Chapter 17

Per Unit Systems Problems Modified on :25 June 1999

with Solutions e.mail address: [email protected]
Problem Topic
17.1 pu problem
17.2 pu problem
17.3 pu problem
17.4 pu problem
17.5 pu problem
17.6 pu problem
17.7 pu problem
17.8 pu problem
17.9
17.10
Topics Chapters
Contents 0
Underground cables 5
Transformers 6
Circuit Breakers 7
Power flows 8
Short-circuit calculations 9
Protection 10
Steady-state stability 11
Transient stability 12
Overvoltages 13
Automatic Generation Control 14
Control of Voltage & Reactive Power 15
Economic Operation 16
Overhead Lines 4
Prob.17.1
A portion of a power system consists of two generators in parallel connected
to a step-up transformer that links them to a 230 kV transmission line. the ratings of these
components are :
Generator 1: 10 MVA, X = 10%
Generator 2: 5MVA, X = 8%
Transformer: 15 MVA, X = 6%
Transmission line:230 kV, 4 + j 60 Ohms
Express the reactances and the impedance in % with 15 MVA as the base value.
Solution: Generator 1:
X% on generator rating 10
MVA rating of generator 10
Common base MVA selected 15
X% on common base =X% on generator rating*Commomn base selected/Mva rating of-
15 % Answer generator
Generator 2:
X% on generator rating 8
MVA rating of generator 5
Common base MVA selected 15
X% on common base =X% on generator rating*Commomn base selected/Mva rating of-
24 % Answer generator
Transformer
X% on transformer rating 6
MVA rating of transformer 15
Common base MVA selected 15
X% on common base =X% on transformer rating*Commomn base selected/Mva rating of
6 % Answer transformer
Transmission Line:
Line R 4 ohms
Base kV 230 kV
Line % R =Line R in Ohms*Base MVA*100/((base kV)*(basekV))
0.113422 Answer
LineX 60 ohms
Base kV 230 kV
Line % X =LineX in Ohms*Base MVA*100/((base kV)*(basekV))
1.701323 Answer
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Prob.17.2
Draw the pu reactance diagram for the system shown below:
G2
G1 T1 Line T2 G3
T3
Load
G1 11kV,20MVA,15%
T1 11/66kV,30MVA,15%
Line j60 ohms
T2 66/11kV,30MVA,15%
G2 11kV,10MVA,10%
G3 11kV,10MVA,10%
T3 11/6.6 kV,2.5 MVA,8%
Choose a base of 20MVA,66kV
Solution: Base MVA 20 MVA
G1: X 0.15 pu on rated MVA
G2: X 0.1 pu on rated MVA
G3 X 0.1 pu on rated MVA
G1: Rated MVA 20 MVA
G2: Rated MVA 10 MVA
G3 Rated MVA 10 MVA
T1: X 0.15 pu on rated MVA
T2: X 0.15 pu on rated MVA
T3: X 0.08 pu on rated MVA
T1: Rated MVA 30 MVA
T2: Rated MVA 30 MVA
T3: Rated MVA 2.5 MVA
We now calculate reactances on base MVA
=Base MVA*X/rated MVA
G1: X 0.15 pu
G2: X 0.2
G3 X 0.2
T1: X 0.1
T2: X 0.1
T3: X 0.64
Line: X ohms 60
Base kV 66
Xpu =X ohms*Base Mva/((Base kV)*(Base kV))
0.275482
Reactance diagram:
G1 G2 G3
T1 Line T2
T3
Prob.17.3
Draw a per unit impedance diagram for the system described below. Choose a base kVA of 50
Two generators G1 and G2 are in parallel and are connected to a generator transformer T1
which in turn is connected to a transmission line L. At the receiving end of the line is
connected a transformer T2 , the secondary of which is connected to a motor M.
The equipment ratings are given below:
G1 10kVA.2500V,X=.2 pu
G2 20kVA,2500V,X=.3pu
T1 40kVA,2500/8000V,X=.1pu
T2 80kVA,10000/5000V,X=.09pu
Line 50+j200 ohms
M 25kVA,4000V,X=.1 pu
Solution: Base kVA 50 kVA
G1: X 0.2 pu on rated kVA
G2: X 0.3 pu on rated kVA
G1: Rated kVA 10 kVA
G2: Rated kVA 20 kVA
T1: X 0.1 pu on rated kVA
T2: X 0.09 pu on rated kVA
T1: Rated kVA 40 kVA
T2: Rated kVA 80 kVA
M: X 0.1 pu
M: Rated kVA 20 kVA
We now calculate reactances on base kVA
=base kVA*X/rated kVA
G1: X 1 pu Answer
G2: X 0.75 pu Answer
T1: X 0.125 Answer
For T2, we calculate the reactance on base kVA and base kV
=(Base kVA*X/rated kVA)*(Rated kV/Base kv)*(Rated kV/Base kV)
Rated kV 10 kV
Base kV 8 kV
T2: X pu 0.087891 pu Answer
Line: R ohms 50 ohms
X ohms 200 ohms
Base kV 8 kV
Rpu =R ohms*(Base kVA/1000)/((Base kV)*(Base kV))
0.039063 pu Answer
Xpu =X ohms*(Base kVA/1000)/((Base kV)*(Base kV))
0.15625 pu Answer
M: X pu 0.25 pu Answer
Impedance diagram:
j1 pu
G1
j.125 pu .039 pu j.156pu j.088 pu j.25 pu M
j.75 pu
G2
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Prob.17.4
A 3-phase 13 kV transmission line delivers 8 MVA of load .The per phase impedance of
the line is .01 +j .05 pu referred to 13 kV, 8 MVA base. What is the voltage drop across
the line?
Solution: Base MVA 8 MVA
Base kV 13 kV
Base current = base MVA*1000/(1.73*Base kV)
355.7137 A
New base MVA/phase 2.666 MVA
New Base kV/phase 7.514451 kV
New Base current 355.7137 A
R 0.01 pu
X 0.05 pu
Rpu, new =R*(Base KV/New BaseKV/phase)*(Base kV/New BaseKV/phase)*(New Base
MVA/Base MVA)= 0.009974 pu
Xpu, new =X*(Base KV/New BaseKV/phase)*(Base kV/New BaseKV/phase)*(New Base
MVA/Base MVA)= 0.049869 pu
Base Z new = New Base kV /phase*1000/New Base current
21.125 ohms
Actual R =Rpu,new*Base Z new
0.210697
Actual X =Xpu,new*Base Z new
1.053487
=I*(Actual R) 74.94793 Volts
=I*(ActualX) 374.7396 Volts
Voltage drop/phase 75 + j 375 Volts Answer
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Prob.17.5
A 3-phase item of equipment is rated at 800kVA,11kV and has an impedance of 10%
referred to its voltage.
(I) Is 800 kVA understood to be its per-phase or 3phase power rating?
(ii) Is 11 kV understood to be its phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase voltage rating?
(iii) What is the impedance of the equipment in ohms?
Solution: (I) 3-phase
(ii) phase-phase
(iii) kVAbase 800
kVbase 11
Ibase 42.03889
Ibase 42.03889 A
Zbase =kVbase*1000/(1.73*Ibase)
151.25 ohms
Zpu 0.1
Z 15.125 ohms Answer
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Prob.17.6
The reactance X of a generator is given as 0.2 pu based on the generator's nameplate
rating of 13.2 kV,30 MW. The base for calculations is 13.8 kV,50 MW. Find X on this new
base.
Solution: Xpu old 0.2
base MVA old 30
base MVA new 50
base kV old 13.2 kV
base kV new 13.8 kV
Xpu new = Xpu old*base MVA new*Base KV old*Base kV old/
(baseMVA old*base kV new *base kV new)
0.304978 pu Answer
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Prob.17.7
In the power system shown below:
M1
G T1 Line T2 M2
G1 13.8kV,30MVA,15%
T1 13.2kVdelta/115kVstar,35MVA,10%
Line j80 ohms
T2 three 1-phase transformers each rated 12.5/67kV,10MVA,10%
M1 12.5kV,20MVA,20%
M2 12.5kV,10MVA,20%
Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked in pu.
Select the generator rating as base in the generator circuit.
Solution: T2:
MVA 3-phase 30 Mva
Vp L-L voltage primary 12.5 kV
Vs L-L voltage secondary 115.91 kV
X 0.1 pu
T1: 0.1 pu
MVA 3-phase 35 Mva
Vp' L-L voltage primary 13.2 kV
Vs' L-L voltage secondary 115 kV
X 0.1 pu
A base of 30 MVA ,13.8 kV in the generator circuit requires a 30 MVA base in all parts of
the circuit and the folllowing voltage bases.
G1: kV base 13.8 kV
MVA base 30 MVA
X 0.15 pu
Line: =13.8*115/13.2=
120.2273 kV
Motors: =120*Vp/Vs=
12.94107 kV
Transformer reactances converted to proper base are:
T1:
X .1*(30/35)*(13.2*13.2/(13.8*13.8))
0.078423 pu
T2:
X =.1*12.5*12.5/(12.941*12.941)
0.0933 pu
Line:
base X =120.2273*120.2273/30
481.8199 ohms
X 80 ohms
Xpu 0.166037 pu
M1:
kV 12.5
MVA 20
X own base 0.2 pu
new base =.2*(30/20)*(12.5*12.5/(12.941*12.941)
0.279899 pu
M2:
kV 12.5
MVA 10
X own base 0.2 pu
new base =.2*(30/10)*(12.5*12.5/(12.941*12.941)
0.559797 pu
Reactance diagram:
All values in pu
G1 M1 M2
0.15 0.28 0.556
T1 Line T2
0.078 0.166 0.093
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Prob.17.8 A 15000 kVA, 8.5 kV 3-phase generator has a sub-transient reactance of 20 %. It is
connected through a delta-star transformer to a high voltage transmission line having
a total series reactance of 70 ohms. At the load end of the line is a star-star step-down
transformer. Both transformer banks are compose of single-phase transformers connected
for three-phase operation. Each of the three transformers composing each bank is rated
6667 kVA , 10-100 kV ,with a reactance of 10 %. The load represented as impedance is
drawing 10000 kVA at 12.5 kV and .8 pf lagging.
(I) Draw the one-line diagram and mark base kV in the three parts of the system. Choose a
base of 10000 kVA,12.5 kV in the load circuit
(ii) Draw the positive sequence impedance diagram showing all impedances in pu.
(iii) Determine the voltage at the terminals of the generator.
Solution:
basekV= 7.22 basekV= 125 base kV=12.5
G1 T1 Line T2
Load
delta/star star/star
Base kVA 10000 in load
Base kV 12.5 in load
T1and T2:
single-phase units
kVA per phase 6667
kVA 3-phase 20001
X 0.1 pu
T Turns Ratio 0.1
kV(L-L) High side 125 kV
kV(L-L) Low side 7.216882 kV
kV single-phase-low side 10 kV
X on common base =.1*(10000/(3*6667))*(10*1.73/12.5)*(10*1.73/12.5)
0.095768 pu
G1:
kVA 15000
kV 8.5
X'' 0.2 pu
Base kV =(125/1.73205)*(T) 7.216882
X''= on common base =X''*(base MVA/gen. MVA)*(genKV/base kV)*(genkV/base kV)
0.18496 pu
Line:
kV 125
X 70 ohms
Base Z =base kV*basekV/base MVA
1562.5 ohms
X pu 0.0448 pu
Load:
kVA 10000
kV 12.5
pf 0.8 lag
Pload pu 0.8
Qload pu 0.6
I, load current, pu =(P-jQ)/Vload
Vload 1 pu
Re I=P/Vload 0.8
Im I = Q/Vload -0.6
Rload 0.8 pu
Xload 0.6 pu
Single-line diagram:
G1 0.8
Load V=1 pu
Vt
j.1845 j.6
j.096 j.0448
a T1 Line T2 b
j.096
Reactance a-b 0.236336 pu
Vt=1+(ReI+jImI)*(j*Reactance a-b)
Re Vt=1-ImI*Reactance a-b 1.141802
Im Vt = Re I*Reactance a-b 0.189069
Vtmag 1.15735 pu
8.352455 kV Answer
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transformer