გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-I
გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-I
გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-I
ufvj[fndbc
SFDBCEAKT<F
pirveli tomi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
aSS-sa da evropaSi
SFDBCEAKT<BC BYCNBNENB
Tbilisi 2005
es gamocema Tavisuflebis institutma ganaxorciela amerikis saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) finansuri daxmarebiT, saerTaSoriso kvlevisa
da gacvlebis sabWosgan (IREX) miRebuli grantis meSveobiT. miuxedavad amisa,
mxolod Tavisuflebis instituti agebs pasuxs am gamocemis Sinaarsze. masSi
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes saerTaSoriso kvlevisa
da gacvlebis sabWos (IREX), amerikis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos
warmomadgenlobis (USAID) an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur po-
zicias.
avtorTa jgufi:
maia oqruaSvili
irakli kotetiSvili
redaqtori:
Tamar kinwuraSvili
stilis redaqtorebi:
ia anTaZe
xaTuna kveselava
koreqtori:
dali cqitiSvili
dizaineri:
besik danelia
ISBN 99940-714-2-4
99940-714-3-2
winasityvaoba
albert ainStaini
zurab adeiSvili
saqarTvelos generaluri prokurori
sarCevi
kari I
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-sa da evropaSi .......................................................... 13
Tavi I
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ................................................ 15
maiko oqruaSvili
Tavi II
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi .......................................................................................... 91
irakli kotetiSvili
Sesavali ...................................................................................................................... 91
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos iurisprudencia
gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan mimarTebiT ......................................................................... 92
Sinaarsobrivi regulireba .................................................................................................. 105
eleqtronuli media ............................................................................................................... 119
mediis licenzireba da regulireba ................................................................................. 122
erovnuli usafrTxoeba, uwesrigobisa da danaSaulebis
Tavidan acileba .................................................................................................................... 133
marTlmsajuleba da media .................................................................................................... 143
piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba .......................................................................................... 150
komerciuli gamoxatva .......................................................................................................... 155
kari II
sasamarTlo praqtika amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evropaSi ......... 159
Tavi I
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo praqtika .................................................. 161
Tavi II
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika ................................................. 263
RFHB 6
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
14
analizi
SFDB 6
UFVJ{FNDBC SFDBCEAKT<F
FVTHBRBC I TTHST<EK INFNT<IB
zogadi
principebi
Sesavali
15
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
1
Gitlow v. New York. Reargued: November 23, 1923. Decided: June 8, 1925.
2
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 163.
16
analizi
`pirveli principi~
3
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 181.
17
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
4
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 238.
5
ix. gv. 23-24.
18
analizi
19
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
8
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 194.
20
analizi
ZiriTadi principebi
21
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
9
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 165.
10
Tinker et al. v. Des Moines Independent Community School District et al. No. 21. SUPREME COURT
OF THE UNITED STATES. 393 US 503. Argued November 12, 1968.
22
analizi
politikuri
gamoxatva
religiuri, mecnieruli,
socialuri gamoxatva
komerciuli gamoxatva
cilismwamebluri gamoxatva
23
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
24
analizi
11
Frank COLLIN and the National Socialist Party of America, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v.Albert SMITH,
President of the Village of Skokie, Illinois, 1978.
12
South Boston Allied War Veterans Council, Petitioners v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual
Group of Boston, etc., et al. 515 U.S. 557; 115 S. Ct. 2338; 132 L. Ed. 2d 487; 1995.
25
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
iuridiuli Teoriebi
am ZiriTadi principebis garda, sasamarTlom ganaviTara samarTleb-
rivi midgomebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba pirveli Sesworebis interpreta-
ciisas.
13
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 201.
26
analizi
absolutizmi
absolutizmis Teoria sasamarTlos arasodes gamouyenebia romelime
saqmis gadasawyvetad, Tumca is xSirad figurirebda sxvadasxva mosamar-
Tlis gansxvavebul azrSi. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ar unda arsebobdes ga-
moxatvis Sinaarsis SemzRudveli raime norma. es Teoria pirvelad gana-
viTara mosamarTle hiugo bleqma. bleqi da viliam guglasi uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos istoriaSi yvelaze liberali mosamarTleebi iyvnen, rodesac
saqme exeboda pirveli Sesworebis interpretacias. xSirad mosamarTle
duglasi cdilobda, daerwmunebina misi kolega mosamarTleebi, rom pir-
veli Sesworebis teqsti _ `kongresma ar unda miiRos kanoni~ _ niSnavda
swored imas, rom kongress ar unda mieRo kanoni. duglasi cnobilia misi
SexedulebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, ar unda momxdariyo uxamsobis cenzu-
ra. mosamarTle bleqTan erTad mosamarTle duglasma SeSfoTeba gamo-
xata, rodesac 1950-ian wlebSi sasamarTlom ramdenjerme dauWira mxari
komunizmis mqadagebelTa sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. maT
sjerodaT, rom sasamarTloze uzarmazari gavlena hqonda makartizms.
mosamarTle bleqi werda: `mSvidobian droSi, rodesac dRevandeli ze-
wola, vneba da SiSi gadaivlis, sasamarTlo aRadgens pirveli SesworebiT
dacul uflebebs da mianiWebs maT im upirates adgils, romelsac imsaxu-
reben~.
absolutizmis mxardaWera sakmaod Znelia TviT liberali moazrovne-
ebisaTvisac, radgan absolutisturi xedva ar cnobs safrTxes, rom gamo-
xatvis Tavisufleba SesaZloa konfliqtSi movides iseT sakiTxebTan,
rogoricaa erovnuli uSiSroeba, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuvaloba, samar-
Tliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sxva pirTa reputaciis dacva da sxva.
27
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Ad hoc dabalanseba
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, unda dabalansdes gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da
sxva mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebi. amrigad, rodesac
iqmneba konfliqti, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva uflebas an saxelmwifo Tu sa-
zogadoebriv interessa da, meore mxriv, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas Soris,
sasamarTlo abalansebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas da axal sadavo sakiTxs.
saqmeSi Senki SeerTebuli Statebis winaaaRmdeg, sasamarlos Tavm-
jdomare holmsma aRniSna: `Cven vaRiarebT, rom bevr adgilas da Cveuleb-
riv mdgomareobaSi braldebulis mier yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Tqma
misi konstituciuri ufleba iqneboda. Tumca yoveli moqmedebis xasiaTi
damokidebulia im mdgomareobaze, romelSic is Cadenilia.~ am SemTxve-
vaSi ki specialuri garemoeba saomari mdgomareoba iyo, romelSic Seer-
Tebuli Statebi imyofeboda.
xSirad gaurkveveli SeiZleba iyos, Tu ras miiCnevs sasamarTlo specialur
mdgomareobad. magaliTad, qalaqis meris winaaRmdeg demonstracia daculia,
Tu is imarTeba qalaqis parkSi an meriis SenobasTan, Tumca, igive demonstracia
ar aris daculi, Tu meris saxlis win gaimarTeba. am SemTxvevaSi, piradi
cxovrebis xelSeuvaloba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze win wamoiwevs.
upiratesi mdgomareoba
es Teoria yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba pirveli Seworebis Tanaxmad
Setanili saqmeebis gadawyvetisas. am Teoriis mixedviT, pirveli Sesworeba
yvelaze mniSvnelovania im uflebebs Soris, romlebic konstituciis uf-
lebaTa bilSia CamoTvlili, radgan am uflebis gareSe ar iarsebebda
namdvili demokratia. amrigad, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas upiratesi adgi-
28
analizi
mkacri kontroli
yvela saxis gamoxatva Tanabari dacviT ar sargeblobs. arsebobs gamo-
xatva, romelic naklebad aris daculi, magaliTad, komerciuli gamoxat-
va. am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos surs, rom dacvis garkveuli xarisixi ga-
avrcelos gamoxatvis am kategoriaze da ar surs, rom Statebma da sxva-
dasxva organom zedmeti cenzura daaweson gamoxatvis e.w. meore klasis
kategoriisTvis. am kategoriis gamoxatvis dasacavad sasamarTlo sxva
alternativebs eZebs. magaliTad, sigaretis reklamis sruliad akrZalvis
nacvlad, alternativa SeiZleba iyos misi akrZalva garkveul adgilebSi.
yuradRebiani auditoria
gamoxatvis Seuracxmyofeli xasiaTi misi regulirebisTvis sakmarisi
winapiroba ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba eniWeba im viTarebas, aris
Tu ara piri iZulebuli, rom dainaxos an moisminos esa Tu is gamoxatva.
14
City of Ladue v. Margaret P. Gilleo Supreme Court of the United States 512 U. S. 43. June 13, 1994.
29
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
saxelmwifo dafinanseba
erTi saSiSi tendencia, romelic sasamarTlom ganaviTara, exeba gans-
xvavebas saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul gamoxatvasa da aradafinansebul
gamoxatvas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo gascems Tanxas romelime
organizaciaze, mas SeuZlia, gaakontrolos misi gamoxatva da Tavad air-
Cios, Tu ra mesijis gadacemaze da popularizaciaze daixarjeba saxel-
mwifos fuli.
15
Cohen v. California. No. 299. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 403 US 15. Argued
February 22, 1971. Decided June 7, 1971
30
analizi
pirveli Sesworebis
modelebi
31
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
32
analizi
TviTmmarTvelobis modeli
33
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Tavisuflebis anu
individualuri avtonomiis modeli
34
analizi
35
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
20
Posner, Free Speech in an Economic Perspective, 20 Suffolk, U.L, Rev. 1 1986.
36
analizi
pirveli Sesworebis
meTodologia
Sinaarsobrivi da Sinaarsobrivad
neitraluri regulireba
37
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
38
analizi
23
Burson v. Freeman, 504 US 191, 1992.
39
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
40
analizi
41
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
28
269 US 385, 1926.
42
analizi
pirveli Sesworebis
zogierTi
problematuri sakiTxi
sajaro forumi
visi sakuTrebaa quCebi, skverebi da parkebi? 1895 wels, jer kidev maSin,
rodesac pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis dacva State-
bisTvis savaldebulo ar iyo, oliver vendal holmsma, uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos mosamarTlem, am kiTxvaze Semdegi pasuxi gasca saqmeSi masaCusetsi
davisis winaaRmdeg29 : `kanonmdeblis mier moqalaqeTaTvis parkebSi da
quCaSi sajarod gamosvlebis akrZalva aranaklebi darRvevaa, vidre
kerZo pirisTvis mis sakuTar teritoriaze gamoxatvis akrZalva~.
29
Massachusetts v. Davis (Mass. Sup.Jud Ct. 1895), 191
43
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
44
analizi
45
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
arasajaro forumi
36
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness 452 US 640, 1981.
37
Adderley v. Florida, 385 U.S 39, 87, 87, S.Ct. 242, 17 L.Ed. 2d 149, 1966.
46
analizi
47
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
kerZo sakuTreba
48
analizi
44
MARSH v. STATE OF ALABAMA.No. 114. Argued and Submitted Dec. 7, 1945. Decided Jan. 7, 1946
45
591 US 308, 1968.
46
408 US 593,1972.
49
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul garemoSi
47
424 US 507, 91 LRRM 2489, 1976.
50
analizi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
studentebi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba studentTa Soris asaxavs dapirispirebas, ro-
melic arsebobs am sakiTxis mimarT or midgomas Soris. liberaluri mid-
goma skolas da, zogadad, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas ganixilavs, ro-
gorc ideaTa bazars, sadac yvela Tavisuflad gamoTqvams sakuTar azrs.
akademiuri forumi xels unda uwyobdes ideaTa gaziarebas da gamoxatvas,
maT Soris, iseTi ideebisac, romlebic Seuracxmyofeli, arakonformis-
tuli da sadavoa. bavSvebi unda aRizardon ideaTa gaziarebis Sedegad
warmoqmnili dialogiT.
meore _ sawinaaRmdego _ paradigmis mixedviT, romelsac koleqtiur
midgomasac uwodeben, skola aris adgili, sadac demokratiuli saxelm-
wifosaTvis aucilebeli fundamenturi faseulobebi unda dainergos.
ganaTlebis misiaa, axalgazrdebs gadasces da STaunergos sazogadoebaSi
51
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
52
analizi
53
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
sajaro moxeleebi
50
McAuliffe v. Mayor of New Bedford, 155 Mass. 216, 29 N.E. 517 (Mass 1892)
51
Adler v. Board of Education, 342 US 485, 1952
54
analizi
52
Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205, Will County. No. 510
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 391 US 563. Argued March 27, 1968.
53
CONNICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY IN AND FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS, LOUISIANA v.
MYERS. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 461 US 138. April 20, 1983.
55
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
56
analizi
politikuri saqmianoba
54
United Public Workers v. Mitchell 330 U.S. 75, 1947.
57
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
ciliswameba
58
analizi
ciliswamebis ganmarteba
amerikul samarTalSi ciliswamebas mediis saSualebiT ewodeba `libel~-i,
xolo sityvier ciliswamebas _ `Slander~-i. Tumca zogierT StatSi tele-
viziiT an radioTi ciliswamebasac Slander-s uwodeben. es gansxvaveba am
etapze imdenad mniSvnelovani aRar aris, rogorc warsulSi iyo, radgan
dReisaTvis yovelgvar ciliswamebas, romelic mediiT vrceldeba, ewo-
deba libel-i. am sityvas qarTulad `ciliswamebad~ movixseniebT.
ciliswameba _ es aris identificirebadi piris Sesaxeb mcdari da ci-
lismwamebluri gancxadebis gamoqveyneba beWdviTi an eleqtronuli for-
miT, rac zians ayenebs piris reputacias. reputacia ganixileba, rogorc
sxva pirebis Sexeduleba adamianze konkretul dros, adgilze da soci-
alur-kulturul konteqstSi. sityvebi SeiZleba Seuracxmyofeli iyos,
Tumca _ ara cilismwamebluri.
gamoqveyneba
erT-erTi elementi, romlis damtkiceba saWiroa ciliswamebis sarCel-
Si, aris gamoqveynebis faqti. gamoqveynebas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac
informacia gaufrTxileblad an mizandasaxulad gadaecema mesame pirebs.
beWduri, eleqtronuli saSualebebi, Jurnalebi, sainformacio saagen-
toebi da gazeTebi yvelaze xSirad warmoadgenen aseT mesame pirebs.
Tumca, `internet servis provaiderebi~ am CamonaTvalSi ar Sedian.
isini Tavisufldebian maTi momxmareblebis mier internetSi gamoqveyne-
buli publikaciebis gamo pasuxismgeblobisgan, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac provaideri saredaqcio TvalsazrisiT akontrolebs masalas.
amrigad, aseT SemTxvevebSi unda ganvasxvavoT `gamomqveynebeli~ `distri-
butorisgan~. amasTan dakavSirebiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari Tqva,
gadaesinja federaluri saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, ro-
melmac ZalaSi datova 1996 wlis komunikaciebis aqti. es aqti internet
servis provaiderebs aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisgan maTi momxmareb-
59
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
informaciis simcdare
informaciis simcdare ciliswamebis sarCelis ZiriTadi elementia.
vidre miRebuli iqneboda gadawyvetileba saqmeze niu iork taimsi sali-
vanis winaaRmdeg, ciliswamebis sarCelebis ganxilvisas informaciis sim-
cdare TavisTavad igulisxmeboda. Tumca dReisaTvis mosarCle valde-
bulia, gamoqveynebuli informaciis simcdare daamtkicos. sajaro pirebma
informaciis simcdaris mtkicebasTan erTad unda amtkicon mopasuxis bo-
roti ganzraxva (romlis konstituciuri ganmartebac Semdegnairia: si-
marTlis an tyuilis ganzrax an gaufrTxilebeli ignorireba).
xSirad amboben, rom simarTle absoluturi dacvaa ciliswamebis sarCe-
lisgan. Tumca, simarTlis saTanado kriteriumi absoluturi sizuste ar
aris, radgan `mniSvnelovanwilad marTali~ ganixileba, rogorc saerTo
da zogadi standarti publikaciis simarTlis dasadgenad. rogorc ukve
aRiniSna, saerTo samarTlis Tanaxmad, mopasuxe medias ekisreboda val-
debuleba, rom daemtkicebina gamoqyvenebuli gancxadebebis simarTle. mag-
ram mtkicebis tvirTi sajaro pirebTan dakavSirebiT sxvagvarad dadginda
saqmeSi niu iork taimsi salivanis winaaRmdeg. am standartis Tanaxmad,
mosarCle sajaro figurebs akisriaT valdebuleba, amtkicon gamoqvey-
nebuli gancxadebebis simcdare. amasTan, saqmeSi Philadelphia Newspeper Inc.
v. Hepps58 dadginda, rom mosarCele kerZo pirebmac unda amtkicon gamoq-
veynebuli gancxadebebis simcdare, Tu gancxadeba sajaro sakiTxebs exeba.
piris identificireba
mopasuxem unda daamtkicos, rom gamoqveynebuli publikacia piradad
mas exeba. piris identificireba SeiZleba moxdes misi zedmetsaxeliT, ini-
cialebiT, fizikuri aRwerilobiT, CacmulobiT, misamarTiT da sxva mra-
vali maxasiaTebliT. ar aris aucilebeli, rom maincdamainc piris saxeli
iyos publikaciaSi moxseniebuli. Tumca, aq zogad standartad miiCneva
57
Zeran v. America Online, 129 F3d 327 (4th Circuit 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 2341, 1998.
58
475 US 767 (1986). Docket Number: 84-1491. Abstract. Argued: December 3, 1985. Decided:
April 21, 1986.
60
analizi
ziani
ciliswamebis sarCelis erT-erTi mTavari elementia zianis sakiTxi.
sarCelSi dasabuTebuli unda iyos, rom piris reputacias ziani miadga.
Tumca, SeerTebuli Statebis zogierT StatSi ar aris saWiro zianis
damtkiceba, Tu saqme exeba iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa: sisxlis samarTlis
danaSaulis dabraleba, gadamdebi danaSaulis dabraleba, qalisaTvis
msubuqi yofaqcevis dabraleba, piris reputaciis, biznesis, profesiisa
da samsaxurebrivi saqmianobisTvis zianis miyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, arse-
bobs zianis anzRaurebis prezumfcia. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mosarCle valde-
bulia, rom daamtkicos finansuri danakargis arseboba, raTa zianis anaz-
Raureba moiTxovos.
59
Pring v. Penthouse International. 8 Med.L.Rptr. 2409. 695 F. 2d 438 (10th Cir. 1982)
61
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
brali
yvela mosarCle valdebulia, daamtkicos, rom mopasuxes garkveuli
brali miuZRvis. uzenaesma sasamarTlom bralis sxvadasxva standarti Se-
moiRo sxvadasxva saxis mosarCleebisTvis, sadac sajaro moxeleebs da
sajaro figurebs bralis mtkicebis yvelaze maRali standarti ekisrebaT.
sajaro pirebad ganixilebian cnobili pirebi da sazogadoebaSi zegavle-
nis mqone adamianebi. mosarClem, romelic sajaro figuraa, unda daamt-
kicos, rom gamomcemeli an mauwyebeli boroti winaswari ganzraxviT moq-
medebda. boroti winaswari ganzraxva ar gulisxmobs mxolod borot gan-
zraxvas, imasac gulisxmobs, rom mopasuxem icoda gamoqveynebuli ganc-
xadebebis simcre, magram simarTle ar gaiTvaliswina.
saqmeSi Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc v. Connaughton60 uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom aRniSna, rom profesiuli standartebis uxeSi darRveva, an pub-
likaciis gamoqveyneba gazeTis gavrcelebis gazrdis mizniT, ar warmo-
adgens borot ganzraxvas. sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom faqtebis ar-
gamoZieba TavisTavad ar amtkicebs borot ganzraxvas, Tumca, simarTlis-
Tvis ganzrax Tavis arideba boroti ganzraxvaa.
Tu mosarCle kerZo piria, maSin mtkicebis standarti SedarebiT msu-
buqia da man unda daamtkicos, rom gamomcemeli an mauwyebeli, sul mcire,
gaufrTxileblad moqmedebda. zogierT StatSi, kerZod _ alaskaSi, ko-
loradoSi, indianaSi, luizianaSi da niu jersiSi _ kerZo mosarCleebze
mtkicebis SedarebiT maRali standarti wesdeba, Tuki gancxadebebi saja-
ro sakiTxebs exeba.
62
analizi
62
Warren and Brandeis, Right to Privacy, 4 Harv.L. Rev. 193, 1890.
63
Right to be leave alone.
63
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
64
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 169.
64
analizi
65
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
uxamsoba da pornografia
meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi bevri wigni, maT Soris, Teodor ruz-
veltis `amerikuli tragedia~, lorensis `ledi Caterlis sayvareli~ da
sxva mravali akrZaluli iyo uxamsobis argumentiT. am periodSi uxamso-
bis standartis dasadgenad gamoiyeneboda Zveli inglisuri sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saqmeze regina hinklis winaaRmdeg. am saqmiT dadgenili
65
Time Inc. v. Hill. 385 US 374 (1967). Docket Number: 22. Abstract. Argued: April 27, 1966.
Reargued: October 18, 1966. Decided: January 9, 1967
66
analizi
67
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
68
analizi
simboluri gamoxatva
70
District Attorney, et al. No. 71-1051 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 413 US 49, 1973.
71
Spence v. Washington, 418 US 405, 1974.
69
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
70
analizi
74
United States v. Eichman. 496 US 310 (1990). Docket Number: 89-1433. Abstract. Argued: May
14, 1990. Decided: June 11, 1990.
75
ixileT amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebis kavSiris peticia http://www.aclu.org/
FreeSpeech/FreeSpeech.cfm?ID=16355&c=50.
71
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
samarTliani sasamarTlo
da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
76
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 223.
72
analizi
73
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
komerciuli gamoxatva
79
Valentine v. Christensen, 316 US 52, 1942.
74
analizi
75
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
76
analizi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
da mowodeba arakanonieri qmedebisken
77
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
84
Shaffer v. United States, 255 F. 886 (9th cir. 1919).
85
244 F. 525 (S.D.N.Y. 1917).
86
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 161.
87
DEBS v. UNITED STATES. 249 US 211 No. 714. Argued Jan. 27 and 28, 1919. Decided March 10,
1919.
88
FROHWERK v. US , 249 US 204 (1919). No. 685. Argued Jan. 27, 1919. Decided March 10, 1919.
89
damatebiT ixileT gadawyvetileba saqmeze abramsi SeerTebuli Statebis
winaaRmdeg.
90
Pierce v. United States, 252 U.S. 239,1920; Schaefer v, Unites States, 251 U.S. 466 (1920), Gilbert v.
Minnesota, 254 U.S. 325, 1920.
78
analizi
79
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
80
analizi
92
Brown v. Harlage, 456 US 45, 102 S, CT 1523, 71 L.Ed.3d 732 (1982), 194.
93
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 211.
81
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
winaswari SezRudvebi
94
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti 435 US 765, 1978.
82
analizi
95
Patterson v. Colorado 205 US 454, 1907.
96
Lowell v. Griffin 303 U.S. 444, 1938.
83
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
84
analizi
siZulvilis gamoxatva
98
Mari J. Matsunda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering Victim’s Story, 87 Mich. L. Rev.
2320. 2321 (1989)
85
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
99
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 243.
100
Wisconsin v. Mitchell. No. 92-515. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 508 US 476.
Argued April 21, 1993. Decided June 11, 1993
86
analizi
87
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
88
analizi
101
NBC v. United States,319 US 190, 227 (1943).
102
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 183.
103
ix. kari II, Tavi I, gv. 219.
89
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
104
FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild 450 U.S. 58, 101 S.Ct. 1266, 67, L.ED.2D, 521, 1981).
90
analizi
SFDB 66
UFVJ{FNDBC SFDBCEAKT<F
TDHJGFIB
Sesavali
91
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
me-10 muxli
`1. yvelas aqvs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ufleba. es ufleba moicavs
adamianis Tavisuflebas, hqondes mosazrebani; miiRos da gaavrcelos
informacia da ideebi sajaro xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe da sazRvrebis
miuxedavad. es muxli ar SeuSlis xels saxelmwifoebs, moiTxovon radi-
omauwyeblobis, televiziis an kinowarmoebis licenzireba.
2. am uflebaTa ganxorcieleba moicavs valdebulebebsa da pasuxis-
mgeblobas; amitomac SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros iseT formalobebs, piro-
bebs, SezRudvebs an sasjels, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs kanoni da rom-
lebic aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli usafrT-
xoebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis uzrunvel-
sayofad, uwesrigobisa da danaSaulis aRsakveTad, janmrTelobisa da mo-
ralis, sxvaTa reputaciis an uflebebis dasacavad, konfidencialurad
miRebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad, sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis SesanarCuneblad.
me-10(1) muxlis pirvel or winadadebaSi Camoyalibebulia azris gamo-
xatvis uflebis dacvis ZiriTadi garantiebi da meqanizmebi. magram ro-
gorc me-10(2) muxli gviCvenebs, es ufleba ar aris absoluturi. konvencia
gamodis im winapirobidan, rom me-10(1) muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufle-
bebis ganxorcieleba, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaSi movides sxva koleqtiur
an individualur interesebTan, romlebic rogorc fundamenturi uf-
lebebi garantirebulia konvenciiT an wevri saxelmwifoebis mier aRi-
arebuli legitimuri uflebebiT..105 ase, magaliTad, me-10(1) muxliT ga-
rantirebuli ufleba SesaZloa, gaxdes saxelmwifos mxridan `Carevis~
safuZveli, Tu saxezea me-10 (2) muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis
92
analizi
105
D. J. Harrs, M. O’Boyle and C. Warbrick ,,Law the European Convention on Human Rights”,
1995. P. van Dijk and G. J.H. van Hoof ,,Theory and Practice of the European Convention of
Human Rights” (3td-ed 1998); Dirk Voorhoof ,,Guazanteeing the Freedom and Independence of
the Media”, ,,Media and Democracy”, 1998. Francis G. Jacobs da Robin C. A. White ,,The
European Convention on Human Rights (2-nd-ed. 1996); ,,The European system for the Protection
of Human Rights” (R. St. J. Macdonald, F. Matscher, and H. Petzold, editors), 1993.
106
ix. `Informationsverein Lentia~ da sxvebi avstriis winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 297.
107
imis gamo, rom evrokonvencia Tanmimdevrulad iyenebs terminebs `Careva~ da
`darRveva~, Cvenc aseve gamoviyenebT am terminebs sasamarTlos mier me-10 muxlis
ganxilvis dros.
108
me-10(2) muxlSi CamoTvlili marTlzomieri miznebi amomwuravia, magram
evrosasamarTlom farTod ganmarta zogierTi maTgani.
93
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
fuZemdebluri principebi
me-10 muxlis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT konkretuli saqmeebis ganxil-
vebis Sedegad, evrosasamarTlom SeimuSava da ganaviTara garkveuli prin-
cipebi, riTac is Tanmimdevrulad xelmZRvanelobs gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis dros. Tumca es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia konkre-
tuli saqmis saboloo gadawyvetilebis zusti ganWvreta. magram imis gaT-
valiswinebiT, rom evrosasamarTlo gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs
interesTa dabalansebasa da faqtebis analizs, yalibdeba parametrTa sis-
tema, romlis CarCoSic SesaZlebelia sasamarTlo praqtikis gaanalizeba.
109
adamianis uflebaTa evropis axalma sasamarTlom saqmianoba daiwyo 1998 wlis
1 noembers, XI oqmis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave. 1998 wlis 31 oqtombers yofilma
sasamarTlom, romelic aramudmivad funqcionirebda, Sewyvita saqmianoba, magram
oqmSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom komisia kidev erTi weli (1999 wlis 31
oqtombramde) ganixilavda saCivrebs, romlebic misaRebad CaTvales oqmis
ZalaSi Sesvlis droisaTvis.
94
analizi
95
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
113
ix. oberSliki avstriis winaaRmdeg N1, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 285.
114
kasado koka espaneTis winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 300.
96
analizi
115
ix. `obzerveri~ da `gardiani~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II,
gv. 287; `sandi taimsi~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 268.
116
ix. gudvini gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. kari II, Tavi II, gv. 308.
97
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
98
analizi
99
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
100
analizi
119
ix. `sandi taimsis~ saqme, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 268.
120
ix. Rotaru v Romania, 4 May, 2000.
101
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
102
analizi
103
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
104
analizi
Sinaarsobrivi
regulireba
105
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
106
analizi
107
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
123
ix. gv. 285.
124
bladet tromso da stensaasi norvegiis winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 322..
125
lingensis saqme.
108
analizi
109
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
110
analizi
132
de haesis, lingensis saqmeebi.
133
mtkicebis tvirTis amgvari gadanawileba gansxvavdeba aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos
midgomisagan.
134
bladet tromsos, prageris da oberSlikis saqmeebi.
135
bladet tromsos saqme.
111
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
a) cru faqtebi
(1) mosalodnelia, rom evrosasamarTlo moiTxovs saxelmwifoebisagan
sadavo gancxadebebis sizustis mtkicebas, rogorc difamaciur qmedebaSi
sasamarTlo dacvis saSualebas. saqmeSi kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg
Jurnalisturi statiis avtori damnaSaved cnes espaneTis saxelmwifos
112
analizi
136
ix. kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 292.
137
ix. dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 321.
113
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
114
analizi
b) SefasebiTi msjeloba
me-10 muxlTan dakavSirebiT evrosasamarTlos umTavresi principia is,
rom igi upiratesobas aniWebs sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxe-
bis Sesaxeb SefasebiT msjelobebs, romlebic gamoxatulia diskusiis kon-
teqstSi. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi evrosasamarTlom airCia kategoriuli
midgoma. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mopasuxeze mtkicebis tvirTis da-
kisreba maSin, rodesac sadavo gamonaTqvami SefasebiTi msjelobaa, Ta-
visTavad warmoadgens usafuZvlo Carevas, radganac msgavsi gamonaTqva-
mebis namdvilobis an siyalbis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia.139 amave dros, un-
da aRiniSnos, rom es upiratesoba kvalificiur xasiaTs atarebs: aseTi
midgoma ar vrceldeba iseT SemTxvevebze, rodesac ganmcxadebeli boroti
ganzraxviT moqmedebs, an kritika `gadaWarbebulia~.
amrigad, evrosasamarTlos praqtikaSi saqmis Sedegi damokidebulia
imaze, Tu saxeldobr ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sasamarTlo gansaxil-
veli gamonaTqvamis Sesaxeb: es iyo gancxadeba faqtis Sesaxeb Tu Sefase-
biTi msjeloba. am TvalsazrisiT, evrosasamarTlos praqtikaSi SeimCneva
aSkara tendencia, rom SefasebiT msjelobad CaTvalon sruliad sxvadas-
xva kritikuli gancxadebebi da komentarebi, arsebiTad uaryon is maxasi-
aTeblebi, romlebic am gancxadebebs erovnulma sasamarTloebma miani-
Wes.140 erT saqmeSi ki sasamarTlom gaafarTova kidec diskreciis Tavisuf-
leba, romelic mas erovnuli sasamarTloebisTvis hqonda miniWebuli, ro-
desac mxari dauWira maT daskvnas, rom zogierTi sadavo sakiTxi eqvemde-
bareba dasabuTebas.
138
Seylan v. Turkey, 8 July, 1999.
139
prageris da oberSlikis saqme. `azri SesaZloa, iyos gadaWarbebulic ki,
gansakuTrebiT, raime faqtobrivi safuZvlis gareSe.~
140
Nilsen and Johnsen v. Norway, 25 November, 1999; Prager and Oberschlick v. Austria, 26 April,
1995.
115
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
116
analizi
informaciis Tavisufleba
117
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
143
sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom me-10 muxli Tavis safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba
saxelmwifos, SezRudos pirovnebis mier informaciis miReba. ix. Guerra v. Italy, 19
February, 1998.
144
saqmeSi Guerra v. Italy sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom `informaciis miRebis
Tavisufleba, romelzec me-10 muxlis me-2 paragrafSia saubari, ar avaldebulebs
saxelmwifos, Seagrovos da gaavrcelos informacia Tavisi surviliT~.
145
Leander v. Sweden, 26 March, 1987. momCivani cdilobda, mieRo informacia, Tu ris
gamo uTxres uari mas samsaxurSi ayvanaze. Gaskin v. UK, 7 July,1989. momCivani
cdilobda, mieRo informacia, Tu ramdeni xani gaatara man saxelmwifo
sabavSvo saxlSi.
118
analizi
eleqtronuli media
146
ix. jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg. ix. kari II, Tavi II, gv. 304.
119
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
120
analizi
b) komerciuli mauwyebloba
147
jersildis saqme.
121
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mediis licenzireba
da regulireba
122
analizi
148
Groppera Radio da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg; Autronic AG Sveicariis winaaRmdeg;
Informationsverein Lentia da sxvebi avstriis winaaRmdeg.
149
Ltd United Christian Broadcasting v. UK, November, 2000.
123
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
124
analizi
125
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
126
analizi
arxis meSveobiT, isev imis gamo, rom saxeze iyo avstriuli samauwyeblo
monopolia. lentiisa da radio ABC-is saqmeze sasamarTlos mier miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebebisa da tele sistema I-is saqmeSi damtkicebuli mo-
rigebis Semdeg, naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime saxelmwifom moaxer-
xos sasamarTlos darwmuneba imaSi, rom sruli monopolia nacionalur
mauwyeblobaze warmoadgens aucileblobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
transnacionaluri komunikaciebi
me-10 muxlis I punqtis me-2 winadadeba uzrunvelyofs uflebas, `miiRo
da gaavrcelo informacia da ideebi... saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis
miuxedavad~. evropuli Tanamegobrobis integraciisa da transnaciona-
luri komunikaciebis gadamcemi teqnologiebis xelmisawvdomobis zrda
sul ufro da ufro did rols asrulebs Tanamedrove dasavlur demok-
ratiebSi. Tumca, sasamarTlos mouwevs, naTeli mohfinos mniSvnelobas
frazisa `saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad~. evropulma komisiam miuTi-
Ta, rom termini `saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad~ ar gulisxmobs im
saxelmwifoebis moqmedebebSi Carevis raimenair uflebas, romlebmac ev-
ropis adamianis uflebaTa konvencias xeli ar moaweres. is mxolod imas
gulisxmobs, rom xelmomweri saxelmwifo Tavisi sakuTari iurisdiqciis
ganxorcielebis dros TviTon aris valdebuli, pativi sces am uflebas.
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo transnacionaluri komunika-
ciebis sakiTxebs Seexo Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi saqmeebze Autronik AG, Radio
Groppera AG da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg. Autronik-is saqmeSi evropis
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom pirvelad ganacxada, rom satelevizio
programebis miReba satelituri TefSebisa da antenebis meSveobiT me-10
muxlis dacvis sferoSi xvdeba. amgvari dacva arsebobs `miuxedavad mize-
zebisa an miznebisa, romelTa gamoc xorcieldeba aRniSnuli ufleba~.
Groppera-s saqmeSi sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom programebis saeTero
mauwyebloba, iseve rogorc maTi saeTero translireba eqceva gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis dacvis sferoSi, romelic gamyarebulia me-10 muxlis I pun-
qtiT, `gadasacemi programis Sinaarsis miuxedavad~.
Autronik-is saqmeSi ganmcxadebelma, satelituri tele-radio mauwyeb-
lobisaTvis antenebis distributorma, mimarTa sasamarTlos saCivriT
imis Taobaze, rom telekomunikaciebis Sveicariis saagentom sabWoTa kav-
Siris satelituri antenidan satelevizio programebis miReba sateli-
127
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
128
analizi
saxelmwifo mauwyebloba
saxelmwifo samauwyeblo saSualebebis arseboba ar ewinaaRmdegeba ada-
mianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxls. magram erT-erT umniS-
vnelovanes saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
ufleba dairRveoda, Tu saxelmwifo sadgurebi moipovebdnen monopolias
mauwyeblobaze saxelmwifos masStabiT. saqmeSi Informationsverein Lentia da
sxvebi avstriis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom kvlav miuTiTa gamoxatvis Tavi-
suflebis arsebiT rolze demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da mediis funq-
ciaze, gaavrcelos saerTo sajaro interesebis sferoSi Semavali infor-
macia da ideebi, risi miRebis ufleba sazogadoebasac gaaCnia. sasamarT-
lom ganacxada: aseTi saqmianoba warmatebulad ver ganxorcieldeba, Tu
mas safuZvlad ar daedeba pluralizmi, romlis ZiriTadi garanti saxel-
mwifoa. avstria ambobda, rom saxelmwifo monopolia aucilebelia, raTa
garantirebuli iyos audiovizualuri mediis miukerZoebloba da obieq-
turoba da miRweul iqnes gadacemebis mravalferovneba, balansirebuli
programa, miukerZoebloba da damoukidebloba. sasamarTlo amaSi ver
darwmunda. misi azriT, saxelmwifo sakuTreba am miznebis miRwevis yve-
laze metad SemzRudveli saSualebaa. man miuTiTa, rom evropis sxva qvey-
nebi cdilobdnen imave miznebis miRwevas iseTi saSualebebiT, romlebic
sajaro da kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sadgurebis Tanaarsebobis Se-
saZleblobas iZleoda. avstriaSi axali reJimis SemuSaveba gaWianurda.
pirvel etapze mxolod ori kerZo radio-sadguri daiSva venis regionis-
Tvis. momdevno saqmeze sasamarTlom Tqva, rom es sakvirveli iyo, magram
aRar arsebobda konvenciasTan Sesabamisobaze msjelobis saWiroeba, vi-
naidan kanoni, romelic am sakiTxs iTvaliswinebda, avstriis sasamarTlo-
ebma Zaladakargulad gamoacxades.
akrZalvebi mauwyeblobaSi
britaneTis samauwyeblo korporaciis (BBC) licenziisa da SeTanxme-
bis, aseve, mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb 1990 wlis aqtis Tanaxmad, Sinagan saqmeTa
ministrs SeuZlia, miuTiTos gadacemaTa wamyvanebs, rom TavianT gadace-
mebSi ar gamoiyenon garkveuli saxis masalebi. 1988-1994 wlebSi es uf-
lebamosileba gamoiyeneboda garkveuli organizaciebis, maT Soris, sin
feinis, wevrebisa da mxardamWerebis xmis eTerSi gaSvebis akrZalvisT-
vis. Sesabamisad, Tu sin feinis prezidentisgan _ jeri adamsisgan aiReb-
129
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mauwyeblobis xelmisawvdomoba
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxliT garantirebulia
150
[1991] AC 696.
151
Betty Purcell and Others v. Ireland, 1991.
130
analizi
131
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
siam aRiara, rom es iyo Careva (da ara ubralod im pirobis ganxorci-
eleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, licenzirebul programas micemuli hqonda
eTerSi gasvlis nebarTva, rogorc amas mTavroba amtkicebda). komisiam
miiCnia, rom am SezRudvas hqonda legitimuri mizani _ daculi yofiliyo
sxvaTa uflebebi, kerZod ki bavSvebis ufleba, daculi yofiliyvnen say-
mawvilo satelevizio programebSi arapirdapiri reklamebis gaSvebisgan.
am SemTxvevaSi, gadacemaSi produqciis dasaxelebis SemTxveviT CarTva,
sxva evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mkacrad iqna gansjili.
amitom, SesaZlebeli iyo holandieli mayureblisTvis Tavs moexviaT ni-
derlandebis gareT damzadebuli programebi, romelTa SeZena an xelaxla
gadacema niderlandebis teritoriaze ganxorcieldeboda. Sesabamisad,
mosarCle amtkicebda, rom mas dauweses diskriminaciuli SezRudvebi,
romlebic ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-
14 muxls. komisiam es argumentic uaryo. man Tqva, rom niderlandebis
SigniT damzadebuli an gadacemuli programis pozicia ar eqvemdebare-
boda qveynis garedan Semosul gadacemebTan Sedarebas.
Sveicariidan sasamarTloSi Sevida saqme, romelic Seexeba satelevizio
reklamis gaSvebaze uaris Tqmas misi aSkara `politikuri xasiaTis~ gamo155 .
es reklama warmodgenili iyo cxovelTa dacvis erT-erTi organizaciis
mier, romelic xalxs mouwodebda, rom naklebi xorci eWamaT. reklamaSi
tyeSi myofi gareuli Rori Sedarebuli iyo industriulad gamoyvanil
saxeobasTan. es sarCeli misaRebad CaiTvala me-10 muxlis safuZvelze.
miRebul iqna aseve aRniSnuli organizaciis mier me-14 muxlis safuZvelze
warmodgenili sarCelic, romelSic igi exeboda statias, sadac miuTi-
Tebda, rom xorcis mwarmoeblebis mier warmodgenili reklamebi xalxs
mouwodebda, meti xorci eWamaT.
gazeTebis licenzireba
gaerTianebul samefoSi saukuneebis manZilze ar xdeboda presis li-
cenzireba. Tumca mainc arsebobs moTxovna yvela im gazeTis tipografe-
bisa da gamomcemlebis mimarT, romlis mflobelic ar aris kompaniebis
Sesaxeb aqtis mixedviT registrirebuli kompania, _ rom `Company House~-s
(kompaniebis saxls) yovelwliurad warudginon angariSi, dasaxelebisa da
mflobelis saxelis miTiTebiT (sagazeTo traqtati da 1881 wlis regis-
traciis aqti).
155
Verein gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerland, 2 June, 2000.
132
analizi
erovnuli usafrTxoeba
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor iyenebs sasamarTlo me-10(2) muxls mTli-
anobaSi, rodesac saqme exeba ganaCenis gamotanas wevr saxelmwifoTa mi-
marT, romlebic daJinebiT amtkicebdnen, rom maT mier wamowyebuli qmede-
bebi miznad isaxavda `erovnuli usafrTxoebis, teritoriuli mTliano-
bisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvas~, evrosasamarTlo mravali faq-
tis gulmodgine analizs da Sejerebas Seudga. me-10 muxlTan SeTavseba-
dobis mxriv evrosasamarTlom Seamowma orgvari SezRudva: erTi mxriv,
SezRudvebi publikaciamde da gavrcelebamde, meore mxriv, publikaciis
Semdeg dakisrebuli sanqciebi.156 evrosasamarTlom 1991 wlis sasamarTlo
saqmeebSi wignis _ `jaSuSTa Sempyrobi~157 garSemo Seiswavla sakiTxi pub-
likaciebis gamoqveynebis amkrZalavi sasamarTlo brZanebulebebis Sesa-
xeb. ingliselma mosamarTleebma gamosces sasamarTlo akrZalvebi im miz-
niT, rom gazeTebSi ar moxvedriliyo nawyvetebi britaneTis sadazvervo
samsaxuris gadamdgari oficris memuarebis wignidan, romelic Seicavda
am samsaxuris dadanaSaulebas ukanono saqmianobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
wigni ukve gamoqveynebuli iyo SeerTebul StatebSi, sasamarTlo akrZal-
vebi ZalaSi rCeboda. evrosasamarTlom uari Tqva, gaekeTebina katego-
riuli gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom wina, publikaciamde gamocemuli
brZaneba wignis gamoqveynebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb me-10 muxlis darRvevas
156
im saqmeTa garda, romlebic am nawilSia ganxiluli, 1999 w ivlisSi
evrosasamarTlom damatebiT erTian warmoebaSi gaerTianebul 13 saqmeze
gamoitana ganaCeni, romelSic sisxlis samarTlebriv sasjels TurqeTi
safuZvlad udebda erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvas.
157
`obzerveri~ da `gardiani~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg.
133
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
158
ix. Vereniging weekblad Bluf! holandiis winaaRmdeg. kari II, Tavi II, gv. 306.
134
analizi
159
me-10 muxlis dacvis sferodan sasamarTlom kategoriulad gamoricxa
rasistuli gamonaTqvamebi jersildis saqmeSi.
135
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
160
Seylan v. Turkey, 8 July, 1999.
136
analizi
161
ix. kari II, Tavi II, gv. 317.
137
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
138
analizi
uxamsoba da mkrexeloba
139
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
140
analizi
141
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
142
analizi
marTlmsajuleba
da media
143
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
144
analizi
145
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
146
analizi
147
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
163
ix. kari II, Tavi II, gv. 310.
148
analizi
149
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
piradi cxovrebis
saidumloeba
150
analizi
164
Malone v. UK. 1984.
165
Funke v. France, 25 February,1993; “Niemitz V Germany“, 1992; Camenzind v. Switzerland, 16
December, 1997. Cappell v. UK, 30 March, 1989.
151
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
152
analizi
media intervencia:
duglasi Hello-s winaaRmdeg!
maikl duglasisa da ketrin zeta jonsis 250 kaciani qorwili niu iorkis
sastumro plazaSi iqca namdvil movlenad. Tumca wyvilma aukrZala yvela
reportiors suraTis gadaReba, radgan qorwilis amsaxveli fotoebis ga-
169
ix. fuentes bobo espaneTis winaaRmdeg, kari II, Tavi II, gv. 329..
153
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
154
analizi
komerciuli gamoxatva
155
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
172
hartelis saqmeSi Sveicarielma mosamarTleebma mxari dauWires Sveicarieli
mwarmoeblebisa da mimwodeblebis azrs, rom kritikuli masalis gamoqveyneba
maTi wevrebis interesebs zians moutanda. evrosasamarTlom SeniSna, rom 1986 w.
19 dekembris Sveicariis federaluri kanoni arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis
Sesaxeb `miznad isaxavs realuri, samarTliani konkurenciis uzrunvelyofas
yvela dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis~ da rom pirs, romelic iZulebulia, aitanos
`Tavisi keTili saxelis, profesiuli reputaciis, saqmiani an mTlianad
ekonomikuri interesebis Selaxva~ arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis
moqmedebiT, an romelsac aseTi zianis saSiSroeba emuqreba, SeuZlia, mimarTos
sasamarTlos, raTa man aRkveTos msgavsi qmedebebi.
156
analizi
173
kasado kokas saqme.
157
evropaSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
158