As efforts are made to use a fastener at its ultimate capacity, to economise

on fastener size, strength and numbers used, the lubricity of the fastener
assumes a great importance.
The aim of any fastener engineer using a fastener in a normal tensile joint
would be to be able to tighten similar fasteners to give a uniform known
tension.
The factors that control this are:
1.Accuracy of applying and monitoring the tightening torque.
2.Underhead dimensions, surface roughness and lubricity
performance of coating.
3.Conditions (and coating) of the surface which is being turned
against the bearing surface i.e the surface under the head of a bolt
or nut when tightened
4.The thread condition and coating lubricity.
5.The mating thread condition and coating.
The main criteria is that the variables outlined above are acceptably
controlled. The specifications for the manufacture and mechanical
performance of fasteners will usually control the fastener variability
satisfactorily, e.g.ISO 68, ISO 724, ISO 898, ISO 965, ISO 6157 and
the coating lubricity can be controlled by process control and testing
according to test requirements such as BS 7371 Pt. 2 or ISO 16047.
This can be expressed in two ways, the Coefficient of Friction and
the Torque Coefficient (K factor). The figures are not the same and it
is important that they are not confused with each other. The coefficient
of friction takes into account many more parameters to give a more
accurate result.
Torque= Torque (Nm) =T
Coefficient K Induced load (kN) x Nominal diameter (mm) F.d
It is seen that this uses the dimension d, so the validity of K-factor is
limited to fasteners of normal diamaeterd, so calculations using K can
only accurately be used with the same dimension fastener.
The coefficient of friction is usually derived from the work of Kellermann
and Klein
1


tot
= T/F - P/2
0.577d
2
+ 0.5 D
b
Where T is the tightening torque (Nm)
F is the clamp force (kN
)
P is the pitch of the thread (mm)
d
2
is basic pitch diameter of thread (mm)
Db is effective diameter of bearing surface under nut or bolt
head (mm)
This is
tot
which is the sum of the effective coefficient of friction on the
bearing surface (
b
) (e.g. under the head of a bolt or the rubbing surface
of a nut if the nut is turned) and in the thread (
th
). These figures will vary
as contact materials change.
Coefficient of friction between bearing surfaces

b
= 2 T
b

D
b
F
Where T
b
is torque to overcome bearing surface friction (Nm).
Coefficient of friction between threads

th
= T
th
- P
F
0.577 d
2
T this torque required to overcome thread friction and induce tension F
(kN).
It should be noted that in a typical joint the energy is divided approximately
Overcoming thread friction
th
40%
Overcoming bearing friction
b
50%
Producing clamp force F 10%
Changes in friction have a large effect on clamping force
To monitor coating lubrication performance, it is customary and usually
considered only necessary to consider
tot
. Sophisticated equipment is
required to measure thread or bearing torque requirements separately
which is useful to assess the effects of varying bearing surface or
thread contact materials. Anochrome Group has purchased this type
of equipment and has assessed the individual coefficients of friction
for popular material combinations which are quoted in the table below.
This can be used as a guide to compute tightening torques, but it
should be considered that variations may occur. Changes to any of the
parameters, or contamination of contacting surfaces, can significantly
alter characteristics.
Torque Tension Control
Coating Lubricity or Torque Tension
Lubricity of Coatings
Types of Coating
Lubricated coatings fall into two categories:
1.Integral lubricated coatings- where the lubricant is part of the
coating and is found distributed throughout the coating.
2.Surface lubrication- in this case, the lubricity is given by an
impregnated surface coating or a wax or oil.
In some cases, to give the required performance, both types of coatings
are required, type 2 on top of type 1.
The integral lubricated type is usually regarded as the better as it is
easier to apply, does not require an extra coat, cannot be omitted,and its
performance is more consistent in that on reuse, the coating will still be
able to supply lubrication to the joint.
Most zinc flake coatings have a lubricated top coat that means that
part of the coating has integral lubrication properties an exception is
Geomet500 which has a lubricant throughout the coating.
Electroplated coatings and some other coatings are not normally
supplied with an integral lubricant so surface lubricants are used.
G19.1.1
These coatings are often more economical than the resin bonded dry film
lubricants (see below) and can be applied to a large number of standard
finishes. Typical lubricants/waxes that can be applied are:
Rustarest - Oil
Gleitmo
Torque N Tension 11 or 15
A3 Wax
Wax 47/60
In a number of cases, A3 wax has been used to give the lubricity
performance of cadmium under high pressure applications. Also similar
waxes have been used to ensure that self drilling screws can give their
desired performance.
In some instances, e.g. to dampen noise when inserting certain types
of thread locking screw, the wax can be applied only to a portion of the
thread of a fastener. (See pages Thread waxes).
The oils applied, though they have a disadvantage of being slightly
wet, have the attraction that their mobility can enhance the corrosion
resistance, particularly when components are damaged in assembly.
This is not usually the case with waxes because as they are dry films,
they can sometimes suffer damage, although Anochrome Group does
not use any standard materials that will detract from the corrosion
resistance of the original coating.
The Engineers demand for lower closely controlled friction coefficients,
with no extruded material, has produced a requirement to eliminate
molybdenum bearing greases and oils. The dry films used to replace
these having the advantage of being tenaciously bonded to the surface
giving improved reproducible performance over wide variations of
temperature and under very adverse conditions. A major use of these
materials is on stainless steel, to stop galling.
Dry film lubricants usually consist of a resin, used to bond a dry lubricant
on to the surface of a component. The lubricants used are, in the
main,P.T.F.E., Molybdenum Disulphide or Graphite, either individually or
combined, to impart any of the following attributes.
Low coefficients of friction.
Good performance under high surface pressure conditions.
High temperature, low temperature performance.
Reusability.
A number of these lubricants supplied as standard by the Anochrome
Group, which include Torque Tip 28(TT28), Molykote 321,
Molydag709, Molydal 1870and other lubricants and blends according
to the requirement of the part.
The typical applications of these products are on:
Turbo charger bolts.Carburettor parts.Lock parts.Hinge pins.Seat
belt bolts and parts.Brake and clutch pivots.Bolts with special locking
features.High temperature nuts.Clutch locking rings.Machine
slides.Gearbox input shafts.Stainless steel threads.
If necessary, these coatings can be applied to local areas of components.
In most cases these coatings will enhance corrosion resistance if applied
as a top coat and also have corrosion resistance properties in their own
right.
These coatings can be applied in bulk, on parts up to 0.5 kg. wt.or 150
mm long. Longer parts can be spray coated or selectively coated on the
thread or underhead feature.
Interest is being shown in the torque tension performance of fasteners
when they are re-used and our equipment has been used to investigate
the change in performance during 10 re-usecycles. In these cases, the
integral lubricants show a vast improvement over the surface type of
torque tension control (See charts below).
If required, please contact us for further information on the torque tension
performance of coatings.
Torque Tension Perfomance Data
Data for guidance is given on the following graphs, but it should be
noted that the actual component that is coated, its dimensions and the
coating dimensions of mating parts can have a significant effect on the
actual tightening performance.
Most figures have been obtained from testing parts that conform to the
ISO specification for coarse series of bolts and in many cases M10 flange
fasteners have been used.
Torque Tension Control
Performance Enhancing Lubricants / Waxes
Corrosion Resistance
Dry Film Lubricants
Re-use of Fasteners
Information presented in this data sheet is considered reliable, but conditions and methods of use,
which are beyond our control, may modify results. Before these product are used, the user should
confrm their suitability.
We cannot accept liability for any loss, injury or damage which may result from its use.
We do not warranty the accuracy or completeness of any such information whether orally or in
writing.
We reserve the right at anytime and without notice to update or improve products and processes and
our information concerning the same.
Inlex Locking Ltd
Wood Lane, Fordhouses, Wolverhampton WV10 8HN
tel: 01902 397300 fax: 01902 785372
[email protected]
www.anochrome.co.uk
G19.2.1
G19.5.1
Specifications that fall within Band A
VW TL 246
OPEL GME 00255
MERCEDES
BMW GS 90010
GM 3359
HONDA D2008-5
Materials
DELTAPROTEKT+VH 301GZ
GEOMET321 +VL
Specifications that fall within Band B
FORD WZ100 ( = .12 - .18) (S438,
S447, S448)
FORD WZ101 ( = .11 - .17)(S439,
S440, S442)
RENAULT 01-71-002/- -Q
PEUGEOT/CITROEN B152230
Materials
DELTAPROTEKT+ VH 302GZ
GEOMET321
GEOMET500
GEOBLACK
MAGNI 565 & 560
Specifications that fall within Band C
HONDA
FORD S4
Materials
UNLUBRICATED ZINC
UNCOATED UNLUBRICATED BOLT
ZINC NICKEL
Min/Max Torque Range
= .12
= .18
Ave. = .15
25.3 kN M10 x 1.5p Bolt
Min/Max Torque Range
= .16
= .30
Ave. = .23
25.3 kN M10 x 1.5p Bolt
100
BAND A
BAND C
BAND B
= .08
= .14
Ave. = .11
Min/Max Torque Range
5.3 kN M10 x 1.5p Bolt 2
Torque Tension Conrol
Typical Torque Tension Specification Requirements
Inlex Locking Ltd
Wood Lane, Fordhouses, Wolverhampton WV10 8HN
tel: 01902 397300 fax: 01902 785372
[email protected]
www.anochrome.co.uk
G19.3.2
Clamp Force (N)
Input Torque (Nm)
30000.0
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0 . 5 7 0 . 0 5 0 . 5 2 0 . 0
Clamp Force (N)
Input Torque (Nm)
30000.0
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 7 0 . 0 5 0 . 5 2 0 . 0
Torque Tension Conrol
Integral Lubricant. Typical - Zinc Flake Re-use
Surface Lubricant. Typical -Zinc Electroplate + lube Re-use
Inlex Locking Ltd
Wood Lane, Fordhouses, Wolverhampton WV10 8HN
tel: 01902 397300 fax: 01902 785372
[email protected]
www.anochrome.co.uk
G19.4.1
TABLE1. CLAMPING FORCES & APPLIED TORQUE-BOLTS AND NUTS (ISO METRIC FASTENERS)
CLAMPING FORCE kN APPLIED TORQUE Nm
PROPERTY CLASS PC 8.8 / 8 PC 9.8 / 9 PC 10.9 / 10 PC 12.9 / 12
8.8/8 9/8/9 10/9/10 12.9/12 MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX
M3 2.2 - 3.1 3.7 1.1 1.6 - - 1.4 2.2 1.7 2.6
M4 3.8 - 5.5 6.4 2.5 3.7 - - 3.7 5.3 4.0 5.7
M5 6.2 6.9 8.9 10.4 5.0 7.4 5.6 8.2 7.2 106 8.0 11.6
M6 8.7 9.8 12.5 14.6 8.4 12.4 9.5 14.0 12.1 17.8 13.5 19.5
M8 15.9 17.8 22.8 26.6 20 30 23 34 29 43 33 47
M10 25.3 28.3 36.1 42.2 41 60 46 68 59 85 65 94
M12 36.7 41.1 52.5 61.4 71 105 80 118 102 150 114 164
M14 50 56.1 71.6 84 112 168 127 187 161 240 182 265
M16 68.2 76.5 97.5 114 175 260 198 292 250 371 282 406
M18 86.2 - 119 140 255 372 - - 353 513 390 560
M20 110 - 152 178 355 520 - - 491 718 550 795
M22 136 - 189 220 500 705 - - 675 989 750 1080
M24 159 - 220 256 620 928 - - 857 1283 950 1370
Torque Tension Control
Typical Performance Data for Coatings with Standard Lubrication
NOTE: The Clamping Forces specified are equal to 75% of the proof load of the property classes of bolts as given in ISO 898/1.The
Applied Torque figures are test requirements and are not recommended for use as assembly data.Thread locking and sealing
features generally perform to this table. Please contact us for confirmation.This table complies with BS7371 Pt 2. Ford WZ100.
Testing to Ford WZ101 is also available.Testing to International Standards such as ISO 16047 is recommended in the absence of
customer standards.
Information presented in this data sheet is considered reliable, but conditions and methods of use,
which are beyond our control, may modify results. Before these product are used, the user should
confrm their suitability.
We cannot accept liability for any loss, injury or damage which may result from its use.
We do not warranty the accuracy or completeness of any such information whether orally or in
writing.
We reserve the right at anytime and without notice to update or improve products and processes and
our information concerning the same.
Inlex Locking Ltd
Wood Lane, Fordhouses, Wolverhampton WV10 8HN
tel: 01902 397300 fax: 01902 785372
[email protected]
www.anochrome.co.uk
G19.5.1