OCC CIS 1100 Test 1 CH 1,2,3 Review
OCC CIS 1100 Test 1 CH 1,2,3 Review
OCC CIS 1100 Test 1 CH 1,2,3 Review
Value of info + characteristics (table ch. 1): The value of information is directly linked to how it
helps decision makers achieve the organization’s goals. Knowing the potential impact of
information systems and having the ability to put this knowledge to work can result in a
successful personal career and organizations that reach their goals. Characteristics;
· Accessible: info should be easily accessible by authorized users so they can obtain
it in the right format and at the right time to meet their needs.
· Accurate: accurate info is error free. In some cases, inaccurate info is generated b/c
inaccurate data is fed into the transformation process. (aka garbage in, garbage out).
· Complete: complete info contains all the important facts. For ex. an investment
report that does not include all important costs is not complete.
· Economical: info should also be relatively economical to produce. Decision makers
must always balance the value of info w/ the cost of producing it.
· Flexible: flexible info can be used for a variety of purposes. For ex, info on how
much inventory is on hand for a particular part can be used by a sales rep in closing a
sale, by a production manager to determine whether more inventory is needed and by a
financial executive to determine the total value the company has invested in inventory.
· Relevant: relevant info is important to the decision maker. Info showing that
lumber prices might drop might not be relevant to a computer chip manufacturer.
· Reliable: reliable info can be depended on. In many cases, the reliability of the info
depends on the reliability of the data-collection method. In other instances, reliability
depends on the source of the information. A rumor from an unknown source that oil
prices might go up might not be reliable.
· Secure: info should be secure from access by unauthorized users.
· Simple: info should be simple, not overly complex. Sophisticated and detailed info
might not be needed. In fact, too much info can cause info overload, whereby a
decision maker has too much info and is unable to determine what is really important.
· Timely: timely info is delivered when it is needed. Knowing last week’s weather
conditions will not help when trying to decide what coat to wear today.
· Verifiable: info should be verifiable. This means that you can check it to make sure
it is correct, perhaps by checking many sources for the same info.
Knowledge workers: are people who create, use, and disseminate knowledge, and are usually
professionals in science, engineering, business and other areas. Knowledge is the awareness and
understanding of a set of info and ways that info can be made useful to support a specific task or
reach a decision.
Information system department + how function: is a set of interrelated components that collect,
manipulate, store, and disseminate data and info and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an
objective.
Computer based info system (know components): a single set of hardware, software, database,
telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and
process data into information. Technology infrastructure includes all the CBIS.
· Hardware: consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and
output activities. Input devices include keyboards, mice/other pointing devices,
automatic scanning devices, and equipment that can read magnetic ink characters.
· Software: consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of the
computer.
o System software: This controls basic computer operations, including start up
and printing, ex. Microsoft windows vista.
o Application software: This allows you to accomplish specific tasks. Ex.
Microsoft Office 2007 allows users to word process, or create spreadsheets.
· Database: is an organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting
of two or more related data files.
· Telecommunications: is the electronic transmission of signals for communication,
which enables organization to carry out their processes and tasks through effective
computer networks
o Networks: computers and equipment that are connected in a building, around
the country, or around the world to enable electronic communications.
o Internet: is the world’s largest computer network, actually consisting of
thousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information.
o Intranets vs. extranets:
§ Intranet allows network based on web technologies that allow people
within an organization to exchange information and work on projects.
Ex. companies often use intranets to connect its employees around the
globe.
§ Extranet allows a network based on web technologies that allow
selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access
authorized resources of a company’s intranet. Ex going to fedex.com to
track a package is extranet.
· People: can be the most important element in most computer-based info systems.
People can make difference between success and failure. Info systems personnel
include all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system. IS
personnel are usually hired to speed the development of computer-related projects.
People manage, run, program and maintain the system.
o Users (definition + ultimate goal): are people who work with info systems to
get results.
· Procedure: includes the strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS,
including the operation, maintenance, and security of the computer. ex. some
procedures describe when each program should be run, others describe who can access
facts in the database, or what to do if a disaster, such as fire, earthquake, or hurricane
renders the CBIS unusable.
Business information systems: most common types of info systems used in business
organizations are those designed for electronic and mobile commerce, transaction processing,
management info, and decision support. In addition, some organizations employ special-purpose
systems, such as virtual reality, that not every organization uses. Together, these systems help
employees in organizations accomplish routine and special tasks--from recording sales,
processing payrolls, and supporting decision in various departments, to providing alternatives for
large-scale projects and opportunities.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system: is a set of integrated programs that manages the
vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization.
· Enterprise system: help organizations perform and integrate important tasks, such
as paying employees and suppliers, controlling inventory, sending invoices, and
ordering supplies.
Artificial Intelligence: a field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human
intelligence.
Virtual reality: the simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visual
in three dimensions.
????System intelligence (diff steps): -> system investigation (understanding problem) -> system
analysis (understand solutions) -> system design (select and plan best solution) -> system
implementation (place solution into effect) -> systems maintenance and review (evaluate results
of solution) ->
Organizations change: the responses that are necessary so that for-profit and nonprofit
organizations can plan for, implement, and handle change.
· why?: can be causes by internal factors, such as those initiated by employees at all
levels, or external factors, such as activities wrought by competitors, stockholders,
federal and state laws, community regulations, natural occurrences (such as hurricanes),
and general economic conditions. Also when two or more organizations merge.
o Sustaining change: can help an organization improve the supply of raw
materials, the production process and the products and services it offers.
o Disruptive change: often harms an organizations performance or even puts it
out of business, in general, disruptive tech might not originally have good
performance, low cost, or even strong demand. over time however they often
replace existing tech, they can cause good stable companies to fail when they
don’t change or adopt the new tech.
5 forces model, threat of new market entrance widely accepted model that identifies five key
factors that can lead to attainment of competitive advantage, including [1] the rivalry among
existing competitors, [2] the threat of new entrants, [3] the threat of substitute products and
services, [4] the bargaining power of buyers, [5] the bargaining power of suppliers.
Market share: is the % of sales that a product or service has in relation to the total market.
System operators: primarily run and maintain IS equipment, and are typically trained at technical
schools or through on-the-job experience. they are responsible for starting, stopping, and
correctly operating mainframe systems, networks, tape drives, disk drives, printers, etc.
Technical certifications (importance): a process for testing skills and knowledge, which results in
a statement by the certifying authority that states an individual is capable of performing a
particular kind of job.
Software engineers:
Computer system hardware (components): include devices that perform the functions of input,
processing, data storage, and output.
• the ability to process (organize and manipulate) data is a critical aspect of a computer
system, in which processing is accomplished by an interplay between one or more of
central processing units and primary storage.
○ central processing unit (CPU): part of the computer consists of three primary
associated elements, the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and register areas.
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): part of the cpu that performs mathematical
calculations and makes logical comparisons.
control unit: part of the cpu that sequentially accesses program
instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of
the ALU, the registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and
various output devices.
Clock speed processers: each CPU produces a series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate,
called the clock speed, which affects machine cycle time. the control unit executes an instruction
in accordance with the electronic cycle, or pulses of the cpu "clock." each instruction takes at
least the same amount of time as the interval between pulses. the shorter the interval between
pulses, the faster each instruction can be executed. clock speed for personal computers is
multiple gigahertz (GHz), or billions of cycles per second, range.
Grid computing: the use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or
organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem. (low cost approach
to parallel processing.
• parallel processing: another form of multiprocessing is called parallel processing, speeds
processing by linking sever processors to operate at the time, or in parallel. The
simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors in order to obtain results
faster.
Role of an Operating System: is an interface or buffer between users and application software
and hardware. operates functions that complete a computer system.
• performing common computer hardware functions, providing a user interface and
input/output management, proving a degree of hardware independence, managing
system memory, managing processing tasks, providing networking capability,
controlling access to system resources, managing files.
Netware + supports them: Netware: is a network OS sold by Novell that can support users on
windows, Mac, and UNIX platforms. NetWare provides directory software to track computers,
programs, and people on a network, helping large companies to manage complex networks.
NetWare users can log on from any computer on the network and use their own familiar desktop
w/ all their applications, data, and preferences.
IBM mainframes + supports them: z/OS is IBMs first 64-bit enterprise OS. it supports IBM's
z900 and z800 lines of mainframes that can come w/up to sixteen 64-bit processors. The OS
provides several new capabilities to make it easier and less expensive for users to run large
mainframe computers. the OS has improved workload management and advance e-commerce
security. z/os also allows partitions to run a version of the Linus OS, means that the company
can upgrade to a Linux OS mainframe.
Application service provider: a company that provides software, support, and the computer
hardware on which to run the software from the user's facilities.
DBMS: Database Management Systems is a group of programs that manipulate the database and
provide an interface between the database and the user of the database and other application
programs.
Database structures: at the highest level of this hierarchy is a database, a collection of integrated
and related files. together, bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases form the hierarch
of data. characters are combined to make a field, fields are combined to make a record, records
are combined to make a file, and files are combined to make a database. A data base houses not
only all these levels of data but also the relationships among them.
• when building a database, an organization must carefully consider these questions:
○ content: what data should be collected and at what cost?
○ access: what data should be provided to which users and when?
○ logical structure: how should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given
user?
○ physical structure: where should data be physically located?
Predictive analysis: a form of data mining that combines historical data w/assumptions about
future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as future product sales or the probability
that a customer will default on a loan.
Distributive database: a database in which the data can be spread across several smaller
databases connected via telecommunications devices.
Object-Oriented database: a database that stores both data and its processing instructions.
• OODBMS- object-oriented database management system: a group of programs that
manipulate an object oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to
other application programs.
• ORDBMS- object-relational database management system: a DBMS capable of
manipulating audio, video, and graphical data.
database vs. centralized database:
Electronic Medical Systems + 4 hurdles: trying to move all EMR online to a centralized
database.
1. The landscape of electronic medical information is fragmented.
2. Not many doctors use electronic health records.
3. Technical standards vary, as do the use of medical terms for different data.
4. Who controls the data, and how can we protect patients’ privacy?
Wal-Mart’s well developed IT system giving them advantage (hurricane Ivan): has the industries
best IS, Retail Link. which allows the merchandiser to share masses of data on a nearly real-time
basis with its suppliers. its data center tracks more than 60,000 stock-keeping units and
maintains a data warehouse consuming more than 570 terabytes of digital storage. WMT uses its
data to track demand and set inventory targets for specific products, and also correlates
purchasing data w/ "factors that contribute to increasing demand for a particular product."
weather is one such factor, you might expect to sell more bottled water, tarps, flashlights,
batteries, and food basics like milk and eggs w/ a storm on the way. last year’s annual report
mentions that WMT it gurus were able to correctly predict how the approach of hurricane Ivan
would dramatically boost demand for strawberry pop-tarts in the Florida panhandle.