

Jar Bulge, (eighths of an inch)

Top Tier, Cells

Jar Cracks

Mid Tier, Cells

Sediment Amount

Bottom Tier, Cells

Sediment Appearance

Charger Cap & Type

Lubricant observed on rack rails or bottom of cell

containers:
Serial No. Or WO
Room Ambient Temp.
Watering Interval
Last Discharge
Peak Load
Typical Load
COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Form RS 105-Rev. 6 2003

yes

no

Required Maintenance Documents for Warranty

BATTERY STATUS

OPEN CIRCUIT

Office:
Cell
No.

FLOAT

Model:

EQUALIZE
Date:

Volts

Temp.

Sp.Gr.

Serial or

Cell

Volts

Temp.

Sp.Gr.

Serial or

+2.000

Deg. F

+1.000

Work Order No.

No.

+2.000

Deg. F

+1.000

Work Order No.

Add measure and record string charge current (amps) after 96 and 100 hours equalization or 68 and 72 hours float.
.

1400 Union Meeting Road

P.O. Box 3053 Blue Bell, PA 19422-0858
(215) 619-2700 Fax (215) 619-7899 (800) 543-8630
[email protected]
www.cdtechno.com

Any data, descriptions or specifications presented herein are subject to revision by C&D Technologies, Inc.
without notice. While such information is believed to be accurate as indicated herein, C&D Technologies, Inc.
makes no warranty and hereby disclaims all warranties, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy or
completeness of such information. Further, because the product(s) featured herein may be used under
conditions beyond its control, C&D Technologies, Inc. hereby disclaims all warranties, either express or
implied, concerning the fitness or suitability of such product(s) for any particular use or in any specific
application or arising from any course of dealing or usage of trade. The user is solely responsible for
determining the suitability of the product(s) featured herein for users intended purpose and in users
specific application.
Copyright 2010 C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Printed in U.S.A.

RS-1476

0610/CD