1.

EARTHWORKS
1. Earthworks are engineering
works created through the moving of
massive quantities of soil
2. Scope excavation,cutting & filling,
leveling & platforming
3. Earth shall be excavated to required level
4. Machineries used excavator, bulldozer,
backhoe, dump truck



2. DIAPHRAGM WALL
Definition
Permanent retaining wall structure in substructure construction

Underground structural elements commonly used for retention system & permanent wall



The construction of diaphragm wall is commenced with a 20m wide working platform



Construction Method & Sequence

Construction of Guide Wall
Guide Wall 300 mm x 1.0 m is a temporary reinforced concrete wall constructed along the
diaphragm wall alignment. The purpose of guide wall is to support the upper soil and guide
the drilling equipment at the right location


Completed guide wall

Stability Fluid
Bentonite Slurry
Bentonite Slurry is used as a stability fluid during excavation. It is prepared by mixing
bentonite powder with water in bentonite plant installed on site. Bentonite slurry is frequently
recycled during usage and the properties of the slurry is checked prior to concreting.

Mixing & Storage of Bentonite (Silo System)


Bentonite Storage (Pool System)


Bentonite Supply Pipeline Networks



Diaphragm Wall Excavation
The excavation is carried out using a suspended mechanical line grab mounted on
heavy crawler crane, to the full required depth.
The level of bentonite is kept as high as possible between the guide wall
Using the grab, excavated materials are loaded on trucks and removed out from site.
When excavation is completed, the bentonite slurry shall be replaced or recycled prior
to placing reinforcement cage and concreting.

Grab machine

Excavation Sequences


Installation of rubber water stop


End panel & water stop

End panel in-place in the trench

Steel Reinforcement Cage
Steel Reinforcement (Rebar) Cage is fabricated on site and delivered by crane into the
panel and lowered down into the trench.
Steel cage is placed in segments in the trench and positioned on the top of the guide
wall at the required location within the excavated panel length.

Fabrication of Rebar Cages

Rebar Cage with Slab Starter Bar

Rebar cage

Hoisting rebar cage

Lowering down rebar cage intro the trench

C.U.T Pipe Penetration Recess Inside Diaphragm Wall Steel Cage

CONCRETING
Special concrete mix design using 20% PFA (Pulverized Fuel Ash) + 80% OPC
(Ordinary Portland Cement for Low Permeability & Low Absorption.
Concreting is placed by the tremie method.
Concrete is poured into the hopper and is raised from the bottom of the trench,
displacing the bentonite slurry.
The tremie pipe is kept immersed in the concrete at the bottom of panel to ensure
fresh concrete does not mix with bentonite slurry.

Concreting of diaphragm wall panel

BORED PILING
Definition
Cast in situ pile formed by excavating a shaft of specified size 1,500mmDia & 1,050mmDia
to required depth & casting the excavated shaft with concrete of specified strength after
reinforcement is lowered down.

Rotary drilling machines with telescopic Kelly bars and augers

Type of Auger


BORING OF BORED PILE
method & construction sequence
Kelly bars is mounted with auger
Verticality of Kelly bar is checked
Auger is lowered & boring commence
Temporary casing is used to prevent collapse (top soil)
Bentonite fluid is used to prevent collapse
If hard materials encountered- other drilling tools used chiseling
After reaching required depth cleaning bucket is used to clean bottom of b/hole

Installation of temporary casing

Boring work in progress

Drilling Using Cleaning Bucket

Fabrication of steel reinforcement

Steel Reinforcement Installation

Concrete is discharged into the bore holes using tremie method

Concreting Until Bentonite Overflow

4. Plunge-In Column
Plunge-In Column (PIC), designed exclusively to support the basement slab during
excavation, are installed concurrently with the piling work at the boring platform level
PIC are I beams designed to cater slab weight with max live load of 2.5 kPa in a grid
of 8.5m x 9 m

Bored Piling work will commence from 1.5m below Ground Floor Level to the require bored
pile depth.



Plunge In Columns (350 x 350 Universal Beam) will be installed and embedded 2m into the
bored pile immediately upon the concreting of Bored Piles.

Plunge-in Column ( 350 x 350 Universal Beam)

Installation of Guide Frame


Installation of PIC

TYPICAL PLUNGE IN COLUMN



Connection Plate to Plunge-in Columns


Completed Plunge-in Column inside Permanent Column (Composite)

4. Deep Excavation at Lower Basement


5. REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS
Structural elements:
Column a vertical structural element that transmit through compression the weight
of the structure above to other element below
Beam- a structural element placed horizontally to carry vertical loads.The loads
carries by a beam are transferred to columns, wall or girder, which in turn transfer the
force to adjacent structural members
Slab structural member that spanning between beams, walls, girders or column
- slab is used for floors

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION & SEQUENCE OF WORKS

1.Site is trimmed to a general platform of RL +30.50 to facilitate the commencement of bored
pile & diaphragm wall
2.Guide wall for diaphragm wall to constructed along the perimeter of wall with top of guide
wall is approx. 300 mm below ground
3. A perimeter working platform of approx. 20m wide perpendicular from d/wall alignment is
to be allowed for d/wall activities where center portion to be cut down to RL +27.50 with 1:1
slope to facilitate bored piling works

Temporary Openings
Four (4) Temporary Openings will be provided at the Lift Core Wall area for the purpose of:
1. Ventilation
2. Access for construction materials
& machineries
3. Access for removal of excavated soil
4. Construction of lift pit & core wall
by conventional method (bottom up)

Ground Floor slab will be cast once the Plunge In Columns were
completely Installed at the particular Zone

Excavation to 1.5m below the Basement 1 slab will continue after 16 days
casting of the Ground Floor Slab


Construction of Basement 1 slabs will then proceed



Preparation of Scaffolding, Formworks & Rebar for Lower Basement Slab


Installation of Chemical Anchors for Slab Starter Bars




Sequence of Works for Lower Basement Slab




Ground Monitoring Instrumentation
The objectives :-
To monitor the effects of Deep Excavation works to Common Utility Tunnel (CUT) &
Diaphragm Wall.
The Methods :-
Settlement Marker (inside CUT, Bldg & Adjacent Pavement)
Strain Gauges
Standpipe Piezometer
Inclinometer
Settlement Points for Common Utility Tunnel (CUT)



Monitoring Device : Inclinometer


Subsequent excavation below the Basement 3 slab level will then proceed after 16 days
casting of the Basement 1 slabs.

Construction of Basement 3 slabs will continue.

Excavation to pilecap level will be carry out after construction of the basement 3 slab.
The Basement 2 slab will construct simultaneously while excavation to the lowest Basement
is in progress.

Construction of the Basement 4 slabs will then continue


Completed Basement Slabs


CONSTRUCTION OF LIFT CORE WALL
(conventional method)
The construction work for lift core wall & lift pit (previously temporary openings) will be
done using conventional method Due to lift pit level is lower than lowest basement slab,
Contiguous Bored Piles (CBP) will be installed as retaining wall to facilitate the construction
of lift pits

Sequence Of CBP Works

Construct CBP concurrently with the foundation bored piles from existing ground
level
Cast CBP until RL 12.10 which is approximately 900mm from B4 level
Upon excavation until B4 level, construct 900mm thick capping beam to tie all CBP
prior to the excavation for lift pit
Excavate to RL 9.00 for the installation of strutting and water at RL 10.00
Upon strutting, excavate further to final excavation at RL 3.00 for the casting of raft
slab and build up shear wall
Remove strut before casting the remaining of B4 slab
Construction of Lowest Basement Pilecap at B4




Installation of Pressure Relieve Valves


Excavation of Lift Pits to the face of the contiguous bored piles will be carry out
concurrently with the removal of excavated earth by hoisting out using cranes and
buckets.
Construction of Lift wall pile caps will then continue.
Construction of Basement 4 columns will be carry out upon the completion of
Basement 4 slabs.


Construction of Lift Core Pile Cap




Construction of Shear Wall at B3-B4




Construction of Lift Pit walls will proceed to the Basement 4 level.
Construction of the columns from B3 to B2 will then continue.


Construction of Lift Wall and the columns from B4 to B3 will proceed and the
temporary opening will be sealed off
Construction of columns from B2 to B1 will then continue.


Similarly, the construction of Lift Wall and the columns from B3 to B2 will proceed
and the temporary opening will be seal off.
Construction of columns from B1 to Ground Floor will continue.


Construction of Columns (Tower)




Construction of Columns (Podium)



Construction of Lift wall and the columns from B2 to B1 will commence and the temporary
opening will be sealed off.

Construction of Lift Wall and the Columns from B1 to Ground Floor will proceed and finally
temporary opening will be sealed off

Finally the construction of the Basement Car park is then complete





Posted by Abi Husna at 12:52 AM
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3 comments:
1.
hantu rayaFebruary 1, 2012 6:01 PM
Like...........
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2.
hantu rayaFebruary 1, 2012 6:02 PM
like.........
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3.
Abi HusnaFebruary 1, 2012 6:29 PM
TQ.. Silakan share2 ilmu kalau ada, insya Allah..
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