GAZING AT THE SUN

REMARKS ON THE EGYPTIAN MAGICIAN AL-BUNI

,
AND HIS WORK
Tan Tust Witkam'
The Corpus Buni anum
Whoever leafs through the editions of the works of the Egyptian magi-
cian Atrmad b.
'Ah
b. Yusuf al-Buni
(d.
62211225) is bound to be soon
confused. In his search for some structure in the author's argument, the
reader will instead find numerous repetitions, and not seldom will he
discover that he is reading what proves to be a second or third handling
of issues that have already been the subject of earlier discussions, even
in the very same work by al-Buni which he has at hand. The more one
reads in al-Buni's published works, the more the impression grows that
we here have the result of a continuous process of permutation of con-
stituent elements and ideas. This may lead us to the assumption that
some, if not all, of al-Buni's works were not written by himself. Instead,
we may consider several of the titles that go under al-Buni's name as part
of a Corpus Bunianum, as the product of the work of several genera-
tions of practicing magicians, who arranged al-Bunib work and thought
and brought it out, probabiy while mixing these with elements of their
own works. This does not merely imply that there is a pseudepigraphic
Bunian literature, but also that some works by al-Buni, or ascribed to
him, may in fact constitute a composition of fragments of very diverse
origin.' This should not shock the trained philologist, who usually thinks
in terms of a fixated text with certain authorship and a reconstructable
*
Interpres Legati Warneriani and Professor of
' Paleography
and Codicology of the
Islamic \Arorld' in Leiden University. Address: Faculty of Arts. P.O. Box 9515.2300 RA
Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: <[email protected]>.
1
Mohamed M. El-Gawhary, Die Gottesnamen im magischen Gebrauch in den al-Buni
zugeschriebenen Werken
(Bonn,
l968), p. 17. El-Gawhary dates the composition of the
Shams al-ma' arfto at least a century after ai-Buni' s death. This is not contradicted by the
datings of the Leiden manuscripts of the Shams al-ma' arif and the
"Iartlb
al-da' awat
(see
the' Bibliographical note' below for all ref-erences to manuscripts and printed works).
184
' AN I UST
WI TKAM
stemma of manuscri pts, si nce i n the case of popul ar texts, both magi cal
and other, the author is unimportant and has often disappeared behincl
'his'
text. Users and readers of such popular classics treat the work as
their own books, in the doubie sense of the word. and feel free to alter
these.l
Western scholarship has not always been kind to al-Boni. Ullmann
characteri zes hi s i ntel l ectual achi evement, whi l e contrasti ng al -B0ni ' s
i ngenui ty i n anal yzi ng a fi nel y structured cosmos to hi s practi cal
approach of the unseen world, as a sign of
'colossal
credulityl and al
Bnni's method of using the numerical and other properties of words ancl
letters as'stupid, formalistic arithmeticl When reading such qualifica
tions, one wonders whether Ullmann by this remark had actually wishecl
to propose that al-Btrni, if only he had worked in a less credulous and
less formalistic arithmetical way, would really have provided his readers
with meaningful answers to the enigma of the universe.
Ullmann is however correct in stating that al-Brlni's works do not
constitute a source for our knowledge of the older Arabic literaturc
on magi c, and he proposes that they rather represent a cross secti on
of practices and beliefs which were current before, during and after
al -Bnni ' s l i feti me, duri ng whi ch peri od the corpus, whi ch now count\
some fortyr ti tl es, has come i nto bei ng. Al -Buni i s the fi gurehead of thi :
corpus, nothing more. Personail,v, I think that if the assumption oi .r
popul ar ori gi n of the vari eti es of magi c di scussed can be documented, i t
woul d make the Buni an corpus even more i nteresti ng.
Ibn Khaldun, who often takes a relaxed view on those fields of scienc.
whi ch he does not personal i y endorse, quotes al -Brtni on hi s own vi e r'
of the attai nabi l i ty of l etter magi c, the most conspi cuous el ement i n hi r
works, as:
' One
shoul d not thi nk that one can
get
at the secret of thc
'
See e.g. El-Gawhar1., Die Gottesnnnreir, p. 1.11L fbr a full discussion on the genc,r,
of the Brlnian corpus.
3
Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheinwissenschaften im Islam
(Leiden
Iere
1972) , p. 391.
' '
Brockel mann, GAL, G I , p. 497, i n combi nat i on rvi t h S I , pp. 910-91 l , ment i ons . rv
titles, but he has not even attempted to relate these to one another. Hrs list still retlc.r.
the order in which he worked thiough thc catalogues that constitute his primary sour-.c.
for the bibliographv of al-Bunis works. Progress in manuscript cataloguing will rtr c.,.
more titles. However, some of Brockelmann' s 39 dill' erent titles will. uDon closer e-i.arrrr
nat i on, pr ove t o be i dent i cal r r " i t h ol her s r vhi ch go by ot her t i t l es. Tl r e Cor pus BI r r i . t r r t . r '
is as yet far from being clearly deirned.
THE EGypr r AN
MAGTcTAN
er - suNi
AND
Hr s woRK
l g5
letters
with the help.of
rogical
reasoning.
one
gets to it with
the help
of
vision
and
divine
aidls
By far the most
widespread
and best-known
work
by al-Buni
is his
shams^al-ma'arif
wa-rati-if
ar-'awarif,
whichmay
be translated
as
.The
lun
o,f all Knowredge
and the
Niceties
of Those
who
Knowl
It is a true
encyclopaedia
of Isramic,
or Islamicised,
magic.
The reason
for the
book's
popularity
must
have
been
the practical
use for
which
it was evr_
dently
composed.
It contains
onry fewiheoretical
passages
and the work
abounds
with
instructions
for
the manufact..r.
oi u-.il"t,
ura-f
op.rtu.
medical
recipes
for all sorts
of purposes
and occasionr.
rt.
ioirrt
of
departure
for al -Buni s
proposi ti on
s' are
ar-Asma' qr-husna,the
.Beauti _
ful
Names'
of God.
although
these
ninety-nine
names
are not a' liter-
ally
derived
from
the
eurhn,o
both
by t'heir
very
origin
and
by their
semantic
designation
they
have, in course
of time,
acq"uired
u, at-ort
divine
status.
The elr
Arabica,phabet,;t"Jffjilj:i
jfi
fiTil:ffi
;i:
j"j'::il,T::
theme
in the
corpus
B.nianum.
The
Arabic
alphabet
is of divine
ori-
gin anyrvay,
because
Godt final
revelation
t" "ir"r.,..1:^;::::_
.t"a.
e.aui.,o,rg,,.,
.un
a it may
th.r.f;;.
b': "Trl*:X1illif;
:T,n;
on the well-preserved
tablet,.the
archetype
of the
Qur'an
which
is pre-
served
in heaven'
is in fact the
Arabic
riript.
But
even
if this
assump-
tion
would
somehow
prove
to be inexact
or incorrect,
the very iu.t
tt nt
God's
ninety-nine
names
are, at least
in this
worrd,
written
in
Arabic
script
makes
the letters
through
which
they
are expressed,
into holy
and
magically
powerful
constituent
parts
for
ail sorts
of fur;;i;;,';;"y".r,
well-proven
recipes
and amurets.
This is the idea
which
lies at the
basis
of most
of al -Buni ' s
magi cal
devi ces.
Western
scholarship
got a first
grasp
of the content
of the
Shams
al-m.a'arif
through
Ahlwardt's
detaiedlist
of the chapter
tittes
or tne
Berlin
manuscript
of the text.8
The
content
of many
ott.,
-"rrrscripts
t
Ibn Khaldun
' The Muqatldimah.
An introduction
to History.
Transrated
fror.'
the
Arabic
by Franz
Rosenth"lit::*:,
*91, iiir
;:'i;4..
See ror.
another
example
of rbn
Khaidun' s
common
sense riis view
on the traditional
scrences (-...
no place
for the intel_
l ect i n t hem
. . : ), i bi d. , I I , p.
430.
,rui,,"J.t)r?tdet'
' al-Asma'
al-Husna,'
in Encyclopaedia
o,f Islam (New
ed.), I (t.eiden,
t
Qur an
l 6: 103.
8
w. Ahlrvardt,
verzeichniss
trer arabischen
HandschriJten
fder
kiinigrichen
Bibriothek
zu Berl i nl , I I I (Berl i n,
i 89t ), pp SOS_St 0.
Th. ' n. rt . at t i on,
publ i shi d
i n t he Mi ddl e
East and India precede
ehlwardt,s
catalogue.^"'
,' ' "'
186 i AN IUST
wrrKAM
of the Shams al-ma'arif closeiy follows this pattern. However, if one were
to assume that the numerous uncri ti cal and commerci al edi ti ons rvhi ch
have appeared i n the Ori ent si nce the mi ddl e of the 19th century fbl
low that selfsame pattern, then one is in for a surprise. Although thc
printed editions are rather uniform in their content, they diverge u'ideh
from the manuscript tradition of this work. This can immediatel,v be
seen, not only by comparison between the texts, but especially from the
enormous amount of figures, squares and other graphics in the printecl
editions, whereas the manuscripts have only a limited number of such
f'eatures.
In the manuscripts, where the title is usualiy given by the author in his
prol ogue,ethebooki senti tl ed Shamsal -ma' ari fwa-l ata' i f al -' awari .f,an' 1
this title is equally given in the prologue to the work in the printed edi
tions. However, the title-pages of the printed editions give slightiy dilfer
ent title, namely Shams al- awariJ al-kuhra wa-lata'if al- awariJ, which
makes all the difference. There are two ways to explain this addition.
One may i nterpret thi s addi ti onal term al -kubra,
' the
i arger/l argest ver-
si onl wi thi n the context of approaches i n cl assi cal Isl ami c schol arshi p.
where an author would compose several versions of one and the sam.'
work. It is not uncommon in many branches of Muslim scholarship to
have an extended version, a concise version and even in some cases al.I
intermediate version in circulation. Within that context, the addition
ol-kubra to the title might indicate that the printed editions offer such an
extended version, whereas the known manuscripts only give the shorter
or the i ntermedi ate versi on.l 0 Thi s may be as i t i s, but another expl ana-
tion of the additional word al-kubra in the title of the printed editions is
possi bl e and more probabl e. When the Shams al -ma' ari f was i i rst pre-
pared for pri nt, an enormous corpus of magi cal squares, schedul es, ci r
cles and other graphics with their accompanying texts, was added to it.
The unknown pr.rbiisher or editor, who must have been responsible tbr
this, may have wished to bring out a version that would supersede all
other
(manuscri pt) versi ons. The ti tl e, Shams al -ma' ari f al -kubra r;ra.r
be transl ated as
' the
(most)
extensi ve Shams al -ms' ari f
' whereby
i t i s trr
"
Gener al l yspeaki ng, t i t l esont i t l e- pages, or ont hel ower edgeof t hebookbl ockt i , r
that matter, are additions by copyists, librarians, owners or readers, and have less biblir,
graphical value than the information given by an author in his introductory remarks.
i0
The terms kablr, baslt, mabsut, mutawwal, etc. are all used for such extensive rer
sions, and this would not exclude the use of the word kubra in the same context.
THE EGyprrAN
MAGTcTAN
el _eONi
AND Hrs woRK
I g7
be understood
that the additions
are the publisher's
own. This exam-
ple of the first, or of an early, edition
became the norm,
and many of
the later editions, if not ali, contain this extensified
and over-illustrated
version
of the text. As a result,
the shams al-ma'arif
al-kubra
consists
of many parts
that seem to have simply been patched together
without
much consideration
for compository
requirements
and their
mutual
relevance.
Hence the confusion
which I noted at the beginning
of this
article.
Al
-
Bunt\ Thrtib al-Da'awat
rf the shams al-ma'arif,whether
kubra or not, has become a popular
and
wide-spread
text, because
of its practical
use and its matter-oi-fact
and
non-intellectual
approach
of the mysterious
world of the unseen, the
opposite
is true for a text by al-Bnni
which so far has escaped
the atten,
tion of scholars.
It is a work entitled Tartrb al-ds'awat
fi
takhgs
al_awaar
'ala
ikhtilaf
al-iradAt,
which may perhaps
be translat.i
u,
.rh.
order'of
Invocative
Prayers.
on the Determination
of the Moments,
according
to the Different
wishesl It is a rare text, and I am not aware of any other
copy than the manuscript
in the Leiden
University
Library.lr
elihough
it was duly mentioned
in all of this library's
catalogues,ti
it somehow
escaped Brockelmann's
attention,
and, as a result, was not mentioned
1*9rg
his thirty-nine
titles, nor does it seem to have attracted
any
further
scholarly attention.
Aiready
the indication
of the name
of the
author, immediately
after the basmala,
makes it clear that it was writ-
ten after his death, probably
by an admirer
or a pupil.r3 Its content is a
mixture
of the well-known
Bunian
themes on the magical
use of letters,
divine names
and sentences from the
eur'an,
but astriloeical
and other
"
MS or. 1233. rt has been i n r, ei den si nce t he mi d-l 8t h
cent ury, f i rst i n t he pri -
vat e col l ect i on of
J. J.
Schul t ens (r716-1778). I t
was auct i oned of f i n i zso, un, t i n r78r
rl was regi st ered
by t he Urri versi t y Li brary, l oget her
wi t h ot her *unur. . i pi .
uf t he
rcnu[ ens
col rect l on. l t may ai ready have been i n Europe
bef ore i t came i nt o schul t ens'
possesslon.
rr
Lastly in P Voorhoeve,
Handlist of Arabic
manuscripts
in the Library of the lJniver_
sr4t o.f Leiden and other collectiors
in The Netherlands.
tsf ed.
rr.ia"r,
is6zi""a ira .a.
(The
Hague, 1980), p. 374.
' '
Ileginning
on p. 1:,,\
,,*,f
:r, :K,:l f,
r_,i,
,r,
JLJ\
,lu\
jrLJr
";1:1
3-lr,
Jo
"q,b
-tis
o..-. +r
--J S-.1. lr
-Ly.;.f
__-*:_-J
188
JAN l usr
wrrKAM
considerations are given here as well. In the overall level of its intel-
lectual approach, the work differs from the Shams al-ma'arif. Another
difference consists in the fact that the application of amulets and recipes
is made subservient to the appropriate moment, and such moments are
,determined
by astroiogical considerations. Also concepts such as tabl'a,
'nature',
and imtizaj,
'mixingl
of the natural elements of the ietters are
introduced and discussed. The four elements
(fire,
air, water and earth)
are, among other things, brought into connection with the values of the
letters of the Arabic alphabet, and consequently with the magical value
of the words and sentences which they constitute. One may find such
considerations and concepts in the Shams al-ma'arif as well, but in the
Tarfib al-da'awat they seem to receive more attention, and, it would
seem, on a higher intellectual level than is the case in al-Buni's other
works. This in fact may be the reason why the text is so rare. Another
reason for its rarity may be the fact that the Leiden manuscript of the
Tartrb al-da'awat stands out by a large number of expertly drawn and
sophisticatedly constructed magical squares and figures. These, too, may
have hindered the manufacture of more manuscripts and the spread of
this text.
The general structure of the content of the Tartrb al-da'awat is famii-
iar enough. After an introduction on the subject of the divine names and
the letters of the names as their constituent elements, al-BUni
(if
he is the
author) treats the divine names according to a categorization of his own
(pp.
1a-100). In the following, which is the main part of the text, the
author sets out to treat
Qur'anic
sentences
(mufradat
al-Qur'an) and the
magical operations
(a'mAl)
which he performs in connection with these.
The
Qur'anic
sentences seem to be given more or less in their order of
occurrence in the
Qur'an,
a habit which is highly recommended among
readers of the
Quran.'a
This order is not strictly adhered to, however.
The first quotation is from Surat al-Baqara
(p.
101), and the last one
' a
See for this recommended habit e.g.,
' Ali
Muhammad al-D abba'
,
Ktab
fath
al-kartm
al -mannan
f l
adab hamal at al -Qur' an (Cai ro,
1353/ 1%
),
p. l 0:
' I t
i s a recommended
custom that he
[that
is the
Qarl'
who recites fragments of the Holy Book,
JJW]
recites
in the order of the
Qur' an
text, because that order is there for a wise reason (hikma)!
This short text by a 20th-century author on handiing the divine word is available in
many editions. It is often published together with al-Tibyan
Ji
adAb hamalat al-Qur' an,
a similar text, by al-Nawawi. One of the editions which I have used is the one published
in Cairo
(Mustafa
al-Babi al-Halabi) in 1353/1934. An English translation oithe Fatli
al-karlm al-mannan by myself is forthcoming in the Yusuf ibish Memorial volume, to be
pubiished by the al-Furqan Foundatirin in London.
THE EGyprrAN
MAGTcTAN
er_s0Nri
AND Hrs woRK
l g9
fr.om
surat a/-Nas (p.
332), and'genera'y
speaking
the author
adheres
to
the order
of the suras and ayAt,but
a random
cheJk reveals
a ferv rrregu-
larities'
one may view
this part of the Tartrb
ar-cJa'awrt
as a selective
exegesis
of the
Qur'an
and the work
of the author
as a systematic
attempt
to make magic
out of God's Word.
one-feature
may be di scussed
here i n more
detai l . At the end of the
work, the author treats
the
Qalam
al-tabli,the
,natural
sec.et
alphabet'
(pp.335-337),
and he gives a table of this secret
alphabet,
which L. .or,_
nects
with the four elements.
The division
u..ordi'g
to the elements
is
as follows.
Fire (Nar)
has alif, ba', tA', tha,, jlm,
kai
tt a,. ni,
@o*a,)
\as-d11,
dhAl, rA',
zay,
la,
qa',
kaf.
Water (MA')
has lAm,
mlm, n'un, sad,
j,.Ad,
'
ayn, ghayn.
Earth (Turab)
has
fa'
,
qaf, sin, shtn, hA'
,
waw, ya, . From
the magical
literature
of the period'in
whlch
the corpus
gurriurru-
hus
originated'
at least two more examples
of this particular
'natural
script,
are known
from the survey
of secret
and esoteric
scripts
which
was com-
pile.d by the hurufi
mystic
ar-Bistimi (d.
85s/1454)
in his work Kitab
mabahij
al-a'lamfi
manahij
al-aqlam.15
0n f. 25a-bof
the Leiden
manu_
script
of this text, ar-ea.ram
ar-tabr'I
is explained
asthe
earam
ar-hikma,
the
'wisdom
scripti and its invention
is aitributed
to a certain
Ardimus
al-Hakim,
whom
I have not identified.
Al-Bistami
in his survey
quores
yet another'natural
scriptl
which was purportedry
taken
from
the work
fayfiyyat .al-i,tttfaq
ft
tarkrb
al-awfaq,
i compilation
made
by al-shaykh
Ya'ish
b. Ibrahim
al-umawi
al-Andalusi.'o
Aithough
th" e*pia.,ations
of
the nature
and use of these
'natural
scripts'
are entiiely
diffeient
between
al-Buni,
al-Bistami
and al-shaykh
ya'ish,
the signs of the.natural
script,
as given
by al-Buni
and al-shaykh
ya'ish
are remarkably
similar
in
shape,
whereas
the script
proposed
by al-Bistami
is entirely
different
from that of the other two authors.
whether
or not the interest
in such
secret
alphabets
in different
works
dating from
the
glrsthcenturywould
indicate
that there is a multiple
use f.oi
different
sources
of similar
or
related
content,
needs further
investigation.
Apart from
more
cletailed
information
on the history
of esoteric-alphabets,
it also may shecl some
15
He is
' Abd
ar-Rahman
b. Muhammad
b.
' Ali
b. Ahmad ar-Hanafi
al-Bistamr,
see
GAL G rI, p. 232. His work is quoted
here un.r trr. i"ia.risb;.-i+Lzi.
i.i
t", l"r,
\Y,t*^;,r:!doC:te
!
A.rlbjc ianuscripts
i" tl* iibrory
oJ the University
of Leiden
antl
other collections
in The Netherlands (Leiden,
tlSf*tea-e;,-pp.210_218,,..i.
o.
if +. S..
also his work at-Fawa'ih
al-,mis[iyry.fi't yuiatiiit-iakkiyya(Leiden
US br. r+z;. '6
Cursory mention
of this sA 5th_..i,tu.y
iuiiro. t, -'ua.' i,., Cif sli p. is. n.
work Kayfyyat
al-ittifaqis
mentioned
in GAL S N ii, "o
o. iss.
190
IAN IUSr
wrrKAM
light on the methods and chronology of the composition of the works
which are part of the Corpus Bunianum.
.
Al-Bunt's spiritual genealogies
Ullmann seems to have expressed his unfavourable
judgment
of al-
Bnni's working method exclusively on the basis of the printed editions
of Shams al-ma'arif al-kubra, since he mentions one particular section
in the book which is absent in all manuscripts which I have seen. It is a
number of sanad's,lists of authorities whom the author considers to be
his predecessors or teachers, a sort of spiritual or educational pedigree,
which is far from a rare feature in Islamic scholarly literature.rT At the
end of part 4 of the Shams al-ma'arif al-kubra is an epilogue which by
content and form is different from the rest of the work. It is titled
'Epi-
l ogue i n whi ch i s menti oned the chai n of our shaykhs
[...]:' '
The tone
of this section is much more matter-of-fact, sometimes even personal,
which stands in contrast to the descriptions of the world of magic phe-
nomena in the main part of the Shams al-ma'arif, in which the author
remains rather impersonal towards his readers. One wonders when and
why these sanad's were added to the text, and what their origin might
be. If they were not integral part of the Shams al-ma'arif from the very
beginning
(and
the manuscript tradition does not seem to warrant
this), they may have been part of the author's Fahrasa, the educational
(auto)biography,
a genre which has become particularly popular in the
Maghrib. The present sanad's may have been added to the printed text
of the Shams al-ma'arif, and probably at a quite late date. This addition
as well may have been the initiative of an early publisher of the printed
text. However, its origin may also lie in one particular manuscript, or
diploma text, which at some stage was added to the Shams al-ma'arif.
17
See
Jan Just
Witkam,
' The
human element between text and reader. The ijaza in
Arabic manuscriptsl in Yasin Dutton
(ed..),
The codicology of Islamic manuscripts
(Lon-
don, 1995), pp.123-136, for an overview ofthe characteristics ofsuch lists.
' 8
Shams al-ma' arif al-kubra, in the al-Haiabi edition, pp. 530-535; the Murad edi-
t i on, pp. 506-510; t he Cal cut t a
(or
Bombay?) edi t i on, pt . 4, pp. 135-139 (see
bel ow
under' Printed sources used or quoted' )
(;yf
"r9ri
.*,iJ Jd
arr\
.aa, 4ur
-
f:
g t;;.
This epilogue was
-
partly, but quite literally
-
also added at the end of Manba' isul al-
hikma
(pp.323-325),
but its occurrence there is evidently a recent addition, whereas rn
the Shams al-ma' arif al-kubra it makes at first the impression of being an integral part
ofthe text.
THE EGypTI AN
MAGTcI AN
AL_Bt Ni
AND Hrs \ , \ . oRK
l 9l
The editions
of the shams al-ma'arifwhich
i have seen all contain
these
pedigrees
at the end, whereas
they are absent in all manuscripts
rvhich
I
have
seen. Interestingly
enough,
apart from
a few occasional
remarks
in
the course of al -Buni ' s
works, i t seems
to be the onl y l onger
text whi ch
contains
a fely details
of his iife.re An obvious reason
for the inclusion
of
the sanad
material
must have been an attempt
to authenticate
al-tsuni,s
authorship
of the Shams
al-ma'arif.
The epilogue
contains
the authtrs
spirituar
pedigrees
for four differ-
entsorts
of knowl edge (Shahada,' Il m
al _Bati n,
H"*J
Awfaq).A
survey
of the sanad
material follows
here. After
having
staied that the
proph-
et's cousin
and son-in-law
'Ali
b. Abi Talib, firit received
the Kalimat
al-shahada (the
words
of the confession
of faith)
from
the
prophet
Muhammad,
he continues
with the spirituar
pedigrees,
which are here
fully reproduced.:i'
Pedigree
A
(for
the Kalimat
al-Shahada)
1. Ahmad
b.
' Al i
al -Bnn1(d.
6221t625),
who took from:
2. al -Imam
al -' Al i m
Abu' Abd
Al rah Muhammad
b. Mahml d
b.
ya,qub
al -Fakuni 2t
al -Tuni si
al -Mal i ki ,
who took from:
' '
See Rosenthal' s
remark to his translation
of Ibn Khaldnn,s
ar-Muqaddima,
rII, note
807,.concerning
al-Buni' s
rifetime.
The date of copying
of the Berrin
MS Mf. 80 (Aht_
wardt 4126), a rvork goi nq
by rherat h. c. r
non-desc' ri pr
i i t re Ki nb ^n ani oi i a, ar-huruf ,
identilied
bv Ahrwardt,
Iri, pp._sl0-s1
t as Lata'if ai-irt,arn yt'iria'r'"i1riri\i
t nrrol
:,, f,:":i:,r!:lJ: .l:,1 ,"f,0-..;ntly
identicat
with ivork entitled ruta',y ii_ist ,a.,ii
1t
osra,
i',:i:{{1,::::l';?,,o1.'.',',ff"#,ti:lli:f.'ii?i';Jf:l
n: i1l*.il,i:,1'i;1r,.*
commonll'
accepted
year of al-Bun;!
demise (622lr225)
there ;.;;.;
i;' ;;;ro
other
authoritl'
than the Kashf ar-4unun
9f
Hljji
Khalith.
I am not aware of any research
done
on the manuscripts
of the shams ar-ma' inf
o, any oihe, text by al-Buni' to.
tt ui,rotr...
Many printed
editions
mention the fact that bld arid correct manuscripts,
rvere used, but
such remarks
should not be given any credit, as they are made by the piruriit
.., io. .on.,
mercial reasons,
and do ' oiserve
ar.y philorogicai
purpose.
Numerous popular
books
with doubtful
antecedenrs
craim on thei. titre
lage
i" u'. u"r.a "r ,riq.i"'ii.i',,,
*r,
able. manuscripts.
'Ihe
title-page
of the i.eideri
ivis or. 336 has some additio'al
infor-
mation
on al-Bunis
oarentage: his father is referred
to as al-shayih
i_iirii'-ri
u"qrt
Abn
'l-Hasan'Ali,
the most"striking
.r;"';;i ;;1".t
i. tt.-oilrpnilonii'i,iji."r,o',,
al-Muqri',
'the
eur'an
readerl It rug{".tr that al-Bunimay
have b..riirriin
utffi-ih",
with the text of the
eur'ar.r
from aiiarly age o,l*urdr.
. 1'l
ft. structuring
of this material,
by d"esignating
the different pedigrees
with letter
A-K, bv numberinglhe
nam_es wirhin each pJdig..el
;;;;;:;;i;;rrg-#'.['r'l
*r",
ences, is mine. From the collation
betweenthe"three
prinied
texts, it"is .tea. lirat ttre
XffiiJ|;t:::,?..,.:"r.
ro one branch, and the combined
nataui ana iar*ioieo_u"y
' 1
Reading
of Murdd. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay
have here: al_Kufi.
192 I AN I UST wrrKAM
3. al -Shaykh Madi
' l -' Aza' i m,
who took from:
4. al -Shaykh al -Qutb Ab[' Abd Al l ah Muhammad b. Abi ' l -Hasan' Al i
b. Hi rzhum,:: who took from:
5. al -Shaykh al -Tawtq23 wa-Ma' di n al -Tahcl l cl Abu Muhammad Sai i h b.
,
'Aqban
al-Wakili al-Maliki, who took from:
6. Hujjat al-Zaman wal-Wahid
ft
'l-
Irfan Abu Madyan Shu'ayb b.
Hasan al -Andal usi al -Ishbi l i
(E-9,
H-3),21who took from:
7. Abu Shu'ayb
$yub
b. Sa'id ai-Sanhaji
(H5),
who took from:
8. Shaykh al - Ari frn
Qutb
al -Ghawth al -Fard al -l am{Abu Ya' 2a25 al -
Ma'arri, who took from:
9. AbLr Muhammad b. Mansur, who took from:
10. Ab[ Muhammad' Abd al -Jal i l b. Mahl an, who took from:
I l . Abn
' l -Fadl ' Abd
Al l ah b. Abi Bi shr
(H-7),
who took from:
12. Musa al -Kazi mi ,r6 who took from:
13. Abu
fa' far
al -Sadi q
(B-1?),"
who took from hi s father:
14. Muhammad al-Baqir, who took from his father:
15. Zayn al-'Abidin,28 who took from his father:
16. al-Husayn, who took from his father:
17.
'Ali
b. Abi Talib, who took from:
18. Muhammad b. ' Abd Al l ah
(B-3,
H-14, I -13), t he Prophet .
Pedigree B
('Ilm
al-Batin)
l . al -Imam
|a' far
al -Sadi q
(A-13?),
who took from;
2.
Qisim
b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, who took from:
3. Muhammad b. ' Abd Al l ah
(A-18,
H-14, I -13), t he Prophet .
r:
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay have here: Haram.
23
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay have here: Shaykh al-Tariq.
2a
His hagiography in
' Abd
al-lVahhab al-Sha' rani, Lawaqih al-anwar
fl
tabaqat al-
akhyar
(Cai ro,
r37311954), I , pp. 1-54-156
(No.
27s).
t:
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay have here: Ya' r. Under his name
Abu Ya' za al-Maghribi his hagiography can be found in al-Sha' rani, Lawaqih, i, pp. 136-
137 ( No. 257) .
2o
The hagiography of Musa al-Kazim in al-Sha' rani, Lawaqih,I, p. -38
(No.
58).
2'
The hagiographies of Abn
Ja' far
Muhammad al-Baqir and
]a' far
al-Sadiq in a1-
Sha' rani , Lawaqi h, l , pp. -32-33
(Nos.
38, 39).
23
Hi s hagi ography i n al -Sha' rani , Lawaqi h, I , pp. 3I -32
(No.
37).
THE EGYPTI AN
I VI AGI CI AN
AT- EONI
AND HI S WORK
Pedigree
C
('IIm
al-Hurrlf):
l. al-Shaykh
al-Imam Ab[ Hasan
al-Basri, who took from:
2. Habi b al -' Aj ami (H-i
1), who took from:
3. al-Shaykh Daw0d
al-Jabah,2e
who took from:
4. al-Shaykh Ma'ruf
al-Karkhi,3o
who took from:
5. al -Shaykh
Sari al -Di n al -Saqati (H-9),,'
who took from:
6. shaykh al -waqt wa
' l -Tarrqa
Ma' di n al -sul nk
wa
' l -Haqtqa
at-shaykh
al-Junayd
al-Baghdadi,,,
who took from:
7. al-Shaykh
Hammad
al-Drnawari,
who took from:
8. al-Shaykh
Ahmad al-Aswad,
who took from:
9. al -Shaykh Muhammad
al -Ghazal i (I-Z),
who took from:
10. al - shaykl , Abu' l -Naj i b
al -suhrawardi ,33
who i nstructed (l aqqana)
:
ll. al-shaykh al- Arif al-Fadil Asrlal-Din
al-Shirazi,
who instructed:
12. al -Shaykh' Abd
Al l ah al -Bayani ,
who i nstructed:
13. al -Shaykft
Qasi m
al -Sarj ani ,
who i nstructed:
14. al -Shaykft
al -Sarj ani ,3a
who i nstructed:
15. al -Shaykh
al -Imam al -' Ari f
at-samadanl
wa' l -Hammam
al -l l urrnt
|al al
al -Di n' Abd
Al l ah al -Bi stami ,
who i nstructed:
16. shams wuslatt wa-Badr
ealbr
Tawd ar-Haqa'iq
al-shamikh
wa-labal
al-Ma'arif
al-Rasikh
shams al-'Arifin
wa-sirr Alldh
ft'l-Arrltn Abu
' Abd
Al l ah Shams al -Di n al -Isfahani .
Pedigree
D
('Ilm
al-Awfaq)
l . Al so taken from al -shaykh
al -Imam
at- Ari f bi ' l tdh Abn' Abd
Al l ah
Muhammad
b. ' Al i .
Pedigree
E
('Ilm
al-Awtaq),
taken
from
1. al -Shaykh
al -Imam
al -' Al l ama
Si raj al -Di n al _Hanafi ,
u,ho took
from:
193
)
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcurta/Bombav
have here: al,lili.
r0
Hi s hagi ography
i n al -Sha rani , Lawnqi h, t , p. ; i (Xo.
t +Z).
11
Hi s hagi ography i n al -Sha rdni , t awaqi h, I ,
pp. Za_75 (No.
t ++).
Hi s hagi ography i n al -Sha rani . I au. aqi h, f ,
f . , i r.
S+-SO i No. l f r{).
"
Hi s hagi og-raphy
i n al Sha ran1, Lawaqi h. t . p. l aU
{No. 26 t )
,
",
Readi ng of Murad. Hal abi has t or Nos. l i and r4: at -shaykh
ei si m
al -Sarj ani ,
and
al-shaykh al-sirhani,
whereas calcutta/Bombay
have trrrr, utlsioyt-t, qari-
lllsr.t,a"' ,
and al- Shaykh al-Sirha.
I 94
I AN I UST
WI TKAM
2. al-Shaykh Shihab al-Din al-Maqdisi,35 who took from:
3. al -Shaykh Shams al -Di n al -Fari si , who took from:
4. al -Shaykh Shi hab al -Di n al -Hamadani
(F-3),
who took from:
5. al -Shaykh
Qutb
al -Di n al -Di ya' i
(F-4),
who took from:
6. al -Shaykh Muhyi ' l -Di n Ibn al -' Arabi
(F-5),
who took from:
7. al -Shaykh Abt' l -' Abbas Ahmad b. al -Turi zi , who took from:
8. al -Shaykh Abn' Abd Al i ah al -Qurashi
(H-2,
K-l ),' o who took from:
9. al -Shaykh Abu Madyan al -Andal usi
(,{-6,
H-3).
Pedigree F
('Ilm
al-Au'faq), takenfrom
l. al-Shaykh Mulrammad
'Izz
al-D1n b.
]ama'a
al-Shaf i, who took
from:
2. al -Shaykh Muhammad b. Si ri n
(H-12),r?
who took from:
3. al -Shaykh Shi hab al -Di n al -Hamadani
(E-4),
who took al so from:
4. al -Shaykh
Qutb
al -Di n al -Di yd' i
(E-5),
who took from:
5. al -Shaykh Muhyi ' l -Di n Ibn al -' Arabi
(E-6).
Pedigree G
('Ilm
al-HurDf wa'l-Wafq), takenfrom
l. al-shaykh al-Imam al- Alim al- Allama al-Faqlh al-Thiqa Musa'id
b. Sawi b. Mas' hd b.
' Abd
Al l ah b. Rahma al -Hawari al -Hi myari al -
Qurashi,
who took from:
2. al-Shaykh Shihab al-Din Ahmad al-Shadhili, who took from:
3. al-Shaykh Taj al-Din b.
'Ala'
al-Maiiki al-Shadhili, who took from:
4. al -Shaykh Abn' l -' Abbas Ahmad b.' Umar al -Ansari al -Mursi .3s
Pedigree H
('Ilm
al-Huruf wa'l-Wafq), taken
from
l . al -Shaykh al -Imam al - Al l ama Abt' l -' Abbas Ahmad b. Maymun al -
Qastalanr,3e
who took from:
2. al-Shaykh Abrr
'Abd
Allah Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Qurashi
(E-8,
K-i ), who took from:
15
Reading of Murad and Halabi, whereas Calcutta/Bombay have here: Khahfat aI-
t vl acol sl .
36
Hi s hagi ography i n al -Sha' rani , Lawaqi h, I , pp. 159-160
(No.
281).
r;
His hagiography in al-Sha' rani, Lawaqih,I, p. 36
(No.
a9).
' 8
Hi s hagi ography i n al -Sha' rani , LawAqi h, I I , pp. 12-20
(No.
310).
re
Evident t)?esetting error in Murad: al-Satlani.
THE EGyprrAN MAGTcTAN er_suNi AND Hrs woRK I95
3. al-Shaykh al-Imam al- Allama Usffidh al- Asr wa-Awhad
al-Dahr
Abu Madyan Shu'ayb b. Hasan al-Ansari al-Andalusi
Ra's al-Sab'at
AbdAl wa-Rahat al -Arba' at Awtad (A-6,
E-9), who took from:
4. al
-
Sh aykh al
-
U s t a dh al
-
Kabt r D awud b. Maymun al
-
Harmiriao (
appar-
ently a blind man, with an anecdote on Abu Madyan visiting him),
who took from:
5. al-Shaykh al-Imam
Qutb
al-Ghawth
Abn Aylub b. Abi Sa'id ai_
Sanhaji al-Azammrtrl
(A7),at
who took from:
6. al-Shaykh al-Walt al-Kabtr Abu Muhammad
b. Nrtr, who took
from:
7. al -Imam al -' Al i m Abu' l -Fadl ' Abd
Al l ah b. Bi shr (A_11),
who took
from his father:
8. Abr1 Bishr al-Hasan al-]ujari, who took from:
9. Sari al -Di n al -saqatr (C-5),
who took from:
10. Dawud al-Ta'i, who took from:
lI. al-Shaykft Habib al-'Ajami (C-2),who
took from:
12. al-Shaykh Abrt Bakr Muhammad
b. Sirin
(F-2),
who took from:
13. Anas b. Malik
(I-t2),
who took from:
14. The Prophet Muhammad (A-18,
B-3, I -13).
Pedigree 1
('Ilm
al- HurDf wa'l-Wafq
)
1. al -Buni met wi th:
2. (with
many epithets) al-Shaykh Abn'l-Hasan
Muhap636
6.
Muhammad al -Ghazal i (C-9),
who i nstructed (Iaqqana):
3. al -Si rr al -Makhzun wal -Durr al -Maknun wa' l -Si ra'
al -eartb Ad,af
'Ibad
AUdh wa-Ahqar Khalq Allah al-Mutamassik
bi-Dhayl Karam
Allah Ahmad b. Yusuf al-Qurashi (with
whom al-Buni himself is
meant, but evidently not in his own words), saying that he had
seen:
4. al-Shaykh al-Imam
'Ali
b. Sina, who took from:
5. al-Shaykh Muhammad
al-Dawraki,a2
together with whom he had
sat
[ . . . ] ,
and who had seen:
6. al-Shaykh Muhammad
al-lazari,a3 who had seen:
_-' "
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay
have here: al-Hariri, or al-
Hurayri.
a]
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay have here: al_Arm[zi.
t'
Reading of Murad. Halabi and Calcutta/Bombay have here: al-Dawuki.
' r
Reading of Murad. Halabi has al-larazl and Calcutta/Bombay
has: al_larari.
196
IAN IUSr
wrrKAM
7. al -Sadr al -Kabtr al -Shaykh' l zz al ,Dl n Muhammad
' Abd
Al l ah
Muhammad b. Musa b. Sulayman al-Ansari, who had seen:
8. al-Sadr al-Ajall al-Shaykh al-Imam Abu
'l-Hasan 'Ali
b. Ahmad b.
'Abd
al-Wahid al-Qudsi, who had seen:
,
9. Mutrammad b.' Abd Al l ah b. Ibrahi m b. Musa, who had seen:
10. Musl i m b. Ibrahi m b.' Abd Al l ah al -Makki . who had seen:
11. Humayd al-Tawil, who had seen:
12. Anas b. Mal i k (H-13),
the compani on of the Prophet Muhammad,
who had been accepted as the scribe of:
13. The Prophet Muhammad
(A-18,
B-3, H-14; fol l ows anecdote).
Pedigree K
('Ilm
al-Hurtf wa'l-Wafq), takenfrom
Iother
Shaykhs of al-Birni]
1. Shaykhuna Ab[
' Abd
Al l ah al -Qurashi (E-8,
H-2), mi n A' yan
Masha'ikh al-Gharb wa-Misr, who took from more than six hun-
dred Shaykhs
(follows
anecdote).
2. Shaykhuna al-Imam al- Arif bi
'llah
al-'Allama Abu
'l-Hasan 'Ali
b.
Muhammad b. Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Harrani
(follow
anec-
dotes), who l i ved i n Hama, where he di ed i n 538 AH.
After having mentioned these two Shaykhs the author gives a short epi,
l ogue, whi ch concl udes the Shams al -ma' ari f al -kubra.l wi l l desi st, at
least for the moment, from a detailed analysis of all authorities men-
tioned in these pedigrees. A few general remarks are in place, however.
There are several Maghariba and Andalusians in the different pedigrees,
and this shows that there is indeed a Western origin in the Corpus
Bunianum. Yet there are Oriental pedigrees as well. From pedigree A,
especially from the mention of several of the earlier Shi'a imams (given
as Nos. 12-16, though for some with curious variants in their names),
it might be surmised that the spiritual forebears of al-BUni could also
be found in the Shi'a tradition. But the Shi'a connection is clearly not
the only one, and al-Bunr should not, on the basis of pedigree A only,
be identified as a Shi'ite.aa Pedigree B is an evident attempt to sunnify
*o
As is done by E1-Gawhary, p. 14. The fact that al-Bnni' s Shams al-ma' arlf is men-
tioned in the Dhart' a is probably based on the occurrence of the names of-the earlv
imams in pedigree A, and cannot, therefore, be adduced
(as
El-Gawhary seems to do)
as additional proof for a Shi' ite affiliation of al-Brlni. The names of the earlv Shi' a imams
are also mentioned in the orthodox canon, and they are also mentioned rn mainstrean
orthodox hagiographies such as al-Sha' ranr' s Lawaqih al-anwar.
THE EGypTI AN
MAGI CI AN ar-sONi AND HI S woRK
r97
the Shi'a connection.
other pedigrees,
such as pedigree H, show that
the spiritual forebears
of al-Buni can also be found in the orthodox Sufi
milieu, with perfectly Sunni credentials, also for the early period.
The
ensemble of the pedigrees
may be interpreted
as an attempt to make al-
Buni into an author for ail people,
both sunna and Shi'a, both in the East
and in the West of the Islamic world.
Bibliographical
note
l. Manuscripts of works by al-BAnt
Shams al-ma' arif wa-laf if al- awarif
Berlin we. tzto
lehl*u.dt
1125). undated, but the date of copying estimated
by Ahl-
wardt as c. I 100/ 1688,
copi ed by al -Haj j
' Al i
al _Shami .
Leiden or. 336. Dated the end of Sunday' 9
Jumada
rr
g57
11453, copied by Muhammad
b.
' umar
b. Muharnmad b. Muhammad b. al-Buqrat al-Hamawi ul-siraf i, in cairo.
Leiden or. 666 (r),
on f. 1a-233t. Dated 853/144b-isso,
copied by at ua]i u. at nal]
Sdsan al-Jilani.
Leiden or. 736. Dated saturday 20 Safar
ggll1573,
copied by
yahya
b. Kamal al-Djn
_
Muhammad
b. al-marhum
' Abd
al-Haqq al-sibati at-snan' i at-aih' ari al-Muori,.
Lei den or. I 055. An ext ract I khul asa), undi t ed but possi bl y a l 5t h-cenrury
Mi
i i n
ui e. u
of t he paper).
Leiden or.8371 (1)
ff. 1a-89b, slightlylacunous.
Dated \Arednesday i4 safar t05711647,
copied by al-Hajj Mustafa b. al-Hajj
' Ali,
commonly known as Ibn Anjir (or
Abkhir).
Tartlb al-da' awAt
ft
takhsls al-awqat' alA ikhtilaf at-irAdat
Leiden or. 1233. Dated t 9 Ra.1ab Slzltsos, (paitlally,
according to the colophon) copied
by Ahmad b. Al i al - Ansdr i .
2. selected manuscripts containing texts with a possible connection
to work by al-Bant
Leiden or. 947. al-Fawa' ih al-miskiyya
f
' l-Fawatih
ar-makkiyya
by' Abd al-Rahman
b.
Muhammad. al -Bi st amj (d. 85Bl r4i 4j , GALGrr, ' 2al . unaat 6d, but anowner, snot eby
Y"l!1f"
b. al-r.Ia]j.Y,suf
al-Fasili, with seal print with date 1034 AH. Ewald wagnei,
describing MS Berlin or. oct. 3931, says about this text: Auf 100 Kapitel geplante,
aber
nur bi s zum 30- Kapi t el vol l endet c Enzykl opddi e
aus der Si chl . yrt l r. t i . i
unJ -ugr
scher weltansch.auung-' "
Ac.cording to wagner the work is mainly based on al-Br"rnrt
Shams al-maariJ and Ibn al-' Arabi' .s al-Futthat al-makkiyya.
This remark, however,
shows a certain lack of famiiiarity
with al-Buni' s works.
'
Lei den or . 7283. Thi s i s a composi i e vol ume copi ed i n t he mi ddl e of t hc l gr h cenr , r r \
most probably in Palembang,
Sumatra, Indonesia. It contains the Malay,*".iffir,
a5
Ewaldwagr.rer,,Arabische
Handschriflen.
Teil I, unter Mitarbarbeit
r.on F.-]. Dahl
manns
[
..] beschrieben von Ewald Wagner. Verzeichnis
der orientalischen
Hanischrif
t en i n Deut schl and;
Bd. 17 B I
(Wi esbaden,
1976), p.
79, No. 92.
198
i AN I UST WI TKAM
of two substantial magical texts in Arabic, together with some shorter notes. The sec-
ond text in the volume is characterized by tlie cataloguer, Teuku Iskandar,a6
as an al-
Buni-like text. The name of al-Buni does not r..to to-be mentionecl in this text, holr,-
ever, and the link with the Shams al-ma' arif rematns unsubstantiated
by the text itself.
The first text in the volume, however, is a work entitled shumus al-anwar wa-kunuz
al-asrar.It is the the Malay translation of the Arabic work by that title by Ibn al-Hajj
al-Tilim.sani_ al-Maghribi,aT which contains mystical calculations,
diagiams, da' irah
et c. , and i s di vi ded i nt o t hi rt y chapt ers. ' d rhi s work does i ndced of f e. -some l eat ures
which can also be encountered
in.works by al-Buni, including
a sequence on huruJ
asm.a' and' ayat in the fir.st three chapters: f . 2b. Bab 1. Ft sirr;t-huruf; f. 1.4a. Bab 2.
Pada menyatakan sekali khassiyyat Asma' Allah yang Husna; f . 49a. Bib 3. Ft khawass
ba' dal-ayat. Al-Tilimsani' s
auth-orship of this text, wTrether genuine or spurious, dem-
onstrates again that this tlpe ofmagic is considered to conie from the ivest, as is the
case with al-Btni, w' hose nlsba refers to B6ne, now' Annaba,
in Eastem Aleeria.
3. Printed editions ofworks by al-Bnnt
Bnni, Ahmad b.
' A1i
al-, Manba' usul al-hikma (cairo,
l95l). This volume contains four
worksty al-Buni and two related works_by
other authors. The works by al-Buni in
the volume are: al-usul
.wa .' l-dawabit
al-muhkama,
Bughyat al-mushta' q
fI
ma' rifat
wy{.yl;Awfac1,
Shar.fu al-birhoiiyyo
oi,*u'rnj Ui snarn h'",t a "t q"i,ii|'oa
Slr*t
al-lal.ial.ntiyya al-kubra. The two other wori<s are, ar-sirr al-mazinf
f
ilm bast al'-
llurnf, by Muhammad al-shaf i al-Khalwati al-Hanafi, and, al-Dirra al-bah"iyya
ft
jawa.mi'
al-asrar al ruhaniyya,
by' Ali b. Mul.ammad al-Iandata,i al_eari. I used
an undated reprint by al-Maktaba
al-Thaqafiy1,a of Beirut, made after the edition o1
Mus r af aal - Babi al - Hal abr publ i shedi nCai r oi n
l l 70i l 95l ( acopyof t heor i ei nal
edi _
tion is extant in the Leiden University Library, ciass-mark 3096 B l7).
Buni, Ahmad b.' Ali al-, shams al-ma' arif al-kubra. I used three editions, two from
c-airo, the_third published in India. 1. Edition published
Mustafa al-Babi al,Halabi
(cairo,
l kajab r3451t927)
[Leiden
8r9z A t5, oLm 862D
g0].
Apart from rhe
sha.ms al-ma' arrf this volume
contains four treatises by' Abd I,qaair lt-rrusayni al-
Adhami: Risalat mrzan aI-' adl
ft
ryaqa;id
al\kam ar-raml, Risalat
fawatih' al-righa' ib
fI
khususiyyat aw,qat al-kawakib,
RkAIat zahr al-Murnj
fI
dala'il ai-buraj, and Nsalat
la.qa' if al-ishara
ft
khasa' is al-kawakib al-sayyara; z. Eaition published' bv
Maktabat
al-Jumhuriyya al-Misrirya, edited by' Abci al-Fattah
' Abd
ai-Hamid Mrlrad, cairo
l 3B0i 1960. 3. I ndi ar r l i r hogr aphed
edi r i on, possi bl y publ i shed i n Bombay or Cal cur t a,
dated 129111874
[Leiden
University Library class-mark
g
l96 C 2 i l.
B[ni, Ahmad b.
' AIi
a1-, sharh km Allah.al a zam
ft
l-ruhani, wa-yalihi xitab al-lam' aft
' l-fawA' id
al-rAhaniyya' azlzat
al-sum' a (Cairo:"Mabmfd' Ali
Subayh, n.d.).
' 6
Teuku Iskandar, catalogue of Malay, Minangkabau,
and South sumatran manu-
scripts in the Netherland.s (Leiden,
1999), I, pp. 400--401 (No.
878).
a7
c. Brockeimann,
GAI G Ii, p. 83 mentions this author as Muhammad
b.
Mui rammad b. Muhammad
b al l --l aJj al , Fasi al - Abdari al , eayran. arri al -' i i l i msanr,
a
scholar of maghribr oriqin, who died in cairo in 73711336.tn
GAL S II,
p.
95 arsuments
are given for a different authorship of this popular magical compilationi of rn h iih many
editions exist.
a8
See G.w.J. Drewes, Directions-for
travellers on the mystic patlr. Zakariyya al-Ansari's
Kitab Fath al-Rahman and,its_Indonesian
adaptations with in appendix' 1n
palembang
manuscripts and authors (The
Hague, 1977),pp.207-208.
THE EGypTI AN
MAGI CTAN aI _-eONi
AND Hrs woRK
r99
Btrni, Ahmad b.
' Ali
a1-, Shams
ql
ma^' a.ri;f al-;ughra al-ma' ruf bi-shams al-nn' arif wo-
I,ara if dl-,n,w,arr.f al-sugh.ra,
ed. Abrr Salama al-Faridi al-Ijalaki (Al-Dar
al-Bayda: x,rak
taDat al-!\' ahda al- Arabivy.a, 142112003).
The editor signs in the introduciion (p.
3)
without the addition al-ialakt to his name. He adjs b"ir: al-Azhar at-qahLira.lnhis
l i st of wr i t i ngsof
al - Bt r ni ( 18i t ems)
hepost ul at est heexi st enceof
u* o- r k si amsaL_
ma' arif al.-wu,sfa, but he adds to it that he has never conle across a manuscrrpt
of the
text. The.books pro' es to a newly typeset edition ofa manuscript version, ouhi.h hod
on its titlepage, in_clear raskft scrifi: Kitab shams al-ma' arif
ia-lata' i;f ai-,awarii liL
shaykh al-Imam al' ' Allarna al
eudwa
lvluhyt' l-Dtn
Abr' l-' Abbas Attmia a. ril Shivkh
al Aj al l . al -Muqrl
b. ' Ah b.
yusuf
al -Bi l ni i ahi mahu Ll ahu t t al a , ro-, , of f ouri
i i l rt .
From this is evident that the double al-s@ra addition on rhe titte-pige
is of the
making of the editor, to whom it had not elcaped thar this was indeei i version of
more modest size than the large editions. copyist of the manuscript (or
is it in fact a
lithograph?)
is Hasan al- Inani al-Sa' di. The manuscript
seems to bear the date l2g0
(1863-1864,
see t he reproduct i ons
on pp. 7-9).
O y. Gentlemen
Arabic
Studies
on Science
and
Literary
Culture
In Honour
of Remke
Kruk
Edited by
Arnoud
Vrolijk and
/an
P. Hogendijk
LEIDEN .
BOSTON
2007
CONTENTS
Foreword
xi
Publ i cati ons
of Remke Kruk, 1976-2006 ......-...
xi i i
'
List of Plates
$ Pl at ec
r r
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY
Ludovi co de Varthema and the Uni corns i n Mecca
(1504)
Willem Pieter Gerritsen
Al-Maqrizi's Treatise on Bees
Giovanni Canova
The Arabic Transmission of the Historia Animalium
of
Aristotle
Lou Filius
Some Recent Findings in Michael Scot's Arabic-Latin
Translation of Aristotle's History of Animals
Aafke M.I. van Oppenraay
Scarab6es, Scorpi ons, Cl oportes et Corps Camphr6s.
Mdtamorphose,
Rdincarnation et G6n6ration Spontan6e
dans I'H6t6rodoxie
Chiite
Dani el De Smet
The Reception of Avicennds Physics in the Latin Middle Ages ....
]ules |anssens
A New Look at the Barber's Astrolabe in the Arabian Nights .......
]an
P. Hogendijk
Congruent Numbers in the Tenth and in the Twentieth
Century
Frans Oort
xix
xxiii
l 5
25
35
39
77
CONTENTS
Al -Farabi s Ari stotel es. Grundl asen sei ner Erkenntni sl ehre .........
Hans Daiber
MEDICINE & MAGIC
Al -Razi
(d.925)
on the Benefi ts of Sex. A Cl i ni ci an Caught
bet ween Phi l osophy and Medi ci ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peter E. Pormann
' Pri de
and Prej udi ce, Prai se and Bl amel
' Abd
al -Lati f
al -Baghdadl ' s Vi ews on Bad and Good Medi cal
Pr act i t i oner s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N. Peter
Joosse
' Axi r
i tti bb i nnar.Texte zur Vol ksmedi zi n aus i l Ba5andi i n
der Oase Dakhl a
Manfred Woidich
The Argan Tree of South Morocco. An Ethnographic Note
Harry Stroomer
Gazing at the Sun. Remarks on the Eglptian Magician
al-Buni and his Work
Jan |ust
Witkam
A Curious Arabic Talisman
Petra M. Sijpesterjn
HISTORY
The Vicissitudes of Time. A Contest between Black
and White
Pi eter Smoor
Ibn Battrlta on Public Violence in the Delhi Sultanate 231
David Waines
1 1 5
r29
t43
t 71
183
20r
213
coNTENTS
vi i
Ibn Khaldun,
a Critical Historian at Work. The Muqaddima
on Secretaries and Secretarial
Writing
247
Maaike van Berkel
Die Literarisierung
der Mamlukischen
Historiografie.
Versuch einer Selbstkritik
Bernd Radtke
LITERATURE
Some Remarks on the Women's Stories in the
|udeo-Arabic
al-Faraj ba'd al-Shidda by Nissim Ibn Shahin (990_t062)
277
Arie Schippers
The Dawadar's
Hunting Party. A Mamluk
muzdawija tardiyya,
probably by Shihab al-Din Ibn Fadl Allah
Thomas Bauer
Precious
Stones, Precious Words. Al-Su1.utis
al-Maqama
al -ydqni l yya
313
Geert
Ian van Gelder
'Welche
Gdrten uns umfangen...'
Three
poems
by Friedrich
Riickert, Translated from a Gotha Manuscript
of the Slrat
263
291
'Antar
Overseas. Arabic Manuscripts in Europe in the Late
iSth and Early lgth Century
T9
Maurits H. van den Boogert
The Function(s)
of Poetry in the Arabian Nlghfs. Some
Observations
Wolfhart Heinrichs
al- Muj ahidtn
(al-
Amlra Dhat al- Himma)
Claudia Ott
Narrative and Performance.
Shahrazid's
Storytelling as a
Ri t ual Act . . . . . . . . . . . .
333
353
Richard van Leeuwen
363
":::,:l':t"lli
l.1,j".i1.
Dr_Mardrus,
Kees
van
Dongen
and
the Thousand
and
One
Nights
Arnoud
Vrolijk
LANGUAGE
Gutta
Cavat
Lapidem
l uanl red
U.l l mann
The
Gender
of Standard
Arabic
lan laap
de Ruiter
ART
& MUSI C
vl l l
Lui tgard
Mol s
Leon
Buskens
CONTENTS
3 / /
393
407
Islamic
Art and
Architecture
through
the E1.es
of Testas.
Documentary
Drawi ngs
and
Gei re
S."n.,
+z J
437
Affe,.Laute,
Nachtigall.
Tiere
und
Mtrsik
im Islam
Eckhard
Neubauer
Revival
of the
Arabic
Suite
by Female
Voices.
The
Art
Interpreted
by Aicha
Redouane
and Beihdja
Rahal
Anne
van
Oostrum
LAW
& RELIGION
453
469
485
A Medieval
Islamic
Law?
Some
Thoughts
on the
Periodization
of the
History
of Islairic
Law
..
On
Women
and
Camel s.
Some
Comments
on a hadtth
Manuel a
Mari n
CONTENTS
Naivet6, Verses of Holy Writ, and
polemics.
phonemes
and
Sounds as Criteria: Biblical
Verses Submitted to Muslim
Scholars by a Converted
]ew
in the Reign of Sultan Bayazld
Josepf
Sadan
Women
Re-Shaping
Coptic Visual Culture
Nelly van Doorn-Harder
lndex
ix
495
) _t I
527