Midterm Exam 2 With Solutions: (15 Points)

Math 38 Spring 2011
Midterm Exam 2 with Solutions

1. (15 points): Use the method of undetermined coecients to nd a particular solution
of the equation
x
+x
2x = 18te
2t
.
Solution: The characteristic equation corresponding to the homogeneous equation is
2
+2 = 0. The roots are = 1, = 2, and the general solution to the homogeneous
equation is
H(t) = C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
2t
.
The annihilator for the right side is A(D) = (D+2)
2
. Therefore, any particular solution of
the given equation is among the general solution to the equation A(D)(D1)(D+2)x = 0,
or (D 1)(D + 2)
3
x = 0. The general solution of this equation is
x = C
1
e
t
+ (C
2
+C
3
t +C
4
t
2
)e
2t
.
Hence, the simplied form for a particular solution has the form x
p
= (C
3
t + C
4
t
2
)e
2t
.
Substituting this into equation one obtains 2C
4
3C
3
= 0, and 6C
4
= 18, or C
4
=
3, C
3
= 2.
ANS: x
p
= (2t + 3t
2
)e
2t
.
2. (10 points): Solve the following equation by the method of variation of parameters
2x
+ 2x = sec t.
No credit by any other method.
Page 1 of 7
Solution: The functions h
1
(t) = cos t and h
2
(t) = sin t generate the general solution to
the homogeneous equation 2x
+ 2x = 0. Hence, we look for a particular solution in the

form
x
p
= c
1
(t) cos t +c
2
(t) sin t.
The system
cos(t)c
1
+ sin(t)c
2
= 0,
sin(t)c
1
+ cos(t)c
2
=
1
2
sec t,
has a solution c
1
=
1
2
tan t and c
2
=
1
2
, yielding c
1
(t) =
1
2
ln | cos t| and c
2
(t) =
t
2
.
ANS: x(t) = c
1
cos t + c
2
sin t +
1
2
cos t ln | cos t| +
t
2
sin t.
3. (10 points): Find the Laplace transform of the following functions:
(a) te
t
sin 2t
(b)
_
_
2, if t < 2,
t, if 2 t < 3,
e
t3
+ 3, if 3 t.
Solution:
(a) By the First Dierentiation Formula, L[t sin(2t)](s) =
d
ds
_
2
s
2
+ 4
_
=
4s
(s
2
+ 4)
2
.
Then, by the First Shift Formula, L[e
t
t sin(2t)](s) =
4(s+1)
[(s+1)
2
+4]
2
.
(b) L
_
2 +u
2
(t) (t 2) +u
3
(t) [e
t3
+3 t]
(s) =
2
s
+e
2s
L[t](s) +e
3s
L[e
t
t](s) =
2
s
+
e
2s
s
2
+e
3s
(
1
s 1

1
s
2
) (Second Shift Formula).
4. (10 points): Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions:
Page 2 of 7
(a)
e
s
(1 +s)
2(s
2
+ 1)
(b)
s
s
2
2s + 2
Solution:
(a) L
1
_
e
s
(1 +s)
2(s
2
+ 1)
_
(t) =
1
2
u
1
(t) (cos(t 1) + sin(t 1)) . (Second Shift Formula).
(b) L
1
_
s
s
2
2s + 2
_
(t) = L
1
_
s 1
(s 1)
2
+ 1
+
1
(s 1)
2
+ 1
_
(t) = e
t
(cos t + sin t).
(First Shift Formula).
5. (10 points): Use the following steps to compute the convolution t (sin t e
t
) :
(a) nd the Laplace transform of t (sin t e
t
);
(b) nd a partial fraction decomposition of the Laplace transform obtained in Part (a);
(c) nd the inverse Laplace transform of the partial fraction decomposition found in
Part (b).
Solution:
(a) L[t (sin t e
t
)] = L[t] L[sin t e
t
] =
1
s
2
_
1
1+s
2

1
s1
_
(b)
1
s
2
_
1
1+s
2

1
s1
_
=
1
s
2
(1+s
2
)

1
s
2
(s1)
=
1
s
2

1
1+s
2

s(s1)
s
2
(s1)
=
1
s
2

1
1+s
2

1
s(s1)
+
1
s
2
=
2
s
2

1
1+s
2

1
s1
+
1
s
.
(c) t (sin t e
t
) = L
1
[
2
s
2

1
1+s
2

1
s1
+
1
s
] = 2t sin t e
t
+ 1.
ANS: 2t sin t e
t
+ 1.
Page 3 of 7
6. (10 points): Compute L
1
_
1
s
2
(s 2)
_
using the convolution formula. No credit by any
other method.
Solution: L
1
_
1
s
2
(s 2)
_
(t) = L
1
_
1
s
2
_
(t) L
1
_
1
s 2
_
(t) = t e
2t
=
_
t
0
ue
2(tu)
du
= e
2t
_
t
0
ue
2u
du = e
2t
(
1
4

t
2
e
2t
1
4
e
2t
).
ANS:
e
2t
4

t
2

1
4
.
7. (15 points): Solve the following initial value problem
x
4x
+ 5x = f(t),
x(0) = 0, x
= 1,
where f(t) =
_
_
_
5, if t < 1
0, if 1 t.
Page 4 of 7
Solution: Applying the Laplace transform to both sides of the equation we have
(s
2
4s + 5)L[x] 1 =
5
s
e
s
5
s
,
so
L[x] =
1
(s 2)
2
+ 1
+
5
s[(s 2)
2
+ 1]
e
s
5
s[(s 2)
2
+ 1]
.
Now we have to compute inverse Laplace transforms of these three terms on the right.
The rst term has the inverse
L
1
[
1
(s 2)
2
+ 1
] = e
2t
sin t.
Second term can be written in the partial fraction form
5
s[(s 2)
2
+ 1]
=
1
s

s 2
(s 2)
2
+ 1
+
2
(s 2)
2
+ 1
,
therefore,
L
1
[
5
s[(s 2)
2
+ 1]
] = 1 e
2t
cos t + 2e
2t
sin t.
Inverse of the third term due to the Second Shift Formula is
L
1
[e
s
5
s[(s 2)
2
+ 1]
] = u
1
(t) [1 e
2(t1)
cos(t 1) + 2e
2(t1)
sin(t 1)].
Hence,
x(t) = 1e
2t
cos t+3e
2t
sin tu
1
(t) [1e
2(t1)
cos(t1)+2e
2(t1)
sin(t1)].
8. (10 points): Reduce the following higher order linear dierential equations to equivalent
systems (DO NOT SOLVE):
(a) x
+ (e
t
+t)x
= sec t
(b) (D + 1)
3
x = t
Page 5 of 7
Solution:
(a) Introducing x
1
= x and x
2
= x
we have
x
1
= x
2
,
x
2
= (e
t
+t)x
2
+ sec t.
ANS: Dx = Ax +E(t) with A =
_
0 1
0 e
t
t
_
and E(t) =
_
0
sec(t)
_
(b) Introducing x
1
= x, x
2
= x
and x
3
= x
we have
x
1
= x
2
,
x
2
= x
3
,
x
3
= x
1
3x
2
3x
3
+t.
ANS: Dx = Ax +E(t) with A =
_
_
_
_
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 3 3
_
_
_
_
and E(t) =
_
_
_
_
0
0
t
_
_
_
_
.
9. (10 points): Determine whether the vector functions
h
1
(t) =
_
3e
4t
e
4t
_
and h
2
(t) =
_
3e
4t
e
4t
_
generate the general solution of the system
x
1
= 5x
1
3x
2
,
x
2
= 3x
1
5x
2
.
Justify your answer.
Page 6 of 7
Solution: (a) We can check that h
2
(t) does not satisfy the system,
(b) The Wronskian of these two vector functions is 0 for all t.
Either of these imply that the given vector functions do not generate the general
solution.
Page 7 of 7

Midterm Exam 2 With Solutions: (15 Points)

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Math 38 Spring 2011

Midterm Exam 2 with Solutions

+ 2x = 0. Hence, we look for a particular solution in the

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