Software Design

Massimo Felici
Room 1402, JCMB, KB
0131 650 5899
mfelici@inf.ed.ac.uk
Software Design
ƒ Software Design: the process of defining the architecture,
components, interfaces and other characteristics of a system or
component. [IEEE standard glossary]
• The Link to Requirements
• Key Design techniques and issues
• Structure and architecture
• the main elements of software that need to be managed
• design in the large and design in the small
• Design notations
• Design quality and evaluation
ƒ Design: 1. The process of defining the software architecture,
components, modules, interfaces, and data for a software system to
satisfy specified requirements. 2. The results of the design process.
[IEEE Software]
ƒ Software Design: The use of scientific principles, technical
information, and imagination in the definition of a software
system to perform prespecified functions with maximum
economy and efficiency. [IEEE Software]
• Design is a pervasive activity
• often there is no definitive solution
• solutions are highly context dependent
• No “magic bullet” in general
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 2
The Link to Requirements
ƒ Design links requirements to “implementable
specifications”
ƒ Traceability - retaining the link from requirements
to components
• By allocating a particular requirement to a particular
component as we decompose, e.g., in VolBank, we might
require a log
• By decomposing requirements into more refined
requirements on particular components, e.g., a particular
function in VolBank might be realized across several
components
• Some requirements (e.g., usability) are harder to decompose,
e.g., it takes 30 minutes to become competent in using the
system
ƒ We might require traceability back from the design

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 3

Traceability
ƒ There are four basic types of traceability:
• Pre-traceability (e.g., requirements-sources, requirements-
rationale, etc.)
1. Forward-to requirements traceability links other documents
preceding requirements (e.g., users document)
2. Backward-from requirements traceability links requirements
to their sources (e.g., rationale)
• Post-traceability (e.g., requirements-architecture,
requirements-design, requirements-interface, etc.)
3. Forward-from requirements traceability links requirements to
design and implementation
4. Backward-to requirements traceability links design and
implementation back to requirements.
ƒ To manage requirements, you need to maintain
traceability information (e.g., Traceability Tables)
• Requirements Management Tools support traceability
practice (e.g., IBM Rational RequisitePro or Telelogic
DOORS)
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 4
Key Design Techniques
ƒ Abstraction
• ignoring detail to get the high level structure right
ƒ Decomposition and Modularization
• big systems are composed from small components
ƒ Encapsulation/information hiding
• the ability to hide detail (linked to abstraction)
ƒ Defined interfaces
• separable from implementation
ƒ Evaluation of structure:
• Coupling: How interlinked a component is
• Cohesion: How coherent a component is
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 5
Key Issues in Software Design
ƒ Concurrency ƒ Distribution
• How is the system
• Often there is significant distributed over physical
interaction that needs (and virtual) systems?
management ƒ Error handling and recovery
• What are the main • Action when a physical
concurrent activities? component fails (e.g., the
• How do we manage their database server)
interaction? • How to handle exceptional
circumstances in the world
• VolBank: matching and • VolBank: a volunteer fails to
specifying skills and appear
needs goes on
concurrently ƒ Persistence of data:
• Does data need to persist
ƒ Workflow and event across uses of the system,
how complex?
handling • How much of the state of
the process?
• What are the activities
inside a workflow? ƒ Can you think through some
• How do we handle events? of these issues for VolBank?
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 6
A Design Process
Requirements
specification

Design activities

Architectur al Abstract Inter face Component Data Algorithm

design specification design design structure design
design

Data
System Software Inter face Component Algorithm
structure
architecture specification specification specification specification
specification

[Sommerville, 2004]
Design products

ƒ Main activity in design:

• decomposing system (components) into smaller more manageable components
• definitions of components that are easily codable
ƒ Usually a two stage process: Architectural Design and Detailed Design
• Architectural Design (or High-level Design)
• What are the components and how do they relate?
• How does the system architecture deal with issues that pervade the system?
• Detailed Design deals with the function and characteristics of components
and how they relate to the overall architecture.

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 7

Architectural Design and UML

[Kruchten, Obbink, Stafford 2006]

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 8

Architecture and Structure
ƒ Architectural structures and viewpoints
• attempt to deal with facets separately, e.g., physical view,
functional (or logical) view, security view, etc.
ƒ Architectural styles, for example:
• Three-tier architecture for a distributed system (interface,
middleware, back-end database)
• Blackboard
• Layered architectures
• Model-View-Controller
• Time-triggered
ƒ Design patterns
• small-scale patterns to guide the designer
ƒ Families and frameworks
• component set and ways of plugging together
• software product lines
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 9
Architectural Design
ƒ Advantages:
• Stakeholder Communication
• System Analysis
• Large-scale reuse
ƒ Design Strategies
• Function Oriented: sees the design of the functions as
primary
• Data Oriented: sees the data as the primary structured
element and drives design from there
• Object Oriented: sees objects as the primary element of
design
ƒ There is no clear distinction between Sub-systems
and modules. Intuitively,
• Sub-systems are independent and composed of modules, have
defined interfaces for communication with other sub-
systems
• Modules are system components and provide/make use of
service(s) to/provided by other modules
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 10
Architecture Models

ƒ Architecture Models that may be

developed may include:
1. A static structural model that shows the sub-
systems or components that are to be developed
as separate units.
2. A dynamic process model that shows how the
system is organized into processes at run-time.
This may be different from the static model.
3. An interface model that defines the services
offered by each sub-system through their public
interface.
4. A relationship model that shows relationships
such as data flow between the sub-systems.

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 11

Quality Analysis and Evaluation
ƒ The system architecture affects the quality
attributes of a system
ƒ Quality attributes:
• Performance, security, availability,… modifiability,
portability, reusability, testability, maintainability,
etc.
ƒ Quality analysis:
• reviewing techniques, static analysis, simulation,
performance analysis, prototyping
ƒ Measures (metrics):
• Defined measure on the design
• Predictive, but usually very dependent on the
process in use
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 12
Architectural Design: Key Points

ƒ The software architecture is the fundamental

framework for structuring the system
ƒ Different architectural models (e.g., system
organizational models, modular decomposition
models and control models) may be developed
ƒ Design decisions enhance system attributes
• Performance, e.g., localize operations to minimize sub-system
communication
• Security, e.g., use a layered architecture with critical assets
in inner layers
• Safety, e.g., isolate safety-critical components
• Availability, e.g., include redundant components in the
architecture
• Maintainability, e.g., use fine-grain self-contained
components
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 13
 What are the Architect’s Duties?
ƒ Get it Defined, documented and ƒ Identify
communicated • architecture timely stages that
• Act as the emissary of the support the overall organization
architecture progress
• Maintain morale • suitable tools and design
environments
ƒ Make sure • (and interact) with
• everyone is using it (correctly) stakeholders
• management understands it ƒ Resolve
• the software and system • disputes and make tradeoffs
architectures are in
synchronization • technical problems
• the right modeling is being ƒ Manage risk identification and
done, to know that quality risk mitigation strategies
attributes are going to be met
• the architecture is not only the associated with the
right one for operations, but architecture
also for deployment and
maintenance • understand and plan for
evolution

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 14

Comparing Architecture Design Notations

ƒ Modeling Components:
• Interface, Types, Semantics, Constraints,
Evolution, Non-functional Properties
ƒ Modeling Connectors:
• Interface, Types, Semantics, Constraints,
Evolution, Non-functional Properties
ƒ Modeling Configurations:
• Understandable Specifications, Compositionality
(and Conposability), Refinement and Traceability,
Heterogeneity, Scalability, Evolvability, Dynamism,
Constraints, Non-functional Properties

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 15

UML Design Notations

ƒ Static Notations:
• Component diagrams
• Class and object diagrams
• Deployment diagrams
• CRC Cards
ƒ Dynamic Notations:
• Activity diagrams
• Collaboration diagrams
• Statecharts
• Sequence diagrams

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 16

VolBank: Example

ƒ Suppose we consider two requirements:

• That a request for a volunteer should produce a
list of volunteers with appropriate skills.
• The system shall ensure the safety of both
volunteers and the people and organizations who
host volunteers.
• This may decompose into many more specific
requirements:
– That the organization has made reasonable efforts to
ensure a volunteer is bona fide.
» That we have a confirmed address for the
individual: i.e., the original address is correct, and
only the volunteer can effect a change in address.

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 17

Summary
ƒ Design is a complex matter
ƒ Design links requirements to construction,
essential to ensure traceability
ƒ Generally two stages:
• Architecture Design (or High-level Design)
• Detailed Design
ƒ Many notations and procedures to support
design
ƒ More domain-specificity for easier design
task
© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 18
Reading/Activity

ƒ Traceability
• M. Jarke. Requirements Tracing. Communications of the
ACM, Vol. 41, No. 12, December 1998.
• B. Ramesh. Factors Influencing Requirements Traceability
Practice. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 12,
December 1998.
ƒ Software Design
• Chapter 3 – Software Design - of the SWEBOK for an
overview of the work on design.
• P. Kruchten. Software Design in a Postmodern Era. IEEE
Software 2005.
• M. Fowler. The State of Design. IEEE Software 2005.
• Software Engineering Glossary. Software Design - Part 1,
Part 2 and Part 3. IEEE Software 2004.

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 19

Reading/Activity
ƒ Software Architecture
• G. Booch. On Architecture. IEEE Software, March/April 2006.
• G. Booch. The Accidental Architecture. IEEE Software, May/June
2006.
• M. Shaw, P. Clements. The Golden Age of Software Architecture.
IEEE Software, March/April 2006.
• P. Kruchten, H. Obbink, J. Stafford. The Past, Present and Future
of Software Architecture. IEEE Software, March/April 2006.
• D. Garlan, M. Shaw. An Introduction to Software Architecture.
CMU/SEI-94-TR-21, 1994.
• N. Medvidovic, R.N. Taylor. A Classification and Comparison
Framework for Software Architecture Description Languages. IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2000.
• R. Wieringa. A Survey of Structured and Object-Oriented
Software Specification Methods and Techniques. ACM Computing
Surveys, Vol 30, No. 4, December 1998.

© 2004-2006 SEOC - Lecture Note 04 20