This document summarizes a study that analyzed land use in the Bhiwandi Surrounding Notified Area (BSNA) near Mumbai, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The population in BSNA increased dramatically from 1981 to 2001 due to migration and employment opportunities. High resolution satellite imagery from 2008 was classified into 19 land use categories. The objectives were to analyze current land use, identify compatibility issues between different uses, and determine major constraints and potentials for development. Detailed land use and land cover maps were produced along with an analysis of land use compatibility in the area.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed land use in the Bhiwandi Surrounding Notified Area (BSNA) near Mumbai, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The population in BSNA increased dramatically from 1981 to 2001 due to migration and employment opportunities. High resolution satellite imagery from 2008 was classified into 19 land use categories. The objectives were to analyze current land use, identify compatibility issues between different uses, and determine major constraints and potentials for development. Detailed land use and land cover maps were produced along with an analysis of land use compatibility in the area.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed land use in the Bhiwandi Surrounding Notified Area (BSNA) near Mumbai, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The population in BSNA increased dramatically from 1981 to 2001 due to migration and employment opportunities. High resolution satellite imagery from 2008 was classified into 19 land use categories. The objectives were to analyze current land use, identify compatibility issues between different uses, and determine major constraints and potentials for development. Detailed land use and land cover maps were produced along with an analysis of land use compatibility in the area.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed land use in the Bhiwandi Surrounding Notified Area (BSNA) near Mumbai, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The population in BSNA increased dramatically from 1981 to 2001 due to migration and employment opportunities. High resolution satellite imagery from 2008 was classified into 19 land use categories. The objectives were to analyze current land use, identify compatibility issues between different uses, and determine major constraints and potentials for development. Detailed land use and land cover maps were produced along with an analysis of land use compatibility in the area.
Study of Land use compatibility using Remote sensing and GIS
Bhiwandi surrounding Notified Area (BSNA) Mumbai
Karamjeet Singh* and Deepti Singh
Punjab Remote sensing Centre, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, 141004, India *E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Land is the most important natural resource, which comprises soil, water and the associated flora and fauna, thus involving the total ecosystem. Any country in the world is trying to achieve stable development. Spatial planning is trying to organize the human and activity in environment in such a way that stable development would be achieved in various contexts. The present study has been carried out to find the land use compatibility after doing detailed land use analysis using remote sensing and GIS as well as potentials of BSNA, near Mumbai. The population in BSNA has increased at a decadal growth rate of 44% during 1981- 1987. This resulted in a haphazard distribution of land use/land cover of BSNA. High resolution satellite data (Quick Bird-61 cms) has been used to prepare the detailed land use/land cover of the study area. The study shows that BSNA is randomly distributed with haphazard growth of urbanization for e.g. Slums which have a poor living quality due to submerging between industries. Large amount of warehouses also generate employment, attracting the population of different places for economic activities. Employment is an important factor which is cause of population concentration and creating the problem of unauthorized residents and slums in this area.
Key words: Remote Sensing, GIS, Spatial planning Land use compatibility
INTRODUCTION
Land is the most important natural resource, which comprises soil, water and the associated flora and fauna, thus involving the total ecosystem. Knowledge of spatial distribution of land use, land cover is essential for planning and management activities. The term land cover describes type of materials/features present on the surface of earth, e.g., vegetation, rocks, buildings and highways, while the expression land use relates to human activity, i.e., how a land is used such as, for agriculture, residence and industry.
Any country in the world is trying to achieve stable development. Stable development may be defined as suitable and efficient utilizing from natural, financial and human resources to achieve a desirable consumption pattern and utilizing suitable technical and organizational abilities which provide current and future necessities (sadough2001).
Spatial planning is trying to organize the human and activity in environment in such a way that stable development would be achieved in various contexts. Spatial Planning is defined as adjusting the relationship between human, land and human activities in the land in order to have a stable utilization from all spatial and human possibilities to improve material and moral situation of society along the time (makhdoum1999).
Geographical Information System is an important tool in development planning for two principal reasons. Firstly, it is oriented to the spatial component of development. This comprises the use of the land for human settlements, the use of land resources as in agriculture and forestry, and the management and protection of the natural environment. Second, GIS is not oriented solely to geographic aspects of planning, but also to its informational contents. It can also provide major help in identifying trouble spots and in suggesting possible actions. Land use mapping using survey methods has been a lengthy and cumbersome procedure which needs to be updated. The use of GIS and Remote Sensing is helpful in time saving and efficient land use mapping.
Introduction to Study Area
BSNA is Bhiwandi surrounding notified area in Mumbai. Before the emergence of Mumbai, Bhiwandi because of its strategic location, Bhiwandi had been an important trading center. During Mughal rule, Bhiwandi was known as Bhimbari.
Bhiwandi, is located in the east of Sahyadri mountain ranges which belongs to the North Konkan region of Maharashtra in the Konkan coastal lowlands. The average elevation is 24 m above msl. The Bhiwandi Surrounding Notified Area lies between 19 12' 07 N to 19 21' 50 N latitude and 72 59' 48 E to 73 7' 50 E longitude. It forms a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. (Environment Status Report Bhiwandi, 2004-05).The boundary of BSNA is marked by hills, ridges and forests in the north, east and northwest. The Ulhas River demarcates its southern boundary. Due to natural hard and soft high-rise and low-lying features in its surroundings, Bhiwandi has a saucer type of
topography. Due to natural water bodies like rivers and creeks located in its vicinity, a major chunk of land of Bhiwandi remains under swampy conditions due to backlash of marine water and subsequent inundation due to the presence of Thane creek, Bassein creek and other minor inlets increasing the landmass.
One of the development potentials of this site is its nearness to District Thane and the metropolis of Mumbai. It is located at 16 kms from Thane and 10 kms from Kalyan. It is linked to Thane and Mumbai through Bombay-Nasik National Highway No.3, Vasai through Kalyan through National Highway No. 222 and Vasai-Diva railway line. Due to its nearness to Mumbai city and good transportation network, the Godowns and warehouses for storage goods for Mumbai market are located here and the town is famous for both handlooms and power looms. These factors have been playing a major role in changing the development scenario of the town. However, the drainage of the area is poor due to its topographical and geological conditions. Agriculture is also poor due to presence of marine water and poor irrigation facilities. The villages in BSNA have been neglected because of poor transportation and communication system.
Demographics
The population in BSNA has increased at a decadal growth rate of 44% during 1981-1987. It has further increase at a higher growth rate of 47.2% during 1991-2001. The growing population of BSNA may be attributed to natural growth, influence of migration, increasing employ ability in the warehousing sector and power loom industries in BSNA and Bhiwandi city.
Table.1 indicates that the population in BNSA has experienced a rising trend between 1981- 2001.
Table 1. Decadal growth rate of BSNA
The main objectives of study are:
To analyze the land use break down of BSNA and find out the compatibility of different land uses, using the remote sensing and GIS.
Identifying the major constraints and potentials of different land uses of study area adopting GIS techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Availability of high resolution satellite data has provided an opportunity for the detailed study of Bhiwandi Surrounding Notified Area for the year 2008. Georeferenced Quick-Bird data (multispectral) of the year 2008 with spatial resolution of 60 cm was used to interpret the land use/land cover of study the area. The satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Hyderabad in digital form. All the ancillary data used with the satellite data was registered with respect satellite image.
After the theoretical framework the georeferenced Quick Bird data of year 2008 having 61cm spatial resolution was used to interpret the land use /land cover of study area. After the field survey and verification of ground truthing the final map of land use and land cover has been prepared with relation to development pattern and layer of structures are also prepared. On the bases of land use map the compatibility of land uses are also analyzed.
The flowchart of entire methodology at various stages is shown in Fig.1.
For final output, the land use of villages was classified into 19 categories as shown in Table.2.
Table 2. Land use categories
S.No. Categories 1 Residential 2 Industrial 3 Commercial 4 Mixed-built-up 5 Warehouses 6 Public/semi-public 7 Electric sub stations 8 Elevated service reservoir 9 Water works & Treatment plants 10 Roads 11 New structures 12 Agricultural land 13 Forest 14 Wetland 15 Cultivable but barren land 16 Mining area 17 Brick kilns 18 Open spaces 19 Water bodies (Rivers, creeks, Island lakes, ponds, wells)
Year Total Population Decadal growth rate 1981 79242 - 1991 114349 44.3% 2001 165633 47.2%
1 st Stage 2 nd Stage 3 rd Stage Georeferenced Quick-Bird Image Necessary digital Image enhancements Visual Interpretation Digital Vector Layer Creation On Screen Digitization Editing, Attribute creation & database entry in Arc map
Potential and constraints of BSNA
Field data collection
Field check & refinement
Final Output maps of 2008 and findings
4 th Stage Fig. 1. Flowchart of methodology
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Existing Land Use
The existing land use map of BSNA has been prepared on the basis of satellite imageries with 0.61cm spatial and 11bit radiometric resolution. The Quick Bird satellite imageries of March 02, 2008. are used to obtain land use layers in Arc GIS software.
The detailed land use of BSNA is shown in Table.3. BSNA comprises of 59 constituent villages. The total area of BSNA computed on GIS platform is 144.89 Sq km. BSNA also includes the Census towns which are part of the urban agglomeration.
It is evident from Table.3 that warehousing is the dominant land use under built up category in BSNA. The area under warehousing is about 5 per cent of total area closely followed by the residential use, which constitutes 3.6% area i.e. 525.68 hectares. Fig.2 shows that the dominated land use i.e. warehouses or godowns/storage are largely concentrated in southwest portion of the area. The area devoted to elevated service reservoirs is about 0.36 ha. Table.3 shows that area under mixed category which includes residential, commercial and industrial together accounts for about little less than 1 per cent of total BSNA.
The other uses include agricultural use, marshy land, cultivable but barren land and forest etc. The dominated land use category is agricultural use which covers 8454 hectare which comprises about 58 per cent of total BSNA.
Forest land constitutes about 1303 ha which is about 9% of total area. The marshy land covers about 7.6 per cent of total BSNA. It might be attributed to the presence of several creeks, tidal flats, mudflats and bars experiencing backlash under the influence of spring tides and rivers resulting in swampy conditions in adjacent lands. The map shows that there are detached patches of mining area observed in Mankoli and Ovali villages.
The area under mining sites is about 1 per cent of total BSNA. Another interesting feature of BSNA is large chunk of cultivable land (3.35 per cent of total area) but is barren. This land could be utilized for development purposes. The remote
Table.3. BSNA: Existing Land Use Distribution (2008)
S.No Land use Class Area (Ha) Percent to total BSNA area A Built-Up uses 1 Residential 525.68 3.63 2 Industrial 371.22 2.56 3 Commercial 82.77 0.57 4 Warehousing/Godowns 651.12 4.50 5 Mixed 118.08 0.82 6 Public/Semi -Public 26.94 0.19 7 Electric Sub-Stations 27.40 0.19 8 Elevated Service Reservoir 0.36 0.002 9 Water Works and Treatment Plants 36.50 0.25 10 Major Roads 75.54 0.52 11 New Structures 0.31 0.002 B Other uses 12 Agricultural Land 8454.15 58.38 13 Forest 1303.76 9.00 14 Marshy Land 1101.68 7.61 15 Cultivable But Barren Land 484.47 3.35 16 Mining Area 155.48 1.07 17 Brick Kilns 128.94 0.89 18 Water Bodies (Rivers, inland lakes, ponds, creeks, wells etc) 353.51 2.44 19 Open Spaces and Green Belt, Water Supply Pipelines and railways 583.90 4.03
C Total Area 14489.85 100.00
sensing data also exhibits that brick kilns cover about 128 ha. Water bodies which include inland rivers, lakes, ponds and wells etc. cover 353 ha land which constitutes 2.44 per cent of total area. The open spaces and green belt, water supply pipelines cover about the 4% of the total area. The BSNA land utilization pattern has a diverse composition in terms of total development scenario.
Compatibility of Land Use
The compatibility of the land use is an essential component for assessing the qualitative aspect of land use. The existing land use of the area shows that there are some land uses which are not compatible with the surrounding land uses. Kalher, Purne, and Rahanal villages have a mixing of residential area with warehousing. Some residential areas have mingled with industrial use creating several problems to the residential area.
The foregoing analysis on land use indicates that the BSNA has a distinct land use character as compared to other areas. It has agricultural land, marshy land, cultivable but barren land, quarrying area, forest area, large concentration of godowns/warehouses and industries etc. The maximum use of land in BSNA is for agriculture which constitutes about 58 per cent of total notified area. The area under forest cover is 9 per cent which is closely followed by marshy land (7.61%). The area under wetlands based on Coastal regulation zone (CRZ) notification accounts for about one-fifth of total notified area. It lowers the scope of future growth and development in a large portion of 35 villages of BSNA.
The land covered under public/semi-public amenities which include educational institutions, health care facilities, post offices, banks, co- operative societies, community halls, religious places and cremation grounds etc. is very small (0.19%) as compared to other activities in BSNA. The study reveals that BSNA lacks in terms of higher educational facilities both in general and technical. There are only five educational institutes imparting education at senior secondary (Junior College) level.
The existing water works located in some parts of BSNA are not only catering to the population of Bhiwandi city but also serving the population of Mumbai and other surrounding areas. In all there are four water works in four villages of BSNA. These villages are Ovali. Pimplas, Vaghivali and Yavai. There are four electric sub stations with different capacity of electric load located in Kambe, Anjur, Pimplas and Yavai villages. There is only one Sewage Treatment Plant in the entire BSNA located on the border of Katai and Khoni villages. The Fig.2. Dominated land use i.e. warehouses or Godowns Warehouses/Godowns
Residential Industrial Warehousin Water bodies Marshy Land CRZ High Tide Line Low Tide Line National Highway Major State Highway State highway Major district Roads Village Roads
remaining area lacks in this kind of sewerage treatment plants even in the wake of growing industrialization and urbanization in the area.
The availability of large chunk of land under cultivable but barren use is 3.35 per cent which could be used for development purposes. The land under quarrying is 1.07 per cent which needs to be reclaimed, otherwise it would threaten the delicate ecological cover of BSNA. The area under water bodies is 2.44 per cent whereas the area under open spaces and green belt which also includes water supply pipelines and railways is about 4.03 per cent.
The compatibility analysis of existing land use shows that there are some land uses which are not compatible with the surrounding land use. Three villages namely Kalher, Purne, and Rahanal have a mixing of residential area with the warehousing. Some residential areas have mingled with industrial use creating several problems to the residential areas.
Also the land values in BSNA are not too high and vary from 8000 to 9400 rupees per hectare for industrial/warehousing purposes and rupees 9000 to 11300 per hectare for commercial activities.
The study brings out that area under wetlands as per CRZ notification is 22.14 sq km which comprises about one-fifth area of coastal villages. The highest area under wetlands is identified in Bharodi village which accounts the about 90.00 per cent of total area of the village followed by 71.78 per cent of total area in Alimghar village. Dive village has about 65 per cent area under wetlands. Kalher village has about 57 per cent area under wetlands. 9 villages out of 35 villages, viz., Kalwar, Kasheli, Kashivali, Kopar, Rahanal, Rajnagar, Sonale, Tambhavali and Vadghar covered under Coastal Regulation Zone do not possess any wetland. It is also notable here that details of CRZ be duly considered while framing the planning proposals for the development plan of the area.
Fig.3 shows that individual buildings are so congested that it resulted in poor drainage quality of the area.
The results of this study show that different land use analysis objectives exist for different areas in the study area. The relationship between land (soil as an important land parameter) and land use can be used to differentiate such areas. These areas can be spatially depicted through application of GIS techniques. The Bhiwandi area has a mixed land use type comprising of Industrial, agricultural, warehouses and mixed residential area including slum areas.
Remote sensing and GIS techniques have
Fig. 3 Individual buildings of BSNA
been found very useful in finding the type of land use even the individual buildings and residential area merged in between the industrial area was well delineated with high resolution satellite data (Quick bird 61 cm).
The BSNA is randomly distributed with haphazard growth of urbanization for e.g. Slums which have a poor living quality due to submerging between industries. If on one side these industries give proper employment to the residents of Bhiwandi, on the other hand these industries pose serious life threatening problems like water pollution and noise pollution in the area.
BSNA has a poor sanitary system due to which flooding is a major serious treat to the area. Residential land use comprises the 5.63 % of the area which is in the form of small settlement along with the roads, in old gaonthan of villages, and also spread with the warehouses. Due to intense industrial development there is immense concentration of worker class. These worker classes residing in scattered settlement with inappropriate infrastructure facilities.
BSNA is already textile industrial hub and still growing as centre of textile industries. Large amount of warehouses also generate employment, attracting the population of different places for economic activities. Employment is an important factor which is cause of population concentration and creating the problem of unauthorized residents and slums in this area. Some of residential usage are located in low laying area (Pimplas, Pimpalner, Vehale, Sarang, Alimghar, Kalher, Dive (Kevani) etc. have severe problem of flooding during monsoon period.
The overall results shows that the BSNA has a unplanned growth of population mixed with industrial area due to which if on one side it gives resources on the other hand also pose life threatening problems
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